Structural Design Aids

Table of Contents
Item Page
Beam Analysis 2
Section Properties 3
Line Properties 5
Concrete 6
Foundations 10
Steel 14
Dead Loads 21

4 April 2007
P:\Structural\Technical\Design Aids.doc
 Beam Analysis
Simple Span, Uniform Load wL Simple Span, Point Load P
w Vmax = R = 2 P Vmax = R = 2
2
wL PL
L Mmax = 8 Mmax = 4
L
R R 1 2 R R
M = Vmax x - ⁄2 w x
4 2 3 2
V 5wL 5 ML PL 1 ML
∆max = 384 E I = ⁄48 E I V ∆max = 48 E I = ⁄12 E I
ML ML
I360 = 37.5 E I360 = 30 E
M
5 ML M
∆ I5 = ⁄48 × E (5 mm)
∆
Cantilever, Uniform Load Cantilever, Point Load
RM w Vmax = R = w L a P Vmax = R = P
2 b
wL RM
L Mmax = RM = 2 Mmax = P a
R 1 2 L 3
M = Mmax - ⁄2 w x Pa
V
wL
4
1 M
∆max = 8 E I = ⁄4 E I
L
2 R ∆max = 3 E I (1 + 23 ab)
ML V
I360 = 90 E
M if a = L then:
3 2
1 ML M PL 1 ML
I5 = ⁄4 × E (5 mm) ∆max = 3 E I = ⁄3 E I
∆
ML
∆ I360 = 120 E

Simple Span, Symmetric Load Simple Span, Symmetric Loads

a b wb a
R= 2
w P P
wb
Vmax = 2 R=P
L L
R R wb b
( )
Mmax = 2 a + 4
V
R R
Vmax = P
V
∆max =
wb
M = 384 E I (8 L3 - 4 L b2 + b3) M Mmax = P a

∆ Pa 2 2
∆ ∆max = 24 E I (3 L - 4 a )

Simple Span Beam Vibration

4
How to locate a group of moving loads for maximum bending ρL
T1 = period of first mode of vibration = K EI (seconds)
Resultant thru
C.G. of loads w
where: ρ = mass per unit length = g
P1
P2 Ptotal P3 End
Condition
K= 0.28 0.41 0.63 1.8
Ref: TM 5-1300 Structures to Resist the Effects of
Beam mid point Accidental Explosions
Location
of Keep T1 < half the steady state period of any steady state
maximum Moment is maximum
excitation.
bending when these two
distances are equal.
Or
To maintain comfort for persons walking on a building
floor, keep total deflection no greater than 5 mm
(Ref: ASCE 7 commentary section CB1.3)

page 2
 Section Properties
2 3 3 3
Square A=d d Hollow Rectangle b1 = b - 2 t b d - b1 d1
b 4 S= 6 b d1 = d - 2 t S= 6d
d
I = 12 A = b d - b1 d1 3 3
d b d - b1 d1
3 r= 3
b d - b1 d1
3 r=
kv = ⁄2 12 12 A
d 3 d t I= 12 2 2
d 2 2 b d b1 d1
z= 4 2tb h Z= 4 - 4
J= b+h

2 3 2 3
Square, on diagonal axis A=d d Circle πD 2 πD
d S= A=πR = S = 32
d 6 2 4
c=
2 d circum = π D D
r= D πD
4 r=4
d 4
12 I = 64 3
d d
3 D
I = 12 Z= πD
4 Z= 6
3 2 J = 32 4
kv = ⁄3
2 2 2
Rectangle A=bd bd Half-Circle πR πD
b bd
I = 12
3 S= 6
d
A= 2 = 8
4R
I=R
4
(π8 - 98π) 2
3 r= y y=3π 9 π - 64
d kv = ⁄2 12 r=R 6π
2 D 4
bd
Z= 4 c=R 1-3π ( )
2 4 4
Triangle bd bd Hollow Circle ID = OD - 2 t π(OD -ID )
A= 2 S = 24 2 2 S= 32 OD
π(OD -ID )
A= 4 2 2
d d OD +ID
d y=3 r= 4 4 r=
18 OD t π(OD -ID ) 4
2
I= 64 3 3
2d bd OD ID
c= 3 Z = 24 4
π (OD -ID )
4 Z= 6 - 6
b 3 J=
bd 32
I = 36
2 2
4 OD + OD×ID + ID
kv = ⁄3 2
OD + ID
2

Trapezoid d (b + b1) Regular Polygon 180°

A= 2 n = # of sides ø= n
b1 d(2 b + b1) D D
c = 3(b + b ) R R= 2 Dsharps = cos ø
1

c y=d-c a = D tan ø
d 3 2
d (b + 4 b b1 + b1 )
2 2 2
A = n R tan ø Octagon
I= 12(2 b + b1) D 1 1 A (12 R2 + a )
2 a ≈ 0.4142 D
d 2 I1 = I2 = 48 A ≈ 0.8284 D2
b r = 6(b+b ) I ≈ 0.05474 D4
1
2 2
a 12 R2 + a
2
× 2(b + 4 b b1 + b1 ) r1 = r2 =
2 2 48
d (b+b1) + 2 b b1
Z = 12 × 2 b + b1
1 3
Thin Half-Pipe A = ⁄2 π D t Thin Pipe πD t
D D D A=πDt J= 4
y=π 3
πD t D
t 1 3 I= 8 r=
I ≈ ⁄8×0.095 π D t 8
1 2
S ≈ ⁄4 × 0.095 D t t πD t
y 1 3 S= kv = 2
J ≈ ⁄4 × 0.095 π D t 4
2
Z=D t
Parallel Axis Theorem
2
IBB = Ixx + A d
x x
d
B B

page 3
 Section Properties

Angle
A = t (b - c)
2 2
Z b +ct d +at
x = 2 (b+c) y = 2 (b+c)
e
a abcdt
k = product of inertia on geometric axes= 4 (b + c)
y
1 3 3 3
t e W Ix = ⁄3 (t (d-y) + b y - a (y - t) )
c d
1 3 3 3
Iy = ⁄3 (t (b-x) + d x - c (x - t) )
θ 2k
x
e
1
( )
θ = ⁄2 atan I - I
2
y x
2
y W Iz = Ix (sin θ) + Iy (cos θ) + k sin(2 θ)
ext 2 2
Iw = Ix (cos θ) + Iy (sin θ) + k sin(2 θ)
x Z
e
Circular Segment D
R= 2

α = π R = 4 asin D = 2 asin D
180° a d c
  ()
πα
a = arc distance = 180°
D x x 2

R
1 2 2 c α
d = rise distance = R - ⁄2 D - c = 2 R sin 2 ( ) = D sin(α4)
y α
α 2 d R - d = D sin(2)
2
c = chord distance = 2
d a R - c (R - d) d 2 2
A= 2 = 6 c (3 d + 4 c )
3
α 3
Qxx = 12 sin 2 
D
c
 () 
4 2 α - sin(2 α)
Ixx = D 256 (use α in radians)
Qxx
y= A

Irregular Polygon
x1, y1 Area of a Irregular Polygon

1. Find the coordinates of each vertice, listed in a counter-

x2, y2 x5, y5 clockwise order. (x1, y1), (x2, y2), …, (xn, yn)

2. Then:
1
x4, y4 A = ⁄2 (x1 y2 - x2 y1 + x2 y3 - x3 y2 + … + xn y1 - x1 yn)
x3, y3

Miscellaneous Volumes
4 3 1 3
Cylinder Sphere: V = ⁄3 π R = ⁄6 π D
S = lateral surface area = 2 π R h
2 1
V=πR h Pyramid V = ⁄3 Abase h

Cone Frustum of Cone V = ⁄3 π h (R12 + R22 + R1 R2)

1
2 2
S = lateral surface area = π R R + h
1 2
V = ⁄3 π R h

page 4
 Line Properties
centroid
Configuration Ix Sx J = Ix + Iy
location
3 2 3
d d d d d
2 12 6 12
b 3 2 2 2
d d d d (3 b + d )
d 2 6 3 6

b
2 2 2
d bd b (3 d + b )
bd
d 2 2 6

2
b d
y = 2(b+d) 3 2
d
d
y
b
x = 2(b+d)
2
2
b y + 12 +d (d2 - y)
b 2 2 3 2
b bd d d
x = 2b+d 2 + 12 bd+ 6
d

b 2 3
d d d 2

d
y y = 2d+b 2
by + 6 +2d ( ) 2-y

b
2 3 2 3
d bd d d (b + d)
d 2 2 + 6 bd+ 3 6

b
2 3 2
d d
d
y y = b+2d 2
by + 6 +2d (d2 - y)
b
2 3 2 3 2 3
d bd d d b +3bd +d
d 2 2 + 6 bd+ 3 6

b
d w = d - 2 tf
d w = d - 2 tf
d 2
2 2 3 dw
d 2 b (d +dw ) dw S = b d + b dw + 3
I= 2 + 6

3 2 3
d d πd πd πd
2 8 4 4
b d s = d - tf
3 2
ds
d
y
y=
2
b tf + d s + 2 d s tf
2
b tf + 6 + 2 d s (y - t - d2 )f
s

2 b + 2 ds

e Per Mr
ft = J = J
P
r yr xr
yr ft fx = r ft fy = r ft
fy
P
fx fd = L
xr weld

fv = (fy + fd)2 + fx2

page 5
 Concrete
Strength Reduction Factors per ACI 318-05
Shear & Torsion Tension- Compression Strut & Plain PT Coupling
Bearing Anchorage
Typical SMR Controlled spirals other Tie Concrete Anchor Beams
ø 0.65 0.75 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.65 0.75 0.55 0.85 0.85 See note
Notes: 1. See ACI 318 Appendix D for anchorage to concrete.
2. See ACI 3189.3.2.7 for post-tensioned members with flexural strands in areas that are not fully developed.

BASIC DESIGN VALUES - for Non-Prestressed, Normal Weight, Reinforced Concrete per ACI 318-05
ACI
ITEM VALUE RELATED INFO
REF.
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec 57 000 fc' psi 8.5
Concrete Bearing Strength ø 0.85 fc' Aloaded 10.17 Optional factor: Aloaded/Apier ≤ 2
11.1.3.1 Critical section is often d from face.
Beam Shear - Strength of Concrete, φVc ø 2 fc' b d 11.3.1.1 A more detailed method is permitted.
11.10 For shear walls: d = 0.8 Lwall
Adjustment Factor for Axial Force: 1 + Nu/(ka Ag) 11.3 ka = 2000 for compress'n, 500 for tension
Beam Shear - Strength of Reinf., øVs ø Av fyr d/s ≤ kL ø fc' b d 11.5.7.2 kL = 4 for slabs & footings, 8 otherwise
1
Maximum Shear Reinf. Spacing, smax d/2 ≤ 24" 11.5.5 Multiply by ⁄2 where Vs > 4 fc' bw d
1
Minimum Shear Reinf. Area, AvMin max(0.75 fc', 50) × bw s/fyr 11.5.6 If Vu > ⁄2 øVc (except slabs & footings)
Shear in Deep Beams, Corbels See 11.8, 11.9
4 Critical section bo is located d/2 from face.
 
Punching Shear Strength ø × min  2 + 4/β  fc' bo d 11.12.2 β = (long side)/(short side)
 αs d/bo + 2  αs = 40 (int. cols), 30 (edge), 20 (corner)
Shear Friction Strength, øVn 1.4 if monolithic
ø Avf fyr µ ≤ ø min(0.2 fc', 800) Ac 11.7.4.1 µ = 1.0 if roughened joint
(bars are perpendicular to crack) 0.6 if smooth joint
As fyr Direct solution: minimum As
a = 0.85 f ' b
Flexural Strength c
(w/o compression reinforcement)
10.2 1.7 fc' b d 2.89 (fc' b d)2 6.8 fc' b Mu
φMn = 0.9 As fyr (d - a2) = 2f
yr
- 4 fyr
2 - 4φf 2
yr

 max(200, 3 fc') × bf d 
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement min yr  10.5 spacing ≤ 3 × slab thickness ≤ 18"
 4⁄3 As required by analysis
ρb = 0.85 β1 fc'/fyr × (0.003/(0.003 + fyr/Es))
10.3.5
Maximum Flexural Reinforcement
3
⁄4 b d ρb 0.85 if fc' ≤ 4000
β1 = 0.65 if fc' ≥ 8000
10.2.7.3
0.85 - 0.00005×(fc' - 4000) otherwise
cc = clear cover
Max. Crack Control Spacing, s 600 000/fs - 2.5 cc ≤ 480 000/fs 10.6.4 2
fs = service level reinf. stress, or ⁄3 fyr
Compression in Short Columns 0.8 ø (0.85 fc' (Ag - As) + fyr As) 10.3.6.2
10.9.1 If seismic demand is low, then As may be
Column Reinforcement Limits 0.01 Ag ≤ As ≤ 0.08 Ag
10.8.4 reduced to 0.005 Ag.
nd 22 in moment frames
Short Column Threshold, neglect 2 10.13.2 M2 ≥ M1, M2 is always "+"
M1
order effects if k Lu/r is less than: 34 - 12 M ≤ 40 in braced frames 10.12.2 M1 is "+" if column is in single curvature.
2
2 1 1
k Lc tmin = ⁄25 min(H,L) or 4" or (7 ⁄2" if fdn wall)
Wall Compressive Strength, Empirical 0.55 ø fc' Ag ( 1 - 32 h ) 14.5 1
Resultant in middle ⁄3 of thickness.
2
Torsion Threshold, neglect if Tu is below: ø fc' Acp /pcp 11.6.1 Acp = area, pcp = perimeter distance
Adjustment Factor for Axial Force 1 + Nu/(4 Ag fc') 11.6.1 Nu is + for compression, - for tension
Min. temp. & shrinkage steel in slabs, ρ 0.0018 for Gr 60, 0.002 for Gr 40 7.12 spacing ≤ 5 × slab thickness ≤ 18"

page 6
 Concrete
2
Total Areas for Various Numbers of Reinforcing Bars (in )
Bar Soft Nom. Nom. Weight Number of bars
Size Metric Dia. Dia. per
Size bar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
in mm lbs/ft in in in in in in in in in in
#3 #10 0.375 9.525 0.376 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 1.1
#4 #13 0.500 12.7 0.668 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
#5 #16 0.625 15.875 1.043 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10
#6 #19 0.750 19.05 1.502 0.44 0.88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40
#7 #22 0.875 22.225 2.044 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00
#8 #25 1.000 25.4 2.670 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 6.32 7.11 7.90
#9 #29 1.128 28.65 3.400 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
#10 #32 1.270 32.26 4.303 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 10.16 11.43 12.70
#11 #36 1.410 35.81 5.313 1.56 3.12 4.68 6.24 7.80 9.36 10.92 12.48 14.04 15.60
#14 #43 1.693 43 7.650 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50
#18 #57 2.257 57.33 13.60 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00

2
Average Area per Foot of Width Provided by Various Bar Spacings (in /ft)
Bar Soft Spacing of Bars in Inches
Size Metric 1 1 1 1
Size 2 2 ⁄2 3 3 ⁄2 4 4 ⁄2 5 5 ⁄2 6 7 8 9 10 12
mm 0.66 0.53 0.44 0.38 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.11
#3 #10 1.20 0.96 0.80 0.69 0.60 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.20
#4 #13 1.86 1.49 1.24 1.06 0.93 0.83 0.74 0.68 0.62 0.53 0.47 0.41 0.37 0.31
#5 #16 2.64 2.11 1.76 1.51 1.32 1.17 1.06 0.96 0.88 0.75 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.44
#6 #19 3.60 2.88 2.40 2.06 1.80 1.60 1.44 1.31 1.20 1.03 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.60
#7 #22 4.74 3.79 3.16 2.71 2.37 2.11 1.90 1.72 1.58 1.35 1.19 1.05 0.95 0.79
#8 #25 6.00 4.80 4.00 3.43 3.00 2.67 2.40 2.18 2.00 1.71 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.00
#9 #29 7.62 6.10 5.08 4.35 3.81 3.39 3.05 2.77 2.54 2.18 1.91 1.69 1.52 1.27
#10 #32 9.36 7.49 6.24 5.35 4.68 4.16 3.74 3.40 3.12 2.67 2.34 2.08 1.87 1.56
2
Average Area per Foot of Width Provided by Welded Wire Reinforcement (in /ft)
2
Wire Closest Nom. Area in in per foot of width
Apprx Weight 2
Size Metric Dia. Center-to-center spacing A "W2.9" indicates 0.029 in area.
Gage
Number Size in. lbs/ft 3" 4" 6" 12" 16"
Call out style is per this example:
W8 0.319 0.272 0.320 0.240 0.16 0.08 0.06
WWR 6x6-W4xW4.
W7.5 MW50 0.309 0.309 0.300 0.225 0.15 0.075 0.056
W7 MW55 0.299 0.238 0.280 0.210 0.14 0.07 0.053 To indicate deformed bars, call
W6.5 0.288 0.221 0.260 0.195 0.13 0.065 0.049 out WWR 6x6-D4xD4.
W6 MW40 0.276 0.204 0.240 0.180 0.12 0.06 0.045
W5.5 MW35 2 0.265 0.187 0.220 0.185 0.11 0.055 0.041 The cells with heavy borders
W5 0.252 0.170 0.200 0.150 0.10 0.05 0.038 show the most commonly used
W4.5 MW30 3 0.239 0.153 0.180 0.135 0.09 0.045 0.034 configurations. There are also
W4 MW26 4 0.226 0.136 0.160 0.120 0.08 0.04 0.03 larger sizes available than shown
W3.5 MW25 0.211 0.119 0.140 0.105 0.07 0.035 0.026 on this table.
W3 MW20 0.195 0.102 0.120 0.090 0.06 0.03 0.023
WWR is supplied most commonly
W2.9 MW19 6 0.192 0.098 0.116 0.087 0.058 0.029 0.022
with fy = 60,000 psi, but 70,000
W2.5 0.178 0.085 0.100 0.075 0.05 0.025 psi and 80,000 psi grades are
W2.1 MW15 8 0.162 0.070 0.084 0.063 0.042 0.021 also available.
W2 MW13 0.160 0.068 0.080 0.060 0.04 0.02
W1.5 MW10 0.138 0.051 0.060 0.045 0.03 0.015
W1.4 MW9 10 0.134 0.049 0.056 0.042 0.028 0.014

page 7
 Concrete
Straight Tension Development Length, inches, per ACI 318-05 sections 12.2 and 21.5.4
Bar fc' = 2500 fc' = 3000 fc' = 4000 fc' = 5000 fc' = 6000
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 24 18 22 17 19 15 17* 20 13* 15 16* 20 12* 15
#4 32 24 29 22 25 19 23 17 21 16
#5 39 30 36 28 31 24 28 22 26 20
#6 47 36 43 33 37 29 34 26 31 24
#7 69 53 63 48 54 42 49 38 45 34
#8 78 60 72 55 62 48 56 43 51 39
#9 88 68 81 62 70 54 63 48 57 44
#10 98 75 90 69 78 60 69 54 63 49
#11 108 83 98 76 85 66 76 59 70 54
#14 137 105 125 96 108 84 97 75 89 68
#18 176 135 161 124 139 107 125 96 114 88
Notes: This table assumes: (a) normal weight concrete, (b) uncoated bars, and
(c) either (clear spacing ≥ db and clear cover ≥ db, with stirrups or ties) or (clear spacing ≥ 2 db and clear cover ≥ db)
"Top bars" are horizontal bars with > 12" of concrete placed below them.
All entries, except the ones marked with an asterisk (*), meet section 21.5.4 for high seismic capacity.

Tension Lap Splice Length, Class B, inches, per ACI 318-05 section 12.2 and 12.15
Bar fc' = 2500 fc' = 3000 fc' = 4000 fc' = 5000 fc' = 6000
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 31 24 28 22 25 19 22* 26 17* 20 22* 26 16* 20
#4 41 32 38 29 33 25 29 23 27 21
#5 51 39 47 36 41 31 36 28 33 26
#6 61 47 56 43 49 37 44 34 40 31
#7 89 69 81 63 71 54 63 49 58 45
#8 102 78 93 72 81 62 72 56 66 51
#9 115 88 105 81 91 70 81 63 74 57
#10 127 98 116 90 101 78 90 69 82 63
#11 140 108 128 98 111 85 99 76 90 70
#14
Not permitted
#18
Notes: Same as for the straight tension development table just above.

90° Hooked Bar Tension Development Length, inches, per ACI 318-05 sections 12.5 and 21.5.4
fc' = 2500 fc' = 3000 fc' = 4000 fc' = 5000
Bar
Non-seismic Non-seismic Non-seismic Non-seismic
Size Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic
Confined Others Confined Others Confined Others Confined Others
#3 6 7 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6
and end cover ≥ 2"

#4 7 9 10 7 8 9 6 7 8 6 6 7
Side cover ≥ 2.5"

#5 9 11 12 8 10 11 7 9 10 6 8 9
#6 11 13 14 10 12 13 8 10 11 8 9 10
#7 12 15 17 11 14 15 10 12 13 9 11 12
#8 14 17 19 13 16 17 11 14 15 10 12 14
#9 16 19 21 14 18 19 12 15 17 11 14 15
#10 17 21 24 16 20 22 14 17 19 12 15 17
#11 19 24 26 17 22 24 15 19 21 14 17 18
#3 8 9 7 9 6 8 6 7
#4 10 12 9 11 8 10 7 9
#5 12 15 11 14 10 12 9 11
Use Use Use Use
#6 15 18 14 17 12 15 11 13
non- non- non- non-
#7 17 21 16 20 14 17 12 15
seismic seismic seismic seismic
#8 20 24 lengths 18 22 lengths 16 19 lengths 14 17 lengths
#9 22 27 20 25 18 22 16 20
#10 24 30 22 28 19 24 17 22
#11 27 33 25 31 21 27 19 24
#14 42 42 39 39 34 34 30 30
N/A N/A N/A N/A
#18 54 54 50 50 43 43 39 39
Notes: This table assumes normal weight concrete and uncoated bars.
"Confined" hooks are within ties or stirrups with spacing ≤ 3 db
"Seismic" hooks meet ACI 318 21.5.4 and must terminate within the confined core of a column or boundary element.

page 8
 Concrete
Reinforcement Hooks per ACI 318-02 sections 7.1, 7.2, and 21.4
C

6
db
>
3"
Detailing Detailing H
Dimension Dimension

Detailing Dimension
db db

D
db
J
øD
B D
ø 12 db
4 db> 2.5"

D
ø
B
STANDARD 90° HOOK

180° HOOK 12 db

STIRRUP AND TIE HOOKS

90° Stirrup
Bar db 90° Std Hook 180° Std Hook or Tie 135° Stirrup or Tie
Size B D B D J B D C D H
inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches
1 1 1 1
#3 0.375 6 2 ⁄4 4 2 ⁄4 3 4 1 ⁄2 4 1 ⁄2 3
1 1 5 1
#4 0.5 8 3 4 ⁄2 3 4 4 ⁄2 2 4 ⁄8 2 3 ⁄4
3 3 1 7 1
#5 0.625 10 3 ⁄4 5 3 ⁄4 5 6 2 ⁄2 5 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 4
1 1 1 3 1 1
#6 0.75 12 4 ⁄2 6 4 ⁄2 6 12 4 ⁄2 8 ⁄8 4 ⁄2 5 ⁄8
1 1 1 5 1
#7 0.875 14 5 ⁄4 7 5 ⁄4 7 14 5 ⁄4 9 ⁄8 5 ⁄4 6
1 7
#8 1.0 16 6 8 6 8 16 6 11 ⁄8 6 6 ⁄8
1 1 1 3
#9 1.128 19 9 ⁄2 10 ⁄2 9 ⁄2 11 ⁄4
3 3 3 1
#10 1.27 22 10 ⁄4 11 ⁄4 10 ⁄4 13 ⁄4
3
#11 1.41 24 12 13 12 14 ⁄4
1 1 1 3
#14 1.693 31 18 ⁄4 17 ⁄2 18 ⁄4 21 ⁄4
1 1
#18 2.257 41 24 23 ⁄4 24 28 ⁄2

Minimum Clear Cover for Non-Prestressed Bars in Cast-In-Place Concrete - per ACI 318 7.7.1
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth: 3"

Concrete exposed to earth or weather: Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
1
#6 through #18 bars 2" #14 & #18 bars 1 ⁄2"
1 3
#5, W31 wire, and smaller 1 ⁄2" #11 bars and smaller ⁄ 4"

page 9
 Foundations
Footing Soil Pressure
When soil pressure is assumed to be distributed linearly, then
P Mc
When the resultant is within the kern, use σ = ±
A I

Rectangle Circle Octagon

L

B D D

C C C
L D
c = kern distance = 6 c = kern distance = 8 c = kern distance = 0.122 D

When the resultant is outside the kern, then soil pressure is distributed over only part of the footing surface.

Rectangle Square on Diagonal Circle Octagon

a e e e e
P P P P

σ σ σ σ
B

3a Ds

D
D

c1 D * 1.414 c1D c1Ds

L P P P
a= -e σmax = c2 σmax = c2 A σmax = c2 A
2 D2 circle octagon

2P e e e
σmax = D 2
c1 c2 c1 c2 c1 c2
3aB D D
0.000 - 1.00 0.000 - 1.00 0.000 - 1.00
0.025 - 1.30 0.025 - 1.20 0.025 - 1.20
0.050 - 1.60 0.050 - 1.40 0.050 - 1.41
0.075 - 1.90 0.075 - 1.60 0.075 - 1.61
0.083 1.00 2.00 0.100 - 1.80 0.100 - 1.82
0.100 0.915 2.21 0.125 1.00 2.00 0.122 - 2.00
0.11 0.870 2.34 0.150 0.910 2.23 0.125 0.98 2.02
0.12 0.832 2.48 0.175 0.830 2.48 0.150 0.90 2.23
0.13 0.796 2.63 0.200 0.755 2.76 0.175 0.83 2.46
0.14 0.766 2.80 0.225 0.685 3.11 0.200 0.77 2.71
0.15 0.736 2.97 0.250 0.615 3.55 0.225 0.71 3.02
0.16 0.707 3.16 0.275 0.550 4.15 0.250 0.65 3.39
0.17 0.680 3.37 0.294 0.50 4.69 0.275 0.60 3.84
0.18 0.654 3.61 0.300 0.485 4.96 0.300 0.54 4.38
0.19 0.628 3.85 0.325 0.420 6.00 0.322 0.50 4.97
0.20 0.604 4.14 0.350 0.360 7.48 0.325 0.49 5.08
0.21 0.582 4.44 0.375 0.295 9.93 0.350 0.42 6.41
0.22 0.561 4.47 0.400 0.235 13.9 0.375 0.36 8.25
0.23 0.54 5.14 0.425 0.175 21.1 0.400 0.30 10.8
0.24 0.521 5.54 0.450 0.120 38.3 0.425 0.26 14.4
0.25 0.50 6.00 0.475 0.060 96.1 0.450 0.22 18.9
0.30 0.40 9.38 0.500 0.00 ∞ 0.475 0.19 24.4
0.35 0.30 16.7 0.500 0.17 30.4
0.40 0.20 37.5 0.541 0.00 ∞
0.45 0.10 150
0.50 0.00 ∞

page 10
 Foundations
Footing Soil Pressure, continued
This continues to assume rigid footings with linear soil distributions

Biaxial Eccentricity on a Rectangular Footing

L
resultant location
eL
location of maximum soil pressure

eb
B

P
σmax = c B L

Biaxial soil bearing coefficient, c

eL
eb L 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00
B
0.50 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
0.40 ∞ 37.5 18.8 12.5 11.6 10.9 10.2 9.6 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.1 6.7
0.30 ∞ 18.8 9.4 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.3
0.20 ∞ 12.5 6.2 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2
0.18 ∞ 22.6 5.8 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1
0.16 ∞ 10.9 5.4 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
0.14 ∞ 10.2 5.1 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8
0.12 ∞ 9.6 4.8 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7
0.10 ∞ 9.0 4.5 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6
0.08 ∞ 8.5 4.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5
0.06 ∞ 8.0 4.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4
0.04 ∞ 7.5 3.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2
0.02 ∞ 7.1 3.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1
0.00 ∞ 6.7 3.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0

Ref: The coefficients for the square, circular, and rectangular footings come from Winterkorn and Fang,
Foundation Engineering Handbook. Octagon coefficients are by R Kok.

page 11
 Foundations
Allowable Overturning Moment on Drilled Piers - per IBC 2006 sections 1805.7.5.2.1 and 1805.7.5.2.2

Non-Constrained Top Constrained Top

M f = value per IBC table 1804.2 M
1 P
P S1 = ⁄3 d f ≤ 4 f S3 = f d ≤ 12 f
deflection 2.34 P 2 4.25 M
A= S b d = S b
d s1 1 3
(ft) A  4.36 h
d = 2 1+ 1+
pier dia, b
s2   A 
s3
(ft) M=Ph

Allowable Overturning Moment (k-ft)

Non-Constrained Top Allowable Overturning Moment (k-ft)
To use this table, write your P here: P = 0.5 kips Constrained Top
Then rerun the table calculation (F9) In sand, silty sand or clayey sand
In sand, silty sand or clayey sand, f = 0.2 ksf
b
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
d
4 -0.2 0.7 1.5 2.3 3.2 4.0 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 11
5 1.0 2.6 4.2 5.9 7.5 9.1 5.9 8.8 12 15 18 21
6 2.9 5.7 8.5 11 14 17 10 15 20 25 30 36
7 5.8 10 15 19 24 28 16 24 32 40 48 56
8 10 16 23 30 36 43 24 36 48 60 72 84
9 15 24 34 44 53 63 34 51 69 86 103 120
10 22 35 48 61 74 87 47 71 94 118 141 165
11 30 47 65 82 99 117 63 94 125 157 188 219
12 40 62 85 107 130 153 81 122 163 203 244 285
13 47 74 100 127 153 180 95 143 191 239 286 334
14 55 86 117 147 178 209 111 166 221 277 332 387
15 64 99 134 170 205 240 127 191 254 318 381 445

Allowable Overturning Moment (k-ft)

Non-Constrained Top Allowable Overturning Moment (k-ft)
To use this table, write your P here: P = 0.5 kips Constrained Top
Then rerun the table calculation (F9) In clay, sandy clay or silty clay
In clay, sandy clay or silty clay, f = 0.133 ksf
b
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
d
4 -0.7 -0.2 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.0 3.0 4 5 6 7
5 -0.1 1.0 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.3 4 6 8 10 12 14
6 1.0 2.9 4.8 6.6 8.5 10.4 7 10 14 17 20 24
7 2.8 5.7 8.7 12 15 18 11 16 21 27 32 38
8 5.2 10 14 19 23 27 16 24 32 40 48 56
9 8.5 15 21 28 34 40 23 34 46 57 68 80
10 13 21 30 39 48 56 31 47 63 78 94 110
11 18 30 41 53 64 76 42 62 83 104 125 146
12 25 40 55 70 85 100 54 81 108 135 162 189
13 29 47 65 82 100 117 63 95 127 159 190 222
14 34 55 75 96 116 137 74 110 147 184 221 258
15 40 64 87 110 134 157 84 127 169 211 253 296

f d if d < 12
S1 =  3
4 f otherwise
S3 = {f12d iff otherwise
d < 12

3 3
7.02 b f d 2 - 2 P d if d < 12
Mallow = 
(
4.36 (3.51) 3.51
2
) 2 f b d if d < 12
d S3 b  4.25
Mallow = 4.25 = 12 f b d2
0.585 fbd 2Pd
( )
 4.36 (0.2925)2 - 0.2925 otherwise  4.25 otherwise
P:\Structural\Technical\Design Aids.doc

page 12
 Foundations
Allowable Vertical Load on Drilled Piers -
If you have a heavily loaded pier, hire a geotechnical engineer. This table only gives you really conservative values that
are meant to be used when you have a lightly loaded drilled pier.

Allowable Imposed Vertical Load on Allowable Imposed Vertical Load on Drilled

Drilled Piers in Granular Soils (kips) Piers in Cohesive Soils (kips)
b b
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
d d
4 1.2 2.7 4.7 7.4 11 14 4
5 1.5 3.3 5.9 9.2 13 18 5
6 1.8 4.0 7.1 11 16 22 6
7 2.1 4.6 8.3 13 19 25 7
8 2.4 5.3 9.4 15 21 29 8
9 2.7 6.0 11 17 24 33 9
10 3.0 6.6 12 18 27 36 10
11 3.0 7.3 13 20 29 40 11
12 3.0 8.0 14 22 32 43 12
13 3.0 8.6 15 24 35 47 13
14 3.0 9.3 17 26 37 51 14
15 3.0 10 18 28 40 54 15
Note: d (embedment depth) & b (pier diameter) are in feet

Backup Calculations
(Ref: Raymond, "Piled Foundations for Vertical Loads, Geotechnical Engineering, 1997)

Granular Soils
qp = ultimate bearing pressure = γ d Nq, where
γ = unit weight of the soil, which we'll take to be 105 pcf
Nq: Several authors have written papers with values for Np. The most conservative one I can find is Berezantsev
ø= 25 30 35 40
Np = 15 30 75 150
We'll use the most conservative value of Np, which is15.
This formula can be unconservative when d/b > 10, so we'll cap the maximum value at that point.
factor of safety = 3, so
0.105×d×15 1.575 d
qa = allowable bearing pressure = 3 = 3
Skin friction Is assumed to be zero, which is also conservative.
2 2
1 πb πb 2
Pallow = qa Apier - qself Apier= ⁄3 ×1.575 × d × 4 - 0.15 × d × 4 ≈ 0.295 d b

Cohesive Soils

page 13
 Steel
Basic Design Values, per AISC 2005 Specification
W-Shapes | ASTM A992, Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi
S-, C-, and MC-Shapes | ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
CONDITION ASD LRFD RELATED INFO
Tension 0.6 Fy Ag ≤ 0.5 Fu Ae 0.9 Fy Ag ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae Ae = An U
Strong Lb ≤ Lp 0.66 Fy Sx 0.99 Fy Sx
See Note 1.
Bending Axis Lb > Lp See Manual or Specification
Lp = 300 ry / Fy
Weak Axis 0.9 Fy Sy 1.35 Fy Sy
Shear (in strong axis) 0.4 Fy Aw 0.6 Fy Aw See Note 2.
P P 2
kL / r ≤ 800 / Fy 0.6 Fy Ag × 0.658 0.9 Fy Ag × 0.658 P = Fy (kL/r) / 286 000
Compression 2 2
kL / r > 800 / Fy 150 000 Ag / (kL/r) 226 000 Ag / (kL/r) See note 3.
Notes:
1. Multiply equations given for Lb ≤ Lp by value in parentheses for W14x90 (0.97), W12x65 (0.98) and W6x15 (0.95)
2. Multiply equations given by 0.9 for W44x230, W40x149, W36x135, W33x118, W30x90, W24x55, W16x26, W12x14 and all
C- and MC- shapes. In weak axis, equation given can be adapted by using Aw = 1.8 bf tf.
3. Not applicable to slender shapes. For C- and MC- shapes, also check Section E4

HSS | ASTM A500 grade B, Rectanglular Fy = 46 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi, Round Fy = 42 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
Pipe | ASTM A53 grade B, Fy = 35 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi
CONDITION ASD LRFD RELATED INFO
Tension 0.6 Fy Ag ≤ 0.5 Fu Ae 0.9 Fy Ag ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae Ae = An U
Rectangular HSS 0.66 Fy S 0.99 Fy S See Note 1.
Bending
Round HSS, Pipe 0.78 Fy S 1.17 Fy S See Note 2.
Rectangular HSS 0.36 Fy Aw 0.54 Fy Aw See Note 3.
Shear
Round HSS, Pipe 0.18 Fy Ag 0.27 Fy Ag See Note 4.
P P 2
kL / r ≤ 800 / Fy 0.6 Fy Ag × 0.658 0.9 Fy Ag × 0.658 P = Fy (kL/r) / 286 000
Compression 2 2
kL / r > 800 / Fy 150 000 Ag / (kL/r) 226 000 Ag / (kL/r) See note 5.
Notes:
Size Limits for Nominal Wall Thickness
1. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (see Section F7). 5 1 3 5 1 3 1
Rectangular HSS, in* ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄8
2. Not applicable if D/t > 2030/Fy (See Section F8). 1
3. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (See Section G5). Flange 18 14 10 9 7 5 3 ⁄2
Bending
4. Not applicable if Lv/D > 75 (See Section G6). Web 20 20 20 18 14 10 7
5. For rectangular HSS, if limit at right is exceeded, use QFy in Shear 20 20 20 18 14 10 7
place of Fy, where Q = Qa from Section E7.2 Compression 20 16 12 10 8 6 4
*Table only covers up to 64-in. periphery limit in ASTM A500

Bolts | ASTM A325, Fu = 120 ksi or ASTM A490, Fu = 150 ksi

Welds | FEXX = 70 ksi
Connected Parts
CONDITION ASD LRFD RELATED INFO
Tension 0.38 Fu Ab 0.56 Fu Ab -
Bolts

Shear (N bolts, per shear plane) 0.2 Fu Ab 0.3 Fu Ab Multiply by 1.25 for X bolts.
Slip Resistance (Class A, STD holes) 0.14 Fu Ab 0.21 Fu Ab Per slip plane. See Note 1.
Bearing 0.6 Fu Lc t ≤ 1.2 Fu db t 0.9 Fu Lc t ≤ 1.8 Fu db t See Note 2.
Shear (all welds except CJP) 0.3 FEXX Aw 0.45 FEXX Aw See Note 3.
Welds

Tension 0.32 FEXX Aw 0.48 FEXX Aw See Section J2.1a.

PJP Groove Welds
Compression 0.48 FEXX Aw ≤ 0.6 Fy ABM 0.72 FEXX Aw ≤ 0.9 Fy ABM Joint not finished to bear.
CJP Groove Welds Strength equal to base metal. -
Tension 0.6 Fy Ag ≤ 0.5 Fu Ae 0.9 Fy Ag ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae For Ae, see equation D3-1.
Connected

Shear 0.4 Fy Ag ≤ 0.3 Fu An 0.6 Fy Ag ≤ 0.45 Fu An -

Part

Block Shear 0.3 Fu Anv + 0.5 Ubs Fu Ant 0.45 Fu Anv + 0.75 Ubs Fu Ant See Note 4.
kL / r ≤ 25 0.6 Fy A 0.9 Fy A -
Compression
kL / r > 25 Same as for W-shapes with Ag = A. -
Notes:
1. Serviceability check. For Class B surface, multiply by 1.43. For OVS or SSL holes, multiply by 0.85. For LSL, multiply by 0.7.
2. For LSL holes parallel to the direction of load, multiply by 0.83.
3. For fillet welds, multiply by 1.5 for transverse loading (90° load angle). For other load angles, see Section J2.
4. For calculation purposes, Fu Anv cannot exceed Fy Agv. Ubs = 1 for a uniform tension stress; 0.5 for non-uniform tension stress.

page 14
 Steel
Wrench Clearance
A E
B B
F H

edge of fillet
E
S

R
wa
sh
er
Nut Dimensions Washer Wrench Clearance Minimum Edge
Bolt Heavy Hex (& A325) outside radius Open End Socket or Impact Distance, E
Size Sheared Rolled
F S H round clipped A B A B
Edges Edges
inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches inches
1 7 7 3 3 7 7 3
⁄2 ⁄8 1.01 0.504 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄8 ⁄4
5 1 11 9 1 1 5 1 7
⁄8 1 ⁄16 1.227 0.631 ⁄16 ⁄16 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄8 1 1 ⁄8 ⁄8
3 1 3 11 5 7 1 1
⁄4 1 ⁄4 1.443 0.758 ⁄4 ⁄16 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 2 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 1
7 7 7 13 7 1 3 1 1
⁄8 1 ⁄16 1.66 .885 ⁄8 ⁄16 2 ⁄8 2 2 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄2 * 1 ⁄8
5 7 1 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 ⁄8 1.876 1.012 1 ⁄8 3 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄4 * 1 ⁄4
1 13 1 1 3 5 5 1
1 ⁄8 1 ⁄16 2.093 1.139 1 ⁄16 1 3 ⁄2 2 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 2 1 ⁄2
1 1 1 5 1 7 3 1 5
1 ⁄4 2 2.309 1.251 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄8 3 ⁄8 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄4 2 ⁄4 1 ⁄8
3 3 1 1 7 5 1 3 1 3
1 ⁄8 2 ⁄16 2.526 1.378 1 ⁄4 1 ⁄4 3 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 3 ⁄8 1 ⁄4 2 ⁄2 1 ⁄4
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 7 5 7
1 ⁄2 2 ⁄8 2.742 1.505 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄16 4 ⁄4 2 ⁄8 3 ⁄4 1 ⁄8 2 ⁄8 1 ⁄8
3 3 1
1 ⁄4 2 ⁄4 3.175 1.759 2 3 2 ⁄8
1 1 1 1
2 3 ⁄8 3.392 1.886 2 ⁄4 3 ⁄2 2 ⁄2
1
*These may be 1 ⁄4" at the ends of beam connection angles and shear end plates.

Available Bolt Strength, kips, per 2005 AISC

5 3 7 1 1
per bolt area ⁄8" bolt ⁄4" bolt ⁄8" bolt 1" bolt 1 ⁄8" bolt 1 ⁄4" bolt
ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD
A325 24.0 36.0 7.36 11.0 10.6 15.9 14.4 21.6 18.8 28.3 23.9 35.8 29.5 44.2
Shear*
A307 12.0 18.0 3.68 5.52 5.30 7.95 7.22 10.8 9.42 14.1 11.9 17.9 14.7 22.1
A325 45.0 67.5 13.8 20.7 19.9 29.8 27.1 40.6 35.3 53.0 44.7 67.1 55.2 82.8
Tension
A307 22.5 33.8 6.90 10.4 9.94 14.9 13.5 20.3 17.7 26.5 22.4 33.5 27.6 41.4
*Shear values shown here are for single shear bolts, with threads included in the shear plane. For X bolts, multiply by 1.25.
Tc
When combining shear and tension in bearing type connections, Tc' = 1.3 Tc - V V ≤ Tc
c

Minimum Size of Fillet Welds

Thickness of the Minimum Size
Thinner Part Joined of Fillet Weld
1
≤ 1⁄4" ⁄ 8"
1 1 3
⁄4" < t ≤ ⁄2" ⁄16"
1 3 1
⁄2" < t ≤ ⁄4" ⁄ 4"
3 5
> ⁄4" ⁄16"

page 15
 Steel
V
ASD - All Bolted Double Clip Angle Connections - Available Strength, Ωn, in kips
Leh 1¼"

Lev This table is also useful

3" Leh for tension members.
L
3"
Lev Lev

Web Bearing Block Shear in Web, per Inch of Web Thickness

# of A325 Bolt & Angle
Angle Thread per inch thk. Coped at Top Only Coped Top & Bottom
Bolt Bolt
L Cond. A36 Angle Thickness, in. Fu, ksi A36 A992 A36 A992
Rows Size Lev
¼" ⅜" ½" 58 65 Leh 1 ¼" 1 ½" 1 ¼" 1 ½" 1 ¼" 1 ½" 1 ¼" 1 ½"
N 32.6 42.4 42.4 1 ¼" 69.5 72.2 83.7 88.6 59.4 64.8 73.1 82.9
3
⁄4" X 32.6 48.9 53.0 104 117 1 ½" 76.7 79.4 91.8 96.7 59.4 64.8 73.1 82.9
SC 25.0 25.0 25.0 1 ¾" 84.0 86.7 99.9 105 59.4 64.8 73.1 82.9
N 30.5 45.7 57.7 1 ¼" 67.7 70.4 78.0 82.9 59.4 64.8 68.3 78.0
1 7
2 5 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 30.5 45.7 60.9 122 137 1 ½" 74.9 77.6 86.1 91.0 59.4 64.8 68.3 78.0
SC 30.5 33.9 33.9 1 ¾" 82.2 84.9 94.3 99.1 59.4 64.8 68.3 78.0
N 28.3 42.4 56.6 1 ¼" 64.5 68.5 72.3 77.2 56.6 64.8 63.4 73.1
1" X 28.3 42.4 56.6 135 151 1 ½" 71.8 75.8 80.4 85.3 56.6 64.8 63.4 73.1
SC 28.3 42.4 44.3 1 ¾" 79.0 83.0 88.6 93.4 56.6 64.8 63.4 73.1
N 51.1 63.6 63.6 1 ¼" 102 105 125 130 91.8 97.2 115 124
3
⁄4" X 51.1 76.7 79.6 157 176 1 ½" 109 112 133 138 91.8 97.2 115 124
SC 37.4 37.4 37.4 1 ¾" 116 119 141 146 91.8 97.2 115 124
N 47.9 71.8 86.5 1 ¼" 100 103 117 122 91.8 97.2 107 117
1 7
3 8 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 47.9 71.8 95.7 183 205 1 ½" 107 110 125 130 91.8 97.2 107 117
SC 47.9 50.9 50.9 1 ¾" 115 117 133 138 91.8 97.2 107 117
N 44.6 66.9 89.2 1 ¼" 97.2 101 109 114 89.2 97.2 100 110
1" X 44.6 66.9 89.2 202 227 1 ½" 104 108 117 122 89.2 97.2 100 110
SC 44.6 66.5 66.5 1 ¾" 112 115 125 130 89.2 97.2 100 110
N 69.6 84.9 84.9 1 ¼" 134 137 167 171 124 130 156 166
3
⁄4" X 69.6 104 106 209 234 1 ½" 142 144 175 180 124 130 156 166
SC 49.9 49.9 49.9 1 ¾" 149 151 183 188 124 130 156 166
N 65.3 97.9 115 1 ¼" 132 135 156 161 124 130 146 156
1 7
4 11 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 65.3 97.9 131 244 273 1 ½" 140 142 164 169 124 130 146 156
SC 65.3 67.9 67.9 1 ¾" 147 150 172 177 124 130 146 156
N 60.9 91.4 122 1 ¼" 130 133 145 150 122 130 137 146
1" X 60.9 91.4 122 270 302 1 ½" 137 141 154 158 122 130 137 146
SC 60.9 88.7 88.7 1 ¾" 144 148 162 167 122 130 137 146
N 88.1 106 106 1 ¼" 167 169 208 213 157 162 197 207
3
⁄4" X 88.1 132 133 261 293 1 ½" 174 177 216 221 157 162 197 207
SC 62.4 62.4 62.4 1 ¾" 181 184 224 229 157 162 197 207
N 82.7 124 144 1 ¼" 165 168 195 200 157 162 185 195
1 7
5 14 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 82.7 124 165 305 341 1 ½" 172 175 203 208 157 162 185 195
SC 82.7 84.9 84.9 1 ¾" 179 182 211 216 157 162 185 195
N 77.2 116 154 1 ¼" 162 166 182 187 154 162 173 183
1" X 77.2 116 154 337 378 1 ½" 170 173 190 195 154 162 173 183
SC 77.2 111 111 1 ¾" 177 180 198 203 154 162 173 183
N 107 127 127 1 ¼" 199 202 249 254 189 194 239 249
3
⁄4" X 107 159 159 313 351 1 ½" 206 209 258 262 189 194 239 249
SC 74.9 74.9 74.9 1 ¾" 214 216 266 271 189 194 239 249
N 100 150 173 1 ¼" 197 200 234 239 189 194 224 234
1 7
6 17 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 100 150 200 365 410 1 ½" 205 207 242 247 189 194 224 234
SC 100 102 102 1 ¾" 212 214 250 255 189 194 224 234
N 93.5 140 187 1 ¼" 195 198 219 223 187 194 210 219
1" X 93.5 140 187 405 453 1 ½" 202 205 227 232 187 194 210 219
SC 93.5 133 133 1 ¾" 210 213 235 240 187 194 210 219

page 16
 Steel
LRFD - All Bolted Double Clip Angle Connections - Available Strength, øVn, in kips
Leh 1¼"

Lev This table is also useful

3" Leh for tension members.
L
3"
Lev Lev

Web Bearing Block Shear in Web, per Inch of Web Thickness

# of A325 Bolt & Angle
Angle Thread per inch thk. Coped at Top Only Coped Top & Bottom
Bolt Bolt
L Cond. A36 Angle Thickness, in. Fu, ksi A36 A992 A36 A992
Rows Size Lev
¼" ⅜" ½" 58 65 Leh 1 ¼" 1 ½" 1 ¼" 1 ½" 1 ¼" 1 ½" 1 ¼" 1 ½"
N 48.9 63.6 63.6 1 ¼" 104 108 126 133 89 97 110 124
3
⁄4" X 48.9 73.4 79.6 157 176 1 ½" 115 119 138 145 89 97 110 124
SC 37.4 37.4 37.4 1 ¾" 126 130 150 157 89 97 110 124
N 45.7 68.5 86.5 1 ¼" 101 106 117 124 89 97 102 117
1 7
2 5 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 45.7 68.5 91.4 183 205 1 ½" 112 116 129 137 89 97 102 117
SC 45.7 50.9 50.9 1 ¾" 123 127 141 149 89 97 102 117
N 42.4 63.6 84.8 1 ¼" 97 103 108 116 85 97 95 110
1" X 42.4 63.6 84.8 202 227 1 ½" 108 114 121 128 85 97 95 110
SC 42.4 63.6 66.5 1 ¾" 119 125 133 140 85 97 95 110
N 76.7 95.5 95.5 1 ¼" 153 157 188 195 138 146 172 186
3
⁄4" X 76.7 115 119 235 263 1 ½" 164 168 200 207 138 146 172 186
SC 56.2 56.2 56.2 1 ¾" 175 179 212 219 138 146 172 186
N 71.8 108 130 1 ¼" 150 154 176 183 138 146 161 176
1 7
3 8 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 71.8 108 144 274 307 1 ½" 161 165 188 195 138 146 161 176
SC 71.8 76.4 76.4 1 ¾" 172 176 200 207 138 146 161 176
N 66.9 100 134 1 ¼" 146 151 163 171 134 146 150 165
1" X 66.9 100 134 303 340 1 ½" 157 162 176 183 134 146 150 165
SC 66.9 99.8 99.8 1 ¾" 167 173 188 195 134 146 150 165
N 104 127 127 1 ¼" 201 205 250 257 186 194 234 249
3
⁄4" X 104 157 159 313 351 1 ½" 212 216 262 269 186 194 234 249
SC 74.9 74.9 74.9 1 ¾" 223 227 274 282 186 194 234 249
N 97.9 147 173 1 ¼" 199 203 234 241 186 194 219 234
1 7
4 11 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 97.9 147 196 365 410 1 ½" 210 214 246 254 186 194 219 234
SC 97.9 102 102 1 ¾" 220 224 258 266 186 194 219 234
N 91.4 137 183 1 ¼" 195 200 218 225 183 194 205 219
1" X 91.4 137 183 405 453 1 ½" 206 211 230 238 183 194 205 219
SC 91.4 133 133 1 ¾" 216 222 243 250 183 194 205 219
N 132 159 159 1 ¼" 250 254 312 319 235 243 296 311
3
⁄4" X 132 198 199 392 439 1 ½" 261 265 324 332 235 243 296 311
SC 93.6 93.6 93.6 1 ¾" 272 276 336 344 235 243 296 311
N 124 186 216 1 ¼" 247 251 293 300 235 243 278 293
1 7
5 14 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 124 186 248 457 512 1 ½" 258 262 305 312 235 243 278 293
SC 124 127 127 1 ¾" 269 273 317 324 235 243 278 293
N 116 174 232 1 ¼" 244 249 273 280 232 243 260 274
1" X 116 174 232 506 567 1 ½" 254 259 285 293 232 243 260 274
SC 116 166 166 1 ¾" 265 270 297 305 232 243 260 274
N 160 191 191 1 ¼" 299 303 374 381 284 292 358 373
3
⁄4" X 160 239 239 470 527 1 ½" 309 314 386 394 284 292 358 373
SC 112 112 112 1 ¾" 320 324 399 406 284 292 358 373
N 150 225 260 1 ¼" 296 300 351 358 284 292 336 351
1 7
6 17 ⁄2" ⁄8" X 150 225 300 548 614 1 ½" 307 311 363 371 284 292 336 351
SC 150 153 153 1 ¾" 318 322 375 383 284 292 336 351
N 140 210 281 1 ¼" 293 297 328 335 281 292 314 329
1" X 140 210 281 607 680 1 ½" 303 308 340 347 281 292 314 329
SC 140 200 200 1 ¾" 314 319 352 360 281 292 314 329

page 17
 Steel
Gr 36 Anchor Rod Strength, kips
Tension
ASD LRFD
28 42
1¼"ø

24 36

Without
Grout

20 30
With
Grout

1"ø

16 24

7
⁄8"ø

12 18

¾"ø

8 12
5
⁄8"ø

1
⁄2"ø
4 6

0
LRFD: 0 6 12 18 24 30
ASD: 0 4 8 12 16 20
Shear
page 18
 Steel
Anchor Rod Strength for ASTM F1554 Rods
per AISC Design Guide 1 (2nd Ed.), AISC Steel Construction Manual 13th Ed. & AISC 341-05
Heavy Rn
ASD, Ω LRFD, øRn
Rod Rod Hex
Size Area Bearing Gr 36 Gr 55 Gr 105 Gr 36 Gr 55 Gr 105
Area Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear Tens. Shear
2 2
in. in in kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips kips
1
⁄4 0.0491 0.167 1.07 0.57 1.38 0.74 2.30 1.23 1.60 0.85 2.07 1.10 3.45 1.84
3
⁄8 0.110 0.299 2.39 1.28 3.09 1.65 5.16 2.75 3.59 1.91 4.64 2.48 7.73 4.13
1
⁄2 0.196 0.467 4.26 2.27 5.51 2.94 9.19 4.90 6.39 3.41 8.27 4.41 13.8 7.35
5
⁄8 0.307 0.671 6.68 3.56 8.63 4.61 14.4 7.68 10.0 5.34 13.0 6.91 21.6 11.5
3
⁄4 0.442 0.911 9.61 5.13 12.4 6.63 20.7 11.1 14.4 7.69 18.6 9.95 31.1 16.6
7
⁄8 0.601 1.22 13.1 6.97 16.9 9.02 28.2 15.0 19.6 10.5 25.4 13.5 42.3 22.5
1 0.785 1.50 17.1 9.11 22.1 11.8 36.8 19.6 25.6 13.7 33.1 17.7 55.2 29.4
1
1 ⁄8 0.994 1.81 21.6 11.5 28.0 14.9 46.6 24.9 32.4 17.3 41.9 22.4 69.9 37.3
1
1 ⁄4 1.23 2.24 26.8 14.3 34.6 18.5 57.7 30.8 40.1 21.4 51.9 27.7 86.5 46.1
3
1 ⁄8 1.48 2.66 32.2 17.2 41.6 22.2 69.4 37.0 48.3 25.8 62.4 33.3 104 55.5
1
1 ⁄2 1.77 3.13 38.5 20.5 49.8 26.6 83.0 44.3 57.7 30.8 74.7 39.8 124 66.4
3
1 ⁄4 2.41 4.17 52.4 28.0 67.8 36.2 113 60.3 78.6 41.9 102 54.2 169 90.4
2 3.14 5.35 68.3 36.4 88.3 47.1 147 78.5 102 54.6 132 70.7 221 118
1
2 ⁄4 3.98 6.69 86.6 46.2 112 59.7 187 99.5 130 69.3 168 89.6 280 149
1
2 ⁄2 4.91 8.17 107 57.0 138 73.7 230 123 160 85.4 207 110 345 184
3
2 ⁄4 5.94 9.80 129 68.9 167 89.1 278 149 194 103 251 134 418 223
3 7.07 11.4 154 82.0 199 106 331 177 231 123 298 159 497 265
1
3 ⁄4 8.30 13.3 181 96.3 233 125 389 208 271 144 350 187 584 311
1
3 ⁄2 9.62 15.3 209 112 271 144 451 241 314 167 406 216 676 361
3
3 ⁄4 11.0 17.5 239 128 309 165 516 275 359 191 464 248 773 413
4 12.6 19.9 274 146 354 189 591 315 411 219 532 284 886 473
Notes: 1. Underlying equations: Tn = 0.75 Fu Ab; Vn = 0.5×0.8 Fu Ab; ø = 0.75; Ω = 2.0
2. This table assumes grout under the baseplate and includes a 0.8 factor on the shear capacity.
If there is no grout under your baseplate, multiply shear values by 1.25.
3. If you use Gr 36 rods, heavy hex heads, and fc' ≤ 4000 psi; then bearing never controls. Don't use a washer.
1
Portland Bolt can forge heads onto bolts that are sized up to 2 ⁄2" diameter.
4. AISC approaches seismic design differently than ACI. If your loads are found in accordance with AISC 341-
05, then you don't have to use the extra 0.75 factor in ACI 318-05 appendix D section D3.3.3.
Tc
5. When combining shear and tension, Tc' = 1.3 Tc - V V ≤ Tc
c

AISC's Recommended Sizes for Anchor Rod Holes in Base Plates

Anchor Rod Min. Washer Min. Washer
Hole Diameter, in
Diameter, in. Dimension, in. Thickness, in.
3 5 1
⁄4 1 ⁄16 2 ⁄4
7 9 1 5
⁄8 1 ⁄16 2 ⁄2 ⁄16
13 3
1 1 ⁄16 3 ⁄8
1 1 1
1 ⁄4 2 ⁄16 3 ⁄2
1 5 1 1
1 ⁄2 2 ⁄16 3 ⁄2 ⁄2
3 1 5
1 ⁄4 2 ⁄4 4 ⁄8
1 3
2 3 ⁄4 5 ⁄4
1 1 1 7
2 ⁄2 3 ⁄4 5 ⁄2 ⁄8
Notes: 1. Circular or square washers meeting the size shown are acceptable.
2. Adequate clearance must be provided for the washer size selected.
1 3 1
3. Consider using 1 ⁄16" holes for ⁄4" rods in base plates ≤ 1 ⁄4".

page 19
 Steel
Gauge Thickness
American Wire
Sheet Steel, bare* Aluminum Stainless Gauge Diameter
2
Gauge oz/ft inches mm inches mm inches mm inches mm
6/0 - - - 0.5800 14.73 0.4687 11.90
5/0 - - - 0.5165 13.12 0.4375 11.11
4/0 - - - 0.4600 11.68 0.4062 10.32
3/0 - - - 0.4096 10.40 0.3750 9.53
2/0 - - - 0.3648 9.27 0.3437 8.73
0 - - - 0.3249 8.25 0.3125 7.94 0.3249 8.25
1 - - - 0.2893 7.35 0.2812 7.14 0.2893 7.35
2 - - - 0.2576 6.54 0.2656 6.75 0.2576 6.54
3 160 0.2391 6.07 0.2294 5.83 0.2500 6.35 0.2294 5.83
4 150 0.2242 5.69 0.2043 5.19 0.2344 5.95 0.2043 5.19
5 140 0.2092 5.31 0.1819 4.62 0.2187 5.55 0.1819 4.62
6 130 0.1943 4.93 0.1620 4.11 0.2031 5.16 0.1620 4.11
7 120 0.1793 4.56 0.1443 3.67 0.1875 4.76 0.1443 3.67
8 110 0.1644 4.18 0.1285 3.26 0.1719 4.37 0.1285 3.26
9 100 0.1495 3.80 0.1144 2.91 0.1562 3.97 0.1144 2.91
10 90 0.1345 3.42 0.1019 2.59 0.1406 3.57 0.1019 2.59
11 80 0.1196 3.04 0.0907 2.30 0.1250 3.18 0.0907 2.30
12 70 0.1046 2.66 0.0808 2.05 0.1094 2.78 0.0808 2.05
13 60 0.0897 2.28 0.0720 1.83 0.0937 2.38 0.0720 1.83
14 50 0.0747 1.90 0.0641 1.63 0.0781 1.98 0.0641 1.63
15 45 0.0673 1.71 0.0571 1.45 0.0703 1.79 0.0571 1.45
16 40 0.0598 1.52 0.0508 1.29 0.0625 1.59 0.0508 1.29
17 36 0.0538 1.37 0.0453 1.15 0.0562 1.43 0.0453 1.15
18 32 0.0478 1.21 0.0403 1.02 0.0500 1.27 0.0403 1.02
19 28 0.0418 1.06 0.0359 0.91 0.0437 1.11 0.0359 0.91
20 24 0.0359 0.91 0.0320 0.81 0.0375 0.95 0.0320 0.81
21 22 0.0329 0.84 0.0285 0.72 0.0344 0.87 0.0285 0.72
22 20 0.0299 0.76 0.0253 0.64 0.0312 0.79 0.0254 0.65
23 18 0.0269 0.68 0.0226 0.57 0.0281 0.71 0.0226 0.57
24 16 0.0239 0.61 0.0201 0.51 0.0250 0.64 0.0201 0.51
25 14 0.0209 0.53 0.0179 0.45 0.0219 0.56 0.0179 0.45
26 12 0.0179 0.46 0.0159 0.40 0.0187 0.47 0.0159 0.40
27 11 0.0164 0.42 0.0142 0.36 0.0172 0.44 0.0142 0.36
28 10 0.0149 0.38 0.0126 0.32 0.0156 0.40 0.0126 0.32
29 9 0.0135 0.34 0.0113 0.29 0.0141 0.36 0.0113 0.29
30 8 0.0120 0.30 0.0100 0.25 0.0125 0.32 0.0100 0.25
31 7 0.0105 0.27 0.0089 0.23 0.0109 0.28 0.0089 0.23
32 0.0097 0.25 0.0080 0.20 0.0102 0.26 0.0080 0.20
33 0.0090 0.23 0.0071 0.18 0.0094 0.24 0.0079 0.20
34 0.0082 0.21 0.0063 0.16 0.0086 0.22
35 0.0075 0.19 0.0056 0.14 0.0078 0.20
36 0.0067 0.17 0.0050 0.13 0.0070 0.18
37 0.0064 0.16 0.0045 0.11 0.0066 0.17
38 0.0060 0.15 0.0040 0.10 0.0062 0.16
*For galvanizing, add 0.001 inches.

page 20
 Dead Loads
Air Conditioners - Roof Top Units Cement, Portland, loose = 90 pcf
Weight of
2 A/C Weight of
Bldg Area, ft A/C with Clay
Rating A/C only
(ceiling 8'-12') Gas fired dry = 63 pcf
(tons) (no heat)
heater damp = 110 pcf
1200 3 540 335
1600 4 850 415 CMU - see Masonry
2000 5 1200 600
3000 7.5 1800 620 Coke
4000 10 2400 Loose 23 to 32 pcf
4800 12 3600 Calcined 35 - 45 pcf
6000 15 5920 Saturated 55 pcf
8000 20 6050
Note: Lighter units are available. Composition Shingles - see Roofing, Composition

Aluminum Concrete
solid aluminum = 169 pcf solid unreinf. concrete, normal weight = 144 pcf
1" thick = 14.08 psf solid unreinf. concrete, light weight = 84 to 120 pcf
shakes or shingles = 0.39 psf solid reinforced concrete, normal weight = 150 pcf

Aluminum - Corrugated sheet Copper = 556 pcf

Thickness (in) Weight (psf)
0.024 0.41 Doors - Accordion Folding
0.032 0.55 Residential - 8 ft max height = 1.3 psf
0.040 0.70 Commercial - 8 ft max height = 1.8 psf
0.050 0.88 Commercial - 17 ft max height = 2.0 psf
Industrial - 27 ft max height = 4.0 psf
Asbestos - Corrugated sheet Acoustical - 17 ft max height = 4.0 psf
Thickness (in) Weight (psf) Acoustical - 27 ft max height = 5.0 psf
1⁄4 3.0
3⁄8 4.5 Earth = 110 pcf

Asbestos - Shingles = 5 psf Electrical & Mechanical

allowance for commercial buildings = 3.0 psf
Asphalt Paving allowance for residential buildings = 1.5 psf
solid asphalt = 88 pcf
1" thick = 7.33 psf Flashing
1
2" thick = 14.7 psf Copper, ⁄32" thick = 1.5 psf
1
Tin, ⁄32" thick = 1.0 psf
Asphalt Shingles = 4 psf
Fireproofing: Pyrocrete 241 = 50 to 55 pcf
Brick = Average weight of completed reinforced grouted brick
wall = 10 psf per 1" of thickness Gasoline = 42 pcf

Bulk Material Glass Block

Google "Link-Belt screw conveyors" or click: BulkMaterials 4" thick = 18 psf
8" thick = 19 psf
Carpet
2 Glass
36 oz per yd = 0.25 psf
2 Common single strength 0.09" (3⁄32") 1.2 psf
36 oz per yd w/pad = 0.50 psf
Common double strength 0.125" (1⁄8") 1.6 psf
Ceiling - Metal Suspension Plate 3.3 psf
Acoustical Tile 1.5 psf Heavy-duty plate 3⁄8" 4.9 psf
1 Heavy-duty plate 1⁄2" 6.5 psf
⁄2" gypsum board 3.0 psf
5 Heavy-duty plate 5⁄8" 8.2 psf
⁄8" gypsum board 3.6 psf
Plaster - 1" thick 9.0 psf Heavy-duty plate 3⁄4" 9.8 psf
Acoustical tile on 1/2" gypsum board 4.0 psf Heavy-duty plate 7⁄8" 11.5 psf
Heavy-duty plate 1" 13.1 psf
Ceiling - Wood Suspension
Acoustical Tile 2.5 psf Gypsum
1 per inch of thickness, regular weight 8.0 psf
⁄2" gypsum board 4.0 psf
5 per inch of thickness, light weight 4.0 psf
⁄8" gypsum board 4.6 psf
Plaster - 1" thick 10.0 psf poured, 1" decking material 6.5 psf
Acoustical tile on 1/2" gypsum board 5.0 psf
page 21
 Dead Loads
Gypsum Board Marble, 1" thick = 13.8 psf
1
⁄4" thick 1.1 psf
5
⁄16" thick 1.13 psf Masonry
3
⁄8" thick 1.3 psf (Ref: Amrhein, Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook)
1
⁄2" thick 2.0 psf
5
⁄8" thick 2.5 psf Average weight of completed walls, psf (normal weight grout )
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
Handrail, industrial Normal weight, 135 pcf Medium weight,115 psf
1
L2 ⁄2 rails & posts, 1 midrail, toeplate = 16.4 lbs/ft wall thickness = 6" 8" 10" 12" 6" 8" 10" 12"
1
solid grouted 63 84 104 133 58 78 98 124
Hardboard (Masonite) - per ⁄4" of thickness 16" 52 66 86 103 47 63 80 94
Medium density 1.2 psf Vertical
24" 48 61 78 94 43 58 72 85
Standard density 1.4 psf cores
32" 47 58 74 89 42 55 68 80
Tempered Medium density 1.4 psf grouted
at: 40" 46 56 72 86 44 53 66 77
Tempered standard density 1.6 psf 48" 45 55 70 83 40 45 64 75
no grout 37 42 47 62 32 36 41 53
Hay, bales = 20 pcf

Insulation - rigid 1" thick Concrete Masonry Units Hollow Clay

Temlock 1.2 psf Lightweight, 103 pcf Block, 120 pcf
Cork 0.7 psf wall thickness = 6" 8" 10" 12" 4" 6" 8"
Gold Bond 1.5 psf solid grouted 52 75 93 118 38 56 77
Styrofoam 0.2 psf 16" 41 60 69 88 33 45 59
Vertical
Foamglass 0.8 psf 24" 37 55 61 79 31 42 54
cores
Rigid fiberglass 1.5 psf 32" 36 52 57 74 30 40 51
grouted
Fiberboard (asphalt coated sheet) 1.3 psf at: 40" 35 60 55 71 29 39 49
Fescoboard 1.2 psf 48" 34 49 53 69 28 38 48
no grout 26 33 36 47 25 30 35
Insulation - for pipes
Calcium silicate 12.5 pcf Average Weight of Completed Walls, psf (lightweight grout = 105 pcf)
Foamglass* 8-10 pcf Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
Mineral wool* 8.0 pcf Normal weight, 135 pcf Medium weight,115 psf
Glass fiber* 4-8 pcf wall thickness = 6" 8" 10" 12" 6" 8" 10" 6"
solid grouted 56 74 90 115 51 68 84 51
Insulation - Glass Wool in roll or batt 16" 48 60 72 93 43 54 66 84
Thickness w/o paper w/paper Vertical
24" 46 56 66 86 41 50 60 77
R inches psf psf cores
1 32" 44 54 63 82 39 48 57 73
4 1 ⁄8 0.06 0. grouted
1
at: 40" 43 52 61 80 38 46 55 71
7 2 ⁄4 0.13 0.2
1 48" 42 51 60 78 37 45 54 69
11 3 ⁄2 0.19 0.3
1 no grout 37 42 47 62 32 36 41 32
14 4 ⁄2 0.25 0.5
19 6 0.33 0.6
30 9 0.5 Concrete Masonry Units Hollow Clay
Lightweight, 103 pcf Block, 120 pcf
Insulation - Fiber glass blown into attic wall thickness = 6" 8" 10" 12" 4" 6" 8"
R- Installed Settled solid grouted 45 65 79 100 35 49 66
PSF 16" 37 51 61 78 31 39 49
Value Thickness Thickness Vertical
R-60 0.952 19.75" 19.75" 24" 35 47 55 71 30 39 49
cores
R-49 0.760 16.50" 16.50" 32" 33 45 52 67 29 37 47
grouted
R-44 0.663 14.75" 14.75" at: 40" 32 43 50 65 28 36 45
R-38 0.569 13.00" 13.00" 48" 31 42 49 63 27 35 44
R-30 0.431 10.25" 10.25" no grout 26 33 36 47 25 30 35
R-26 0.371 9.00" 9.00"
R-22 0.313 7.75" 7.75" Brick: Average weight of completed reinforced grouted brick wall
R-19 0.268 6.75" 6.75" = 10 psf per 1" of thickness
R-13 0.183 4.75" 4.75"
R-11 0.152 4.00" 4.00" Mortar
solid mortar = 120 pcf
1" thick = 10 psf
Ladder
Industrial ladder minus cage = 13.1 lbs/ft
Cage only = 11.9 lbs/ft

page 22
 Dead Loads
Pipe, Steel
STD XS Sch 40 Sch 80 2" 2" 3"
Nom. 1" Cal
OD Water wall weight wall weight wall weight wall weight Min. Cal Cal
Diam. wool Sil
Sil Sil
in. in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft in. lbs/ft lbs/ft lbs/ft lbs/ft lbs/ft
3
⁄4 1.050 0.231 0.113 1.13 0.154 1.48 0.113 1.13 0.154 1.48 1.1 0.56 1.7 3.3
1 1.315 0.375 0.133 1.68 0.179 2.17 0.133 1.68 0.179 2.17 1.2 0.63 1.8 3.5
1
1 ⁄2 1.900 0.883 0.145 2.72 0.200 3.63 0.145 2.72 0.200 3.63 1.4 0.79 2.1 4.0
2 2.375 1.45 0.154 3.66 0.218 5.03 0.154 3.66 0.218 5.03 1.5 0.92 2.4 4.4
3 3.50 3.20 0.216 7.58 0.300 10.3 0.216 7.58 0.300 10.3 1.9 1.2 3.0 5.3
4 4.50 5.52 0.237 10.8 0.337 15.0 0.237 10.8 0.337 15.0 2.3 1.5 3.5 6.1
5 5.563 8.67 0.258 14.6 0.355 20.8 0.258 14.6 0.355 20.8 2.6 1.8 4.1 7.0
6 6.625 12.5 0.280 19.0 0.375 28.6 0.280 19.0 0.375 28.6 3.0 2.1 4.7 7.9
8 8.625 21.7 0.322 28.6 0.50 43.4 0.322 28.6 0.500 43.4 3.7 2.6 5.8 9.5
10 10.75 34.2 0.365 40.5 0.50 54.7 0.365 40.5 0.593 64.5 4.5 3.2 7.0 11
12 12.75 49.0 0.375 49.6 0.50 65.5 0.406 53.6 0.687 88.7 5.1 3.7 8.0 13
14 14 59.8 0.375 54.6 0.50 72.2 0.437 63.5 0.750 106 5.6 4.1 8.7 14
16 16 79.2 0.375 62.6 0.50 82.8 0.500 82.9 0.843 137 6.3 4.6 9.8 16
18 18 101 0.375 70.7 0.50 93.5 0.562 105 0.937 171 7.0 5.2 11 17
20 20 126 0.375 78.7 0.50 104 0.593 123 1.031 209 7.7 5.7 12 19
22 22 154 0.375 86.7 0.50 115 1.218 251 8.4 6.3 13 20
24 24 184 0.375 94.7 0.50 126 0.562 171 0.937 297 9.1 6.8 14 22
26 26 217 0.375 103 0.50 136 9.8 7.4 15 24
28 28 253 0.375 111 0.50 147 10 7.9 16 25
30 30 291 0.375 119 0.50 158 11 8.5 17 27
32 32 333 0.375 127 0.50 168 12 9.0 19 29
34 34 376 0.375 135 0.50 179 13 9.5 20 30
36 36 423 0.375 143 0.50 190 13 10 21 32
42 42 579 0.375 167 0.50 222 15 12 24 37

Pipe Fittings and Valves, Steel

150# 150# 150# 150# 300# 300# 300# 300#
Nom
WN Blind Gate Globe WN Blind Gate Globe
Diam
Flange Flange Valve Valve Flange Flange Valve Valve
inches lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
1 2.3 2.5 -- -- 4.8 5 -- --
1¼ 3.3 3.5 -- -- 6.5 7 34 --
1½ 4 3.5 -- -- 9 9 51 40
2 6 4.8 43 42 10 10 65 58
2½ 9 9 53 50 14 16 83 84
3 10 11 77 80 17 20 119 102
3½ 12 15 88 99 -- -- -- --
4 14 19 114 127 26 31 173 168
5 18 23 151 172 31 39 257 237
6 22 29 210 238 42 56 367 333
8 33 48 329 408 66 90 549 509
10 46 78 513 -- 95 146 888 993
12 69 118 726 -- 142 209 1337 1409
14 90 142 830 -- 192 267 1872 --
16 116 185 1315 -- 257 348 2511 --
18 128 229 -- -- 316 441 3189 --
20 159 298 -- -- 389 545 4449 --
22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
24 248 446 -- -- 580 841 6920 --
26
28
30
32
34
36
42

page 23
 Dead Loads
Plaster, 1" thick = 8.0 psf Steel Reinforcing Bar
#2 0.167 lbs/ft #8 2.670 lbs/ft
Plaster and Lath = 8.0 psf #3 0.376 #9 3.40
#4 0.668 #10 4.303
Porcelain - enamel on sheet steel = 3.0 psf #5 1.043 #11 5.313
#6 1.502 #14 7.65
Roofing, Composition #7 2.044 #18 13.60
2 - 15# & 1 - 90# = 1.2 + 0.5 = 1.7 psf
3 - 15# & 1 - 90# = 1.35 + 0.5 = 2.2 psf Steel Studs
3 ply & gravel = 5.6 psf
4 ply & gravel = 6.0 psf Stone
5 ply & gravel = 6.5 psf 4" = 55 psf
Composition shingles = 2.35 to 5.40 psf 1" = 13.8 psf

Sand Stucco
7
dry to wet = 100 to 120 psf ⁄8" = 10 psf
1" = 11.4 psf
Skylight = 7.0 psf
Terrazzo
1
Slate 1 ⁄2" finish directly on slab 19 psf
1 1
⁄4" thick 9.5 psf 1 ⁄2" finish on 1" mortar bed 30 psf
3
⁄8" thick 14.3 psf 1" finish on 2" concrete bed 38 psf
1 3 1
⁄2" thick 19.0 psf ⁄4" ceramic quarry tile on ⁄2" mortar bed 16 psf
slate roof 5 to 20 psf
Tile
Sprinkler System Acoustical fiber tile (ceiling) 1 psf
dry, without ceiling 1.0 psf Cement - 1" thick 16 psf
3
dry, with ceiling 1.5 psf Ceramic quarry ⁄4" (floor) 10 psf
wet, add 6"ø pipe (32 lbs/LF) or 8"ø pipe (47 lsb/LF) to Linoleum 1.5 psf
above Shingle - clay tile 13 psf
Soft tile 1.0 to 1.5 psf
Stair Treads Spanish 10 psf

Stainless Steel - 500 pcf

Steel
solid steel = 490 pcf
1" thick = 40.8 psf
1
⁄4" thick = 10.2 psf

Steel Deck - psf

(All galvanized. For plain product, deduct 0.1 psf)
Gauge
Steel depth 12 14 16 18 20 22
1
1 ⁄2" 6.5 4.8 3.9 3.2 2.5 2.0
3" 8.1 5.8 4.5 3.7 2.8 2.4
1
4 ⁄2" 10.0 7.3 5.9 4.9 3.6
6" 9.2

Steel Grating
Bearing bar size Weight (psf)
3 1
⁄4 x ⁄8 6.0
3 3
⁄4 x ⁄16 7.3
1
1 x ⁄8 7.6
3
1 x ⁄16 9.4
1 1
1 ⁄4 x ⁄8 8.7
1 3
1 ⁄4 x ⁄16 10.9
1 1
1 ⁄2 x ⁄8 9.8
1 3
1 ⁄2 x ⁄16 12.5
3 3
1 ⁄4 x ⁄16 14.0
3
2 x ⁄16 16.8
1 3
2 ⁄4 x ⁄16 18.3

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 Dead Loads
2
Water Wood Framing - Douglas Fir at 0.252 lbs/in /ft
Fresh 62.4 pcf PSF
Size PLF
Sea 64.0 pcf 12" o.c. 16" o.c. 24" o.c. 32" o.c. 48" o.c.
Snow, fresh 8 pcf 2x4 1.32 1.0 0.7
Ice 56 pcf 2x6 2.08 1.56 1.04
2x8 2.74 2.06 1.37
Wheat, bulk = 48 pcf 2 x 10 3.50 2.63 1.75
2 x 12 4.25 3.20 2.13
Windows 2 x 14 5.01 3.77 2.50 1.25
Glass, frame, and sash = 8.0 psf 3x8 4.57 1.71 1.14
3 x 10 5.83 2.19 1.46
Wood - at 15% moisture 4x8 6.40 2.40 1.60
Conversion factor 4 x 10 8.16 3.06 2.04
from Douglas Fir Weight (pcf) 4 x 12 3.72 2.48
Ash, commercial white 1.21
Cedar, western red 0.68 Wood - Plywood, Douglas Fir
Cypress, southern 0.97 1
⁄ 4" 0.8 psf
Hemlock, eastern 0.85 5
⁄16" 1.0 psf
Hemlock, western 0.88 3
⁄ 8" 1.1 psf
Fir, Douglas (coast region) 1.00 1
⁄ 2" 1.5 psf
Fir, Douglas (inland) 0.94 5
⁄ 8" 1.8 psf
Oak, commercial reds & whites 1.38 3
⁄ 4" 2.3 psf
Pine, Oregon 0.94 1" 3.0 psf
Pine, southern yellow 1.24 1 ⁄8"
1
3.4 psf
Redwood 0.85
Spruce, Sitka 0.82 Wood
1
1 x 4 cedar siding, ⁄2" thick = 1.1 psf
Wood, wet Douglas Fir = 44 pcf 1
Bevel siding, cedar, ⁄2" average = 1.1 psf
Shake, medium = 3.5 psf
Wood Decking Shake, thick = 5.0 psf
Douglas Fir Hardwood 1" sheathing (ship lap) = 2.3 psf
7
2" 4.7 psf ⁄ 8" 4 psf Shingles = 3.0 psf
7
3" 7.5 psf ⁄8" on sleepers 5 psf
4" 10.3 psf Wood - Truss Joist
6" 15.6 psf TJI 25 2.0 lbs/ft
2
TJI 35 3.3 lbs/ft
Wood Framing - Hem Fir at 0.221 lbs/in /ft (psf) TJI 45 4.8 lbs/ft
Size 12" o.c.16" o.c. 24" o.c. TJL 4.25 lbs/ft
2x4 1.160.87 0.58 TJM 9.0 lbs/ft
2x6 1.821.37 0.91 TJH 12.0 lbs/ft
2x8 2.401.80 1.20 TJ 50 5.0 lbs/ft
2 x 10 3.072.30 1.53 TJ 60 5.75 lbs/ft
2 x 12 3.732.80 1.86
2 x 14 4.393.29 2.20
4x8 5.614.21 2.80
4 x 10 7.155.37 3.58
4 x 12 8.706.53 4.35

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