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All Rights Reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, 9th Edition
Introduction to
Cosmology, Physics
Philosophy
and
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All Rights Reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, 9th Edition
D ETECTED, NTERWOVEN, I
TWO SIMULTANEOUS
COSMIC EXPANSIONS
of gigantic, dark-cold,
intergalactic-voids,
Cause observed 'Walls-Filaments" around each
to be compacted by dynamics lead to
(1) 1998-Discovered
acclelerated expansion of the Universe,
(2) The Origin of the Astrophysical New, Gold-
Awarded, School of Thermodynamics
By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or
1 Million+ Google citations
"We are all Galorians", Editor, Foundations of Physics, 9TH EDITION
"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking
writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve
to focus attention on a most important subject.”
Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences
(Rival article by S. Hawking did not make it.)
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"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical
School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master
Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and
biological phenomena!
Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of
structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the
expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that
microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without
reference to cosmology.
He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is
expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened
“irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.
Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space,
may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the
material bodies in the expanding universe.”
Advancement of Physic
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Introduction
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy
19, 2012
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures
to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230
4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...………...... 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236
4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240
4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242
4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243
4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246
4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247
4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247
4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249
4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250
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VOLUME II
Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420
A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437
The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455
Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467
Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483
Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495
Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530
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Einsteinian Herritage
A 1987 Painting by E. Katz, by permission.
“It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It
was the experience of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that engendered religion."
"A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the
manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only
accessible to our reason in their most
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elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious
attitude;in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man.”
“I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of
the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his
physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions
are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.” “Enough for me the mystery of the
eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of reality, together with the
single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that
manifests itself in nature.”
“I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends, or
even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have never
lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”.
“One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual
understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no doubt loses
something in the way of geniality and light-heartedness; on the other hand, he is largely
independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows.”
In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected
to protect his privacy inside his room, in his house, working in maximized-freedom,
undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while his privacy has been strictly
guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also screened his incoming mail, deleted
nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known
for his subtle sarcasm.
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Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level
Sitting: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R.
Wilson, O.W. Richardson
2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de
Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr; Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E.
Schrödinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.
1927, Inst. Int'l de Physique Solvay
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This high level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian Gravity Physics
(General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world expansion (or contraction), (ii)
That unwanted theory was first confirmed in1918 in correctly predicting the bending of light by
gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-confirmed before 1927 by the American astronomer
Hubble: We all live in an expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first
Chapter.
_______________
After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other
scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional
way.”
As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German
women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting. Einstein stopped
playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized:
“I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work.”On another
occasion, as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to
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change his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to
arrive soon to visit him. His response:
___________
PREFACE to Volume III, 9 TH
EDITION, 2019
TWO, not one, 1998-verified, accelerated expansions of the universe,
had been published 48 years ago, and again, in 1981, by Vol. without
relativistic world expansion but only when the observed "stellar and
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galactic radiation-winds-jets", Figs. 1 to 3, have been intensified, as
explained below.
1969-predicted 2 Expansions of the Universe
FIG. 1: The four yellow arrows depicted should be inserted into each and all recorded dark
voids recorded by NASA to prove that opposing, rocket-type-winds compact galaxies from
opposing sides of each filament, thus accelerating the expansion of each and all collectively.
TWO, not one, 1998-verified expansions of the universe AND WELL-VERIFIED
compacting of galaxies into CLUSTERS-FILAMENTS FORM THE FIRST FACTUAL
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BASE OF THIS THEORY-FACTS, which had been published in April 1969 on the
basis of early detected intergalactic coldest voids (dark blue in Fig. 5)
Fig. 2 was taken from 1981 Vol. I of CPP (reviewed in the first pages above).
n
(1) The winds-jets entering each void from all directions amplify their remnant expansion, Figs. 1-5.
(2) Collectively expanding the voids compact galaxies into the observed clusters, Fig. 2, and further
into "filaments", Fig. 1.
(3) Strong winds-jets reverse gravity-induced, remnant inertia world expansion deceleration,
(5) The results lead to revised & new cosmology-physics-philosophy as outlined in the first pages.
• The largest, expanding, un-saturable, thermodynamic sink of disposed energy from active emitters in the
universe.
located between all Super-Clusters-filaments of galaxies, [Figures 1, 2], including ''our VIRGO
FILAMENT" [Fig.-1-center] inside which our local group of galaxies are located [Fig. 1].
How Voids have Increased since 700 ml years post the Big Bang?
Fig. 4: (below} This figure does NOT show the verified chain of galaxies being first
compacted by the winds into clusters (FIG. 2) then further compacted into super-clusters
'FILAMENTS' or what had been defined by Volume I an independently expanding SPACE-"1"
by the inflowing winds (FIG 2). Part of the answer is provided by the next verified record.
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Fig. 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early galaxies that radiate winds
into the early cold voids which have been expanding with the big-bang expansion (Fig. 4).
Gradually, as the number and intensities of emitters has increased, the thermodynamic
wind-processes depicted by Figs. 1 to 3, have established an independent, second, uniform,
simultaneous, extra-expansion of the universe outside the galaxies, 2nd expansion that has
gradually reversed the slowing down of the big-bang inertia expansion into the currently
observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the universe. Source: The cosmic background
radiation verified since 1964.
Fig. 6: (below) Zooming next into ''our'' cluster of non-expanding galaxies in ''our''
'filament' and into a dark-cold expanding void (FIGURE 1) may help illustrate important
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DISTANCES involved the verified 2nd expansion of the universe. WHAT WE shall SEE
NEXT ARE IMAGES INSIDE OUR own FILAMENT.
Fig. 7: Even at this scale our Solar System, which is located inside the Milky Way galaxy, is still
less than a visible dot.
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The Andromeda galaxy is marked in yellow. Both galaxies are the largest in our Local Group,
which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial ‘diameter’. The "Local Group"
includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89 and M31 (Andromeda).It is 2,200,000
light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy. It is also characterized by a spiral structure.
We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at the "promised land".
Andromeda’s system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195,
AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the
Pisces Dwarf as a satellite. ‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic
Interim Concluding Remarks Super-fast stellar-galactic ''winds'' [FIG. 3] flow out (from
the ''sides'') of the OBSERVED ''compacted 'filaments'' of super clusters of galaxies [FIG.1] to
BORDERING colder voids [SPACE ''1'' in FIGS. 1 and 2], WHERE THEY IRREVERSIBLY
dissipate WHILE ADDINING EXTRA OR 2ND EXPANSION TO THE REMNANT INERTIA
COSMIC EXPANSION SINCE/BY THE BIG BANG, [FIG. 4]. Entering each SPACE ''1'' void from
all 3D directions [FIG. 1] subject to momentum conservation, (which also controls opposing
rockets or jet engines), the super-fast winds thrust-push all voids away from each other, thereby,
collectively, providing extra expansion against all other similarly expanding voids. This process is
herein defined 2nd expansion of the universe. Gradually, they cause REVERSAL of the earlier,
decelerated expansion of the universe, into the observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the
universe.
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RECAP
That energy is irreversibly removed from their surfaces and being disposed it the depths
of this 2nd-expansion-generated largest collective energy sink in the universe.
WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe, all heavy
elements in the universe, including the elements essential to generate life, like oxygen,
carbon, nitrogen, are impossible.
Also impossible without the 2nd expansion are supernovae, that allow planets to
formed and life to emerge by gravitation – a complicated process that is described next.
Localized black holes at the center of galaxies and elsewhere should be accounted for,
but their effects do not change these predictions, assertions and facts as detailed here
and by Volume I.
Existence of super-fast, stellar-galactic winds that are becoming strongest during the last
6 or so billion years, has been well-verified by all astronomic observations.
Such winds are flowing into each equally distributed intergalactic voids.
The voids themselves were present from earlier time, as proven by the 1964 confirmed
black-body radiation. Fig. 5.
The winds emerge inside the filaments that surround each void.
The winds enter each void from all directions thus causing each and all to expand
faster than the remnants of big-bang expansion. FIG. 1.
This process is herein defined the second, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of the
universe, which not only compacts galaxies into superclusters and filaments, but
reverses earlier gravity-induced decelerated expansion of the universe.
These newly defined dynamics generate energy-densities gradients (Fig. 2) that keep
maintaining all stellar evolution by removing disposed energy from emitters to 2nd-
expansion-generated largest energy sink in the universe, without which, no heavy
elements, supernovae, planets and life, are possible.
There is no transfer of energy from one expanding void to another due to the uniform
distribution of the intergalactic voids.
The ORIGIN of almost all dissipating stellar and galactic winds are essentially limited to
the nearby LOCAL stars and galaxies that surround each void.
Only a minor fraction of the winds proceeds across the universe to reach our
telescopes, allowing NASA recording of Fig. 1.
Various claims and dictums are also refuted by this newly defined world:
Dark energy claims -- and associated attempts to change general relativity) -- should be
replaced by the two proven simultaneous accelerated expansions of the universe.
NOTES
(1) Deterministic physics may begin with TIME-symmetric partial differential equations.
NEXT, TO CONFORM WITH observations, TIME-asymmetry is FUNDAMENTALLY wrongly
enforced on the USED EQUATIONS but also in published 'proofs', that proceed only
(2) from imposed INITIAL CONDITIONS (for future time evolution), while rejecting FINAL
CONDITIONS (for symmetric past time evolution).
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(3) SUCH enforced ''mathematical results'' are often claimed the origin of irreversibility of
nature called Retarded solutions in electromagnetism.
(4) FOOLING THEMSELVES AND OTHER SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD NEXT HIDE ADVANCED
SOLUTIONS (which do not conform with observations.).
(5) IS THIS FOOLING tantamounts to SMUGGLING into "proofs" what one tries to prove by not DECLARING
THE CONTRABAND?
History, Physics, Society
Why the TIME Magazine selects Einstein as Person of the Century?
On page 551 of his remakable book "EINSTEIN, His Life and Universe",
Walter Isaacson concludes:
"He was a loner with an intimate bond to humanity, a rebel who was suffused with reverence. And
thus it was that an imaginative, impertinent patent clerk became the mind reader of the creator of the
cosmos, the locksmith of the mysteries of the atom and the universe."
"(During October-November 1915) Einstein was in the throes of one of the most concentrated frenzies
of scientific creativity in history. He was working, he said, 'horrendously intensity'" (to complete and
publish first his general relativity). "In the midst of this ordeal, he was also still dealing with the
personal crisis within his family." "(Hilbert) was racing him to find the equations of general relativity."
"Every week, the fifty or so members of the Prussian Academy gathered in the grand hall of the
Prussian State Library in the heart of Berlin to address each other."
Since November 4 Einstein delivered there four lectures, the last one states: "I had discovered the only
law of gravitation."
Days later Hilbert responded (page 219): "Cordial congratulations" But on November 20 he submitted
for publication to the Gotingen science journal his manuscript "proclaiming his own version of the
equations for general relativity." titled "The Foundations of Physics".
Einstein completed and published his Gravity Physics, known as General Relativity, in November 1915,
post checking if it correctly predicts published, irregular, motions of planet Mercury.
He found total agreement with said astronomical observations, agreement that no other theory had
accomplished before.
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That was the first obsevational veification of his gravity physics.
About three years later, in 1918-1919, Einstein's gravity field equations were independently confirmed
valid the second time for correctly and excactly predicting gravity-induced, bending of light passing
near a large mass, in this first, British organized sun-eclipse-based test in Australia, later affirmed by
various observations around the globe.
Instant world celebrations followed. But somehing else was at store under the curse of numbers,
which always retards science
misleads some scientists and much of humanity.
1921: A talented Russian mathematician-cosmologists, professor Alexander Friedmann, proved that
Einstein's Field Equations, when applied to the universe, Cannot make it stay stable, it must expand or
contract.
Organized religions around the world strongly protested that Einstein is profundly wrong.
Expanding universe violates the "established and known fact" that earth is the center of the universe.
According to experts, any observer, stationed on any galaxy, would report that all other galaxies are
receding away from him, thus refuting the established truth that earth is the sole center of the entire
universe.
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When and Why was Einstein realy Horified?
Various hostile protests from around the globe have joined the Claim:
EINSTEIN IS IMPOSTOR OF SCIENCE. EINSTEIN MADE A GREAT MATHEMATICAL MISTAKE. HIS
JEWISHNESS .....
Horified Einstein knew that his GRAVITY PHYSICS equations are universally valid ANYWHERE, ANY TIME,
that they UNEQUIVOCALLY SHINE LIGHT on some dark corners of CULTURE. BUT the terror AND
INSULTS OF ABUSING OPINION words, the RACIAL ONES, THE hate, brutal AND hostile ones, some by
CO-professors, HAVE defeated him to agree to force on his valid equations a simple number to stop
these MAJORITY PROTESTS; THE curse-of-numbers-terror.
Peace THEN returned to SUCH SCIENCE, but not to bona fide science, not to the great AMERICAN
Hubble, who, by STRICT observations, HAS BEEN THE TO FIRST verifY that the universe indeed expands.
TO CONCLUDE
1ST Axiom: Science IS NOT DECIDED BY THE UN, BY A DEMOCRACY, BY ANY MAJORITY, PROTEST,
GOVERNMENT, LAWYERS, EDITORS, JUDGES, RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES, CELEBRITIES, CONGRESS,
PARTIES, OPINIONS, POLITICAL ''SCIENCE''.
CORROLARY: BONA FIDE scientists MAY BE the deepest religious people on earth, especially when --
beyond adopting this 1st axiom -- avoid PRECISE DEFINITIONS AS CONTENDED NEXT.
_________
Assertion A: Everything in science is connected with everything else, (Plato).
FOR INSTANCE, NOTHING CAN BE ISOLATED FROM GRAVITY.
Assertion B: Precise definitions or axioms may lead to unrepairable errors:
Anything outside a strictly errected axiomatically erected fence-definition is a priori rejected and
lost forever or block unification with Einsteinian deterministic Gravity Physics (general relativity),
relativistic cosmology and our induced philosophy GRAVITISM.
This assertion applies first to the highly respected "Standard Quantum Model", and to "symmetry
breaking" dictums employed there. See TABLE OF CONTENTSOF VOLUME I.
Assertion C: Errorless definitions-axioms begin with 'the whole universe',
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because there is neither any outside fense around its curved-spacetime-contents, nor to verified
observations of its time asymmetries REDISCUSSED BELOW.
Contention 1: WHEREFORE, precise definitions or axioms only encage, arrest or block ideas by error-
generating ‘fences’ that should a priori be identified, deleted, ignored or comitted to the flames of
history, even if have already been awarded a Nobel Prize.
Contention 2: Until around the mid-Thirties of the previous century, Core Cultural-Curriculum Courses
(in Europe!) were made as ‘scientific’ as possible, and science propped up its foundations by turning to
philosophy. This attitude was in part motivated by the desire to appropriate the sciences with the great
‘prestige’ of philosophers, and for the philosopher the fast-growing ‘status’ of science.
Hence, European professors vied with one another in presenting science based on high
philosophical grounds, and philosophy as a ‘science among sciences’, or even as the
‘sum of the other sciences’.
A ‘PhD’ was then a bona fide Philosophy Doctor, a person of advanced core knowledge
and eloquence outside his specialism. Western academia has since withdrawn from
the game.
Empty specialism has since gained the highest prestige; no longer do professors need
borrow it from philosophy, nor to teach a bona fide CCCC. Indeed, contemporary
professors today vie with one another in presenting fragmented lectures devoid of
interconnected content, for they can no longer hope to achieve popularity by injecting
updated core knowledge into what has gradually become an ever narrower,
disciplinary professionalism.
Assertion 1
This turn of events has resulted in
overvaluation of technical professionalism, With hope of finding the grand
empty academicism, absolutation of ever- outlook of a spacecraft, students
narrower disciplines, and the common enter our universities. Entering
inclination to reject bona fide core knowledge the temples of knowledge they
from the class. A pity. For these trends only settle for that of an eagle, but
push the young into cynicism, nihilism and what they find is that of a
feelings of emptiness in education and society specialist gopher.
at large.
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The current crisis in education is not subsiding. More than ever before it demands
answers, re-assessments, a revised philosophy and acts: How to administer mutual
interactions instead of linear causality; structured complexity instead of summation of
events; structured historical buildup of facts, instead of summation of isolated events
and narrow academic Departments.
Assertion 2
Although most academic teaching and research must be distributed amongst various
Schools and Departments of a university, there is an objective need to regenerate an
old tradition that cannot be associated with any specialism, because the ideas with
which it deals are common to all studies, or not involved in any.
Assertion 3
Without a guiding-structuring-unifying methodology aimed at gaining an all-
embracing, interconnected knowledge that crosses frozen disciplines, any Core
Curriculum Cultural Course [CCCC] is nothing but a pity encyclopedia displayed
by a specialist nominated by “Organizers” as the “CCCC-Coordinator” who
remains helpless in teaching the alluring beauty of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, history, the life sciences, and comparative religions, but fails to
perceive their profound educational implications as a whole.
Modern skepticism is usually the negation of a core, interconnected,
educational methodology. Not so with Einsteinian skepticism.
Einstein advocated the removal of imposed borders between
traditional disciplines and university departments and faculty;
stating that knowledge is one; its division is human weakness.
Assertion 4
Structuring an all-embracing Core-Outlook is a matter entailing
far more ambiguity than the technicalities of the application of any
disciplinary course and its “Academic Credit Regulations”.
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The Western crisis, today more than ever before, may be repaired by
resorting to Einsteinian vision, in high-schools and constantly upgraded and
updated for underSuch a
Literary intellectuals at one pole –
at the other scientists,
and as the most representative,
the physical scientists.
. Between the two a gulf of mutual incomprehension –
sometimes (particularly among the young) hostility and dislike,
but most of all lack of understanding.
C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures
Cambridge University Press
Assertion 5
Students are often discouraged by their professors and mentors from
asking fundamental, interdisciplinary questions in class, as a result of
which inconsistent, or outright incorrect premises, are given a better
chance of perpetuating themselves.
Literary intellectuals, the people of
the arts, and most educators, are
currently ignorant of modern
advances in the ‘exact sciences’, of
their mathematical formulations,
experimental, observational and
verification methods. They are likely
to resort to a priori or superficial
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answers to complex problems whose
detailed implications are beyond them. Similarly, faculty, ‘experts’ and professionals in the “exact
sciences”, via their past, ever-narrowing, disciplinary education, are currently ignorant of the wide-span
knowledge, literature, arts and history that are needed to share their thinking and aspirations with
other thinking persons.
The resulting gap can hardly be bridged despite the fact that our globe is currently an
interconnected village, internationally linked by what might be expected to bridge old gaps between
traditional cultures, languages, religions, political systems and a unified educational philosophy of
humanity. Yet, the facts are that deep divisions keep deepening and deserts of narrow specialism keep
spreading more than ever before.
What was a two-semester half-life of a textbook is today one day or less. Sources of studies are millions
of online blogs with uneven quality and little or no reliable references. A-million-a-day posts confuse
the young; generating one-line thinkers; a tsunami of Tower-of-Babel Kalthure; a kalthure where
scholars secure same weight as one-line thinkers; Eulogies are heard over the smoking ruins of the
classical temples of knowledge – new layers of ruins on top of the destroyed Academy-Library of
Alexandria.
According to Smullyan [42], Tarski's Indefinability Theorem is somewhat superior to the famous Gödel's
Incompleteness Theorems, which are more related to mathematics and less to philosophical, scientific,
and linguistic issues. Tarski's theorem is not directly about mathematics but about the inherent
Meta-Language: A sufficiently developed language cannot represent its own semantics. Any meta-
language includes primitive notions, axioms, and rules absent from an object language. Theorems
provable in a meta-language are not provable in the object language.
“Truth”: Some of the aforementioned theorems may presuppose that mathematical "truth" and
"falsehood" are well-defined in an absolute sense, rather than relative. If an axiomatic system can be
proven to be consistent and complete from within itself, then it is inconsistent.
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Minds and Machines: Gödel's incompleteness theorems may also reflect on human intelligence. While
Gödel's theorems cannot be applied to humans, since they make mistakes and are, therefore,
inconsistent, it may be applied to the domain of science.
Sets of expressions are considered as coded as sets of numbers. For various syntactic properties (such
as a formula, a sentence, etc.), these sets are computable. And any computable set of numbers can be
defined by some arithmetic formula.
There are various additional theorems and sub-theorems 34-49. I do not intend to expand on them in
these pages, for these pages are mainly written for the general reader, without resorting to any
mathematics.
We therefore move next to elaborate on some more practical domains in the mined fields of verifiable
scientific theories and proofs.
“Pure Mathematics” is human attempt to stay aloof and beyond emotions, traditions and ambitions. It
may protect one from making mistakes, prior to and aft writing down any mathematical equation.
How mathematics -- combined with verifiable observations -- help protect the human mind from
falling into unverifiable traditional dictums of ‘intuitively’ generating mistakes? This may be best
demonstrated by the most dramatic event in the history of science; when Einstein lost trust in the most
verified gravity field equations of general relativity3.3, the most accepted theory of the universe,
which harbors no mistake. To correct sociallly accused ‘mistake’, he had to force on this reality,
‘correction number’, wrongly termed a "cosmological constant".
For good reasons stated above Einstein's tensorial gravity field equations were flawless, despite the
fact that a cult has evolved to demand adding this factor to fit its ulterior wishes to operate under
some set of philosophical prejudices.
Most important, the failure to acknowledge this is not only self-delusion, but a failure to attend to the
philosophical base of physics, a failure that leads to empty scientism.
A theory may be a “set of statements”, some of which are taken as valid without proof
(axioms), and others, the theorems, are taken as valid because they are implied by the axioms.
A complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible. "Provable by a theory"
means "derivable from the axioms and primitive notions of the theory, using logic.”
Applied mathematics is often used as unverifiable covers to advance
subjectivistic claims, ‘proofs’ and ‘theories’. Lectures 3 and 4, and this
one, illustrate how -- by a priori selecting only the time-asymmetric
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mathematics, or time-asymmetric mathematical solution that fits with their desired ‘proof’ – scientists
easily fool themselves, and others.
Applied mathematics is the key tool of the ‘exact sciences’. It constitutes a special kind of 'intelligent
thinking’ that is integrated with its ‘universal grammar' -- a sort of critical thinking which has been
partially developed to safeguard our minds from prejudices and inconsistencies. Yet, consistency, by
itself, is a two-sided issue.
‘Pure mathematics’ is often developed for its own sake, without a priori harboring intentional
applications, although they may be ‘un-covered’
According to Einstein, when we predict the behavior of a specific or confined set of natural
phenomena, we usually mean that we have found a ‘constructive theory’ covering this set.
When we find that other sets of phenomena are incompatible with that theory, we tend to either
generalize or modify it, or failing that, seek an alternative one.
To this ‘constructive’ category Einstein opposes the so-called “theories of principles” (exemplified,
according to Einstein, by thermodynamics and the general theory of relativity), whose point of
departure and foundation are not hypothetical constituent, but empirically observed general properties
from which mathematical formulae are deduced so as to apply to
every case of observation which presents itself.
Thus, according to Einstein, the merit of “constructive theories” lies in their comprehensiveness,
adaptability, and clarity for a given set of phenomena, while that of the “theories of principles” -- in
their logical ‘perfection’ and universality and in the vast observational spectrum of their formulation at
any scale and time.
Yet, Einstein did not trust some semi-hidden aspects of his own general theory of relativity2.5. Two such
events are described next:
The failure of statistical mechanics (both classical and quantum) to deduce and explain the origin of
irreversibility, time-asymmetries, cosmic and local structuring, generation of order and what is called
“entropy growth” -- as well as its philosophical and applicative limitations and lack of large-scale
universality -- has been explained in footnotes 2.5, 3.4 and 3.5 as well as in Volume I. (See Table of
Contents,).
Einstein had not suspected that his general theory of relativity already incorporates another ‘theory of
principle’: Thermodynamics, especially the so-called Second Law of Thermodynamic. Namely, the
foundations of thermodynamics should NOT be a separate, stand-alone, theory of science; it should
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NOT be fragmented from the rest of physics. It constitutes an integral part of gravity-induced,
interconnected, unified physico-philosophical knowledge.
Einstein's general relativity and Hilbert spaces may have been lost to humanity by today's red tape that
defiles our temple of theoretical physics?
The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.
John Locke
We next extend it to gravity- induced sociology and the philosophy of natural selection: The fight for
property-domains-resources, the socio-rules of time-grammar, gravity-induced territorial wars, city and
village structures, transportation systems, aspirations, religions, theology and the arts.
When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social
“standing”, or "lebensraums", involving "well-defined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural
Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural
food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to
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disputes over territories.
One species, or one sex, or one race, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce water
ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources.
Gravity-induced hills and mountains control castle and village structures and especially tall structures
may become worship temples of the super- natural.
RECAP: Domain-Property and Envy drive competition, company ads, venture capital, TV and academic
rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key human traits, sometimes stronger than death.
As history testifies, gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, imperialism and
territorial conquest wars.
Many aspects of animals’ social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-
induced environmental variables. Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be
distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource
monopolization develops in all levels of socio-biological systems.
RECAP from previous Lectures: The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already
contained gas, supernovae debris, dust, rocks. It was gravity that stratified these compounds in
‘horizontal’ layers according to their “specific gravity”, a term to used below in modified “natural
selection”.
The atmosphere and geological strata are ordered-selected by specific gravity of their chemical
components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata
for life to begin.
Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of
gravitationally pressed-heated stars [Fusion in Lecture 1, CPP], geological strata, earth morphology the
entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded
symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books.
induced forces. Even “innate patterns" are wrongly dissociated from simple movements in the field of
gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" balancing
of the biological body vis-à-vis the gravity pointers in each biological cell.
Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via time and the arrow of time
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[Lecture 1].
Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-shared "up- down" surroundings, and about "weight"
and acceleration.
Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow even on a mountain slope.
Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes, balancing machines, heading indicators
and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension
of organic spheres in water.
Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start growing in total darkness as
seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep mountain slope.
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As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity vector.
If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes later
it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity
vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth
response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.)
Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but
they are affected by it. Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit
innate patterns that depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to
changes in the environment.
Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and footnotes. And it takes time
to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time
that we term Linguistic Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents
and books in a library introduces order into our life.
Biological Clocks
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical
influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities thus emerge as prime sources of order and
information in all non-living and living systems.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to
changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational
origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.
The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular ‘canals’, which are used to indicate our
rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.
Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-à-vis space and the gravity-
induced horizon.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements,
and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-
orientation vs. the gravity vector.
The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector – its size increases in larger local
gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they
cannot. Without the gravity force- field they float around and perish. When animals evolve on land,
outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis-à- vis the
reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier life forms in the oceans were smaller and had a
jellyfish-like configuration. Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve.
RECAP: Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to
springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them.
Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given written language.
Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us,
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say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range
from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-induced structures as
reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth, ocean, etc.
Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluid-particles systems
inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity
affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential and their cytoskeletons
Gravity-Induced
Village and City
Structures
Gravity generates structures, controls all
geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, tectonic
folds, geological uplifts, valleys, village &
city structures, transportation systems,
oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells,
swamps, glaciers, rivers, and related
ecological-systems.
Gravity v. Global Warming v. Health
The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints, cartilages, ligaments, femurs,
tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in response" to the force and direction of gravity.
Gravity plays a key factor in hygiene and in heart failure associated with swollen legs, in flooded lungs,
walking, sleeping needs, etc.
VARIOUS CLAIMS RESORT TO Linguistics foolings
EXAMPLE: "the particles were "un-correlated" BEFORE AND "correlated" AFT, therefore …., or other
linguistic manipulations that had been well-reviewed and published as articles of top science proofs.
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This includes the semi-sacrosact "Boltzman Theorem", and endless statistical and
quantum theories thar are claimed "proofs".
Some 'SYMMETRY BREAKING' crown string and similar attempts to unify the standard
quantum model with Einsten's deerministic gravity physics..
To conclude: Prigogine was indeed a great impostor in hiding his stealthy smuggling of asymmetry
into his equations aimed to sale his 'proofs' to empty-head periodical editors, to the public, to endless
awards-people and tto their friends. H This way he got the Nobel.
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