Music- is an art form whose medium is sound and silence.

Common elements:
1. pitch (which governs melody and harmony)
2.rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation)
3. dynamics and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek
(mousike; "art of the Muses").

The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and
social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in
performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and
subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle,
sometimes open to personal interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within the arts, music may
be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art. It may also be divided among art music
and folk music. There is also a strong connection between music and mathematics. Music may be
played and heard live, may be part of a dramatic work or film, or may be recorded.

To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life. Ancient Greek and
Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as
harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to
the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John
Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."
Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez summarizes the relativist, post-modern viewpoint: "The border
between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society,
this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all
accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be.

Prehistoric eras
Prehistoric music
Prehistoric music can only be theorized based on findings from paleolithic archaeology sites. Flutes are
often discovered, carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced; these are thought to have
been blown at one end like the Japanese shakuhachi. The Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear
femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various
types of stringed instruments, such as the Ravanahatha, have been recovered from the Indus Valley
Civilization archaeological sites. India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references
to Indian classical music (marga) are found in the Vedas, ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition. The
earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was found in China and dates back to
between 7000 and 6600 BC. The Hurrian song, found on clay tablets that date back to approximately
1400 BC, is the oldest surviving notated work of music.

Ancient Egypt
Music of Egypt
Musicians of Amun, Tomb of Nakht, 18th Dynasty, Western Thebes.
The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods, Thoth, with the invention of
music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilize the world. The
earliest material and representational evidence of Egyptian musical instruments
dates to the Predynastic period, but the evidence is more securely attested in the
Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played. Percussion
instruments, lyres and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals frequently
accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today. Egyptian folk music, including the
traditional Sufi dhikr rituals, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music,
having preserved many of its features, rhythms and instruments.

Asian cultures
Gangubai Hangal Indian classical music-one of the oldest musical traditions in the world.
Durga The Indus Valley civilization has sculptures that show dance and old musical
instruments, like the seven holed flute. Various types of stringed instruments and
drums have been recovered from Harrappa and Mohenjo Daro by excavations
carried out by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. The Rigveda has elements of present Indian music, with a
musical notation to denote the metre and the mode of chanting. Indian classical music (marga) is
monophonic, and based on a single melody line or raga rhythmically organized through talas.
Hindustani music was influenced by the Persian performance practices of the Afghan Mughals.
Carnatic music popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are
addressed to the Hindu deities. There are a lot of songs emphasising love and other social issues.
Asian music covers the music cultures of Arabia, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast
Asia. Chinese classical music, the traditional art or court music of China, has a history stretching over
around three thousand years. It has its own unique systems of musical notation, as well as musical
tuning and pitch, musical instruments and styles or musical genres. Chinese music is pentatonic-
diatonic, having a scale of twelve notes to an octave (5 + 7 = 12) as does European-influenced music.
Persian music is the music of Persia and Persian language countries: musiqi, the science and art of
music, and muzik, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983).

References in the Bible

History of music in the biblical period

"David with his harp" Paris Psalter,

c. 960, Constantinople
Music and theatre scholars studying the history and anthropology of Semitic
and early Judeo-Christian culture have discovered common links in
theatrical and musical activity between the classical cultures of the Hebrews
and those of later Greeks and Romans. The common area of performance is
found in a "social phenomenon called litany," a form of prayer consisting of
a series of invocations or supplications. The Journal of Religion and Theatre
notes that among the earliest forms of litany, "Hebrew litany was
accompanied by a rich musical tradition:"
"While Genesis 4.21 identifies Jubal as the “father of all such as handle the harp and pipe,” the
Pentateuch is nearly silent about the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel.
Then, in I Samuel 10 and the texts that follow, a curious thing happens. “One finds in the
biblical text,” writes Alfred Sendrey, “a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and
orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be
virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation.” This has led some scholars to
believe that the prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school, which taught not only prophets
and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians. This public music school, perhaps the earliest in
recorded history, was not restricted to a priestly class—which is how the shepherd boy David
appears on the scene as a minstrel to King Saul."
Antiquity
Western cultures have had a major influence on the development of music. The history of the music of
the Western cultures can be traced back to Ancient Greece times.

Ancient Greece
Music was an important part of social and cultural life in Ancient Greece. Musicians and singers played
a prominent role in Greek theater. Mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration,
and spiritual ceremonies. Instruments included the double-reed aulos and a plucked string instrument,
the lyre, principally the special kind called a kithara. Music was an important part of education, and
boys were taught music starting at age six. Greek musical literacy created a flowering of music
development. Greek music theory included the Greek musical modes, that eventually became the basis
for Western religious and classical music. Later, influences from the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe,
and the Byzantine Empire changed Greek music. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example
of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world.

The Middle Ages

Léonin or Pérotin The medieval era (476 AD to 1400 AD) started with the introduction of
Breves dies hominis chanting into Roman Catholic Church services. Western Music then started
becoming more of an art form with the advances in music notation. The only
European Medieval repertory that survives from before about 800 is the
monophonic liturgical plainsong of the Roman Catholic Church, the central tradition of which was
called Gregorian chant. Alongside these traditions of sacred and church music there existed a vibrant
tradition of secular song. Examples of composers from this period are Léonin, Pérotin and Guillaume
de Machaut.

The Renaissance
T.L. de
Victoria
Amicus meus
Allegory of Music, by Filippino Lippi
Renaissance music (c. 1400 A.D. to 1600 A.D.) was more focused on secular
themes. Around 1450, the printing press was invented, and that helped to
disseminate musical styles more quickly and across a larger area. Thus, music
could play an increasingly important role in daily life. Musicians worked for the
church, courts and towns. Church choirs grew in size, and the church remained an
important patron of music. By the middle of the 15th century, composers wrote
richly polyphonic sacred music. Prominent composers from this era are Guillaume
Dufay, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Orlande de Lassus.
However, musical activity shifted to the courts. Kings and princes competed for
the finest composers.
Many leading important composers came from Holland, Belgium, and northern
France and are called the Franco-Flemish composers. They held important positions throughout
Europe, especially in Italy. Other countries with vibrant musical lives include Germany, England, and
Spain.
The Baroque
J.S.Bach
Toccata und Fuge

The Baroque era of music took place from 1600 to 1750, as the Baroque artistic style flourished across
Europe; and during this time, music expanded in its range and complexity. Baroque music began when
the first operas were written and when contrapuntal music became prevalent. German Baroque
composers wrote for small ensembles including strings, brass, and woodwinds, as well as choirs, pipe
organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. During this period several major music forms were defined that
lasted into later periods when they were expanded and evolved further, including the fugue, the
invention, the sonata, and the concerto.[19] The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and
ornamental and rich in its melodies. Composers from the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach,
George Frideric Handel, and Georg Philipp Telemann.

Classicism
W.A. Mozart
Symphony 40 g-moll
The music of the Classical Period (1750 A.D. to 1830 A.D.) looked to the art and philosophy of
Ancient Greece and Rome, to the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. It has a
lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture, and tended to be almost voicelike and singable. New
genres were discovered. The main style was the homophony,[20] where prominent melody and
accompaniment are clearly distinct.
Importance was given to instrumental music. It was dominated by further evolution of musical forms
initially defined in the Baroque period: the sonata, the concerto, and the symphony. Others main kinds
were trio, string quartet, serenade and divertimento. The sonata was the most important and developed
form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely
distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era were based on the dramatic structure of
the sonata.
One of the most important evolutionary steps made in the Classical period was the development of
public concerts. The aristocracy would still play a significant role in the sponsorship of musical life,
but it was now possible for composers to survive without being its permanent employees. The
increasing popularity led to a growth in both the number and range of the orchestras. The expansion of
orchestral concerts necessitated large public spaces. As a result of all these processes, symphonic music
(including opera, ballet and oratorio) became more extroverted.
The best known composers of Classicism are Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Christoph Willibald Gluck,
Johann Christian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz
Schubert. Beethoven and Schubert are also considered to be composers in evolution towards
Romanticism.

Romanticism
R. Wagner
Die Walküre

Romantic Music (c. 1810 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) turned the rigid styles and forms of the Classical era into
more passionate and expressive pieces. It attempted to increase emotional expression and power to
describe deeper truths or human feelings. The emotional and expressive qualities of music came to take
precedence over technique and tradition. Romantic composers grew in idiosyncrasy, and went further
in the syncretism of different art-forms (such as literature), history (historical figures), or nature itself
with music. Romantic love was a prevalent theme in many works composed during this period. In some
cases the formal structures from the classical period were preserved, but in many others existing
genres, forms, and functions were improved. Also, new forms were created that were deemed better
suited to the new subject matter. Opera and ballet continued to evolve.
In 1800, the music developed by Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert introduced a more
dramatic, expressive style. In Beethoven's case, motifs, developed organically, came to replace melody
as the most significant compositional unit. Later Romantic composers such as Pyotr Ilyich
Tchaikovsky, Antonín Dvořák, and Gustav Mahler used more elaborated chords and more dissonance
to create dramatic tension. They generated complex and often much longer musical works. During
Romantic period tonality was at its peak. The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of
the orchestra, and in the role of concerts as part of urban society. It also saw a new diversity in theatre
music, including operetta, and musical comedy and other forms of musical theatre.

Downbeat
The downbeat is the impulse that occurs at the beginning of a bar in measured music. Its name is
derived from the downward stroke of the director or conductor's baton on the first beat of each
measure. It frequently carries the strongest accent of the rhythmic cycle. However, in some cases, the
downbeat may not be emphasized. Such departure from the normal stress pattern of a measure is a form
of syncopation.
Upbeat
Beginning of Bach's BWV736, with upbeat (anacrusis) in red.

1. An unaccented beat or beats that occur before the first beat of the following measure. In other words,
this is an impulse in a measured rhythm that immediately precedes, and hence anticipates, the
downbeat. It can be the last beat in a bar where that bar precedes a new bar of music.
2. An anticipatory note or succession of notes occurring before the first barline of a piece, sometimes
referred to as an ‘upbeat figure’, section or phrase. An alternative expression is "anacrusis" (from
Greek. ana: "up towards" and krousis: "to strike"; Fr. anacrouse). This term was borrowed from poetry
where it refers to one or more unstressed extrametrical syllables at the beginning of a line.
3. The upward stroke made by a conductor to indicate the beat that leads into a new measure.

On-beat and off-beat

Off-beat or backbeat pattern, popular on snare drum

"Skank" guitar rhythm. Often referred to as "upbeats", in parallel with upstrokes.

In music that progresses regularly in 4/4 time, counted as "1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4...", the first beat of the bar
(down-beat) is usually the strongest accent in the melody and the likeliest place for a chord change, the
third is the next strongest: these are "on" beats. The second and fourth are weaker - the "off-beats".
Subdivisions (like eighth notes) that fall between the pulse beats are even weaker and these, if used
frequently in a rhythm, can also make it "off-beat". The effect can be easily simulated by evenly and
repeatedly counting to four:
Bold denotes a stressed beat.
As a background against which to compare these various rhythms a bass drum strike on the downbeat
and a constant eighth note subdivision on ride cymbal have been added, which would be counted as
follows:
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 -- play eighth notes and bass drum alone
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4—the stress here on the "on" beat. But one may syncopate that pattern and
alternately stress the odd and even beats, respectively, creating syncopation:
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 -- the stress is on the "unexpected" or syncopated beat.
So Off-beat is a musical term commonly applied to syncopation that emphasizes the weak even beats
of a bar, as opposed to the "normal" on-beat. This is a fundamental technique of African polyrhythm
that transferred to popular western music. According to Grove Music, the “Offbeat” is [often] where
the downbeat is replaced by a rest or is tied over from the preceding bar".
Downbeat -can never be the off-beat because it is the strongest beat in 4/4 time.
Certain genres in particular tend to emphasize the off-beat. This emphasis is a defining characteristic
of rock'n'roll and Ska music.

Backbeat
"Backbeat" redirects here. For other uses, see Backbeat (disambiguation).

Back beat

It's got a backbeat, you can't lose it - Chuck Berry

A back beat, or backbeat-is a syncopated accentuation on the "off" beat.
In a simple 4/4 rhythm these are beats 2 and 4.

An early record with an emphasised back beat throughout was "Good

Rockin' Tonight" by Wynonie Harris in 1948. However drummer Earl
Palmer claimed the honor for "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino in 1949,
which he played on, saying he adopted it from the final "shout" or "out"
chorus common in Dixieland jazz. However urban contemporary gospel
was stressing the back beat much earlier with hand-clapping and
tambourines. There is a hand-clapping back beat on "Roll 'Em Pete" by Pete
Johnson and Big Joe Turner, recorded in 1938. A distinctive back beat can be heard on "Back Beat
Boogie" by Harry James And His Orchestra, recorded in late 1939. Other early recorded examples
include the final verse of "Grand Slam" by Benny Goodman in 1942 and some sections of The Glenn
Miller Orchestra's "(I've Got A Girl In) Kalamazoo", while amateur direct-to-disc recordings of Charlie
Christian jamming at Minton's Playhouse around the same time have a sustained snare-drum back-beat
on the hottest choruses.
 Delayed backbeat (last eighth note in each measure) as in funk music Tamlyn found slap bass
executions on the backbeat in styles of country western music of the 1930s, and the late 40s early 50s
music of Hank Williams reflected a return to strong backbeat accentuation as part of the honky tonk
style of country.
In the mid-1940s "hillbilly" musicians the Delmore Brothers were turning out boogie tunes with
a hard driving back beat, such as the #2 hit "Freight Train Boogie" in 1946, as well as in other boogie
songs they recorded. Similarly Fred Maddox’s trademark back beat, a slapping bass style, helped drive
a rhythm that came to be known as rockabilly, one of the early forms of rock and roll. Maddox had
used this style as early as 1937.
In today's popular music the snare drum is typically used to play the backbeat pattern. Early
funk music often delayed one of the backbeats so as, "to give a 'kick' to the [overall] beat"
Some songs, such as The Beatles' "Please Please Me" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand", The Knack's
"Good Girls Don't" and Blondie's cover of The Nerves' "Hanging on the Telephone", employ a double
backbeat pattern. In a double backbeat, one of the off beats is played as two eighth notes rather than
one quarter note.

Cross beat
Cross-rhythm-A rhythm in which the regular pattern of accents of the prevailing meter is contradicted
by a conflicting pattern and not merely a momentary displacement that leaves the prevailing meter
fundamentally unchallenged—New Harvard Dictionary of Music (1986: 216).
In Sub-Saharan African music traditions (and many Diaspora musics) cross-rhythm is the
generating principle; the meter is in a permanent state of contradiction.

Three-against-two
The cross-rhythmic ratio three-over-two (3:2) or vertical hemiola, is the most significant
rhythmic cell found in sub-Saharan rhythms. The following measure is evenly divided by three beats
and two beats. The two cycles do not share equal status though. The two bottom notes are the primary
beats, the ground, the main temporal referent. The three notes above are the secondary beats. Typically,
the dancer's feet mark the primary beats, while the secondary beats are accented.

Three-over-two cross-rhythm.
The example below shows the African 3:2 cross-rhythm within its proper metric structure.

Three-over-two cross-rhythm.

Novotney observes: "The 3:2 relationship (and [its] permutations) is the foundation of most typical
polyrhythmic textures found in West African music." 3:2 is the generative or theoretic form of sub-
Saharan rhythmic principles. Agawu succinctly states: "[The] resultant [3:2] rhythm holds the key to
understanding . . . there is no independence here, because 2 and 3 belong to a single Gestalt.

Three-against-four
three-against-four (3:4) cross-rhythm consists of a "slow" cycle of three beats over four main beats.
The three-beat cycle is represented as half-notes in the following example for visual emphasis.

Three-against-four cross-rhythm. Play (help·info)

Hyperbeat

Hypermeter: 4 beat measure, 4 measure hypermeasure, and 4 hypermeasure verses. Hyperbeats in red.
A hyperbeat is one unit of hypermeter, generally a measure. "Hypermeter is meter, with all its inherent
characteristics, at the level where measures act as beats."[In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for
time, plural: tempi) is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of most musical
compositions, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.
Measuring tempo

Electronic metronome, Wittner model

The tempo of a piece will typically be written at the start of a piece of music, and in modern Western
music is usually indicated in beats per minute (BPM). This means that a particular note value (for
example, a quarter note or crotchet) is specified as the beat, and the marking indicates that a certain
number of these beats must be played per minute. The greater the tempo, the larger the number of beats
that must be played in a minute is, and, therefore, the faster a piece must be played. Mathematical
tempo markings of this kind became increasingly popular during the first half of the 19th century, after
the metronome had been invented by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, although early metronomes were
somewhat inconsistent. Beethoven was the first composer to use the metronome, and in 1817 he
published metronomic indications for his (then) eight symphonies. Some of these markings are today
contentious, such as those on his "Hammerklavier" Sonata and Ninth Symphony, seeming to many to
be almost impossibly fast, as is also the case for many of the works of Schumann.
With the advent of modern electronics, BPM became an extremely precise measure. Music sequencers
use the BPM system to denote tempo.
As an alternative to metronome markings, some 20th-century composers (such as Béla Bartók and John
Cage) would give the total execution time of a piece, from which the proper tempo can be roughly
derived.
Tempo is as crucial in contemporary music as it is in classical. In electronic dance music, accurate
knowledge of a tune's BPM is important to DJs for the purposes of

beatmatchi ng.

Musical vocabulary for tempo

A Seth Thomas model metronome

Some musical pieces do not have a mathematical time indication. In classical music it is customary to
describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words. Most of these words are Italian, because many of
the most important composers of the 17th century were Italian, and this period was when tempo
indications were first used extensively and codified.
Before the metronome, words were the only way to describe the tempo of a composition. Yet after the
metronome's invention, these words continued to be used, often additionally indicating the mood of the
piece, thus blurring the traditional distinction between tempo and mood indicators. For example, presto
and allegro both indicate a speedy execution (presto being faster), but allegro also connotes joy (from
its original meaning in Italian). Presto, on the other hand, indicates speed as such.
Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood. For example, the "agitato" in the Allegro
agitato of the last movement of George Gershwin's piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication
(undoubtedly faster than a usual Allegro) and a mood indication ("agitated").
Understood tempo
In some cases (quite often up to the end of the Baroque period), conventions governing musical
composition were so strong that no tempo had to be indicated. For example, the first movement of
Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever. To provide
movement names, publishers of recordings resort to ad hoc measures, for instance marking the
Brandenburg movement "Allegro", "(Allegro)", "(Without indication)", and so on.
In Renaissance music most music was understood to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus, roughly the
rate of the human heartbeat. Which note value corresponded to the tactus was indicated by the
mensural time signature.
Often a particular musical form or genre implies its own tempo, so no further explanation is placed in
the score. Thus musicians expect a minuet to be performed at a fairly stately tempo, slower than a
Viennese waltz; a perpetuum mobile to be quite fast, and so on. Genres can be used to imply tempos;
thus Ludwig van Beethoven wrote "In tempo d'un Menuetto" over the first movement of his Piano
Sonata Op. 54, although that movement is not a minuet. Popular music charts use terms such as "bossa
nova", "ballad", and "Latin rock" in much the same way.
It is important to remember when interpreting these words that not only have tempos changed over
historical time, and even in different places, but sometimes even the ordering of terms has changed.
Thus a modern largo is slower than an adagio, but in the Baroque period it was faster.

Beats per minute

BPM of 120
Beats per minute (BPM) is a unit typically used as a measure of tempo in music and heart rate.
The BPM tempo of a piece of music is conventionally shown in its score as a metronome mark, as
illustrated to the right. This indicates that there should be 120 crotchet beats (quarter notes) per minute.
In simple time signatures it is conventional to show the tempo in terms of the note duration on the
bottom. So a 4/4 would show a crotchet (or quarter note), as shown to the right, while a 2/2 would
show a minim (or half note).
In compound time signatures the beat consists of three note durations (so there are 3 quavers (eighth
notes) per beat in a 6/8 time signature), so a dotted form of the next note duration up is used. The most
common compound signatures: 6/8, 9/8, and 12/8, therefore use a dotted crotchet (dotted quarter note)
to indicate their BPM.
Exotic time and particularly slow time signatures may indicate their BPM tempo using other note
durations. BPM became common terminology in disco because of its usefulness to DJs, and remain
important in the same genre and other dance music.
120 BPM tempo
 Example of a basic 4/4, 120 BPM tempo

Problems playing this file? See media help.

In this context the beats measured are either crotchets (quarter notes) in the time signature (sometimes
ambiguously called down-beats), or drum beats (typically bass-drum or another functionally similar
synthesized sound), whichever is more frequent. Higher BPM values are therefore achievable by
increasing the number of drum beats, without increasing the tempo of the music. House music is faster
around 120–128 BPM (from regular house music to UK Garage), Trance Music ranges from 125 to 150
BPM and Drum and bass generally ranges between 150–180 BPM. Psytrance is almost exclusively
produced at 145 BPM, whereas Speedcore and Gabber music exceed 180–184 BPM.

Extreme tempos

More extreme tempos are achievable at the same underlying tempo with very fast drum patterns, often
expressed as drum rolls. Such compositions often exhibit a much slower underlying tempo, but may
increase the tempo by adding additional percussive beats. Extreme music subgenres such as speedcore
and grindcore often strive to reach unusually fast tempos. The use of extreme tempo was very common
in the fast bebop jazz from the 1940s and 1950s. A common jazz tune such as "Cherokee" was often
performed at quarter note equal to or sometimes exceeding 368 BPM. Some of Charlie Parker's famous
tunes ("Bebop", "Shaw Nuff") have been performed at 380 BPM plus. John Coltrane's "Giant Steps"
was performed at 374 BPM.

Beatmatching

Beatmatching is a tool used by DJs that involves speeding up or slowing down a record in order to
match the tempo of a previous track so both can be seamlessly mixed.
DJs often beatmatch the underlying tempos of recordings, rather than their strict BPM value suggested
by the kick drum, particularly when dealing with high tempo tracks. A 240 BPM track, for example,
will match the beat of a 120 BPM track without slowing down or speeding up, because both will have
an underlying tempo of 120 crotchets (quarter notes) per minute. Thus, some soul music (around 75–90
BPM) can be mixed well with a drum and bass beat (from 150–185 BPM).
When speeding up or slowing down a record on a turntable, the pitch and tempo of a track are linked:
spin a disc 10% faster and both pitch and tempo will be 10% higher. Software processing to change the
pitch without changing the tempo, or vice-versa, is called time-stretching or pitch-shifting. While it
works fairly well for small adjustments (± 20%), the result can be noisy and unmusical for larger
changes.

Measures per minute

Measures per Minute (MPM) or bars per minute is another way to measure the speed of music: the
number of measures in one minute. It is commonly used in ballroom dance music.

Italian tempo markings

"Andante" redirects here. For other uses, see Andante (disambiguation).
See also: Italian musical terms used in English and Glossary of musical terminology
The definitions of the Italian tempo markings mentioned in this section can be found in the Harvard
Dictionary of Music and/or the online Italian-English dictionary, both of which are listed in Sources.

Basic tempo markings

By adding an -issimo ending the word is amplified/made louder, by adding an -ino or -etto
ending the word is diminished/made softer. The metronome marks are broad
approximations. Note: Metronome markings are a guide only and depending on the
time signature and the piece itself, these figures may not be appropriate in every
circumstance. Also, in longer pieces such as symphony movements, the tempo
marking used by the composer for the movement does not have to be adhered to
strictly throughout the movement; individual interpreters may vary the tempo at
times, at their discretion.
Slow:
 Larghissimo – very, very slow (19 BPM and under)
 Grave – slow and solemn (20–40 BPM)
 Lento – slowly (40–45 BPM)
 Largo – broadly (45–50 BPM)
 Larghetto – rather broadly (50–55 BPM)
 Adagio – slow and stately (literally, "at ease") (55–65 BPM)
 Adagietto – rather slow (65–69 BPM)
 Andante moderato – a bit slower than andante (69–72 BPM)
 Andante – at a walking pace (73–77 BPM)
 Andantino – slightly faster than andante (although in some cases it can be taken to mean
slightly slower than andante) (78–83 BPM)
 Marcia moderato – moderately, in the manner of a march[4][5] (83–85 BPM)
 Moderato – moderately (86–97 BPM)
Fast:
 Accelerando - gradually accelerating
 Allegretto – moderately fast (98–109 BPM)
 Allegro – fast, quickly and bright (109–132 BPM)
 Vivace – lively and fast (132–140 BPM)
 Vivacissimo – very fast and lively (140–150 BPM)
 Allegrissimo – very fast (150–167 BPM)
 Presto – extremely fast (168–177 BPM)
 Prestissimo – even faster than Presto (178 BPM and over)
Additional terms
A piacere – the performer may use their own discretion with regard to tempo and rhythm; literally
"at pleasure"
 L'istesso tempo or Lo stesso tempo – at the same speed
 Tempo comodo – at a comfortable (normal) speed
 Tempo di... – the speed of a ... (such as Tempo di valse (speed of a waltz, ≈60 bpm), Tempo di
marcia (speed of a march, ≈120 bpm))
  Tempo giusto – at a consistent speed, at the 'right' speed, in strict tempo
 Tempo semplice – simple, regular speed, plainly
A voice type is a particular kind of human singing voice perceived as having certain identifying
qualities or characteristics.
 is the process by which human voices are evaluated and are thereby designated into
voice types. These qualities include but are not limited to: vocal range, vocal weight,
vocal tessitura, vocal timbre, and vocal transition points such as breaks and lifts within
the voice. Other considerations are physical characteristics, speech level, scientific
testing, and vocal registration.[1] The science behind voice classification developed
within European classical music and is not generally applicable to other forms of
singing. Voice classification is often used within opera to associate possible roles with
potential voices. There are currently several different systems in use including: the
German Fach system and the choral music system among many others. No system is
universally applied or accepted. This article focuses on voice classification within
classical music. For other contemporary styles of singing see: Voice classification in
non-classical music.
 A note on vocal range vs. tessitura: Choral singers are classified into voice parts based on range;
solo singers are classified into voice types based in part on tessitura – where the voice feels most
comfortable for the majority of the time.

Female voices

Soprano ,the soprano is the highest female voice. The typical soprano voice lies between middle C
(C4) and "high C"(C6). The low extreme for sopranos is roughly B3 or A3 (just below middle C). Most
soprano roles do not extend above "high C" although there are several standard soprano roles that call
for D6 or D-flat6. At the highest extreme, some coloratura soprano roles may reach from F6 to A6 (the
F to A above "high C").
 Soprano tessitura: The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other
female voices. In particular, the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the
soprano sub-types.
 Soprano sub-types: As with all voice categories, sopranos are often divided into
different sub-categories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of voice, and
dexterity of the voice. These sub-categories include: Coloratura soprano, Soubrette,
Lyric soprano, Spinto, and Dramatic soprano.

Intermediate voice types

Two types of soprano especially dear to the French are the Dugazon and the Falcon, which are
intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo soprano: a Dugazon is a darker-colored
soubrette, a Falcon a darker-colored soprano drammatico.
Mezzo-soprano

The mezzo-soprano is the middle-range voice type for females and is the most common female voice.
Mezzo-soprano range: The mezzo-soprano voice lies between the soprano voice and contralto voice,
over-lapping both of them. The typical range of this voice is between A3 (the A below middle C) to A5
(the A two octaves above A3). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend
down to the G below middle C (G3) and as high as "high C" (C6).Mezzo-soprano tessitura: Although
this voice overlaps both the contralto and soprano voices, the tessitura of the mezzo-soprano is lower
than that of the soprano and higher than that of the contralto.
Mezzo-soprano sub-types: Mezzo-sopranos are often broken down into three categories: Lyric mezzo-
soprano, Coloratura mezzo-soprano and Dramatic mezzo-soprano.
Alto
Alto is the term used for a designated vocal line in choral music based on vocal range. The alto part in
choral music may range as much as two octaves, approximately from G3 (the G below middle C) to F5
(the F in the second octave above middle C), though not often in one work, and is usually sung by
female voices. As with all voice types, personal range, color and intensity vary.

Contralto

Contralto range: The contralto voice is the lowest female voice. A true operatic contralto is extremely
rare, so much so that often roles intended for contraltos are performed by mezzo-sopranos. The typical
contralto range lies between the E below middle C (E3) to the second E (E5) above middle C. In the
lower and upper extremes, some contralto voices can sing from the D below middle C (D3) to the
second B-flat above (B♭5), which is only one whole step short of the "Soprano C".
Contralto tessitura: The contralto voice has the lowest tessitura of the female voices. In current operatic
practice, female singers with very low vocal tessituras are often included among mezzo-sopranos.
Contralto sub-types: Contraltos are often broken down into two categories: Lyric contralto and
Dramatic contralto.

Male voices

Countertenor
The term countertenor refers to the highest male voice. Many countertenor singers perform roles
originally written for castrati in baroque operas. Historically, there is much evidence that
"countertenor", in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the
French haute-contre, and something similar to the "leggiero tenor" or tenor altino. It should be
remembered that, until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their
upper range.
Countertenor ranges (approximate)
Countertenor: from about G3 to E5 or F5
Sopranist: extend the upper range to usually only C6, but some as high as E6 or F6
Haute-contre: from about D3 or E3 to about D5
Countertenor sub-types: There are several sub-types of countertenors including Sopranist or male
soprano, Haute-contre, and modern castrato. The last actual castrato singer, Alessandro Moreschi, died
in 1922.

Tenor

The tenor is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the
C one octave below middle C (C3) to the C one octave above "Middle C" (C5). The low extreme for
tenors is roughly B-flat 2 (the second b-flat below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can
sing up to the second F above "Middle C" (F5).[6] Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of the tenor voice lies
above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The Leggiero tenor has the highest
tessitura of all the tenor sub-types.[3]
Tenor sub-types: Tenors are often divided into different sub-categories based on range, vocal color or
timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. These sub-categories include: Leggiero
tenor or Tenore di grazia, Lyric tenor, Spinto tenor, Dramatic tenor, and Heldentenor.[3] Famous tenors
include Enrico Caruso, Juan Diego Flórez, Alfredo Kraus, and Luciano Pavarotti.

Baritone

The Baritone is the most common type of male voice.

Baritone range: The vocal range of the baritone lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping
both of them. The typical baritone range is from the second F below middle C (F#2) to the F above
middle C (F#4), which is exactly two octaves. In the lower and upper extremes, a baritone's range can
be extended at either end.
Baritone tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the tenor and bass voices, the tessitura of the
baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass.
Baritone sub-types: Baritones are often divided into different sub-categories based on range, vocal
color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. These sub-categories include: Lyric
baritone, Bel Canto (coloratura) baritone, kavalierbariton, Dramatic baritone, Verdi baritone, baryton-
noble, and Bariton/Baryton-Martin.

Bass

Bass range: The bass is the lowest male voice. The bass voice has the lowest tessitura of all the voices.
The typical bass range lies between the second E below "middle C" (E2) to the E above middle C (E4).
In the lower and upper extremes of the bass voice, some basses can sing from the C two octaves below
middle C (C2) to the G above middle C (G4).
Bass sub-types: Basses are often divided into different sub-categories based on range, vocal color or
timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. These sub-categories include: Basso
Profondo, Basso Buffo, Bel Canto Bass, Basso Cantante, Dramatic Bass, and Bass-baritone.

Children's voices
The voice from childhood to adulthood.The human voice is in a constant state of change
and development just as the whole body is in a state of constant change. A human
voice will alter as a person gets older moving from immaturity to maturity to a peak
period of prime singing and then ultimately into a declining period. The vocal range
and timbre of children's voices does not have the variety that adults' voices have.
Both boys and girls prior to puberty have an equivalent vocal range and timbre. The
reason for this is that both groups have a similar laryngeal size and height and a
similar vocal cord structure. With the onset of puberty, both men and women's
voices alter as the vocal ligaments become more defined and the laryngeal
cartilages harden. The laryngeal structure of both voices change but more so in
men. The height of the male larynx becomes much longer than in women. The size
and development of adult lungs also changes what the voice is physically capable of
doing. From the onset of puberty to approximately age 22, the human voice is in an
in-between phase where it is not quite a child's voice nor an adult one yet. This is
not to suggest that the voice stops changing at that age. Different singers will reach
adult development earlier or later than others, and as stated above there are
continual changes throughout adulthood as well.

Treble

Boy soprano
The term treble can refer to either a young female or young male singer with an unchanged voice in
the soprano range. Initially, the term was associated with boy sopranos but as the inclusion of girls into
children's choirs became acceptable in the 20th century the term has expanded to refer to all pre-
pubescent voices. The lumping of children's voices into one category is also practical as boys and girls
share a similar range and timbre.
Treble range: Most trebles have an approximate range from the A below "middle C" (A3) to the F one
and a half octaves above "middle C" (F5). Some trebles, however, can extend their voices higher in the
modal register to "high C" (C6). This ability may be comparatively rare, but the Anglican church
repertory, which many trained trebles sing, frequently demands G5 and even A5.Many trebles are also
able to reach higher notes by use of the whistle register but this practice is rarely called for in
performance.

Classifying singers
Voice classification is important for vocal pedagogists and singers as a guiding tool for the
development of the voice. Misclassification can damage the vocal cords, shorten a singing career and
lead to the loss of both vocal beauty and free vocal production. Some of these dangers are not
immediate ones; the human voice is quite resilient, especially in early adulthood, and the damage may
not make its appearance for months or even years. Unfortunately, this lack of apparent immediate harm
can cause singers to develop bad habits that will over time cause irreparable damage to the voice.
Singing outside the natural vocal range imposes a serious strain upon the voice. Clinical evidence
indicates that singing at a pitch level that is either too high or too low creates vocal pathology.] Noted
vocal pedagogist Margaret Greene says,
"The need for choosing the correct natural range of the voice is of great importance in singing since the
outer ends of the singing range need very careful production and should not be overworked, even in
trained voices."
Singing at either extreme of the range may be damaging, but the possibility of damage seems to be
much more prevalent in too high a classification. A number of medical authorities have indicated that
singing at too high a pitch level may contribute to certain vocal disorders. Medical evidence indicates
that singing at too high of a pitch level may lead to the development of vocal nodules. Increasing
tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best
tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and
the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not as likely to be
damaging unless a singer tries to force the voice down.
In general vocal pedagogists consider four main qualities of a human voice when attempting to classify
it: vocal range, tessitura, timbre, and vocal transition points. However, teachers may also consider
physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing and other factors.

Dangers of quick identification

Many vocal pedagogists warn of the dangers of quick identification. Premature concern with
classification can result in misclassification, with all its attendant dangers. William Vennard says:
"I never feel any urgency about classifying a beginning student. So many premature diagnoses
have been proved wrong, and it can be harmful to the student and embarrassing to the teacher to
keep striving for an ill-chosen goal. It is best to begin in the middle part of the voice and work
upward and downward until the voice classifies itself".
Most vocal pedagogists believe that it is essential to establish good vocal habits within a limited and
comfortable range before attempting to classify the voice. When techniques of posture, breathing,
phonation, resonation, and articulation have become established in this comfortable area, the true
quality of the voice will emerge and the upper and lower limits of the range can be explored safely.
Only then can a tentative classification be arrived at, and it may be adjusted as the voice continues to
develop. Many vocal pedagogists suggest that teachers begin by assuming that a voice is of a medium
classification until it proves otherwise. The reason for this is that the majority of individuals possess
medium voices and therefore this approach is less likely to misclassify or damage the voice.
Choral music classification
Unlike other classification systems, choral music divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range.
Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into high and low voices within each sex
(SATB). As a result, the typical choral situation affords many opportunities for
misclassification to occur. Since most people have medium voices, they must be assigned to
a part that is either too high or too low for them; the mezzo-soprano must sing soprano or
alto and the baritone must sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the
singer, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low than in singing too h
 "Rhythm "

To explore music we have to define rhythm with characteristics and terms that we can recognize with
sight and convey meaning to others. Several items and descriptions are used for our rhythm
definitions.
As we encounter them, don’t be intimidated by these definitions they will become clear as we
progress through our efforts to learn music.
Rhythm can be defined as the patterned, recurring alternations of contrasting elements of sound or
speech.
A repeated set of things that can differ in length of time and type.
Rhythm:
The pattern of musical movement through time.
A specific kind of pattern, formed by a series of notes differing in duration and stress.

This will form our understanding. of what we mean to define rhythm, but isn't it just the beat we all
hear and feel when we listen to music. Yes, in it's simplest form it is. However, to see it and put all the
other elements in music together we need to further develop a structure to tie it all together.

Beat and Tempo:

Beat is the duration we assign to our rhythm definitions. It is the measurement of our musical time
unit and the amount of time our pulse will take. This can be a fraction of a second, a second, a few
seconds, or several seconds. Putting several beats together gives us a steady series of units which
make up rhythm. See this example of a 4 beat rhythm.

The beat is also assigned a speed such as a quarter note = 60, known as tempo, which will mean 60
beats per minute or 1 beat per second. Tempo can also be expressed as very slow, slow, fast, and very
fast which leaves the speed of play up to the artist.
Staf
A track is a series of lines which show musical notes. It is made up of 5 lines and four spaces. Two or
more tracks make a staff.

Here is a Staff. (The little boxes are whole rests which we talk about later.)

Here is what the master staff looks like.

Measure (bar):

A measure is the amount of time allocated to the rhythm before we start the counting pattern over
again. Here we show a staff with bar lines. Up above under the beat definition our bar lines are the

vertical lines.

One Measure from bar line to bar line

So one measure is the time allotted to apply a time frame in music and for the rhythm; however, the
pattern may change from measure to measure. Thus we can have a major pattern or rhythm form
over several measures of the counting measure. We will explore this concept in the more advanced
rhythm workshop.

“Measure is an American term, equivalent to the English ‘bar’, for the metrical units marked off along
the staff by vertical lines (bars or bar-lines). A vertical line (often called bar-line) drawn through the
staff to mark off metrical units. In American usage, the term ‘measure’ is usually preferred to ‘bar’.”

Notes and rests:

The note is the symbol used to tell us how long we hold our played pitch or how long our tap of a
beat in the rhythmic pattern will be held. It also will tell us what sound is to be played when we put it
in a specific location on a staff.

The note names will be familiar to us just as money has become. We can think that a whole note is
like a one peso and a quarter note is like a 25 cents.

Rests are the opposite of notes they show us where we have silence or do not play, but occupy a
similar time frame. Here are two examples.

Time signature:
Another important aspect of rhythm definitions involves a time unit. Rhythm is expressed, stated, and
describe with a time signature. It is stated in beats per measure and how the beat is counted.
Example:
The time signature 4/4 is 4 beats per measure counted by quarter notes.

The top number represents the beat to count. the bottom is the beat value.

"Music Note Symbols"

The music note symbols are similar in shape and easy to recognize. We need to start with some basic
symbols to be able to work with rhythm.

The Note:
In music we choose the note as one of the ways to show how our music will be played. So let’s look at
defining notes for the music theory. The note will represent when an instrument will be played. Be it a
drum, keyboard, brass, guitar, our legs, a table top, or what ever.

Our basic set consists of the Whole note, the Half note, the Quarter note, the Eighth note, and the
Sixteenth note. What does all this mean?

Simply take a 1 peso and divide it by two, (50 cents) and then again by two, (25 cents) and by two
again (bit=eighth) and two again (half bit= sixteenth). Look below and you can see the how we express
the notes.
Notes:
These are the five basic note symbols we use in most of the music and rhythms we will play.
Dotted Notes:
We need to add one more component to complete our basic rhythm symbols. That will be the dot “.”,
Here’s how it’s applied. Add it directly behind the note and it becomes a dotted note. It means add
half the value to the note. We will look at that in music math.

We can add the dot to the other notes as well, this means to add half as much to the value again.
Rests:
Our next symbol concept is the “rest”. The rest will represent when an instrument or beat is not
played.

So we will not strike a beat or beats when a rest appears. You get to relax and allow silence to be part
of your rhythm. Silence is just as important as sound. It allows you add space and accents to your

music. Keep this in mind when you listen to your music choices and see if you can find the rest points.
The rests:
These are the five basic rest symbols we use. So each note has an equal rest.

Dotted Notes:

And for our dotted notes we have dotted rests. They are applied as with notes.
Beams:
Before we move on let’s explore the beaming of notes. Connecting together the flags of eighth and
sixteenth notes is called a beam. It simply means pairing up the notes so there isn’t a big long stream
of individual notes. They would be hard to read, but instead, by grouping the notes they are much
easier to read.

Compare the following:

8 eighth notes

8 sixteenth notes
Grouping provides a great way to easily read and recognize our rhythm pattern for these notes.

Ties:
Another symbol we need to explore is the tie. Look at this sweeping line that connects the two notes.
This is the tie. It purpose in rhythm is to connect the notes to make them one note.

Our first set of notes show a quarter note and an eighth tied together giving them the same count
value as a dotted quarter note.

Our second set shows how a dotted quarter note is tied across a bar line with an eighth note and a
quarter note. We won’t be able to show a dotted quarter note across a bar line so this is a one way we
can use a tie.

Ties are used to help combine notes of the same sound to show a longer duration and make it easier
to read and see in time.

Here’s how we might see it written on a staff line:

"Music Note Time Value"

Beat and Time for Note Symbols
So let’s explore the music theory math next and give all these symbols some meaning.

Music Theory and Music Math:

Music is mathematical and is in the rhythm we learn here and the sound pitches we will learn about
in the music staff.

Here we start with the concept of note time value. Our basic understanding starts with the symbols
used above where we can assign time to the note. First let’s look at the relationship of the notes and
rests to each other.
Note Duration and Time Relationships
 = Whole note and rest: represents the time for a whole measure and is held for four
counts of the measure.

= Half note and rest: 1/2 of a whole note/rest, 2 half notes make a whole note/rest.

= Quarter note and rest: 1/4 of a whole note/rest,1/2 of a half note/rest, 4 quarter
notes make a whole note.

= Eight note and rest: 1/8 of a whole note/rest, 1/2 of a quarter note, it takes 8 eighth
notes to make a whole note.

= Sixteenth note and rest: 1/16 of a whole note,1/2 of an eighth note, 1/4 of a quarter
note, it takes 4 sixteenth notes to make a quarter
note,

Examples of notes on the staff each equal in count:

Melody

Intervals
An interval is the distance between two notes. Intervals are always counted from the lower note to
the higher one, with the lower note being counted as one. Intervals come in different qualities and
size. If the notes are sounded successively, it is a melodic interval. If sounded simultaneously, then it is
a harmonic interval.

The smallest interval used in Western music is the half step. A visual representation of a half step
would be the distance between a consecutive white and black note on the piano. There are two
exceptions to this rule, as two natural half steps occur between the notes E and F, and B and C.

A whole step is the distance between two consecutive white or black keys. It is made up of two
half steps.
Intervals come in various sizes: Unisons, Seconds, Thirds, Fourths, Fifths, Sixths, and Sevenths.

2nds, 3rds, 6ths, and 7ths can be found as Major and Minor.
Unisons, 4ths, 5ths, and Octaves are Perfect.

Scales
There are many different types of scales. They are the backbone of music.

A major scale is a series of 8 consecutive notes that use the following pattern of half and whole
steps:

Minor Scales come in three forms: Natural, Melodic, and Harmonic.

Natural Minor scales use the following pattern of half and whole steps

Melodic Minor scales ascend and use the following pattern of half and whole steps. When
descending, they do so in the natural minor form.
Form
Binary and Ternary Form

The words Binary and Ternary simply mean two and three and refers to music which is in two or three
distinct sections. If you hum the tune to Twinkle, twinkle little star in your head you should be able to
distinguish the three sections. If we were to give each section a letter, it would look like this:

A Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are.

B Up above the world so high, like a diamond in the sky.
A Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are.

So music in ternary form is can also be called ABA form, whereas binary form is simply AB! Look at the
following two pieces of music and mark which form the music is in:
Form example 1

AB Form
Form example 2

ABA Form
Timbre - The combination of qualities of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same
pitch and volume.
Dynamics
Musical dynamics control the volume of a song, and may be signified by words, symbols, or both.
Dynamics mark the relative changes in intensity, and do not express precise decibel levels; a song in
mezzo-piano played by two different pianists may sound slightly louder or softer depending on the
instruments as well as the players’ interpretations. However, the audible distance between mp and p
should be similar for both musicians.

Tempo

This Italian word at the beginning of a music piece indicates how slow or fast the piece should be
played. This is called the tempo (from the Latin word tempus meaning time) which is effective
throughout the duration of the music unless the composer indicates otherwise. Here are the most
common tempo marks used in music:

Grave - Very Slow

Largo, Lento - Slow

Larghetto - A little faster than Largo

Adagio - Moderately Slow

Andante - "Walking" Tempo

Andantino - A little faster than Andante

Allegretto - A little slower than Allegro

Allegro - Fast

Vivace - Lively

Presto - Very Fast

Prestissimo - Very Very Fast

Moderato - Moderate(ly)

Molto - Very

Accel., Accelerando - Gradually becoming faster

Rit., Ritardando - Gradually becoming slower

Harmony, in music, the combination of notes (or pitches) that sound simultaneously. The term
harmony is used both in the general sense of a succession of simultaneously sounded pitches and for
a single instance of pitches sounding together. In this second meaning, the term harmony is
synonymous with chord. Harmony stands in contrast to melody (pitches sounding one after another).

Art

Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities; this article focuses
primarily on the visual arts, which includes the creation of images or objects in fields including
painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media.
  Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts; however, like the decorative arts, it
involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential—in a
way that they are usually not for a painting, for example.
 Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, and other media
such as interactive media are included in a broader definition of art or the arts. Until the 17th
century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences,
but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are
distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.
 Art has been characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, or
other values. During the Romantic period, art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the
human mind to be classified with religion and science". Though the definition of what
constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of
human agency and creation through imaginative or technical skill.
 The nature of art, and related concepts such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a
branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
 Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a medium. Art can also simply refer to
the developed and efficient use of a language to convey meaning with immediacy and or depth.
Art is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations. There is an understanding that
is reached with the material as a result of handling it, which facilitates one's thought processes.
A common view is that the epithet "art", particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level
of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an
originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution
was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success.

Purpose of art

Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose
difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of Art is
"vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions
of Art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to
those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated (Lévi-Strauss).

Non-motivated functions of art

The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual,
or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must
do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.
1. Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm. Art at this level is not an action or an
object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of
being human beyond utility.
"Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and
rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this
natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth
to Poetry." -Aristotle
2. Experience of the mysterious. Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the
universe. This experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry.
 "The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and
science." -Albert Einstein
3. Expression of the imagination. Art provide a means to express the imagination in non-
grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words,
which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of
forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable.
"Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the
concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation, but rather something else – something that
gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred
representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by
words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for
logical presentation, but with the proper function, however, of animating the mind by opening
out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken."
-Immanuel Kant
4. Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and
dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated)
purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a
particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is often the result of
many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture.
"Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that
cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or
symbolic, are aware of the trap posed by the term 'art'." -Silva Tomaskova

Motivated functions of art

Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator.
These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific
emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial
arts) to sell a product, or simply as a form of communication.
1. Communication. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of
communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated
purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication.
Maps are another example. However, the content need not be scientific. Emotions, moods and
feelings are also communicated through art.
"[Art is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication."
-Steve Mithen
2. Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the purpose
of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion
Pictures and Video Games.
3. The Avante-Garde. Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early twentieth-
century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. Art movements that
had this goal—Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism,
among others—are collectively referred to as the avante-garde arts.
"By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to
Anatole France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I
loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today
gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on and derives
strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the
lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog's life." -André Breton (Surrealism)
 4. Art as a "free zone", removed from the action of the social censure. Unlike the avant-garde
movements, which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal
values, contemporary art has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its
critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism, subversion, deconstruction...),
becoming a more open place for research and experimentation.
5. Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. While similar to art for political change,
subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific
political goal. In this case, the function of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society.
case vandalism).
6. Art for social causes. Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number
of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of autism, cancer, human trafficking, and a
variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation, human rights in Darfur, murdered and
missing Aboriginal women, elder abuse, and pollution. Trashion, practiced by artists such as
Marina DeBris is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.
7. Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists
and clinical psychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic Drawing Series, for example, is used
to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the
principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The
resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject
and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric
therapy.
8. Art for propaganda, or commercialism. Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda, and thus
can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to
sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to
subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a
particular idea or object.
9. Art as a fitness indicator. It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds
what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment. One evolutionary psychology
explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits (such as artistic ability and
creativity) are the human equivalent of the peacock's tail. The purpose of the male peacock's
extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also Fisherian runaway and
handicap principle). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionary
important because it attracted mates.
The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive, as many of them may overlap. For
example, art for the purpose of entertainment may also seek to sell a product, i.e. the movie or video
game.

Visual Arts is composed of paintings, sculptures, architecture. Visual Art like painting, are made of
basic elements like:
 Dot/ point
 Line shape
 Texture (rough/ smooth)
 Color
 Spacxe
 Value
 Volume/mass
These visual elements are significant in creating design that adheres to the following principles:
 Unity and variety
 Balance
 Emphasis/ focal point
 Rhythm/ pattern
 Proportion/scale
 Movement

The final composition of the basic visual elements done by the artist using a particular medium like
water color, pencil, cement, paper etc. Will be considered as an art form regardless whether the art form
came from different country or done by different artist since all art forms evoke meaning and messages.
The meaning and messages sometimes receive or understood by the viewers. A viewer who receives
the messages of the art form sometimes translates it to feelings and emotions. These emotions are very
subjective and cannot simply negate the other feelings experienced by the viewer or simply summarize
it to one concept of feeling.
All art forms have functions. They only differ in levels of functions. Like, a terracotta a pot may serve
as a water vessel or container. A batik painting may serve as a decorative function ewhile some painting
may be spiritual in purpose.

Types of visual art

 Architecture – process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural
works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols
and as works of art.
 Arts and crafts –
 Asemic writing – is a wordless open semantic form of writing. The word asemic means "having
no specific semantic content.” With the nonspecificity of asemic writing there comes a vacuum
of meaning which is left for the reader to fill in and interpret. All of this is similar to the way
one would deduce meaning from an abstract work of art.
 Animation – is the rapid display of a sequence of static images and/or objects to create an
illusion of movement.
 Cartoon – is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. An artist who creates cartoons is
called a cartoonist.
 Collage – (From the French: coller, to glue; is a technique of an art production, primarily used
in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus
creating a new whole.
 .Comics – is a type of content that communicates ideas via images, often combined with text or
other forms of visual information.
 Conceptual art – sometimes simply called conceptualism, is art in which the concept (s) or
idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.
Many of works of conceptual art, sometimes called installations.
 Decollage – in art, is the opposite of collage; instead of an image being built up of all or parts of
existing images, it is created by cutting, tearing away or otherwise removing, pieces of an
original image.
 Decorative arts- is traditionally a term for the design and manufacture of functional objects. It
includes interior design, but not usually architecture. The decorative arts are often categorized
in opposition to the "fine arts", namely, painting, drawing, photography, and large-scale
sculpture, which generally have no function other than to be seen.
 Design – as a verb, it refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a new object
(machine, building, product, etc.). As a noun, it is used both for the final plan or proposal (a
drawing, model, or other description), or the result of implementing that plan or proposal (the
object produced).
o Fashion design – is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty
to clothing and accessories.
o Garden design – is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and
planting of gardens and landscapes.
o Graphic design – is a creative process, one most often involving a client and a designer,
and traditionally completed in conjunction with producers of form (printers, sign
makers, etc.). Graphic design is undertaken to convey a specific message (or messages)
to a targeted audience, usually from the client, known as the 'brief'.
o Motion graphic design – is a subset of graphic design in that it uses graphic design
principles in a filmmaking or video production context (or other temporally evolving
visual medium) through the use of animation or filmic techniques.
o Web design – encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and
maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design;
interface design; authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user
experience design; and search engine optimization.
 Drawing – is a form of visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark
a two-dimensional medium.
 Film – also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still images which, when shown on
a screen, creates the illusion of moving images.
 Found art – originates from the French objet trouvé, describing art created from undisguised,
but often modified, objects or products that are not normally considered art, often because they
already have a non-art function.[
 Graffiti – (singular: graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun. Also known as Graff) is writing
or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in
a public place.
 Illustration – is a depiction (such as a drawing, painting, photograph, or other image).
o Concept art – is a form of illustration where the main goal is to convey a visual
representation of a design, idea, and/or mood for use in films, video games, animation,
or comic books before it is put into the final product. Concept art is also referred to as
visual development and/or concept design.
 Installation art – describes an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-
specific and designed to transform the perception of a space.
 Land art – is an art movement in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked. It
is also an art form that is created in nature.
 Mail art – (also known as Postal art and Correspondence art) is a populist artistic movement
centered around sending small scale works through the postal service.
 Mixed media – in visual art, refers to an artwork in the making of which more than one medium
has been employed.
 Painting – is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium[1] to a surface
(support base).
 Photography – (derived from the Greek photos- for "light" and -graphos for "drawing") is the
art, science, and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic
radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or
electronically by means of an image sensor.
  Printmaking – is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper.
o Etching – is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts
of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal (the original process—in
modern manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of material.
o Lithography – (from Greek, lithos, "stone" + graphein, "to write") is a method of
printing originally based on the fundamental antipathy of oil and water.
o Screen-printing – is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-
blocking stencil to receive a desired image.
 Sculpture – is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions, and one of the
plastic arts.
 Typography – from the Greek words (typos) = form and (graphe) = writing) is the art and
technique of arranging type in order to make language visible. The arrangement of type
 Video art – is a type of art which relies on moving pictures and comprises video and/or audio
data.

Forms, genres, media, and styles

An art form is the specific shape, or quality an artistic expression takes. The media used often
influence the form. For example, the form of a sculpture must exist in space in three dimensions, and
respond to gravity. The constraints and limitations of a particular medium are thus called its formal
qualities. To give another example, the formal qualities of painting are the canvas texture, color, and
brush texture. The formal qualities of video games are non-linearity, interactivity and virtual presence.
The form of a particular work of art is determined by the formal qualities of the media, and is not
related to the intentions of the artist or the reactions of the audience in any way whatsoever as these
properties are related to content rather than form
. A genre is a set of conventions and styles within a particular medium. For instance, well
recognized genres in film are western, horror and romantic comedy. Genres in music include death
metal and trip hop. Genres in painting include still life and pastoral landscape. A particular work of art
may bend or combine genres but each genre has a recognizable group of conventions, clichés and
tropes. (One note: the word genre has a second older meaning within painting; genre painting was a
phrase used in the 17th to 19th centuries to refer specifically to paintings of scenes of everyday life and
is still used in this way.)

The style of an artwork, artist, or movement is the distinctive method and form followed by the
respective art. Any loose brushy, dripped or poured abstract painting is called expressionistic. Often a
style is linked with a particular historical period, set of ideas, and particular artistic movement.

Sculpture
Sculpture is thee creation of a 3-dimensional art form. A 3-dimensional art form must have length,
width and height. Some of the basic characteristic of sculpture are the implied volume and textures of
the art work. Two common types of sculptures ‘relief’ and ‘free standing; sculptures. The relief
sculptures is also called Relievo ( from Italian relievare toraise), in sculpture work in which the figures
project from supporting background usually a plane surface. Relief classified according to the height,
of the figures projections or detachment from the background.Durable sculptural processes originally
used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal,
ceramics, wood and other materials but, since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost
complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal
such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast.
 Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often
represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures, though
 conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most
ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.
 Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries
large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of
religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the
cultures of the Ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in South America and
Africa.
The other type of sculpture is the free standing or “ in the ground”. It is separate detachment object
where one can see the back side and front view of the project.
The common materials usually used in sculpture are as follows;
 Clay
 Cement
 Copper/ brass
 Wood
 Plaster
 Resin
 metals
 srone
 wax
 fabric
 rubber
 and random found object..

Sculpture Techniques:
Sculptures apply different techniques to achieve the desire texture and form of the art work. This
techniques usually accompanied by the use of the some equipments and materials.
There are two basic sculptural processes the additive and subtractive process. The additive
process is when additional materials placed/ added to form the desire shape of the art work. The
subtractive method is exactly the opposite of the additive process.
These are the following specific sculpture techniques which can be used to form the shapes onto the
materials:
 carving
 modelling
 molding and casting
 wrought-up
 welding
 sewing
 assembling
 or combining

Baroque and Rococo

Baroque sculpture
In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance, and there was a dynamic
movement and energy of human forms— they spiralled around an empty central vortex, or
reached outwards into the surrounding space. Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal
viewing angles, and reflected a general continuation of the Renaissance move away from the
 relief to sculpture created in the round, and designed to be placed in the middle of a large
space – elaborate fountains such as Bernini's Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Rome, 1651), or those
in the Gardens of Versailles were a Baroque speciality.

Neoclassical sculpture

The Neoclassical style that arrived in the late 18th century gave great emphasis to sculpture.
Jean-Antoine Houdon exemplifies the penetrating portrait sculpture the style could produce, and
Antonio Canova's nudes the idealist aspect of the movement. The Neoclassical period was one of the
great ages of public sculpture, though its "classical" prototypes were more likely to be Roman copies of
Hellenistic sculptures. In sculpture, the most familiar representatives are the Italian Antonio Canova,
the Englishman John Flaxman and the Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen. The European neoclassical manner
also took hold in the United States, where its pinnacle occurred somewhat later and is exemplified in
the sculptures of Hiram Powers.

Greco-Buddhist sculpture and Asia

Greco-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism
between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 1000
years in Central Asia, between the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, and the
Islamic conquests of the 7th century CE. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic
realism of Hellenistic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped
define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent
up to the present. Though dating is uncertain, it appears that strongly Hellenistic styles lingered in the
East for several centuries after they had declined around the Mediterranean, as late as the 5th century
CE. Some aspects of Greek art were adopted while others did not spread beyond the Greco-Buddhist
area; in particular the standing figure, often with a relaxed pose and one leg flexed, and the flying
cupids or victories, who became popular across Asia as apsaras. Greek foliage decoration was also
influential, with Indian versions of the Corinthian capital appearing.

China
Main articles: Chinese art, Chinese ceramics, Lacquerware, and Chinese jade

A Liao Dynasty polychrome wood-carved statue of Guan Yin, Shanxi Province, China, (907–
1125 AD)
Chinese ritual bronzes from the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties come from a period of over a
thousand years from c. 1500, and have exerted a continuing influence over Chinese art. They are cast
with complex patterned and zoomorphic decoration, but avoid the human figure, unlike the huge
figures only recently discovered at Sanxingdui. The spectacular Terracotta Army was assembled for the
tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China from 221–210 BCE, as a grand imperial
version of the figures long placed in tombs to enable the deceased to enjoy the same lifestyle in the
afterlife as when alive, replacing actual sacrifices of very early periods. Smaller figures in pottery or
wood were placed in tombs for many centuries afterwards, reaching a peak of quality in the Tang
Dynasty.

Japan
See also: Japanese art, Japanese sculpture, and List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)
 Towards the end of the long Neolithic Jōmon period, some pottery vessels were "flame-
rimmed" with extravagant extensions to the rim that can only be called sculptural,[91] and very stylized
pottery dogū figures were produced, many with the characteristic "snow-goggle" eyes. During the
Kofun period of the 3rd to 6th century CE, haniwa terracotta figures of humans and animals in a
simplistic style were erected outside important tombs. The arrival of Buddhism in the 6th century
brought with it sophisticated traditions in sculpture, Chinese styles mediated via Korea. The 7th
century Hōryū-ji and its contents have survived more intact than any East Asian Buddhist temple of its
date, with works including a Shaka Trinity of 623 in bronze, showing the historical Buddha flanked by
two bodhisattvas and also the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions.[92]

India

Hindu Gupta terracotta relief, 5th century CE, of Krishna Killing the Horse Demon Keshi
The first known sculpture in the Indian subcontinent is from the Indus Valley civilization (3300–1700
BC), found in sites at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in modern-day Pakistan. These include the famous
small bronze female dancer. However such figures in bronze and stone are rare and greatly
outnumbered by pottery figurines and stone seals, often of animals or deities very finely depicted. After
the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization there is little record of sculpture until the Buddhist era,
apart from a hoard of copper figures of (somewhat controversially) c. 1500 BCE from Daimabad. Thus
the great tradition of Indian monumental sculpture in stone appears to begin relatively late, with the
reign of Asoka from 270 to 232 BCE, and the Pillars of Ashoka he erected around India, carrying his
edicts and topped by famous sculptures of animals, mostly lions, of which six survive. Large amounts
of figurative sculpture, mostly in relief, survive from Early Buddhist pilgrimage stupas, above all
Sanchi; these probably developed out of a tradition using wood that also embraced Hinduism.

South-East Asia

9th century Khmer lintel

The sculpture of the region tends to be characterised by a high degree of ornament, as seen in
the great monuments of Hindu and Buddhist Khmer sculpture (9th to 13th centuries) at Ankor Wat and
elsewhere, the enormous 9th-century Buddhist complex at Borobudur in Java, and the Hindu
monuments of Bali. Both of these include many reliefs as well as figures in the round; Borobudur has
2,672 relief panels, 504 Buddha statues, many semi-concealed in openwork stupas, and many large
guardian figures. In Thailand and Laos, sculpture was mainly of Buddha images, often gilded, both
large for temples and monasteries, and small figurines for private homes. Traditional sculpture in
Myanmar emerged before the Bagan period. As elsewhere in the region, most of the wood sculptures of
the Bagan and Ava periods have been lost. In later periods Chinese influence predominated in Vietnam,
Laos and Cambodia, and more wooden sculpture survives from across the region.
Islam

Ivory with traces of paint, 11th–12th century, Egypt

Islam is famously aniconic, so the vast majority of sculpture is arabesque decoration in relief or
openwork, based on vegetable motifs, but tending to geometrical abstract forms. In the very early
Mshatta Facade (740s), now mostly in Berlin, there are animals within the dense arabesques in high
relief, and figures of animals and men in mostly low relief are found in conjunction with decoration on
many later pieces in various materials, including metalwork, ivory and ceramics.[102]
Figures of animals in the round were often acceptable for works used in private contexts if the object
was clearly practical, so medieval Islamic art contains many metal animals that are aquamaniles,
incense burners or supporters for fountains, as in the stone lions supporting the famous one in the
Alhambra, culminating in the largest medieval Islamic animal figure known, the Pisa Griffin. In the
same way, luxury hardstone carvings such as dagger hilts and cups may be formed as animals,
especially in Mughal art. The degree of acceptability of such relaxations of strict Islamic rules varies
between periods and regions, with Islamic Spain, Persia and India often leading relaxation, and is
typically highest in courtly contexts.
Africa

Mask from Gabon

Two Chiwara c. late 19th early 20th centuries, Art Institute of Chicago. Female (left) and male Vertical
styles

Historically, with the exception of some monumental Egyptian sculpture, most African
sculpture was created in wood and other organic materials that have not survived from earlier than a
few centuries ago; older pottery figures are found from a number of areas. Masks are important
elements in the art of many peoples, along with human figures, often highly stylized. There is a vast
variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin depending on the use of the object, but
wide regional trends are apparent; sculpture is most common among "groups of settled cultivators in
the areas drained by the Niger and Congo rivers" in West Africa. Direct images of deities are relatively
infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for religious ceremonies; today many are
made for tourists as "airport art". African masks were an influence on European Modernist art, which
was inspired by their lack of concern for naturalistic depiction.

The Americas
See also: Sculpture of the United States, Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas, Pre-
Columbian art, Northwest Coast art, and Inuit art

Sculpture in what is now Latin America developed in two separate and distinct areas,
Mesoamerica in the north and Peru in the south. In both areas, sculpture was initially of stone, and later
of terracotta and metal as the civilizations in these areas became more technologically proficient. The
Mesoamerican region produced more monumental sculpture, from the massive block-like works of the
Olmec and Toltec cultures, to the superb low reliefs that characterize the Mayan and Aztec cultures. In
the Andean region, sculptures were typically small, but often show superb skill.

Moving toward modern art

North America

In North America, wood was sculpted for totem poles, masks, utensils, War canoes and a variety
of other uses, with distinct variation between different cultures and regions. The most developed styles
are those of the Pacific Northwest Coast, where a group of elaborate and highly stylized formal styles
developed forming the basis of a tradition that continues today. In addition to the famous totem poles,
painted and carved house fronts were complemented by carved posts inside and out, as well as
mortuary figures and other items. Among the Inuit of the far north, traditional carving styles in ivory
and soapstone are still continued.
 St. James panel, from reredos in Cristo Rey Church, Santa Fe, New Mexico, c. 1760
The arrival of European Catholic culture readily adapted local skills to the prevailing Baroque style,
producing enormously elaborate retablos and other mostly church sculptures in a variety of hybrid
styles.[109] The most famous of such examples in Canada is the altar area of the Notre Dame Basilica in
Montreal, Quebec, which was carved by peasant habitant labourers. Later, artists trained in the Western
academic tradition followed European styles until in the late 19th century they began to draw again on
indigenous influences, notably in the Mexican baroque grotesque style known as Churrigueresque.
Aboriginal peoples also adapted church sculpture in variations on Carpenter Gothic; one famous
example is the Church of the Holy Cross in Skookumchuck Hot Springs, British Columbia.

Handicraf

A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft, is any of a wide

variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using
only simple tools. It is a traditional main sector of craft, and applies to a wide range of creative and
design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work with
textiles, moldable and rigid materials, paper, plant fibers, etc. Usually the term is applied to traditional
techniques of creating items (whether for personal use or as products) that are both practical and
aesthetic.
 Collective terms for handicrafts include artisanry, handicrafting, crafting, and
handicraftsmanship. The term arts and crafts is also applied, especially in the United States
and mostly to hobbyists' and children's output rather than items crafted for daily use, but this
distinction is not formal, and the term is easily confused with the Arts and Crafts design
movement, which is in fact as practical as it is aesthetic.
 Handicrafting has its roots in the rural crafts—the material-goods necessities—of ancient
civilizations, and many specific crafts have been practiced for centuries, while others are
modern inventions, or popularizations of crafts which were originally practiced in a limited
geographic area.
 Many handicrafters use natural, even entirely indigenous, materials while others may prefer
modern, non-traditional materials, and even upcycle industrial materials. The individual
 artisanship of a handicrafted item is the paramount criterion; those made by mass production or
machines are not handicraft goods.
 Seen as developing the skills and creative interests of students, generally and sometimes
towards a particular craft or trade, handicrafts are often integrated into educational systems,
both informally and formally. Most crafts require the development of skill and the application
of patience, but can be learned by virtually anyone.

Materials and techniques

The materials used in sculpture are diverse, changing throughout history. The classic materials, with
outstanding durability, are metal, especially bronze, stone and pottery, with wood, bone and antler less
durable but cheaper options. Precious materials such as gold, silver, jade, and ivory are often used for
small luxury works, and sometimes in larger ones, as in chryselephantine statues. More common and
less expensive materials were used for sculpture for wider consumption, including hardwoods (such as
oak, box/boxwood, and lime/linden); terracotta and other ceramics, wax (a very common material for
models for casting, and receiving the impressions of cylinder seals and engraved gems), and cast metals
such as pewter and zinc (spelter). But a vast number of other materials have been used as part of
sculptures, in ethnographic and ancient works as much as modern ones.

Stone

Stone sculpture is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled
removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, evidence can be found that even the
earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work, though not all areas of the world have such
abundance of good stone for carving as Egypt, Greece, India and most of Europe.
 Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are perhaps the earliest form: images created by
removing part of a rock surface which remains in situ, by incising, pecking, carving, and
abrading
 . Monumental sculpture covers large works, and architectural sculpture, which is attached to
buildings.
 Hardstone carving is the carving for artistic purposes of semi-precious stones such as jade,
agate, onyx, rock crystal, sard or carnelian, and a general term for an object made in this way.
Alabaster or mineral gypsum is a soft mineral that is easy to carve for smaller works and still
relatively durable.
 Engraved gems are small carved gems, including cameos, originally used as seal rings.
Casting is a group of manufacturing processes by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass,
aluminum, iron) is (usually) poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape,
and then allowed to solidify. The solid casting is then ejected or broken out to complete the process,]
although a final stage of "cold work" may follow on the finished cast. Casting may be used to form hot
liquid metals or various materials that cold set after mixing of components (such as epoxies, concrete,
plaster and clay). Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise
difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. The oldest surviving casting is a copper.
Glass may be used for sculpture through a wide range of working techniques, though the use of it for
large works is a recent development. It can be carved, with considerable difficulty; the Roman
Lycurgus Cup is all but unique.
Pottery is one of the oldest materials for sculpture, as well as clay being the medium in which many
sculptures cast in metal are originally modelled for casting. Sculptors often build small preliminary
works called maquettes of ephemeral materials such as plaster of Paris, wax, unfired clay, or
plasticine.Many cultures have produced pottery which combines a function as a vessel with a sculptural
form, and small figurines have often been as popular as they are in modern Western culture.
Wood carving has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much less well than the other main
materials, being vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden
element in the art history of many cultures.

P.E
Physical Fitness Test
Physical fitness testing is always important component of physical education .the ultimate goal
of physical education is to develop you physically, mentally, socially, psychologically, and spiritually to
help you live a healthy, useful, happy, and productive life.
According to Dr. Aparicio H. Mequi, consultant for physical fitness, “Physical Fitness Testing is
not an end in itself. It is a part of the process to create educated Filipino citizenry that is acutely aware
of the aware of the importance of holistic wellness-fitness of body, mind and spirit.” The skills,
knowledge , and adapt to the “wellness lifestyle” for Filipinos, a lifestyle not only practiced while in
school, but all throughout their lives. Thus, the students should be aware of the value of the physical
fitness test.

Physical Fitness Component

Health Related
1. Body Composition – the relative percentage of body fat compared with lean body mass.
2. Muscular Strength – the amount of force that can be produced by a single contraction of a
muscles.
3. Muscular Endurance – the ability of a muscle group to continue muscle contraction over a
length of time.
4. Flexibility – the ability to use one’s joints fully in a normal range of motion
5. Cardiovascular Endurance – the ability of the circulatory system to supply oxygen to
working muscles during exercise.

Skill Related
1. Speed – the ability to perform a movement or cover a certain distance in a short period of
time.
2. Reaction Time- the amount of time it takes to move once you realize the need to act.
3. Agility – the ability to change the position of one’s body quickly and to control one’s body
movements.
4. Balance – the ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary or moving.
5. Coordination – the ability to use the body parts and senses together to produce smooth
efficient movements.
6. Power- the product of strength and speed.

A. Measurement of Body Composition

Body Mass Index (BMI) refers to the measurement of one’s weight relative to his or her height.
By knowing your BMI, you will know whether you are underweight, of normal weight, overweight, or
obese.
Formula for Computing Body Mass Index
Body Mass (in kilograms)
Height2 (in meter squared)
Standard: Less than 15
15.0 – 18.5 Starvation
18.5 – 24.9 Underweight
25.0 – 29.9 Normal
30.0 – 40.0 Obese
Greater than 40 Morbidly Obese
Source: http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi
Below are test items that will help you determine your BMI. Follow the procedures carefully.
1. Body Mass
It is the amount of matter in a body.
Purpose:
This helps determine one’s percentage of body fat in comparison to one’s body weight. It is
also referred to as body composition.
2. Stature (height)
Height is the measurement from base of the foot to the top of the head of a person.

B. Mascular Strength and Endurance Tests

1. Partial Curl-ups
Purpose
This measures the strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles.
2. Trunk Lif
Purpose
This test the strength and flexibility of the back extensor muscles.
3. 90 ̊ Push- ups
Purpose
This test measures the strength and endurance of the arms and chest muscles.

C. Flexibility test
Flexibility is the ability of the muscles to move at a normal range. Under this fitness
component, you have the sit- and-reach and the shoulder stretch. Sit-and-reach measures the
flexibility of the hamstring muscles and lower back while the shoulder stretch measures the flexibility
of the shoulder joints.

1. Sit-and-Reach
Purpose
This is to measure the flexibility of the hamstring muscles (back of the thigh) and to
some degree, the lower back.
2. Shoulder Stretch
Purpose
This test measures the flexibility of the shoulder joints,
D. Physiological Fitness Test
1. Kilometer Run/Walk
Purpose
 This test measures the ability of your heart, lungs, circulatory system, and the muscles
to transport and utilize oxygen during physical activity. It is an excellent measure of good
health and physical fitness.

Sports Talent Component

A. Anthropometric Measurement
1. Sitting Height
It is the vertical distance from the sitting surface to the vertex (top) of the head. It is the
Length of the trunk, neck, head, and buttocks.
Purpose:
The ratio of sitting height to the standing height is relevant to performance in a number of
sports like jumping events. The longer the legs relative to the trunk, the better.

2. Arm Span
The next test is done by extending the arms straight out to the sides at a 90-degree
angle from the body. The horizontal distance between the tips of the middle finger with the
arms extended laterally at shoulder level is the arm span. It includes the width of the shoulder
and length of the upper arms, forearms, and hands.
Purpose:
The arm span is relevant to sports where a greater span can be beneficial to performance, such
as in volleyball.

B. Muscular Power Test

These are three (3) test items that should be undertaken namely, Standing Long Jump,
Basketball Pass, and 50-meter Sprint.
1. Standing Long Jump.
Purpose :
This test measures the power of the leg muscles.

2. Basketball Pass
Purpose:
This test measures your upper body strength and power, and your ability to exert a forceful
movement utilizing the muscles of the arms and upper body. Basketball, volleyball, and baseball
players have strong muscles in the arm and upper body. Other sports that require a strong upper body
are gymnastics, swimming, and throwing events in athletics.

3. 50-meter Sprint
Purpose:
The purpose of this test is to measure your running speed. If you run very fast, you can be an
asset in most sporting events in individual sports, as well as team sports that involve sprinting.

Fitness Awareness

Exercise is a pleasant diversion from routine and also relieves tension. An ideal exercise like
walking, which requires no equipment, is suitable for all, and utilizes and involves most of the body
muscles. Each sports activity utilizes its own particular set of muscles.
 There are various things to consider in improving your fitness. First of all, you should know the
benefits of exercise, as well as the danger of overexercising.

Benefits of Exercise
Exercise is a very personal matter, and it is dependent on the individual’s objective. A majority
of those who exercise wants to feel good and look better. Generally, long life expectancy and the
desire to perform well are among the reasons why people exercise.
Exercise promotes health and improves one’s quality of life. Therefore, it should be a lifetime
habit.
Overexercising must be strictly avoided. The danger signals that indicate that the activity is too
strenuous are:
1. heart beating rapidly for more than 10 minutes after exercises;
2. feeling unusually tired the following day; and
3. experiencing muscles soreness.

Physical Benefits of Exercise

1. It develops muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, and enhances proper growth of bones.
2. It improves blood circulation and efficiency of the lungs to supply oxygen.
3. It improves the functioning of body tissues.
4. It helps control body weight and develops firmer body contour.
5. It strengthens bones.
6. It reduces fatigue at the end of the day.
7. It enhances work, recreation, and performance.
8. It improves posture and body mechanics.

Psychological Benefits of Exercise

1. Stress reduction- exercise makes one more emotionally stable, promotes greater confidence,
and improves self-worth.
2. Feeling of well-being- exercise enhances potentials, reduces depression, makes one more
efficient when working, and produces a feeling of accomplishment.

Intellectual Benefits of Exercise

1. It improve one’s cognitive functioning.
2. It reduces the risk of developing dementia (mental and cognitive impairment).
3. It reverses alcohol-induced brain drain damage.

RECREATION: CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE

Recreation is the use of time in a creative way, and in many ways, a therapeutic refreshment of
one’s body or mind.

Eight Important Characteristic of Recreation

1. it involves activity
2. it has no single form
3. it is determined by motivation
4. it occurs in an obligated time
5. it is voluntarily participated
 6. it is universally sought and practiced
7. it has by-products
8. it gives satisfaction

Five Important Functions of Recreation

1.Physical health. A large part of recreation is physical in nature, like some forms of games,
sports, and dances that are essential to physical fitness.

2. Psychological health. Leisure and recreation can relax and recharge the overworked
individual. Frustration is a result of mental stress. Satisfying and worthwhile activities that relax
a tired mind during spare time can overcome frustration. Recreation also offers opportunities
to develop and enhances skills, as well as creativity.

3. Social well being. Recreation can be a source of happiness ad satisfaction. A happy person
can easily adjust to his or her peers, subordinate, and superiors. As a social force, recreation is
a means of establishing unity among individuals. It develops a well-rounded personality. It also
helps restrain or control delinquency, lessen (if not totally eliminates) the problems of
community disorganization, and offers varied opportunities for better social relations.

4. Emotional stability. People who balance work and recreation find their life fulfilling and
their existence meaningful.

5. Occupational. Recreation activities usually translate into monetary benefits for people
engaged in business. Amusement parks, internet cafes, gyms, and arcades are some examples
of businesses that profit from recreation activities.

ROUND ROBIN AND LADDER TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

Round robin is a common types of tournament schedule among team sports such as
basketball, volleyball, softball, and baseball. The round robin types of tournament provides the
opportunity for each competing team against every other team. the number of entries must be
smaller (six to eight is ideal)
The term round robin is derived from the French term ruban, meaning “ribbon.” After some
time term was changed to robin.

Example: 6 teams competing in a round robin

G= where: G = number of games

N = number of teams
 G=

G= 15 number of games

The Challenge of a Ladder Tournament

The ladder tournament is most commonly

used in minor sports or games. The names of the
participants are put on cards and placed in slots or
hung on hooks, as shown in the figure. The
participants can be seeded or randomly placed.
Once the ladder is set up, participants can
advance by defeating a competitor one or two
places above on the ladder. If the challenger wins,
he or she changes positions with the defeated
person. After playing the contest, the two players
cannot play again until they have played against
another contestant. The players play in order of
the challenges and, usually, a three-day limit is
imposed to take the challenge or else the player
loses by default.

SOCIAL AND BALLROOM DANCES

Ballroom dancing is still a part of physical education programs especially among fourth year
students. It is a form of social dancing whose primary purpose is for recreation and entertainment. It
is widely enjoyed not only in gatherings but also on stage, in film, and on television. It is for the young
and the old. People nowadays do ballroom dancing as a form of exercise and personal enjoyment.
Competitive dancing, more popularly known as Dance Sports< helped revive interest ballroom
dancing.

The following are classified as ballroom dances:

1. Cha cha 7. Samba

2. Tango 8. Merengue
3. Swing 9. Mambo
4. Waltz 10. Foxtrot
5. Rumba 11. La Cumbia
6. LA Walk 12. Rock and Roll

The term ballroom dancing is derived from the word ball that originates from the latin word
ballare which means “to dances”. It applies to any one of the several dances in which two individuals,
a “leader” and a “follower,” dance with physical contact through their upper or lower bodies, or
simply their arms, depending on the particular variety of dance. This physical contact tends to be
optional . dancers can move freely and just follow the rhythmic pattern present in the music.

The Waltz

The waltz derived its name from the

German term walzen which means “to roll” or “to
turn”. This danced was first popularized in Vienna,
Austria before it reached in Europe. It was
popularly known as the Weller or Spinner in the
mountainous terrains of southern Germany and
Austria. Its feature as a sliding or gliding dance
appealed to many of the German bourgeoisie.

The rhythm of this dance is easy and

romantic melodies are in ¾ time. The accent is
on the first beat.

In order for you to achieve a grateful movement in doing the waltz you must practice first the basic
hold. The couple dance position in waltz is called the Close Hold.

Closed Position

The waltz is danced in Closed Position. The boy should

place his right hand slightly beneath the girl’s left shoulder blade
with his right arm held at a 90 degree angle to his body. His left
arm should be raised so that the girl’s hand can rest lightly on it,
and should be held at her eye level. The girl, in turn, should rest
her fingers and thumb to better “follow” her partner’s lead. For
better balance, the girl should look over the boy’s right shoulder.
This also creates an elegant and poised dance position.
The Cha Cha

The Cha Cha is a Latin dance which originated in Cuba. The music
is combination of African and Cuban rhythms blended into a Latin beat.
It is done in 4/4 time music with a pattern of slow, slow, quick, quick,
slow.
It became popular in the United States in the 1950’s, along with
the Mambo. Today, it is one of the dances seen in competitions. Dancers
incorporate new steps in turns to include in the competition

The Jive

The Jive , a ballroom dance , took a lead in New 1926. Its music
was largely a swinging jazz. It was called Lindy Lop by Short George
Snowden, taken from a title in a newspaper.. the music is in used is in
4/4, either in slow or fast tempo. The basic steps include basic
movement, basic chassѐ, fall away rock, and change of places.

The Tango

The Tango is also called Baile Con Carte, meaning a dance with
many dramatic or artistic poses. The Tango rhythm is done in 4/4 time
music with a slow, slow, quick, quick, slow pattern. Basic tango steps
include the promenade, closed position, and step-out position.
The American style of Tango combines the best parts of the other
styles Tango, like the Argentinian and International Tango.
Rudolph Valentino made the Tango a hit in a year 1921.

HEALTH

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines as a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well being, and not merely the absence or infirmity.
To be healthy should be everyone’s goal. As the old cliché goes, “Health is wealth.” However,
many people think that when a person is not sick, the person is already healthy. Being healthy means a
lot more than that. Health is the complete soundness of the body and mind.
Health examination is the process of determining or diagnosing a person’s health status and
detecting the presence of physical defects or impaired health. This can be done by doctors or
physicians, nurse, and dentists.
Seven major health examinations that appraise a student’s health are:
1. Vision Test. This is done to determine who among the students has
visual defects. Loss of visual acuity or loss of sharpness of sight is most commonly defected by
the Snellen Test. Visual impairments such as near sightedness, far-sightedness, and astigmatism
can be detected through this test. These defects are commonly indicated by frequent headaches,
dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, or sensitivity to light. A student with an eye defects should be
referred to the doctor.

2. Hearing Test. The use of a winding watch, tuning fork, and whisper test can detect hearing
problems in a student. The teacher may help by asking the student to repeat what the teacher
says from a distance of six meters from the student.

3. Weight Measurement. Students should maintain an ideal ratio of weight

to height to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases. The goal is to maintain an
ideal or normal body weight. Weight indicates the current nutritional status. Being underweight
and overweight are both considered malnourished conditions.

4. Dental Examination. A dental examination by the school dentist should be made at least once
a year to correct any dental defects and to achieve dental hygiene.

5. Pulse Rate. Heart diseases or ailments may e detected by getting the pulse rate. This is done
by placing the index finger and the middle finger on the wrist. Count the pulse rate using a
wrist-watch with a second hand. The normal pulse rate is 60-80 beats per minute.

6. Height Measurement. Height measurement is one of the indicators of a student’s past

nutritional status. It also determines whether he or she is tall, shorts, or has normal height for
his or her age. An increase in height indicates growth and development. This test should be
carried out at least twice a year. Height is measured through the use of a meter stick or
heightscale placed against the wall.

7. Medical Examination. This is a physical examination by a doctor to check a person’s state of

health. The skin is examined to determine if there is rash or inflammation. The blood pressure
and the blood type are also checked. The doctor also examines the ears, nose, and throat. A
stethoscope is used to listen to the murmurs of the heart.

Mental Health
The World Health Organization defines positive mental health as “a state of well-being
in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the stresses of life, can
work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.”

Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person:

 Positive Self-concept
 Mentally healthy individuals looks at things positively. They give their best to
anything they need to achieve.

 Sense of Responsibility
Mentally healthy persons accept responsibility for their actions. They do not
put the blame on anyone else when problems arises as a result of their work.
 Better Relationship With Other People
Persons who are mentally healthy get along well with others. They can adjust
very well to any group of people they deal with. They have a deep sense of
concern for the well being of other people.
 Adaptability to Change
Change is unavoidable. Accepting changes and adapting to these is a sign of
being mentally healthy. A mentally healthy person is open to changes, especially
when these result in his or her development as a person and improvement of
his or her mental and emotional attitudes.
 Ability to Face Shortcomings or Disappointment
Mentally healthy individuals learn to cope with unpleasant things and try not to
brood over something that they have not done. They can accept the fact that
not everything that they like can happen. It is a matter of dealing with
appointments and learning from them.
 Ability to Face Problems Squarely
Mentally healthy individuals face the various trials in life with calmness and
broad-mindedness. Running away from problems is not healthy. Facing
problems and finding ways to deal with them is healthy.
 Ability to Accept Criticism
Mentally healthy individuals take criticism with an open mind. they do not hit
back at their critics. They analyze criticism and learn from it. They can also
rationally respond and defend themselves from unfair criticism.

Factors Accepting Mental Health

These are factors that affect mental health. These are the following.
 Hereditary Factor
Hereditary refers to the physical or mental characteristics that
parents pass on to their children. it shapes personalities and makes people different
from one another. Most mental illnesses have strong links to inherited
characteristics. Body weight and intelligence are multifactorial traits. Multifactorial
traits are determined by one or more genes and the environment. Information from
population studies and from family relationships help describe the inherited
components of multifactorial traits.
 Physical Factors
The physical condition of an individual has a direct effect on his or her mental
health. Studies show that an individual who is often sick or malnourished tends
to be slow in his or her movement oftentimes is lethargic and withdrawn. Being
physically weak may make a person prefer being alone to mingling with other
people. Such isolation sometimes causes to loneliness and insecurity.
 Socio-cultural Factors
 An individual develops attitudes and behavioural patterns from past experiences.
The home, being the first environment of the individual, influences his or her
behaviour and attitude. A peaceful and happy family normally produces healthy
individuals. The community where an individual belongs will contribute to the
development of his or her mental health. A sense of belonging and understanding
among the members of the community can foster desirable attitudes. Schools and
religious institutions may also help in molding an individual’s personality by
focusing on his or her needs and interests. his or her personality can develop
through involvement in different community, school, and religious activities.
 Factors that Help Develop Good Mental Health
If there are factors that affect mental health, there are also
factors that help develop good mental health.
1. physical health. Persons who are physically healthy as well. They can work well,
plan well, and mingle with different kinds of people.
2. flexible disposition. People who are flexible can more often adapt to situations. They
can be expected to come up with informed decisions and will not be easily upset by
circumstances. They can cope with the environment.
3. Parents and the Home. Many traits, like friendliness, loyalty, kindness, and other
qualities, are learned and develops at home. Individuals learned these traits through role
models at home, such as parents. Harmonious relationships among family members help
develop a pleasant personality.
4. Habits training during childhood. Habits are learned behaviour. Individuals should
learned good habits early in life. Past experiences oftentimes affect one’s behaviour.
5. Ethical and Moral Upbringing. Moral values and relationships with other people are
developed in the home, church, school, and community. These enable individuals to
interact well with other people. Persons who have been brought up with desirable values
will refrain from doing anything that can harm other people. They also have good
attitudes towards work and other people.
6. Personal efforts to practice mental hygiene. A person’s attitude towards work, other
people, authority, parents, or world, conditions determines the way a person responds to
any situation. A person should cultivate a positive attitude, have an open mind, and
nurture good interpersonal skills.

MENTAL DISEASE
A mental disorder is a severe impairment of an individual’s mental, emotional, or
behavioural functions. It is a condition that hinders a person from adjusting his or her
behaviour to other people and his or her surroundings. It may be due to genetics,
personal problems, lack of food, a weak nervous system, injuries, trauma, alcoholism,
human rights abuse, and drug abuse.
 Classification of Mental Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) developed a
classification for mental disorders and criteria for diagnosing them. There are
five axes or domains under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM IV-TR).
Axis I – Clinical Disorders. These include developmental and learning disorder as well as
major mental disorder, except personality disorder and mental retardation. Among the major
mental disorders are:
1. Depressive Disorder. This is a mood disorder characterized by acute , but time-
 limited, depressive symptoms, such as dejection.
2. Anxiety Disorder. This is characterized by extreme, irrational, and incapacitating fear.
3.Bipolar Disorder. This is a kind of mood disorder that involves manic episodes, and
even depressive episodes.
4. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is a behavioural disorder
characterized by maladaptive levels of inattentiveness, impulsive, and hyperactivity.
5. Phobia. This is a psychological disorder where there is persistent, irrational fear of a
situation or an object.
6. Schizophrenia. This is a kind of mental disorder where there is disturbance in
thinking (delusion), perception (hallucination), speech, emotions, and behaviour.
Delusion involves beliefs that are unrealistic , bizarre or unusual, and misrepresentations
of reality. A hallucination, on the other hand, refers to seeing or hearing things that other
do not, because these things are unreal.

Axis II- Personality Disorders Mental retardation. Personality disorder involve

pervasive maladaptive patterns in relating to the environment. These personality
disorders include the following:
1. Paranoid Personality Disorder. This is characterized by persistent distrust and
suspiciousness of others believing that they have ill motives.
2. Antisocial Personality Disorder. This is characterized by utter disregard for and
violation of the rights of others.
3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. This is a pervasive behaviour in which an
individual has an inflated sense of self- importance or a need for admiration and a lack
of sensitivity to the needs of others.
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality. This is a pervasive preoccupation with
maintaining order, attaining perfection, and having mental and interpersonal control at
the cost of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
5. Borderline Personality Disorder. This is a pervasive pattern of instability of
interpersonal relationships, self-image, and control over impulses.
6. Histrionic Personality Disorder. This involves excessive emotionality and seeking
attention.
7. Dependent Personality Disorder. This involves an excessive need to be taken care of,
thus a submissive and clinging behaviour as well as the fear or separation.
8. Avoidant Personality Disorder. This is marked by social inhibition, feelings
inadequacy, and oversensitiveness to criticism.
9. Schizoid Personality Disorder. This is marked by a pattern of detachment from any
social relationship and a restricted expression of emotions.
10. Schizotypal Personality Disorder. This is marked by an acute discomfort and
reduced capacity for close relationships as well as eccentricity of behaviour.
Axis III – Acute Medical conditions and Physical Disorders. These include brain injuries or HIV/AIDS
that worsen existing diseases or result in symptoms of mental illness.
Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Contributing to the Disorder. Events in a person’s
life, such as death of a loved one, unemployment, or a new job can have an impact on the disorder
listed in Axes I and II.
Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning. A person’s level of functioning between the present time
and the highest level in the previous year are compared by the clinician. This enables a clinician to
assess how the four axes are affecting the person.

Dealing With problems

 Individuals should be aware that there are many ways of dealing with problems when they
arise. Here are some tips.
1. knowing when to go for help. This shows that an individual is capable of thinking a problem
through and deciding which parts of the problem he or she can and cannot solve by himself or herself.
2. Knowing who can help. Discussing one’s problems with a counsellor is the first step in
assuring that help is available.
3. Improving one’s health
 Maintain sound physical health
 Develop a wholesome outlook in life
 Learn to enjoy being with people
 Conquer fears by facing them
 Adopt a wholesome attitude towards sex education
 Plan a balanced program of work and play
 Remember that time heals all wounds
These are steps that an individual can follow to deal with his or her problems.
 Recognize and define the problem.
 Analyze what caused the problem
 Identify possible solutions.
 Choose the best solution.
 Evaluate the outcome.

Aging; A Fact Of Life

Aging
Aging is a normal developmental factors and a continuous lifelong process that begins at birth
and ends in death. It also refers to the many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes that an
individual experiences throughout his or her life.
 Physical Changes
As an individual reaches his or her twenties, physical aging begins. Starting at this
period and going through later adulthood, the body has less strength and less
endurance as it ages and needs more repair work. Other organs, especially the five
senses, slowly weaken. Those who never used eyeglasses in their younger years would
usually need them in later years. Older people hear low tones fairly well, but their
ability to perceive the high tones declines. Most parts of the body slowly weaken. The
bones become more brittle, stiff, and weak; mobility is lessened.
 Mental Changes
For most people, aging has little effect on their cognitive functions. It is one of the joys
of late adulthood that long after the body slows down and has limited physical activity,
the mind can continue to seek and explore. Older people do not learn new things as
quickly as young people. However, once something has been learned, it is remembered
better and more accurately. Somme, however, suffer from dementia, a disease which
interferes with the normal working of the mind. People who suffer from dementia lose
their memory and are generally unable to carry on normal activities.
Another form of mental deterioration that occurs in old age is Alzheimer’s
Disease. People with Alzheimer’s Disease gradually lose their memory, power of
speech, and control of body movements.
  Sociological Changes
These may include the loss of a spouse, mandatory retirement, problems with mobility,
lack of involvement in community activities, inadequate resources for medical services,
financial problems, ;oss of role identification, and loneliness.
The effects of aging can be slowed down through good health habits and good
nutrition. We can help older people to develop these if we would encourage them to.
1. be physically and mentally active;
2. eat a well-balanced diet;
3. drink plenty of water;
4. have a good sleeping habits;
5. avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages;
6. maintain normal weight;
7. have a leisure activities; and
8. have a regular visits to the doctor.

Needs of the Elderly

These are older people who can cope well with aging. They continue to live worthwhile lives.
But there are older people who cannot accept aging graciously and much worsen, there are those who
experience fear and anxiety. It is important for young people to understand the needs of the elderly .
 Health Needs of the Elderly
The health care for the aged aims to help the elderly remain physically, mentally, and
socially active. They need help in devising ways to keep them mobile. For example,
physical handicaps associated with arthritis can be minimized through self-care devices
that will allow the elderly person to continue doing household chores, such as cooking,
cleaning, and doing the laundry.
Older persons will need some assistance in achieving and preserving a maximum
level of health. Therefore, medical care becomes as essential part of their health needs.
However, they should be allowed to continue caring for themselves and making
decisions about their own lifestyle.
 Psychological Needs
It is important to give attention to the elderly person’s self-esteem and sense of worth.
Older persons have much to offer in terms of wisdom and life experiences. The need
for love and sense of belonging can be met if they are allowed to be involved in
maintaining the well-being of the community in which they live.

Death: A Reality Especially for Older People

Nobody cal live forever. This is a fact that everyone must face and accept, particularly the
elderly. As physical health fails, the body systems deteriorate. All senses decline in their functions until
they can no longer respond to any situation. Death is the end of a deteriorating body.
To assist people in accepting the reality of death, these facts should be stressed:
 Death is final and irreversible.
Death is a part of life and should be understood fully with appreciation and acceptance
it is an avoidable it is a biological reality-an end to life.
 Grief Responses are Normal and Necessary
Grief is an unavoidable human emotion, a natural response to a certain experience in
life. In reaction to a major loss, such as the death of a loved one, grief is a normal and
 an essential part of coming to terms with and surviving the devastating event. Giving
the right conditions of patience, support, respect, and a listening ear will help bereaved
people manage to deal with their grief.
 Certain Cultural Activities and Rites my Follow after death.
There are certain activities and rites practiced by bereaved families. These activities
vary according to cultural upbringing and religious background. To some groups,
wearing a black dressed shows their grief and mourning.
 Individual need emotional comfort during bereavement.
The death of a loved one can temporarily depress a person.
Losing someone you loved is a very painful experience. This can cause different
reaction that may lead to mental health problems. The loss of the love one can lead
emotions, such as:
 Denial- this belief and non-acceptance of death
 Anger- feeling of being cheated
 Bargaining- striking a compromise
 Depression- being withdrawn and going through prolonged periods of silence or crying.
Getting together and siocializing with other members of the family may help release
some of the feeling of grief. With the emoptional support receive from other people,
the bereaved can be enlightened and will understand that death is a normal part of
human life.

Marriage
Marriage is the legal partnership of a man and a woman. It is an intimate, interpersonal, and a
contract intered into by a man and a woman. It s a legal, social, and religious institution. The couple in
a marriage seeks social recognition for their relationship and many societies require official approval of
a religious or civil body.
Marriage requires careful and ample preparation and planning. This stage of life is the
culmination of several progressive steps in a human relationship that may begin with friendship and
courtship. It is a joint venture into the future that challenges the couple to contribute to each other’s
growth, happiness, and fulfilment.
Ingredient of Happy Marriage
Marriage has to be nurtured. The following are the ingredients of a happy marriage:
1. Love- the most important element of marriage is unconditional love. The couple should accept and
love each other for who they are. The following element should always be present in all forms of love
especially in marriage.
a. care
b. understanding
c. respect
d. knowledge
e. responsibility
f. trust
g. faithfulness
2. Commitment-both partners should work on the marriage. They should be willing to compromise for
a lifelong togetherness that cannot be separated by problems and obstacles.
3. Maturity-couples must shoe their ability to cope with the challenges in life and the capacity to be
physically, emotionally, and financially stable.
4. Communication-couples must always have open lines of communication. This is geared primarily
towards achieving mutual understanding. Differences between two unique personalities can be settled
amicably through sensible discussion.
5. Honesty-couples should not take advantage of each other’s trust. They should keep secrets that may
cause betrayal. They should be transparent with one another.
6. Growth-as a healthy and satisfying relationship allows both partners to grow and develop to their full
potential as human beings. Growth direction should be positive-that is, good qualities are enhance
while bad and destructive tendencies are overcome.
7. Spiritual Sensitivity-couples should have a relationships based on sympathy of thought or feeling.
They should be sensitive to each other’s needs, likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses.

Reasons Of Marriage
People have different reasons for getting married. Some people get married because they are in
love. They want to have children, or they need a companion in life. Others marry for financial security.
Some get married because their parents arranged it. Some marry because of religious beliefs or because
they are following customs and traditions.

Reasons For Having Children

Many Filipinos place a high value on having children a right away because they believe that:
a. giving birth to an offspring is the central purpose of marriage.
b. children are blessings because they bring happiness, satisfaction, and good luck.
c. they serve as proof of the couple’s oneness.
d. they strengthen the bond between husband and wife.

Wrong Reasons for Having Children

Couples should decide to have children for the right reasons. The following are wrong reasons
foe having children:
a. children are the parents’ security in the future.
b. children are household assets.
c. couples without children lead an essential incomplete life.
d. children are proof of man’s masculinity and / or the woman’s feminity.

The Family: An Integral Unit of Society

The family as a social institution has the prime responsibility in the upbringing of children. The
family is a socially recognized unit of people related to each other by kinship, or by marital and legal
ties. It is characterized by having a common residence, shared financial resources, cooperation among
its members, and its commitment to a common goal in life. Every society has control over this unit by
its institutionalization of marriage and support of its consequent reproduction. The family, in return,
can continue to exist if it is supported by the larger society. It is, therefore, a major concern to prepare a
child for his or her upcoming place in the society and to maintain the integrity of the family as an
institution. Having children is one of the ultimate goals of getting married. The married couple must
decide if and when they want to have children and the size of the family that they can raise.

Planning The Size of The Family

Many major changes have taken place recently when it comes to that family set up. Many
married couples these days are having fewer children. they feel they can be better parents by devoting
more quality time to one or two children. many people also lead busy lives. Couples now are more
concerned about the difficulties of rearing a big family.

Family Rules
 Each family member needs to play his or her rule for a better family relationship.
Traditionally, the father, being the head of the family, has to work and provide for the needs of
the family. The family looks up to him for final decisions in family matters. The mother, on the other
hand, has the utmost responsibility to manage, direct, and hold the family members together. It is also
her duty to administer the necessary disciplinary actions when needed.
However, in today’s society, this no longer holds true all the time. To cope with the fast pace
and cost of living, both the father and the mother may have to play multi-rules in the family. Both of
them may have to work and earn, and at the same time, maintain and manage the family. They now
exercise what we call as shared-parenting in performing their responsibilities.

Importance of Having a Small Family

The family as the basic unit of society plays an important role in the development of a
community. The parents who head a family are duty-bound to bring up children who can be depended
upon to make a community progressive. Parents can focus very well on their children’s development as
total individuals if the family is small. It is important to have a small family for the following reasons:
1. the basic needs of children like food, clothing, and shelter as well as their education, can be
met by their parents if they have fewer children.
2. each of the children can get the same amount of attention, love, and care from the parents.
Therefore, neglect can be avoided.
3. parents can have more time to spare for themselves and not be burdened from working day
and night because they have fewer children to support.
4. the family can have more time for bonding activities as well as a little luxury because money
can be saved if there are fewer mouths to feed.

5. families can afford to look for a better place to live in that is conducive to rearing children and
which is far from danger.

Disadvantages of having a Large Family

There are parents who adhere to the old belief that children are responsible for supporting them
in their old age so they do not control the number of children they will have. They always reason out, “
the more, the merrier.” Such parents may not be aware that a large family poses problems, such as the
following:
1. children in large families are generally more disadvantaged in terms of physical, mental, and
social development. There are fewer opportunities for each child to be given equal care, attention,
education, and guidance. Some of them might be neglect because more of the parents’ time will be
given to the younger children.
2. the health of the children might be taken for granted in favour of immediate needs of the
family.
3. the family members have settle for smaller portions of foods and other material things.
4. having fewer children and proper spacing between births will be good for the health of the
mother and the child. Furthermore, a healthy mother can take better care of her children.
5. mothers who get pregnant either too young (younger than 20) or too old (older than 35) are
prone to complications which endanger both the mother abd child.

Responsibilities of parents to their Children

A married couple should be aware that parenthood entails great responsibilities, especially since
parents would like to rear children who would be assets not only to their family, but also to the
community. Parents must dio the following:
1. Provide physical care. Parents must support their children and provide them with their basic
needs, and affection.
2. inculcate discipline. The orderly behaviour of children is the responsibility of parents.
3. develop social competence. Good manners and proper conduct in public places and gathering
must be inculcated by parents in their children.
4. Encourage learning. Parents should instill in the minds of their children by the school.
5. Provide opportunities for education and self-development. Education is the best gift parents
can give to their children for the latter’s self-improvement and a brighter future.
6. inculcate values. Parents are the best teachers of values. Children’s knowledge of what is
right or wrong will depend upon what they see from their parents’ actions.

Responsibilities of Children Towards Their Parents

With the many responsibilities and obligations parents have for their children, the children, in
turn, have responsibilities and roles to play in the family. They need to study hard, spend their
allowance wisely, and help in the house as much as they can. Becoming successful and responsible
adults is more than enough payment for all the sacrifices their parents are making for them. Most of all,
love, respect, and honor are the best things that children can give to their parents.

Family Planning

What is Family Planning?

Family planning does not mean either stopping the couple from having children or preventing
pregnancy through illegal practices of birth control. Rather, it is having children only when the couple
wants them in order to best take care of them. Parents have the freedom to choose for themselves the
number of children they want and their preferred spacing of births.
Family planning is also a means of enhancing their quality life through the proper spacing of the
birth of every child child. Couples can easily regulate pregnancy and childbirth, thus helping them
build a household with secure finances.
Family planning, therefore, is a personal matter. The husband and wife have to decide on the
family planning method best suited to their health, religion, and resources.

Importance of Family Planning

There are benefits to be derived from family planning.
 For the children
Through family planning, the children are better taken care of. The parents could meet
the basic needs of the children , which are food, clothing, and shelter. In addition, children can
receive the health care that they need. The parents can provide them with a good education.
More importantly, children will be showered with love and will receive proper attention from
their parents.
 For married couples
Family planning is a preparation for responsible parenthood. When a couple
agrees to practice this, they will only have the number of children they can afford to support.
Therefore, there will be no unwanted pregnancy for the couple. They will still have enough time
to enjoy each other’s company without having too many children to attend to.
Rearing children to become law-abiding citizens is an obligation and a responsibility of
the parents. They are accountable for what their children is doing. Undesirable acts that would
disrupt a peace and orderly environment could be minimized through responsible parenthood.
For couples who want to have children, family planning can help them attain pregnancy.
It will enable them to know the fertile days of the woman.
  For the father
Family planning helps the father shoulder his responsibility and enables him to
give his children equal attention. It also lightens his load because he will not obliged to provide
for and support too many children.
As children grow, the father can set aside bonding time for the whole family. Members
of the family can enjoy doing things together, tell each other what has been happening in their
lives, raise any concern that they may have, and respond to these concerns accordingly.
 For the mother
Family planning helps the mother maintain good health and gives her sufficient
time between pregnancies to recover from the strain of childbirth.
It gives her the freedom to have children only when she wants them and only when she
is ready for them.
It also gives her the opportunity to attend to her own needs.
Furthermore, babies could be attended to and well-cared for by the mother through
planned pregnancies.
 For the community, the country, and the world
Family planning can provide a peaceful, orderly, and self-sustaining community
with fewer problems, like juvenile delinquency. Peace and order is of paramount importance in
every community. All plans and efforts for development will be derailed by an undisciplined
citizenry.
For the Philippines with an estimated population of 89,468,677
(as of July 2006, according to NSO), family planning helps promote national development by
lessening the burdens brought about by rapid population growth. It also ensures that the young
ones are reared well, thus individually contributing more toward economic progress.
For the world, overcrowding can be minimized, and governments can focus their
economic efforts on production rather than consumption. There would be fewer countries
suffering from starvation brought about by population explosion.

Aspects of Family Planning

When a couple finally decides to practice family planning, their choice of the number of
children they want, as well as the method they are going to use is influenced by family traditions and
religious beliefs. The family planning method should suit the couple’s health condition, economic
status, cultural values, religious belief, and emotional reaction to the method.
For couples who desire to plan the number of children they will have, knowledge of the
different methods of family planning is necessary. This will enable them to choose the method that will
work best for them.

Artificial Contraceptives
Artificial contraceptives are temporary methods of birth control. These include the following:
1. Mechanical devices such as condoms, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices ( IUDs).
Condoms and diaphragms prevent sperm cells from reaching and fertilizing an egg. The IUD,
on the other hand, prevents the embryo from being implanted in the uterine lining.
2. hormonal methods such as pills, injections, and subcutaneous implants. They alter the
menstrual cycle, preventing ovulation, and thus conception.
3. Chemicals such as spermicides, which kill the sperm or block sperm from entering the uterus,
thus preventing fertilization.

Permanent Methods of Birth Control

 There are permanent methods of birth control that utilize surgery. These methods are
resorted to by couples who no longer desire to have more children or when mothers have
difficult pregnancies. These methods are vasectomy and tubal ligation.
Vasectomy involves tying and cutting part of the sperm duct to prevent the ejaculation
of the sperm. On the other hand, tubal ligation involves tying and cutting the oviducts to
prevent the egg from meeting the sperm.

Natural Family Planning Methods

Natural family planning refers to the different methods of avoiding pregnancy by
observing the fertile days of the woman and abstaining from sex during this period. Couples can
engage in sex only during the “safe” days. Sexual abstinence or not engaging in any sexual
activity is the most reliable form of birth control.
There are different natural planning methods that couple can utilize to determine the
woman’s fertile and “safe” days.
a. The Lactational Amenorrhea methodI ( LAM). The six-month period after a mother gives
birth is considered safe, provide that two conditions are fully met: i) her menstrual period has
not returned since delivery; and ii) she is breastfeeding her baby and her milk is the only food
that her baby consumes. Studies conducted by the Institute of Reproductive Health and Family
Health International show that when these conditions are met, the woman has less than two
percent chance of getting pregnant.
b.The Cervical mucus Method (CMM). This requires daily observation of the woman’s cervical
mucus. It is safe when the woman feels dry or when there are no mucus secretions.
c. The Two-Day Method (TDM). This is an offshoot of the CMM. In the TDM, a woman is
fertile if she has mucus secretions for two consecutive days. Like the CMM, thus needs daily
observation and monitoring using a chart.
d. The Basal Body Temperature (BBT). This relies on charting the daily temperature of the
woman. A woman’s temperature rises 0.2 to 0.5 degrees during the ovulation period.
Abstinence should be practiced during her fertile period, which is form the from the first day or
menstruation until her temperature has risen above her regular temperature and has stayed that
high or gone higher for three full days. The period after this and until the beginning of her next
menstrual cycle is considered her non-fertile period.
e. Sympto-Thermal Method (STM). This is a combination of observing the cervical mucus
secretion of the woman and her body temperature.
f. Standard Day Method (SDM) or Cycle Beads. This method is applicable to women menstrual
cycles are form 26 to 32 days. In this method, the woman counts the days of her menstrual
cycle starting with the first day of her menstruation. The 8-9 days of the cycle are the fertile
period while rest of the days are the non-fertile period. Color-coded cycle beads are used to
mark the fertile and non-fertile days.

Couples who plan to use the neutral family planning methods are advised to talk to a
properly trained natural family planning provider in the health centers, NGOs, or parish
churches. Married couples should also consider that aside from knowing the different fami.ly
planning methods, there are other vital points to keep in mind in planning a family. These are:
 The religious aspect. God loves each human life. He loves those conceived through the loving
embrace of husband and wife. While most religions do not oppose any method that helps
married couples fulfil one of the deepest desires of their hearts and one of the defining
elements of marriage-having babies- it is also in accord with the government on the need for
family planning and responsible parenthood. It upholds the family planning programs as long
 as they do not violate human dignity, healthful marital love, and family relationship. Most
religious institutions encourage the use of natural methods as the most ideal method of family
planning.
 The moral aspects. This pertains to a married couple’s primary concern of giving the best to
their children and not just satisfying their needs as a couple. There is a selfless intention of
limiting the number of children and observing proper spacing to be able to attend children’s
needs.
 The physical aspects. This refers to the physical health of the mother and her children, which
can be well taken care of if proper spacing of children is observed. Observing a well-planned
schedule of having a baby proves advantages both to the mother and to her children. the
mother can have more than enough time to recover from her previous pregnancy and the
children can benefit from a mother who is physically healthy.
 The social aspects. Married couples who observe family planning can focus their attention on
having two or three children.Rearing a small family will enable the parents to attends their
children better. Children who are disciplined and aware of their social obligations are assets to
society.
 The economic aspects. A smaller family can more easily be handled financially. It is easier to
attend to the basic needs of the members of a small family.
 The mental and emotional aspects. A well-planned family promotes peace of mind and
emotional stability among its members, for love, care , and attention can easily be provided by
the couple.

AIDS TO A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE (POPULATION PROGRAMS)

What is a Population Program?

A population program is a planned activity to realize the goals expressed in the population
policy of the country. The population policy is a set of goals and guidelines for improving the rate of
population growth for the vital interest of a country.

Agencies that Promote population Programs in the Philippines

The government has specific agencies in charge of its population program. These agencies
implement policies and programs to meet the target set by the government on population management.
Population commission (POPCOM)
The Population Commission is an agency attached to the Department of Health (DOH). It is the
agency mandated by the national government to coordinate and provide policy and information
concerning population, and advocate support for the activities of the Philippine Population
Management Program (PPMP). It provides overall directions and manages the fund for the central
operations of the program.
In 2005, the Philippine government reiterated the principles that guide the implementation of
the population program of the country. These are the four pillars of the population policy: Responsible
Parenthood, Respect for Life, Birth Spacing, and Informed Choice. Responsible parenthood is defined
as the will and ability of parents to respond to the needs and aspirations of the family and children.
There are two main strategies used by the POPCOM in implementing population programs of
the government.
1. by integration – POPCOM opted to merge population and family planning into existing programs
and resources of both GOs and NGOs.
2. By multi-agency participation- POPCOM encourages various government and private agencies to
participate in population programs through:
a. the promotion of youth awareness of the population situation of the country in the Population
Education Programs of the Department of Education.
b. The integration of population education concepts in the various learning areas of the Basic
education Curriculum in the elementary and secondary levels. In particular, the Health component of
MAPEH discusses reproductive health, adolescent health, responsible parenthood, and different health,
and population-related issues.
c. The echoing of the population program in the programs and projects of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD). The Parent Effectiveness Service (PES) provides knowledge and
skills on parenting to parents and caregivers. Topics covered include management of younger and older
children, husband-wife relationship, prevention of child abuse, and health care. Aside from PES, there
is also the Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal abilities (ERPAT) which provides seminars to
fathers on developing parental skills. Another DSWD program is the National Family Violence
Prevention program which teaches family members how to protect themselves against violence. It also
provides seminars on peaceful conflict resolution in the family.
In addition, there are other organizations and institutions that actively support the population
programs of the government:
a. Responsible Parenthood Council (RPC). This organization advocates dealing with the
overpopulation problem of the country by promoting family planning and encouraging rural
development. It increases awareness of the national population problem, promotes attitudes favourable
to having small families, and advocates acceptance of family planning.
b. Family Planning Organization of the Philippines (FPOP). This is a civic and voluntary group which
educates and trains health workers. It believes that family planning will decrease fertility. In the long
run, small families would mean raising the standard of living of the people.
c. People Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM). In promoting rural development, PRMM
advocates the interrelatedness of three important issues-population, health, and environment.
d. The University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI). This is the only academic institution
that grants Masters degrees in Demography and in Population Studies. It prepares students for
professional careers as demographers. Demography is the study of human population and how it
changes. In addition, the UPPI extends technical support to various governmental organizations and
non-governmental organizations on population and reproductive health.

Philippines Population Management Program (PPMP )

It deals with managing the growth of the population and the distribution of people in order to
maintain harmony and promote good quality of life. It coordinates the program and thrusts of the
government related to population growth, resource availability, environment, and improvement of
living conditions.

Population Resources and Environment (PRE)

It analyzes the way people manage and use available resources. It has the following objectives:
1. Support the couple’s reproductive decisions which refer to the method of family planning to used,
the number of children, and the spacing of children.
2. Help adolescents develop proper attitudes toward sex while achieving full personal development.
3. Enhance the viability of communities by improving the mobility of the people in their areas.
4. Help achieve gender fairness in matters related to family formation, fertility decisions, child care,
household management, and other spheres of development.
5. improve the capacity of Local Government Units (LGUs) and other government agencies in
integrating population issues in their programs.
Consumer Health Education

Consumer health refers to the state of well-being of a person who uses information, products, and
services that will have a direct effect on his or her health. In order to make wise or intelligent
decisions, you need to be informed. Consumer health education is the acquisition of knowledge and
correct health information on the purchase and use of certain health products and services.
Health Information
This refers to the data and facts about health products services that a consumer gets from media
and people, including professionals and agencies.
Health Products
These refer to substances, materials, or equipment prepared or manufactured for you to buy and
use for the maintenance of health and the treatment of diseases.
Example: eyeglasses, treadmill, blood pressure monitor, medicines, grooming aids, etc.
Health Services
These refer to health information furnished, actions, and procedures, or work performed to help
satisfy your needs and wants as a consumer.
Examples: medical and dental consultation and treatment, services from beauty parlors and
barber shops, etc.

Objectives of Consumer Health Education

Consumer health education aims to:
1. assist consumers in choosing better health products and services;
2. provide information regarding health products the consumer wish to buy and the health
services they wish to avail themselves of;
3. help consumer recognize reliable sources of health information; and
4. guide consumer in buying health products and services.

Health Information
Consumers should be aware of the reliable sources of health information. These will help them
make wise decisions.

Reliable Sources of Health Information

Experts and recognized institutions have high credibility rating in providing accurate and
reliable health information. The data they provide are based on adequate studies that have been
conducted. These reliable sources include:
1. Professionals, such as physicians, scientist, health or science teachers.
2. Government health agencies, such as the Department of Health (DOH), Bureau of Food and
Drug Administration (BFAD), etc.
3. Educational institution.

Unreliable Sources of Health Information

Consumers should be wary of health information that come from non-experts. They should also
avoid products and services with unverifiable claims. The unreliable sources include:
1. Customs and superstitions
2. Information based on ignorance and prejudice
3. Commercialized health information and paid health advertisements in media.
Appeal Techniques to Lure Customers
Advertising has a legal method of communicating information through the use of puffery that is,
making superlative claims for products and services. Here are samples of the appeal technique:
1. Bandwagon Appeal. This kind of advertisement says that everyone is using the product, so
be among the majority.
2. Snob Appeal. In this kind of advertisement, it claims that if the consumer will buy and use
the product, he or she will be one of the consume of the very few who have purchased a high-
quality products.
3. Testimony Appeal. Well-known people and celebrities are chosen as product endorsers.
4. False Image Appeal. This advertisement promises a better and more successful life for those
who will use such product.
5. Humor Appeal. This advertising usually uses funny songs or jingles, slogans, or illustrations
to catch the customer’s attention.
6. Reward Appeal. This advertising uses prizes and bonuses for product buyers.
7. Scientific Evidence Appeal. Information having the semblance of a scientific fact is used to
describe the product in this kind of advertisement. Doctors, dentists, or medical technologist are
used as product endorsers.
Advertisements are intended to convince consumers to patronize certain goods or services,
hence they are not totally objective and reliable sources of information. Consumers must be intelligent
and critical. They have to make sure that they have the right knowledge so they can make wise choices.

Guidelines on the Purchase of Products and Services

There are general guidelines to help consumers select the appropriate products and services that
they will patronize:
1. Identify which products and services will be beneficial, harmful, or useless.
2. Know the local laws and regulations that protect the consumers.
3. Locate reliable medical, dental, and nursing services.
4. Apply knowledge acquired with respect to personal and environmental health in the purchase
of personal goods and services.

Consumers will benefits more if they consider these additional guidelines:

1. Buy only medicines prescribed by physicians.
2. Get prescriptions only from physicians.
3. Buy products that have passed the standards set by the Department of Trade and Industry and
its agency, the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD).
4. Do not buy medical products and apparatuses from fake doctors,
5. Do not be swayed by propaganda advertisements.
6. Report deceitful health practices to the authorities.
7. Read the labels of processes, bottled, and canned goods; and look for the nutritional values
and expiration dates.

Quackery and Traditional Medicine

Quacks are people who perform healing procedures or prescribe remedies for illnesses even
without formal education and licenses. Some of them sell their own products to treat ailments
and diseases. While some of them deliberately deceive their “patients” about their ability to
treat illnesses, other practice their “craft” with full trust in their competence but openly discuss
their limitations.
Quackery involves the use of methods or remedies to cure diseases that are not
 scientifically accepted. Questionable ideas, as well as questionable products and services, are
therefore trademarks of quackery.
Nowadays, quackery has taken on broader definitions. It is “anything involving
overpromotion in the field health.” Thus, companies making exaggerated claims about the
efficacy of their products, such as dietary supplements and non-prescription drugs, also qualify
as a form of quackery. Health fads may also be classified under this category.

Possible Effects of medical Quackery

We must be able to identify and avoid medical quackery. Here are some possible effects
of medical quackery:
1. A person who is terribly ill may die in the hands of a quack.
2. A sick person who goes to a quack for treatment instead of a doctor may only be
prolonging his or her illness.
3. Even if no actual healing has been done, the patient gets well merely by his or her
own faith, either in the quack or in the remedies given. This phenomenon is called the
placebo effect.
4. Money is wasted since a patient’s condition will not improve under a quack.
5. The patient’s family may only get false hopes if the quack assures them of the
patient’s complete healing.
The best defense against quackery is to seek the advice of a medical specialist.

How to Identify Medical Quacks

Here are some tips on how to identify quacks:
1.Some of them utilize advertisements to promote their product. In other cases, people come to
know about their services by word of mouth.
2. Most of them perform their services in their own homes. A few go to the patients’ homes for
the treatment.
3. Some claim to have secret formulas which cannot be obtained from drugstores.
4. Some of them perform their services without regard for sanitation. They use apparatuses and
other materials that have not been sterilized.
5. Some utter vague prayers or incantations while treating their patients.
6. Most of them use the same procedure or medical formula for all kinds of illnesses.

Who Are the Usual Victims of medical Quackery?

Some people who fall prey to quackery are those who:
1. suffer from serious ailments or disease, like cancer, heart problems, etc;
2. are afraid of doctors or those who refuse to undergo surgery, although they have
been advised to do so by doctors;
3. suffer from severe pains; and
4. usually put a high premium on vanity.
Health Fads
Health fads or consumer craze or consumer myths refers to beliefs about health that gain instant
popularity, stay on briefly, then die down eventually.
Here are some examples:
1. Some supplementary foods like unproven herbal drinks or energy drinks that give extra
strength and increase the body’s resistance to diseases.
2. Organic or natural foods are better than regular foods available in stores.
3. Wearing a copper bracelet can alleviate pain or cure diseases.
Possible Effects of Following Health Fads
Like medical quackery, health fads may also be a waste of money or detriment to one’s health.
Here are some of the possible effects:
1. These can lend to spending money on less important or unnecessary products.
2. these can lead to wasteful spending on usually overpriced specialty products.
3. These can lead to spending so much on worthless forms of therapies.
4. These can cause harm to the body.

Traditional Medicine
Traditional medicine is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “medicine that
refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-
based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in
combination to treat, diagnose, and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.”
There are illnesses that can be cured or remedies by traditional practitioners using traditional
medicine. These practitioners, the albularyo and the hilot, are usually sought after not only by people
in the rural areas, but also by those in the urban areas.

Practitioners of Traditional Medicine

Many Filipinos, particularly the poor, turn to practitioners of traditional medicine to alleviate
their pain or cure their illnesses. They put their trust on the albularyo and hilot.

Albularyo
The albularyo uses plants to cure illnesses. Studies have proven that the plants used by
the albularyo do contain substances which can cure various illnesses. These plants are called medicinal
plants or herbs. According to Michael L. Tan,an anthropology professor from the University of the
Philippines, the term albularyo is misleading. It is a Spanish-Filipino word which means “herbalist”. In
western countries, medical plants are usually small herbs, but Tan claims that in the Philippines,
medical plants include both herbs and forest trees.
In addition to traditional practitioners, many licensed health experts nowadays recommend
medicinal plants for the treatment of a large number of ailments and diseases, including some serious
ones.

Hilot
The hilots assist in giving birth, provide cure for sprains and muscle pains and even give
advice on family matters. The skills of hilot are recognized by many people, including the authorities
of the Department of health (DOH). The DOH conducts training for hilots to enrich their knowledge
and improve their skills.

DOH List of Medicinal Plants

The Department of Health (DOH) is promoting ten “scientifically validated herbal medicinal
plants,” partly because of the “high cause of synthetic medicines.” But the DOH warns that these
medicinal plants must be taken only in the proper dosage. They can be harmful if used in the wrong
way taken in excess of the recommended dosage. Nine medicinal plants and the ailments they cure are
the following:

1. Lagundi (Five-leafted chaste

tree) – for cough, asthma, and fever
2. Tsaang Gubat (Wild tea) – for diarrhea

3. Sambong (Blumea camphor) – for kindey stones, edema or manas, and hypertension

4. Yerba Buena (Mint) – for body pain

5. Akapulko (Ringworm bush) – for skin diseases caused by fungi such as ringworm or buni, tinea
flava or an-an, and scabies or galis aso

6. Ampalaya (Bitter gourd) – for diabetes mellitus

7. Bawang (Garlic) – for high cholesterol level

8. Niyug-niyogan (Burma creeper, Chinese honey-suckle) – intestinal worms

9. Ulasimang Bato or Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia) – for high uric acid level that causes arthritis and
gout
While the Department of Health only endorse ten medicinal plants, there are other plants which
have yet be “scientifically-validated.” Some of these are luya or ginger which is supposedly good for
sore throat, and banaba or queen’s flower, which is good for diabetes as it lowers blood sugar. There are
local scientific articles that attest to banaba’s uses.
According to Michael Tan, some local communities have theur own products such as SLK
cough syrup, which is a concoction made from sampalok leaves, luya, and kalamansi. Ion addition,
there is also ABC (abukado, bayabas, and caimito) leaves which are used for diarrhea.

Importance of Traditional Medicine

On December 9,1987, then President Fidel V. Ramos signed into law Republic Act No. 8423 or
the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act, which created the Philippines Institute of Traditional and
Alternative Health Care (PITAHC), an attached agency of the DOH. This is government recognition of
the important role played by traditional medicine in providing cures to ailments and contributing to the
health and well-being of the Filipinos. Traditional medicines are very important for the following
reasons:
1. Medicinal plants are cheap alternatives to expensive medicines, particularly for the poor.
2. It is the final resort for those who have incurable diseases.
3. Traditional medicine is a more holistic approach to treatment. It is said that “Western
medicine treats the disease while the traditional medicine treats the person.”
4. The albularyo and hilot play, to some extent, the role of doctors in rural areas.

Consumer rights
Being a smart consumer means deciding and spending wisely to get the most out of what is
spent. In addition, it also means knowing and asserting one’s rights. In doing so, benefits of being a
wise consumer will enjoyed.
Rights come with responsibilities. Consumers must be aware of their responsibilities, especially
if they affect other people in the community and society.

Benefits of Being a Wise Consumer

Whether buying small items or major goods, an individual must be a wise consumer. Being a
wise consumer is beneficial in four ways:
 1. He or she can promote and protect his or her health and well-being.
2. He or she can save time and money.
3. He or she can build his or her self-confidence.
4. He or she can protect his or her rights.

Consumer Rights
Consumers have rights that are protected by law and guaranteed by the government. The
Department of trade and Industry has identified eight consumer rights:
1. Right to Basic Needs. Consumers have the right to basic needs such as adequate food,
clothing, shelter, health care, education, and sanitation.
2. Right to Safety. Consumers have the right to be protected from goods and services that are
hazardous to health and life.
3. Right to Information. Consumers have the right to be protected from dishonest or misleading
advertising or labelling. They also have the right to receive information that will guide them in
making wide choices.
4. Right to Choose. Consumers have the right to choose products from a wide array of goods.
These goods must have affordable prices and be of good quality.
5. Right to Representation. Consumers must be represented in the formulation and execution of
government policies.
6. Right to redress. Consumers have the right to be compensated for unsatisfactory goods and
services.
7. Right to consumer Education. Consumers have the right to acquire knowledge and skills to
become an informed consumer.
8. Right to a healthy Environment. Consumers have the right to live and work in a hazard-free
environment that allows them to live with dignity and their well-being assured.

Most product and services in the market are of good quality, but there are some that are
substandard and may harm consumers. Consumers, therefore, must always be on guard against such
imitated or questionable products by knowing and asserting their rights.

Consumer Responsibilities

Consumer rights come with responsibilities. According top the Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI), consumers have three responsibilities:
1. Critical Awareness. Consumers must be aware of the uses, prices, and qualities of goods and
services. They must get information about the products or services they will purchase.
2. Active Response. Consumer must be assertive of their rights to get a fair deal. They must
report fraudulent practices to proper authorities.
3. Social Concern.Consumers must be aware of how their consumption patterns affect other
people and groups. They must not practice wasteful spending on products.

Drug (Narcotics) Education

Narcotics
The term narcotic was derived from the Greek word which means “to make numb.” Narcotics
are drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep by depressing the central nervous system. Medically, they
are used as potent pain killers, cough depressants, and as active components of antidiarrheal
preparations. Narcotics, primarily analgesics, produce several effects that relieve pain and induces
narcosis that cause sleep. Narcotics, if administered prior to an operation, can enhance sedation and
reduce apprehension and anxiety. They are also administered for relief of postoperative pains. The
effects of narcotic drugs are browsiness, changes in mood, apathy, restlessness, lethargy, and
unconsciousness. They can also cause nausea, vomiting, and slowed breathing. These drugs have a high
potential for abuse.
Narcotics include opium and its derivatives, such as morphine, heroin, codeine, and other
synthetic chemicals with morphine-like actions.
Narcotics, such as morphine and codeine, are medically useful drugs. Morphine is the most
important pain killer used in medicine. It has the ability to relieve severe pain without loss of
consciousness. Codeine is an effective narcotic depressant by working as the “cough controller” of the
body. Although medically useful, narcotics can be dangerous if illegally used. An overdose of these
drugs can cause death.

Kinds of Narcotic Drugs and their Medical Uses

Characteristic Medical Uses

1. Opium  Extracted from the  Relieves severe pain
seedpod of the poppy  Induces sleep, relieves
 Produces a gummy anxiety and depression
resin that creates a
narcotic effect
2. Morphine  Extracted from opium  Pain killler
in 1805 later
synthesized in its pure
form
 Sold as a white
powder in the drug
market
 Also called Dreamer or
Miss Emma
3. Codeine  Produced from gum of  Used as ingredient in
opium cough medicine
 Can be prepared from  Relieves cough and
morphine mild pain
 Has much milder
effects
 Common street name
is school boy
4. Heroin  Synthesized from Used to help people
morphine overcome their addiction to
 More powerful than morphine
morphine
 Sold as a white
powder
 Commonly called H,
Horse, Junk, Smack,
and Scag
Narcotics: Their Negative Effects

Narcotics can only be obtained legally through a doctor’s prescription. Doctors prescribe the
narcotic morphine, an opiate, to control extreme pain; codeine, to stop a severe cough or to relieve
pain; and paregoric, to stop diarrhea and relieve pain associated with teething. These three drugs are
strongly addictive that their sale and use are controlled by law. Recently, the U.S Food and Drugs
Administration (FDA) banned the use of paregoric in anti-diarrheal preparations since there is no proof
of its efficacy.
Because of their many medical uses, people often use narcotics, and thus are more inclined to
become addicted to them. If ill-advised, young people may have access to these drugs. They may
experiment using these drugs until they become dependent upon them and no longer stop using them.

Narcotics abuse
Narcotics abuse is the nonmedical use of narcotics. Narcotics abuse is widespread among the
young people and the adults, as well as the poor and wealthy. It is, indeed, harmful and even life-
threatening. It can ruin one’s life and one’s family. It can break down a person’s character, thus leading
to the commission of criminal acts and even suicide.

Tolerance and Withdrawal

One of the possible effects of continued use of narcotics is addiction or physical dependence on
a narcotic drug. Physical dependence may be induced by tolerance and withdrawal that result in
continued use of narcotics.
Tolerance is a condition where the standard doses of narcotics produce less effect or a person’s
develops a state of resistance to the effect of the drug. Because tolerance, the effect of narcotics
diminishes with their chronic use. Thus, to maintain the same level of narcotic effect, a person must
take more of it. A pattern of addiction or narcotics dependence sets in.
Withdrawal is the reaction of the body when the regular use of narcotics is stopped. The
narcotics dependent person experiences a withdrawal syndrome. In general, the symptoms of
withdrawal include runny nose, dilation of the pupils, tremors, restless, abdominal cramps, defecation,
vomiting, and an increase in systolic blood pressure. A person who is excessively dependent may
experience convulsions respiratory failure, and death.

Cause of abuse
Young people resort to narcotics and other drugs for various reasons.
According to the National Statistics Office (2005), about 56.35% of the cases of drug abuse had
friends or peers as the primary source of drugs.
The cause of drug abuse are:
1. pressure from peers;
2. form of escape from problems and woes;
3. relief from chronic pain caused by cancer and other disease;
4. psychological disorders, such as depression or emotional distress;
5. used as a way out from stress of the family, work, and other concern; and
6. thrill and enjoyment in a seemingly routine life.

Effects of Narcotics abuse

The effects of the different types of narcotics are essentially similar but they differ in the degree
of intensity, rate of onset, and the development of dependence. The usual effects range from euphoria
(feeling of well-being), drowsiness, and the worst cases, severe malnutrition.
Narcotics abuse affects not only the individual who is dependent upon it, but also his or her
family and community. Below are the possible effects.

A. Effects on the Person

1. drowsiness
2. loss of appetite, leading to loss of weight and malnutrition
3. inability to sleep
4. may develop diseases, such as hepatitis, tetanus, and AIDS from using contaminated
syringe needles
5. skin abscesses
6. inflammation of the veins
7. congestion of the lungs
8. loss of enthusiasm for work or study
9. lose personal care and hygiene
10. psychological and physical dependence upon the drug
B. Effects on the Family
1. Neglected responsibilities
2. difficulty in keeping a job
3. financial difficulty due to addiction, and later, the cost of rehabilitation
4. shame and embarrassment of other family members
5. disorganized and unhappy family
C. Effects on the Community
1. increased incidence of crime
2. occurrence of different kinds of accidents, especially if the narcotics dependent is driving a
vehicle
3. rampant stealing
4. economic destabilization due to less manpower

Drug Abuse and Crime

Drug abuse is a major factor in our nation’s crime rate. A large percentage of the crimes
committed in our country is drug-related. According to a 2004 Philippine Information Agency report,
about 65% to 75% of heinous crimes were committed by individuals high on drugs. Rape, murder,
incest, and robbery were among the list of drug-related crimes.

The Fight against Drug Abuse

Drug abuse ruins life. Saying “no” to drugs is a right and a responsibility. This decision will
protect an individual’s life and future. The vicious spiral of drug abuse and its cost to individuals, their
families, and society at large have heightened scientific interest in finding medical treatment that can
facilitate withdrawal from drugs.
In addition to medical help, rehabilitation measures include personal counseling and
membership in support groups.
The government, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector must work hand-in-
hand to combat drug abuse.
Ultimately, it is the individual who must resist the lure of drugs. Proper guidance and good
values formation that come from a nurturing family will help ensure that an individual will avoid
illegal drugs.
Treatment of drug Abuse
Detoxification is the most common form of drug treatment. This is a process of eliminating a
person’s dependence on drugs. Part of the process of detoxification process is to decrease the daily dose
of drugs that the dependent person takes and thus gradually reduce withdrawal symptoms.
Another method of dealing with drug dependent people is to form a support group of fellow
drug dependents. They share their experiences and learn from one another. Together, they recover from
their dependence and get better.

Government Agencies Responsible for the Treatment

and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents

the government plays a major role in fighting drug addiction and ridding the streets drugs. Part
of the solution is to reduce the demands as well as the supply of drugs. This means passing legislation
on drugs and narcotics. An effective crime deterrent is the assurance that traffickers will be convicted
in court. To ensure the apprehension and conviction of drug traffickers, agencies of the government
have been created for this purpose. There are also government agencies whose mandate is to assist the
victim in their rehabilitation.
Here are some government agencies responsible for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug
dependents.
1. Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Network (DARN). It provides a comprehensive rehabilitation and
educational program for drug victims, in oreder to prevent and control drug abuse in the country.
DARN provides integrated medical, psychological, occupational, and spiritual services.
2.National Bureau of InvestigationI (NBI). This law- enforcement agency was the first to
established a treatment and rehabilitation center for drug dependents in the Philippine. Established in
1965, the NBI Treatment and Rahabilitation Centers (TRC) in Tagaytay, Cagayan De Oro, and Cebu
provide a safe haven for drug dependents. Since 2004, the operation of the NBI TRC’s have been
transferred to the Department of Health.
3. Dangerous Drug Board (DDB). This agency was created under the office of the president,
through R.A No.9165 known as the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”. It establishes
policies and programs in drug prevention and control throughout the country.
4. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDIA). The PDIA is the implementing arm of DDB. It
is responsible for the efficient and effective enforcement ofthe provisions of any dangerous drug and
/or other known harmful substances that were mentioned in R.A No. 9165.
5. Department of Health (DOH). R.A No. 9165 commissioned the Department of Health to
monitor the coordination and supervision of all drug rehabilitation programs, intervention, projects, and
activities, as well as the establishment, accreditation, ,maintainance, and management of privately –
owned drug rehabilitation centers. It functions in coordination with other concerns agencies such as the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and
the Philippine Nationl Police (PNP)

Non-Governmental Organizations Involved in drug Rahabilitation

Non-governmental organizations are also heavily in the rehabilitation and treatment of drug
dependents. Among these are the following:
1. Shalum House,Iinc. The Shalum House is a non-government organization located in Baguio
City. It does not only provide rehabilitation, but also supports researches, training, and seminars in
order to educate the public about drug dependents period.
2. Drug Abuse Research Foundation Inc.(DARFI). This NGO was organized in the 1970’s to
rehabilitate drug abusers, alcoholics, and people with behavioural disorders. They provide discussions
and activities that will help the drug victims changed their maladaptive behaviours and prepared them
to re-enter society as productive members.
3. Narcotic Foundation of the Philippines (NFPI). This foundation serves as a halfway house (a
house and rehabilitation center) for drug addict. The residents in these foundations go through a three
stage program to overcome drug dependence: physical cure, emotional therapy, and occupational
therapy.
4. ANG TAHANAN. This semi-government rehabilitation center in Quezon City provides
comprehensive and adequate treatment and rehabilitation for drug dependents.

Responsible Decision

Most young [people today are learning the dangers of using prohibited drugs. They have learned
the value and the importance of saying “no” to drugs. Saying “no” is not always easy to do, especially
when they have to say “no” to friends. Doing so, however, is a healthy and wise decision and those
who choose otherwise, develop more serious problems.
To abuse or not to abuse drugs lie in the hands of every individual. The following may help
youths sensible decisions against abusing drugs.
1. Set a good example. When using prescription drugs, examine their uses and know their
possible side effects. An individual must be prepared for an honest discussion about his or her attitudes
to both legal and illegal drugs.
2. Have a clear understanding of how drugs can interfere with physical and emotional
developer.
3. Learn to abide by what the school teaches about drugs.
4. Before going to any party, gently inquire from the organizers about the anti-drug abuse
measures set-up for the party. Explain that the inquiry is intended to simply ensure that no untoward
incident would happen. An individual should not attend to party unless he or she receives a satisfactory
reply.
5. Have trustworthy adults to turn to as well-teachers, relatives, counsellors, or parents. They
can give the best ammunition to resist pressure and the dangers of taking drugs.
6. An individual should join spiritual activities in his or her community. This will enhance his or
her understanding regarding the purpose of living.
7. Channel one’s energy toward sports or other productive activities.
8. Develop close family ties. A strong moral foundation and establishing trusting relationships
among family members help an individual express his or her feelings.
9. An individual should choose his or her friends. Good friends will not encourage one to use
illegal drugs.
10. An individual should not start nor try taking prohibited drugs.