Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton

Electrical and optical properties of materials

John JL Morton

Part 1. Conductivity: from insulators to su-

perconductors

σ = j/E, (1.1)

dv
−eE = me (1.2)
dt

−eEτ = me vd (1.3)

τ = λs /vF (1.4)

ne2 Eλs
j = −nevd = (1.5)
me vF
ne2 λs
σ= , (1.6)
me vF

σ ∝ n ∝ exp (−Eg /2kB T ) (1.7)

Gp = Up − T Sp (1.8)

Ga = Gp + nφ − 2kB T ln [(N + n)!/N !n!] − T n∆Sf req (1.9)

∂Ga
= φ − 2kB T [ln(N + n) − ln n] − T ∆Sf req = 0 (1.10)
∂n
 
∆Sf req φ
n = N exp − (1.11)
2kB 2kB T

S = kB [1 + ln (kB T /~ω)] (1.12)

Sp = 6N kB + 6N kB ln (kB T /~ω)] (1.13)

   
kB T kB T
Sa = (6N − 6nZ) kB + kB ln + 6nZ kB + kB ln (1.14)
~ω ~ω 0

1
1. Conductivity: from insulators to superconductors

Sa − Sp ω
∆Sf req = = 6ZkB ln 0 (1.15)
n ω
   
n  ω 3Z −φ −φ
= exp = C exp (1.16)
N ω0 2kB T 2kB T
 
p −φ
n = C N Ni exp (1.17)
2kB T
dN
J = −D (1.18)
dx
vd kB T
D= (1.19)
qE

nc e2
 
σ= D (1.20)
kB T
 
−i
p = ν exp (1.21)
kB T
1 n
D = a2 p, (1.22)
3 N
   
1 2 −i next −φ
D = a ν exp + C exp (1.23)
3 kB T N 2kB T

νa2
  
i next −φ
ln D = ln − + ln + C exp (1.24)
3 kB T N 2kB T

νa2
 
2i + φ
ln D = − + ln + ln C (1.25)
2kB T 3

νa2
 
i next
ln D = − + ln + ln (1.26)
kB T 3 N
   
ν eaE
p+ = exp − i − /kB T (1.27)
3 2
   
ν eaE
p− = exp − i + /kB T (1.28)
3 2
n
Ichannel = e (p+ − p− ) (1.29)
N
2
Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton

2 n
j = 2 e (p+ − p− ) (1.30)
a N
     
2 nν −i eaE −eaE
j = 2e exp exp − exp (1.31)
a N3 kB T 2kB T 2kB T
2e2 ν n
 
−i
σ= exp (1.32)
3akB T N kB T
a2 n
 
−i
D= ν exp (1.33)
3 N kB T
∆G
ξ=− (1.34)
Fz
 
a1
∆G = −RT ln (1.35)
a2
 
RT a1
ξ= ln (1.36)
Fz a2
1
∆Gsuper = µHc2 (1.37)
2
qΦ
∆φ = (1.38)
~
qΦ Nh
∆φ = = 2N π and thus, Φ= = N Φ0 (1.39)
~ q
h
Φ0 = = 2 × 10−15 Weber (1.40)
2e

Ic = 2πrHc (1.41)

Fz = −nevx N Φ0 (1.42)

Fz = jx N Φ0 (1.43)

Fpinning = jcrit Φ0 (1.44)