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RUBEOLA
ETIOLOGIE:
- virus rubeolic – Rubivirus (ARN) – fam.Togaviridae
- rezistenta ↓↓ in mediu extern (UV)
- rezistenta ↓↓ la solventi lipidici, tripsina, val.extreme ph
EPIDEMIOLOGIE:
2012
PATOGENIE - 2 forme:
rubeola post-natala
rubeola congenitala
1. RUBEOLA POST-NATALA
- multiplicare endoteliu respirator (7 zile post-eruptie)
- viremie primara → ggl. limfatici
- viremie secundara → alte localizari
- leziuni cutanate:
infiltrat inflamator perivascular + endotelita
+/- extravazare sanguine (mediate imunologic + virus)
- exantem generalizat:
macule-papule 1-4mm, initial retroauricular,
catifelate, dispare la digitopresiune,
durata 3 zile,
NU conflueaza
- adenomegalii generalizate + occipital,
- enantem, T<380C
- artralgii / poliartrite – art.mici/mijlocii
→ 3 zile post-eruptie, 2-6 sapt. post-vaccinare
DIAGNOSTIC – RUJEOLA POST-NATALA
COMPLICATII:
artrita rubeolica – adulti tineri
trombocitopenia
encefalita, meningoencefalita
panencefalita subacuta sclerozanta rubeolica
(PESS)
TRATAMENT:
- izolare
- antitermic/antiinflamator (paracetamol/ibuprofen)
- imunglobuline i.v. → trombocitopenie
- trat.meningoencefalitei (vezi inf.SNC virale)
- avort (gravida I-ul trim.)
• TORCH
T – toxoplasmoza
O – “other infections”
hepatita B, HIV,
sifilis, varicela/zoster, parvovirus B19
R – rubeola
C – inf. citomegalvirus
H – inf. virusul herpes simplex
GRAVIDA + EXPUNERE LA INFECTIE
GRAVIDA + EXPUNERE LA INFECTIE
RUJEOLA
- boala infectioasa, contagioasa, grava
- caracterizata prin catar, semn Koplik + exantem,
- boala anergizanta!
ETIOLOGIE:
- virusul rujeolic – fam. Paramixoviridae (ARN)
- invelis lipoproteic + nucleocapsida + ARN
- proteine structurale: proteina F, M, H (hemaglutinina)
- mutatii → PESS
EPIDEMIOLOGIE:
2012
2016-2017:
- 9 104 cazuri
- 34 decese
PATOGENIE:
- T↑
- exantem generalizat:
macule/papule (initial retroauricular)
caracter centrifug, confluente , asimetrice
+/- caracter hemoragic (forme severe)
- persista catarul conjunctival si traheobronsic
- complicatii respiratorii
pneumonie rujeoloasa + Insuf.respiratorie,
pneumonii bacteriene)
c. PERIOADA POSTERUPTIVA
- scade febra
- disparitia exantemului (in ordinea aparitiei)
- zone pigmentate galben-brun → teg.indemn
EVOLUTIE, COMPLICATII:
- crup rujeolic
- bronsiolita + insuf.repiratorie
- pneumonia cu virus rujeolic + ARDS,
- pneumonii bacteriene
- meningite, encefalite
- PESS rujeolica
DIAGNOSTIC:
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENTIAL:
- pre-eruptiv:
→ infectii febrile + catar (gripa, alte inf.virale)
- eruptiv:
→ exantem viral: rubeola, ECHO, Coxackie, MNI
→ scarlatina,
→ boala Kawasaki
BOALA KAWASAKI
TRATAMENT RUJEOLA:
• izolare → spitalizare
• antiinflamtor
• vit.A - 2 doze (+/- ribavirin)
• reechilibrare h-elec.
• trat. insuf. respiratorii
• trat. complicatiilor SNC (vezi meningite)
• trat. complicatiilor bacteriene → AB
VARICELA:
- infectie primara cu virusul varicelo-zosterian
→ in lipsa imunitatii specifice
- leziuni cutanate veziculoase, in stadii evolutive diferite
- incidenta maxima < 10 ani
HERPES-ZOSTER:
- reactivarea infectiei latente cu virusul varicelo-zosterian
→ in prezenta imunodepresiei
- leziune cutanata delimitata → dermatom
- incidenta ↑> 65 ani, imunodepresie
EPIDEMIOLOGIE VARICELA, HERPES-ZOSTER
• risc:
HIV
diabet zaharat
TU, leucemii
trat.imunosupresiv
imunosenescenta
ETIOLOGIE:
varicela
herpes-
zoster
PATOGENEZA VARICELA:
• transmitere aerogena – picaturi secr.respiratorii
• contact direct cu leziunile veziculare (risc scazut)
a. infectia mucoasei tractului respirator superior
multiplicare virala in ggl.limfatici locali (ziua 2 -4)
b. viremie primara (ziua 4 -6)
c. multiplicare virala in SRE (ficat, splina, ganglioni)
d. viremie secundara (ziua 14 – 16)
→ invazia virala difuza in celule endoteliale capilare
epiderm
edem intracelular + edem intercelular vezicule
• Ac specifici IgM, IgG (persistenti, protectori)
• raspuns imun celular
→ limiteaza durata / extinderea
PATOGENEZA HERPES-ZOSTER:
• infectie latenta in ggl.senzitiv (dupa primo-infectie)
• imunodepresie
→ multiplicare
→ migrare n.senzitivi → dermatom
• f.rar / neobisnuit coarne anterioare
→ neuroni motori → pareze/paralizii
Dupa modalitatea de transmitere + status imun:
- Sdr.Reye (aspirina)
- pneumonia variceloasa
- encefalita, meningoencefalita variceloasa
(intra- sau post-infectioasa)
- miocardita
- complicatii septice
piodermite
erizipel, celulita
abces, flegmon
DIAGNOSTIC:
- clinic
- epidemiologic
- laborator: - izolare/identificare virus
- serologic → HAI, RFC
- leucopenie, VSH=N
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENTIAL:
- dermatite veziculoase, buloase (pemfigus)
- eruptii alergice (prurigo)
- sifilis
TRATAMENT:
- izolare, igiena tegumentara/mucoaselor!
- etiologic: aciclovir la pacienti cu risc:
imunodepresie, trat. aspirina, cortizon
- simptomatic
- antibiotic: complicatii septice locale sau la distanta
(penicilina G, oxacilina, cefalosporine gen.I-II)
- NU aspirina, NU cortizonice (exceptie cei cu trat.cronic, SNC)
TABLOUL CLINIC HERPES-ZOSTER:
FORME CLINICE:
- dupa localizarea anatomica (oftalmic, brahial, crural)
- herpes-zoster al sugarului → dermatom toracic
(infectia materna in primele 20 sapt.de gestatie)
- herpes-zoster diseminat (imunodepresie)
- Sdr. Ramsay-Hunt
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERNTIAL:
• impetigo
• eczema
• celulita
• infectia cu herpes simplex
COMPLICATII: