ETHICO LEGAL BOARD FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS UNDER PRC
 Educ. Act of 1863 – school for boys and girls in
every municipality (Spanish time)
 Educ. Act of 1901 – separation of church and
state in education
1. RA 4670 – Magna Carta for Public School
Teachers – June 18, 1966 (welfare of public
school teacher)
2. PD 1006
a. Professionalization of Teachers, Practice
in Phil.
b. Sept. 22, 1976 (teaching as a
profession, professionals)
c. National Board for Teachers under CSC
d. Written exam determined by the Board
e. BSED or its equivalent can teach
elementary and kindergarten
f. BS education or its equivalent with
major or minor 18 units of Prof. Ed. –
teach secondary
g. 150 days result
h. PBET
ARTICLE XIV OF 1987 CINSTITUTION
3. RA 7722 – CHED or Higher Education Act of
1994 – May 18, 1994
4. RA 7836
a. Practice of Teaching, Licensure Exam
for Teachers
b. Dec. 16, 1994
c. Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act
d. Board for Professional Teacher under
PRC
e. Exam – Prof. Ed., Gen. Ed.,
specialization
f. BSECE early childhood Educ – teach
kindergarten
g. BS Education or tis equivalent with
major or minor – with 10 units of prof.
ed. – teach secondary
h. 120 days result
i. LET
j. Teaching – refers to the profession
concerned primarily with classroom
instruction
k. Board – refers to the Board for
Professional Teachers duly established
and constituted under this act
l. Commission – refers to the PRC
m. Code of Ethics – a set aspirational goals
base around the values of: Integrity,
Respect and Responsibility
n. Code of Conduct – a more detailed set
of standards for professional and
personal conduct and professional
competence based on the values set
out in the Code of Ethics
o. Standards of Professional Practice – a
set of standards which may apply to all
registered teachers that articulate what
all teachers know and able to do
PHILIPPINE TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION
ACT OF 1994
a. Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers –
1996
b. RA 9293 – Amendments to RA 7836 – April
21, 2004
Amendments are the ff:
i. 18units in PD 1006, 10units in RA 7836,
18units in RA 9293 units of Prof Ed
ii. 5 years no practice – take 12 units: 6
pedagogy, 6 content
iii. 70 rating – special permit – 2 years – Para
teacher
iv. Without exam – CSC eligibility and PD 1006,
PBET
v. Special permit – 5 years
vi. DECS to Dep Ed
5. RA 9155
a. An act instituting a framework of
governance for basic education,
establishing authority and
accountability
b. Renaming DECS to Ded Ed – Aug. 11,
2001
c. Phil. Sports Commission and National
Commission on Culture and Arts
6. RA 10533 – Enhanced Basic Education Act of
2013 – private schools can hire even without
registration and license given that they can
pass the LET on or before 5 years from the time
they were hire – Enhanced Basic Education
Act
7. RA 10627 – Anti bullying Act of 2013
8. RA 10912
a. Continuous Professional Development
Act of 2016
b. Lapsed into Law on July 21, 2016 and it
took effect on August 16, 2016
c. Started on March 15, 2017 upon the
effectively of Resolution No. 1032 or the
Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) of RA 10912
d. 45 units to renew license
e. Continuing Professional Development
Law
 RA 8190 – Appointment to locality where you
live
 RA 6713
i. Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and
Employees
ii. Nationalism and Patriotism
iii. Commitment to Democracy
iv. Simple Living
v. The CSC shall adopt positive measures
to promote
vi. Dissemination of information programs
and workshops
vii. Continuing research and
experimentation
viii. Financial and material interest
ix. Shall not engage in the private
practice of their profession unless
authorized by the Constitution or Law
x. Shall not recommend any person to
any position in a private enterprise
which has a regular or pending official
transaction with their office
 xi. Shall not disclose and/or misuse
confidential information
xii. Solicitation or acceptance of gifts are
prohibited
xiii. Statement of Assets and Liabilities and
Financial Disclosure
 RA 7610 – Anti Child Abuse Act
 RA 10931
i. Universal Access to Quality Tertiary
Education Act
ii. Free College Education
 RA 10157
i. Kindergarten Education Act
ii. MDG on education for all by 2015
iii. Equal opportunities for all children to
avail of accessible mandatory and
compulsory kindergarten education
iv. MTB-MLE Mother tongue based
multilingual education
v. Institutionalizing of kindergarten
education
 RA 8545 – E GASTPE (Expanded Government
Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private
Education
WHO CAN PRACTICE AS A PROFESSIONAL TEACHER
1. Duly registered professional teacher, and
RA7836
2. Holder of a valid certificate of registration and
a valid professional license or RA7836
3. Holder of valid special/temporary permit
RA9293
To those without exam
1. Certificate of eligibility issued by CSC and
DECS, or
2. Registered as professional teacher with the
National Board for Teachers under DECS as per
PD1006, or
3. Elementary or secondary teacher for 5 years in
good standing, holder of Bachelor of Science
in Education or tis equivalent, or
4. Elementary or secondary teacher for 3 years in
good standing and holder of master’s degree
or its equivalent, provided they shall be given 2
years to quality
 If unable to register within 2 years shall be
issued a 5 year temporary or special permit to
register and qualify
 If unable to pass the exam, shall be eligible as
para-teachers, shall be issued by the Board a
special or temporary permit, and shall be
assigned by DECS to schools as it may
determine under the circumstances
 Reciprocity law with the Phil. by the foreign
country
 Professional teachers who did not practice for
5 years, take 12 units, 6 units Pedagogy and 6
units content courses
 Failed to exam by less than 5% or a score of
70%, granted a special permit of 2 years as a
para-teacher
 Efficiency – quality or degree of being efficient
– the use of resources – the ability to do
something without wasting time, materials or
energy
 Effectiveness – able to attain the objectives –
producing a result that is wanted, or having an
intended effect
REPUBLIC ACT 9155
 Promote the right of all citizens to quality basic
education
 Free and compulsory education
 Elementary level and free education in the
high school level
 Alternative learning system to basic education
to provide skills, knowledge and value
 Formal Education – systematic and deliberate
process of hierarchically structured and
sequential learning
 Informal Education – a lifelong process of
learning to acquire and accumulate
knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights
 Integrated Schools – a school that offer a
complete basic education in one school site
and has a unified instructional programs
 Learner – any individual seeking basic literacy
skills and functional life skills or support services
for the improvement of the quality of his life
 Learning Center – a physical space to house
learning resources and facilities of a learning
program for out-of-school youth and adults
 Learning Facilitator – the key-learning support
person who is responsible for
supervising/facilitating the learning process
and activities of the learners
 Non-Formal Education – any organized,
systematic educational activity carried outside
the framework of the formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the
population
 Quality Education – the appropriateness,
relevance and excellence of the education
given to meet the needs and aspirations of an
individual and society
 School Head – a person responsible for the
administrative and instructional supervision of
the school or cluster of schools
 School – an educational institution, private and
public, undertaking educational operation
with a specific age-group of pupils or levels,
receiving instruction from teachers
EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863
 Reform the Phil. colonial education by Spain
 Complete system of education in the
archipelago
 Requiring 2 elementary school in each
municipality (1 for boys and 1 for girls)
 Established normal schools, thus making
systematized education available to the
masses
MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS
 RA 4670
 June 18, 1996
 Promotion and improvements of the public
school teachers in:
i. Socio and economic status
ii. Living and working conditions
iii. Terms of employment
iv. Career prospect

 It attracts and retains in the teaching
profession people with the proper
qualifications
 It strengthen the stability of the teaching
profession in the public school system
 This act applies to all public school teachers
except those in the professorial staff of state
colleges and universities
DUE PROCESS
 Dismissal for legitimate reasons follow rules
established for protecting the rights of
teachers. This process contains certain
elements:
i. the teacher must be given timely,
detailed, written notice of the charges
ii. the teacher must be accorded
sufficient time to prepare defense
iii. the teacher has the right to be
represented by legal counsel
iv. the teacher may present written or oral
evidence, including witnesses
v. the teacher may cross-examine
witnesses and challenges evidence
vi. the teacher shall be heard by an
impartial body
vii. the teacher has the right to appeal to a
higher body
 Significant features
i. The right against transfer form one
station to another without the teacher’s
consent (except for a cause)
ii. The right for a married couple, both of
whom are school teachers, to be
employed in the same locality
whenever possible
ACADEMIC FREEDOM
 Discuss topics or issues within their field of
expertise
 Freedom of teaching and discussion
 Freedom to carry out research
 Freedom to express opinions
 Freedom from institutional censorship
 Significant features:
 The right to additional compensation
for services in express of 6 hours of
actual classroom teaching, hardship
allowance, automatic retirement
promotion, clothing allowance, chalk
allowance, productivity, etc
 The right to enjoy free physical
examination and free medical
treatment or hospitalization
 The rights to one year study leave with
pay equivalent to 60% salary after 7
years of service.
 The right to enjoy one range salary raise
upon retirement, which shall be the
basis of the retirement pay and monthly
benefit thereafter
 The freedom to organize and join
organizations, local or national
RIGHTS OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHER (RA 4670)
 No probationary period preceding regular
appointment
 Consent of transfer
 Safeguards in disciplinary procedure
 Administrative charges shall be heard by a
committee
 Teacher shall not be required to render more
than 6 hours of actual classroom teaching
 Additional compensation
 Salary Grade – regular increments every 3
years within 10 years
 Special hardship allowance
 Deductions prohibited
 Medical examinations and treatment
 Compensations for injuries (physical and
nervous strain recognized as Compensable
Occupational Disease
 Study leave
 Freedom to organize
 Discrimination against teachers prohibited
 Security of Tenure
 Productivity Incentive Benefit
 Year End Bonus and Cash Gifts (in service as of
31 of October each year)
THE 5S PRINCIPLES
 SEIRI – Organization/Sort out
 SEITON – Orderliness/Systemize
 SEISO – The Cleaning/Shining
 SEIKETSU – Standardize
 SHITSUKE – Sustain/Discipline
CODE OF ETHICS OF PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS
 Article II of RA 7836 (Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994)
i. Vacant position – basis of merit and
competence
ii. Policies of the School – faithfully carry
them out
iii. Transact all official business through
CHANNELS
iv. Do not make any false Accusations
v. Appointments, promotions and transfer
of teachers are made only on the basis
of merit and needed in the interest of
the service
vi. Shall not accept favors or gifts
vii. Shall not accept, directly or indirectly
any remuneration from tutorial
viii. Evaluation of the learner must be based
on work only in the merit and quality of
academic performance
ix. Mutual attraction and subsequent love
develop between teacher and learner,
the teacher shall exercise utmost
professional discretion to avoid
scandal, gossip and preferential
treatment of the learner
x. Establish and maintain cordial relations
with parents and shall conduct himself
to merit their confidence and respect
xi. Inform parents, through proper
authorities, of progress and deficiencies
of learner under him, exercising utmost
candor and tact in pointing out the
learner’s deficiencies
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
 Article XIV – Education, Science and
Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
i. Quality education accessible to all
ii. Complete, adequate and Integrated
relevant education
iii. Non-formal, informal and indigenous
learning systems
iv. Study of Constitution
v. Study of Values
vi. Optional religious instruction in public
schools
vii. Supervision and regulation of all
educational institutions by the State
viii. Local planning in the development of
educational policies and programs
ix. Academic freedom in all institutions of
higher learning
RA 7722
 Higher Education Act of 1994
 Created the Commission on Higher Education
RA 7796
 An act creating TESDA (Technical Education
and Skills Development Authority) 1994
BP 232
 Education Act of 1982
 An act providing for the establishment and
maintenance of an integrated system of
education
 Shall apply and govern both formal and non-
formal system in public and private schools in
all levels of the entire educational system
 State shall promote: relevant quality
education, regardless of sex, creed, socio-
economic status, physical and mental
conditions, racial or ethnic origin, political or
other affiliation
 State shall promote and maintain equality of
access to education as well as the benefits of
education by all the citizens
 Rights of students in School
 Rights of School Personnel
 Special rights and/or privileges of teaching
and academic staff
 Right f Administrators
 Rights of schools
 Maintenance of quality education
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578
 Passed on June 8, 1940
 Amendment Article 152 of the PRC
 Teachers, professors and persons charged with
supervision of education were raised to the
rank of person in authority
 Light felony – imprisonment of not more than 30
days
 Assault upon a person in authority – punishable
up to 6 years in prison
1. Right – a moral or legal entitlement to have or
obtain something or to act in a certain way
2. Duty – a moral or legal obligations; a
responsibility; a task or action that someone is
required to perform
3. Privilege – a special right, advantage, or
immunity granted or available only to a
particular person or group of people
TEACHER’S OBLIGATIONS
 Perform duties in accordance with the
philosophy, goals and objectives of the school
 Efficient and effective attainment of learning
objectives
 Regular reports on student’s performance
 Professional growth and behavior
 Refrain from making unreasonable deductions
in student’s scholastic rating
 Agent of constructive change
TEACHER’S BENEFITS
 Study leave/Sabbatical leave
 Indefinite leave
 Maternity leave
 Vacation leave with pay
 1 range salary raise upon retirement
TEACHER’S PRIVILEGES
 Academic freedom
 Free physical exam and medical treatment or
hospitalization
 Salary scale
 Cost of living allowance
 Additional compensation for service excess of
6 hours actual classroom teaching, hardship
allowance and automatic retirement
promotion
RIGHTS OF SCHOOL
 Governance and Academic freedom
AIMS OF ALL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
 -inculcate love of country
 Teach duties of citizenship
 Develop scientific, technological and
vocational efficiency
RIGHTS OF STUDENTS IN SCHOOL
 Relevant quality education
 Choose a field of study
 School guidance and counseling
services
 Access own school records
 Issuance of official documents within 30
days from request
 Publish a student newspaper and similar
publications and invite resource
persons
 Free expression of opinions and
suggestions
 Form, establish, join and participate in
organizations and societies
 Free from involuntary contributions
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENTS
 Actively participate in civic affairs and  “Persons in authority” to teachers,
promote general welfare professors in school, universities,
 Exercise rights responsibly colleges
 COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 586
RIGHTS OF ALL SCHOOL PERSONNEL  Repealed by RA 896
 Education Act of 1940
 Free expression of opinions and suggestions,  COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 589
and to effective channels of communication  National Anthem & Patriotic pledges
 Free legal service  RA 139
 Repealed by RA 8047
SPECIAL RIGHTS AND /OR PRIVILEGES OF  Board of textbook
TEACHING/ACADEMIC STAFF  RA 896
 Elementary Education Act of 1953
 Free from compulsory assignments not related  RA 1124
to duties  Repealed by RA 7722
 Intellectual property  Board of National Education
 Respect and protection  RA 7836
 Choose alternative  Every teacher is physically, mentally
 Career lines and emotionally fit
 EDUCATION ACT OF 1982
OBLIGATIONS OF ACADEMIC NON-TEACHING  Integrated system of Education
PERSONNEL  EDUCATION ACT OF 1982 sec 2
 Govern both formal and non-formal in
 Promote and maintain and atmosphere private and public
conducive to service and learning  RA 6728
 “Act Providing Government Assistance
SPECIAL RIGHTS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR to Students and Teachers in Private
Education”
 Administrative discretion  RA 7079
 Respect and protection  Campus Journalism Act
 RA 7610
SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR’S OBLIGATION  Special Protection of Children Against
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination
 Perform duties in accordance with the Act, Anti-child Abuse Law
philosophy, goals and objectives of the school  RA 7731
 Efficient and effective administration and  Failure in NCEE no longer be denied
management enrolment to college or university
 Discipline school personnel  RA 7743
 Maintain records and submit reports to the  Public Libraries and Reading Centers in
DepEd all barangays
 RA 7784
RIGHTS OF PARENTS  Act to Strengthen Teacher Education in
Phil. by establishing Center of
 Organize a forum for discussion by themselves Excellence
and/or with teachers  RA 7796
 Access to any official record directly relating to  TESDA Act of 1994
his child  RA 7797
 Carry out educational objectives  From 200 but not more than 220 days
 Obliged to enable children to obtain school calendar
elementary education  RA7877
 Cooperate with the school  Anti-sexual Harassment Act of 1995
 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 27
OTHER LEGAL BASES  Include Human Rights as Subject
 RA 7880
 ACT NO. 74  Fair and Equitable Access to Education
 Department of Public instruction –  RA 8047
general superintendents, schools  Book Publishing Industry Development
division, English-medium of instruction, Act
optional religious instruction  RA 8941
 ACT NO. 2706  Flag and Heraldic Code of the
 Private school law Philippines
 COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1 (AMENDMENT RA  RA 8545
9163)  Amendment RA 6728
 National Service Law – amend Co. Act  Fund for subsiding salaries of private
No. 1 school teacher
 COMMONWEALTH ACT NO 80
 Office of adult Education CAREER STAGES
 COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578
1. Career Stage 1: Beginning Teachers
 a. Gained the qualifications - Apply principles of social
recognized for entry into the relationship
teaching profession - Doctrine of the mean
b. Strong understanding of the - Emphasize the individual’s
subjects/areas in terms of content place in society, getting rid of
knowledge and pedagogy governments repressive,
c. Possess the requisite knowledge, tendencies, better institutions
skills and values that support the - Man’s obligation is to preserve
teaching and learning process right human relationship
d. Manage learning programs and - Rulers must serve the people’s
have strategies that promote interest
learning based on the learning  Contributions
needs of their students 1. Doctrine of the Mean
e. Seek advice from experienced 2. Four Nature Principles Every
colleagues to consolidate their Person is supported to have
teaching practice a. Humanity
2. Career Stage 2: Proficient Teachers b. Justice
a. Professionally independent in the c. Wisdom
application of skills vital to the d. Propriety
teaching and learning process 3. The Golden Rule
b. Provide focused teaching programs  Society, civil service exams
that meet curriculum and
assessment requirements 2. TAOISM
c. Display skills in planning,  Emphasize man’s place in nature in
implementing and managing contrast to Confucianism, it is not
learning programs concerned with society, except as
d. Actively engage in collaborative something to move away from
learning with the professional  Man is microcosm of the universe
community containing all the elements
e. Reflective practitioners who  Necessary & make up heaven and
continually consolidate the earth
knowledge, skills and practices of  Man’s anguish is caused by unified
career stage 1 teacher diseases
3. Career Stage 3: Highly Proficient Teachers  nature
a. High level of performance
b. in-depth and sophisticated 3. BUDDHISM
understanding of the teaching and  Originated from the experienced of the
learning process misery of life
c. High education-focused situation  There is no peace to be found in the
cognition world
d. Work collaboratively with  Life is caught in the labyrinth of
colleagues changes
e. Continually to develop their  Nirvana, the only way for peace
professional knowledge and  Enlightenment, Siddhartha Gautama,
practice by reflecting on their own Peace
needs , and those of their
colleagues and students  The Teachings
4. Career Stage 4: Distinguished Teachers I. The Four Noble Truths
a. Embody the highest standard for a. Universal fact of pain and
teaching suffering, life is the root of suffering
b. Exhibit exceptional capacity to b. Desire are the origin and
improve their own teaching cause of suffering
c. Recognized as leaders in education c. Negating life causes
d. Create lifelong impact in the lives of suffering
colleagues, students and others d. The path, which leads to
e. Consistently seek professional assertion & suffering
advancement and relevance in (accumulating karma or
pursuit of teaching quality and needs that eventually free
excellence the mind)
f. Exhibit commitment to inspire the II. The Eight Fold Path
education community a. The right view
b. The right resolve aspiration
c. The right speech
EASTERN AND WESTERN PHILOSOPHY d. The action
e. The right livelihood
1. CONFUCIANISM f. The right effort
 The way to moral virtues is through g. The right concentration
natural means h. The right contemplation
- Be true to oneself nature
4. BRAHMANISM
  Founded on experience of the divine  A doctrine that states that the
being who is the one beyond all ultimate reality of the world is a
multiplicity Divine person who sustains the
A. The individual self and material universe by a continuous act of a
world are deceptions creative cloud
B. The only real, non-conscious and
beyond good and evil is Brahman 11. EXISTENTIALISM
or the great self  man is living individual that breaths
C. God become man, incarnations and thinks that has awful freedom
D. Moksha (salvation) consist in an of moral choice that longs for
escape the cyclic wheel of time salvation and faces despair, the
 Trinitarian individual that lives in anxiety and
dies
5. ISLAM  choice, decision, unique
 Complete surrender to the will of  education of whole person, not only
God on the mind, individual education,
 Life of man is supposed to be freedom to choose, student
witness and testimony of faith in me centered
God (Allah)
12. REALISM
A. The Muslim Creed  Physical objects, focus and relations
i. There is no divinity outside God are “out there” waiting to be
ii. Muhammad is God’s envoy discovered to the will of the human
iii. There is no resurrection after beings
man’s death  Science, actual, use of most or all of
iv. Divine discuss govern good and senses, actualities in life
evil
B. Prayer brings man in the right 13. HUMANISM
relationship with God  Rejects supernaturalism
C. Charity  Self-realization
D. Observance of the Ramadan  Stressed mathematics as an orderly
E. Pilgrimage to Mecca arrangement of its parts
 Child is born as tabula rasa
6. MATERIALISM  Humans, dignity, worth, build, truth,
 Physical matter is the ultimate reality goodness, dignity, worth of man
and that all beings and process
and phenomena can be explained 14. COMMUNISM
as manifestation or results of matters  Society is a whole is more splitting
up into two great classes facing
7. IDEALISM each other
 A protest against materialism
preoccupied with things “abstract” 15. PERFECTIONISM
or “spiritual”  The ultimate end is the
 Basis reality is composed of or is development of perfection of the
closely related to the mind or idea self
 Mind is real
 Reality is spiritual world is 16. ETHICAL EGONISM
manifestation of the underlying  An action only if it promotes the
physical reality good and the best interest of the
 Ideal, spiritual, values, God, religion, performing the act
mind, moral, Plato, ideas
17. HEDONISM
8. NATURALISM  Pleasure of the body
 Denies anything as hiring  The view that only pleasure is the
supernaturality only good as end
 Man in his society are most
secondary and defendant upon 18. EPICUREANISM
the order  A system of philosophy based on
 Man is at war with himself the teachings of Epicurus, founded
 Innate, natural, nature of the child around 307 B.C. It teaches that the
greatest good is to seek modest
9. PRAGMATISM pleasures in order to attain a state
 Society nurtures human life of tranquillity, freedom from fear
individuals are dependent upon ("ataraxia") and absence from
society bodily pain ("aponia")
 Activation of skills, practical,  Pleasure of the mind
practical consequences, practical
results 19. UTILITARIANISM
 Claims that the greater happiness
10. PERSONALISM or good of the greater number of
 persons is the test of the right or 31. BEHAVIORISM
wrong  Environment, rewards, incentives
 Greater good for greater number  Behavior is product of his
environment
20. KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY
 Claims of unconditional morality 32. LIBERALISM
 If performing an act is a matter of  Equality
duty, then we should do it
regardless of the consequence. 33. SKEPTICISM
 Any true knowledge is impossible
21. MORAL EVOLUTIONALISM and everything is open to doubt
 Morality is never fixed or absolute
but is continually changing and
evolving gradually into perfect PHILOSOPHY
morality.  Quest for truth based on logical reasoning
aside from factual observation
22. MORAL POSITIVISM
 Holds that the basis or source of all 1. Metaphysics
moral laws is the laws of the state  Deals with reality
 Deals with nature of being and
23. ESSENTIALISM reality, essence, truth, space,
 Specialization, basic, fundamental, time, causation, essence of
traditional subjects, teacher God and the origin of the
centered universe
 Basic skills or fundamental R’s: riting,  Cosmology – explains and
rithmetic, right conduct theorized on the origin and the
 Basic knowledge, skills and values, nature of the universe including
less complex to more complex creationism and evolutionism
 Teleology – explains the
24. PERRENIALISM purpose in the universe
 Universal truth, enduring knowledge  Ontology – deals with the
and values, classic literature, meaning of existence and tries
traditional, studies of the centuries to resolve the question of
which remain true today, teacher whether existence is identical
centered with space, nature, spirit or God.
 Rational and moral powers, studies 2. Epistemology
of older times that is still useful to the  Deals with knowledge/study of
present knowledge
 Agnosticism – doctrine that
25. AGNOSTICISM conclusive knowledge of
 Atheist, unknown ultimate reality is an outright
impossibility and claims that it is
26. STOICISM impossible for man to prove the
 Passionate emotions, resiliency, self- existence of God
control, harness will power to find  Skepticism – doctrine that any
meaning even at the bleakest true knowledge is impossible
moment and everything is open to doubt
 Resiliency, self-control, temperance,  Posteriori – advanced the idea
endurance that knowledge comes from
 Opposed to Epicureanism experience
 Priori – reasoning that
27. CONSTRUCTIVISM knowledge comes from pure
 Prior knowledge, activation reason alone
3. Axiology
28. RECONSTRUCTIVISM  Study about value
 Solution to problem, improve the  Ethics – art and science that
society, social problem deals with the morality of
human acts
29. SCHOLASTICISM  Aesthetics – fundamentally
 Rationalization of church theories, concerned with beauty and
St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa standards or tests of values
Theologica 4. Logic
 Correct thinking and reasoning
30. PROGRESSIVISM  Induction – reasoning that is
 Child centered, learning by doing, done through a process of
improve, personal lives and inferring a general law or
experiences, science and principle from the observation
technology for progress and of particular instances to a
change, student centered general conclusion
  Deduction – reasoning through
a process that is from a general
principle to specific included
within the scope of that
principle
 Syllogism – an argumentation in
which a conclusion is derived
from two propositions called
premises
 Dialect – a means
discovering the truth
proceeding from an assertion
of thesis to a denial or antithesis
and finally reconciling the two
into synthesis
HUMAN ACT
 An act that proceeds from the deliberate free
will of man (loving and writing)
 3 types of human acts in relation to reason:
1. Good – is in harmony with the dictates of
right reason
2. Evil – is in opposition to the dictates of
reason
3. Indifferent – is when it stands in no relation
to the dictates (neither good or bad)
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
 Knowledge
 Freedom
 Voluntariness
MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS
1. Ignorance
 The absence of intellectual knowledge in
man
2. Concupiscence
 Refers to bodily appetites or tendencies
like love, hatred, joy, grief, passion,
daring, fear and anger
3. Fear
 The shrinking back of the mind from
danger
4. Violence
 An external force applied by a free
cause which impairs man’s free will
5. Habit
 Frequently repeated acts
CONSCIENCE
 Practical judgment of reason upon which an
individual act is considered good, which is to
be performed or evil, which is to be avoided
 The states of conscience are:
a. Correct or true certain
b. Erroneous
c. Doubtful
PERSONAL VALUES
 Resilience
o The capacity to recover quickly from
difficulties
 Tolerance
o The ability or willingness to tolerate
something, in particular the existence of
opinions or behavior that one does not
necessarily agree with
 Emotional Stability
o Refers to a person’s ability to remain
stable and balance at the other end of
the scale, a person who is high in
neuroticism has a tendency to easily
experience negative emotions
 Drive
o The ability to carry on a specific objective
 Fairness
of o Impartial and just treatment or behavior
by without favoritism or discrimination
 Buoyancy
o An optimistic and cheerful disposition
 Motivation
o the general desire or willingness of
someone to do something
 Intelligence
o The ability to acquire and apply
knowledge and skills
 Compassion
o Sympathetic pity and concern for the
sufferings or misfortune of others
 Self-Confidence
o A feeling of trust in one’s ability, qualities
and judgment
 Innovativeness
o Tending to innovate or introduce
something new or different;
characterized by innovation
 Reliability
o The quality of being trustworthy of
performing consistently well
 Cooperativeness
o Working or acting together willingly for a
common purpose or benefit
3 TYPES OF EDUCATION
1. Formal education
 Refers to the hierarchically structured and
chronologically graded learning,
organized and provided by formal
schools and where certification is
required in order for the learner to
progress through the grades or move on
to higher levels
2. Non-formal education
 Refers to any school-based educational
activities undertaken by department of
education and other agencies aimed at
attaining specific learning objectives for
a particular learner
3. Informal education
 A type of education that can be
acquired anytime and anywhere, also
known as education for all seasons
CONTRIBUTIUONS OF EACH CIVILIZATION TO
EDUCATION
1. Ancient Jewish
 Religious education
2. Ancient Chinese
 Career-oriented education
3. Ancient Egyptian
  Practical and empirical (experiences or
observations) education

4. Ancient Greek
 Liberal and democratic education

5. Ancient Roman
 Pragmatic and progressive education