3072 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 25, NO.

10, OCTOBER 2007

Diffraction Modeling of the Multicore

Fiber Amplifier
Nikolay N. Elkin, Anatoly P. Napartovich, Member, IEEE, Member, OSA,
Vera N. Troshchieva, and Dmitry V. Vysotsky, Member, OSA

Abstract—The 3-D beam propagation method (BPM) and a

complementary mode solver for the passive fiber were applied
for modeling fiber amplifiers with a hexagonal structure of
evanescently coupled cores that have been recently experimen-
tally realized. The modes and modal gains were calculated for
7- and 19-core systems. Diminishing the core index step from
∆n = 2.57 · 10−3 to ∆n = 1.27 · 10−3 leads to a reduction of
the amount of the guided modes from 7 to 3 and from 19 to 10
for the 7- and 19-core structures, respectively. The in-phase mode
that has the lowest small-signal gain for the larger index step turns
to have the highest small-signal gain at the lower index step. The
mechanism lying behind the observed convergence of the wave
field in the laser to the in-phase-like mode was analyzed by a study
of propagation of a linear combination of two multicore modes.
It was found that evolution of the amplified wave field in gain
saturation regime can change from dominance of one to another Fig. 1. Sketch of cross section of 19-core fiber structure.
multicore mode at a small variation of the input wave field. The
3-D BPM modeling shows the shortage of modal approach for defect allows one to further increase the single-mode area
analyzing the multicore fiber amplifier and indicates the impor- approaching a radius value of about 21 µm [1].
tance of interference between the competing modes, leading to the An alternative way to increase an effective mode area is the
beatings in saturated gain. introduction of multicore structures within a common cladding
Index Terms—Multicore fiber (MCF), shift-and-invert [2]. The photonic-crystal technique can be used for the forma-
Arnoldi’s method, 3-D beam propagation method (BPM). tion of multidefect constructions as well [3]. In the last few
years, a number of methods have been proposed to stabilize
I. I NTRODUCTION a single-array-mode operation of multicore fibers (MCFs) by
virtue of spatial filters in the common cladding [4]–[6] or
T HE STRAIGHTFORWARD way to increase fiber single-
mode laser power per unit length of the fiber is by enlarg-
ing a mode area as large as possible. The size of a core is limited
with external optics [7]–[9]. An upper limit for the size of
multicore structures that support a single mode is not yet found.
by a condition in the active core to support a single mode: V = Generally, the gain can be placed into high-index cores, which
2πaλ−1 (n2co − n20 )1/2 ≈ 2πaλ−1 (2n0 ∆n)1/2 ≤ 2.4, where V are coupled by evanescent waves [10], or within constant-index
is a waveguide parameter, a is the core radius, λ is the vacuum regions [11], and even in low-index regions [12], [13]. In the
wavelength, and nco and n0 are the refraction coefficients of the latter cases, optical modes are composed of leaky waves.
core and the cladding, respectively. The core–cladding index Numerous studies on phase locking of beams in parallel
difference ∆n cannot safely be made to be less than about waveguides in semiconductor lasers [14] have shown that the
0.001. This limits the size of the core by a value a ≤ 7λ. The evanescent wave coupling between neighboring waveguides is
appearance of a new technology that is based on photonic- not sufficient to achieve stable phase locking. However, the
crystal structures with a gain that is located within a lattice experimental studies [10] on the MCF laser with a Yb-doped
seven-core hexagonal structure demonstrated the far-field pat-
tern that is typical for a single-mode output at laser power that
Manuscript received January 14, 2007; revised March 19, 2007. This work
is higher than 100 W. A 19-core hexagonal structure (see Fig. 1)
was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project 07-02- was used in a fiber amplifier [15], which demonstrated a 20-dB
01112-a. gain that is near to the diffraction limit of the beam quality.
N. N. Elkin is with the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700
Moscow, Russia, and also with the State Research Centre of the Russian Bochove et al. [16] have ascribed the self-synchronization
Federation, Troitsk Institute for Innovations and Fusion Research, TRINITI, effect, which is observed in [10], to the refractive index non-
142190 Troitsk, Russia (e-mail: elkin@triniti.ru). linearity. The analysis in [16] heavily relied on the coupled
A. P. Napartovich, V. N. Troshchieva, and D. V. Vysotsky are with the State
Research Centre of the Russian Federation, Troitsk Institute for Innovations mode theory (CMT), which is applicable in the limit of weak
and Fusion Research, TRINITI, 142190 Troitsk, Russia (e-mail: apn@triniti.ru; coupling. The 3-D diffraction numerical code that is based on
tvn@triniti.ru; dima@triniti.ru). the beam propagation method (BPM) in scalar and paraxial
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. approximations, was developed in [17] and verified in [18] by
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2007.901517 comparing the numerical results on the wave field exchange
0733-8724/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
ELKIN et al.: DIFFRACTION MODELING OF THE MULTICORE FIBER AMPLIFIER
rates between microcores with the experimental data. This code
was applied in [19] to simulations of the wave field propagation
in the construction [10]. It was shown that the mechanism
lying behind the self-synchronization experimentally observed
is associated with gain saturation and is practically not sensitive
to the nonlinear index value. Besides, it was found that, at a
lower index difference, the phase synchronization occurs at a
shorter distance.
For better understanding about synchronization mechanisms,
the knowledge on the patterns of optical modes in the composite
fibers is rather helpful. The modes for the 7- and 19-core struc-
tures by a finite element method were found in [9]. Simulations
of laser operation with a butt-coupled mirror [9] predicted,
in contrast to the experiment [10], simultaneous lasing of a
number of different modes for the seven-core construction.
Phase locking in an MCF laser could be destroyed due
to technological spread of core characteristics. The problem
of phase-locking robustness was studied numerically for the
seven-core construction in [20], and tolerances on the index step
random variations were found.
In this paper, studies are performed on 7- and 19-core fiber
amplifiers by two mutually complementary numerical methods:
the 3-D BPM that is developed in [17], and an original mode
solver that is described below. The purpose of the study is an
attempt to examine correlations between modal gains and the
trend pattern of the wave field amplified in MCFs.
II. M ATHEMATICAL M ODELS
The 3-D BPM code was described in detail in [17], and we
present here only main steps in calculations. The scalar approx-
imation is used, so that the spatial distribution of the wave field
can be presented as ψ(x, y, z) exp(ikn0 z), where k is the vac-
uum wavenumber, and ψ is the slowly varying envelope. Then,
the wave field propagation can be considered mathematically
as the Cauchy problem for the paraxial wave equation, which
coincides formally with the Schrödinger equation


∂ψ 1 ∂2ψ ∂2ψ
i = Hψ, Hψ = − + + V ψ. (1)
∂t 2 ∂ξ 2 ∂η 2
Here, H is a Hamiltonian, ξ = x/a and η = y/a are dimension-
less transverse coordinates, a is a scaling length for a specified
construction, t = z/(n0 κa) is the dimensionless propagation
distance, and κ = ka. The envelope function ψ is normalized
by condition I = IS |ψ|2 , where I is the field intensity, and Is
is the saturation intensity. The complex function V is defined
as V = −κ2 n0 ν + iκ n0 g/2, where ν = ∆n + n2 IS |ψ|2 , with
n2 as a nonlinear index coefficient in the core. The dimension-
less gain within the cores is described by the simplest formula
g = g0 a/(1 + |ψ|2 ), and g0 is the small-signal gain coefficient.
Outside of the cores g ≡ 0, ν = nco − n0 ≡ 0.
A computational domain in an (x, y) plane was taken as
a square (−Lt < x, y < Lt ), which contains the hexagonal
waveguide structure. The square size should be large enough to
eliminate the wave field reflection from its boundary. The wave
field of a guided mode exponentially decays outside of the core.
Hence, at a proper choice of the domain size, their reflection
from the outer boundary is negligible. A propagating wave, in
3073
general, consists of two parts: a combination of guided modes
and a superposition of leaky waves reaching the boundaries.
These leaky waves in real constructions partially reflect from
outer boundaries but see quite a low gain due to a small ratio of
the area of cores to the cladding area. To exclude these modes
from the consideration, the absorbing boundary conditions at
the computational domain boundaries were assigned. The nu-
merical code [17] for a parabolic equation (1) is a combination
of the split-step fast Fourier transform technique [21] with the
absorbing boundary conditions [22].
Interpretation of numerical results that are calculated by the
3-D BPM code can be made based on the optical modes of
the whole construction. A mode solver has been developed for
the calculation of fiber modes in the passive structure. Sub-
stituting an expression for the nth optical mode ψn (ξ, η, t) =
ψn (ξ, η) exp(−iλn t) into (1), the eigenvalue problem can be
presented in the form of the following equation:
Hψn = λn ψn . (2)
Here, the Hamiltonian H is purely real, in contrast to the
BPM approach. In particular, the potential function is V =
−κ2 n0 ∆n, and ∆n is the stepwise function equal to zero
outside of the cores. The propagation constant change that is
relative to the reference value kn0 is defined by the formula
∆βn = −λn /(n0 κa) for mode n. Eigenfunctions ψn (ξ, η),
which determine the mode field distribution in the transverse
plane, and the eigenvalues λn are real-valued. For the real-
valued eigenfunctions, the wave field phase can either be 0 or
π. The fundamental in-phase mode has a constant phase over
the aperture. The higher order modes have a finite number of
regions, where the wave field phase is equal to 0 or π.
Optical mode deformation, which is caused by a nonuniform
gain distribution, can be neglected for typical parameters of the
MCFs. Then, the modal gains can be found by weighting the
gain coefficient with the mode intensity profiles that are found
in the passive structure
  
n
gM = g|ψn |2 dxdy |ψn |2 dxdy.
A finite-difference approximation of the eigenvalue problem
(2) leads to an algebraic eigenvalue problem for a real matrix
of high dimension. Only a few eigenfunctions with negative
eigenvalues λn , which correspond to the guided modes, are of
practical interest. The magnitudes of λn are ordered growing
from a minimum value for the fundamental mode. Krylov
subspace methods are effective for problems when a couple of
modes need to be found. Among the methods that are based
on the Krylov subspace, the most convenient for our use is
the shift-and-invert Arnoldi’s method [23]. According to this
method, a subsidiary eigenvalue problem (H − µI)−1 ψn =
γn ψn had to be solved, where µ is the shift parameter, and I is
the identity matrix. This problem has the same eigenfunctions
as the initial problem (2). The eigenvalues are coupled by the
relationship γn = (λn − µ)−1 . The shift parameter µ serves as
a fit parameter to reach good convergence in iterations. The
basic component of the numerical algorithm is the performance
of the iterations by the application of operator (H − µI)−1 to
some vector ψ. The operator (H − µI)−1 is found numerically
3074
Fig. 2. Near-field patterns of the modes of 19-core MCF with identical cores. Units on spatial axes are µm.
by solving a linear algebraic system (H − µI)ϕ = ψ with a
known right-hand vector by the incomplete Cholesky-conjugate
gradient method [24].
In the presented results of our numerical simulations, the
computational parameters were taken as follows: The uniform
numerical meshes were taken at 256 × 256 cells at a half-
width of Lt = 55 µm for the seven-core construction and
512 × 512 cells at Lt = 75 µm for the 19-core construc-
tion, correspondingly. The effective thickness of the absorbing
boundaries was 2 µm. Defining the Courant number as r =
hz /(2n0 kh2 ), where h is the transverse mesh cell size, and hz
is the longitudinal step, the condition r ∼ 1 should be fulfilled
in order to accurately describe the diffraction phenomena and
to avoid nonphysical losses of the wave field. For this reason,
the step in the longitudinal direction was taken to be equal to
1 µm. The typical computing time to find all guided modes is
about 1–3 min for a 2.4-GHz Pentium IV processor.
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONS
The waveguide structures of MCFs that are used in the
experiments [10], [15], comprise 7 or 19 cores. The sketch
of the 19-core fiber cross section is shown in Fig. 1. Each
core has a diameter of 7 µm, with a core–cladding index step
of ∆n = 2.57 · 10−3 and a pump cladding refractive index of
n0 = 1.456. The distance between the neighbor core axes is
10.5 µm. The laser radiation wavelength was λ = 1.1 µm. The
scale length in our calculations was set as a = 15 µm. For
simplicity, we neglect the pump radiation attenuation along
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 25, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2007
the fiber. The value of the small-signal gain coefficient g0 =
0.2 cm−1 corresponds to the pump intensity of 48 kW/cm2 [16].
The saturation intensity and the nonlinear index coefficient
for 3-D BPM simulations were Is = 64.4 kW/cm2 and n2 =
2 · 10−12 cm2 /W [25].
The modal analysis in a system of coupled waveguides
allows getting a deeper insight into mechanisms of single
spatial mode selection in the MCF amplifier. Recently, such
an analysis for 7- and 19-core fibers was performed with the
finite element method in [9], which predicts the existence of 7
and 19 guided modes, respectively. Our calculations [26] using
the numerical code described above reproduced nearly the same
optical modes, as in [9], for a seven-core fiber with ∆n =
2.57 · 10−3 . In addition, we computed the modal small-signal
gain spectrum. It is noteworthy that the out-of-phase mode,
which has a phase shift π between the neighbor side cores
and turns to zero on the central core axis, has the maximum
gain (0.151 cm−1 ); the in-phase mode has the lowest modal
gain (0.127 cm−1 ) among all the guided modes. This fact is
in seeming contradiction to the results of 3-D BPM modeling
[19], [20], which exactly show this construction convergence
of the amplified signal in a strong saturated regime to the in-
phase-like pattern.
In the same construction, the coupling strength can be en-
hanced by diminishing the index difference. We made a series
of calculations on the smaller index difference. For its value
∆n = 1.27 · 10−3 , the number of guided modes for a seven-
core fiber is only three [26], with the modal gains equal to
0.102 cm−1 (the in-phase mode) and 0.095 cm−1 (two higher
ELKIN et al.: DIFFRACTION MODELING OF THE MULTICORE FIBER AMPLIFIER 3075

TABLE I
MODAL GAINS (IN cm−1 ) OF THE 19-CORE STRUCTURE WITH IDENTICAL CORES AND WITH RANDOM SPREAD IN THE INDEX DIFFERENCES

order modes). In this case, the in-phase mode has the highest
gain. Both these effects (reduced number of guided modes and
reverse order of modal small-signal gains) are the result of a
strong overlap of wave fields from different cores. The reduc-
tion of the amount of guided modes can be explained in terms
of the refraction index overlap with the modal intensity. Due
to extension of the field from the cores, an effective waveguide
parameter is decreased, resulting in a smaller number of guided
modes. This effect clearly manifests the inability of the CMT to
analyze such constructions.
The calculations of the modal spectrum for the 19-core
structure with identical cores are reproduced in agreement with Fig. 3. Input beam near-field (left) and far-field patterns (right) for 19-core
[9] 19 guided modes if the index difference is equal to the value fiber structure. The wave field is the sum of sole core guided modes. Units on
∆n = 2.57 · 10−3 . For the reduced index difference of ∆n = axes are radians.
1.27 · 10−3 , our calculations predict ten guided modes, which
are depicted in Fig. 2. The propagation constants and modal
gains listed in Table I for the last case decreases monotonously
from the in-phase mode.
If a random scatter in the values of index differences is
introduced, the number of guided modes at ∆n = 1.27 · 10−3
for the seven-core increases up to four modes. The modal gain
for the in-phase mode remains the highest in the seven-core
construction for the index step rms spread up to ∼15%. This
fact indicates a good correlation between the modal gains and
the spontaneous phase-locking robustness for a low-index step
Fig. 4. Near-field (left) and far-field patterns (right) for the output beam at the
construction [20]. For the 19-core construction with random 19-core amplifier exit: Amplifier length is 102 cm; index difference is 1.27 ·
scatter in index differences, the modal gains for ten modes are 10−3 ; and the core index spread is δn = 1.1 · 10−4 . Units on axes are radians.
listed in Table I. It is seen that, at an rms spread of about 8%,
the small-signal gain of the next mode practically reaches that that, for the average index difference of 1.27 · 10−3 , the results
of the in-phase mode. This demonstrates that the increase in the of the 3-D BPM simulations agree with the calculations of a
amount of cores in the fiber could lead to a loss of the in-phase modal gain spectrum.
mode dominance. The program package described allows us to study directly
To see the correlation between the modal gains and the self- the competition of two fiber modes by the 3-D BPM simula-
organization effect, calculations on the 3-D BPM code were tions. For this purpose, linear combinations of the in-phase and
performed for the same random values of index differences out-of-phase modes were launched into the amplifier. Calcu-
as were used in calculations of array modes. The wave field lations were made for the ideal seven-core structure with the
launched into the construction comprises 19 beams with equal parameters in [10]. Our code gives an opportunity to find coef-
phases and intensities, each of the beams being the sole core ficients of the total field expansion into the sum of two modes
guided mode. Fig. 3 demonstrates the 3-D plot of the intensity indicated above. The complete expansion over all seven guided
and the far-field pattern of the input wave field. The near- and modes was performed, but the role of all remaining modes was
far-field patterns for an amplifier length of 102 cm, with an found negligible in conditions under study. It means that the
average index difference of 1.27 · 10−3 , are presented in Fig. 4. total wave field power can be presented as the sum of powers of
High input signal power results in strong gain saturation. The the in-phase and out-of-phase modes at any length of amplifier.
total beam power rises only 3.5 times (at the small-signal gain Besides, our code calculates the spectrum of modal gains as a
of 0.2 cm−1 ). function of amplifier length, i.e., for variable total power.
It is shown in Fig. 4 that the fluctuations of the cores’ Examination of the small-signal amplification has confirmed
index result in a notable field redistribution among the cores. that the out-of-phase mode has a higher growth rate in harmony
Surprisingly, the beam quality of the whole output beam in with its higher modal gain. That is, the ratio of powers in the in-
the far field degraded to a comparatively small degree. This is phase and out-of-phase modes decreases at a low signal. How-
a result of establishing nearly a flat phase distribution of the ever, in a regime of strong saturation, there is no more simple
amplified wave field over the fiber aperture. One can conclude correlation with modal gains. It is found that variation of the
3076 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 25, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2007

IV. C ONCLUSION
A comparative analysis has been done on the simulation
results of a mode solver for the passive MCF and a 3-D
BPM code for the fiber amplifiers with hexagonal structure of
evanescently coupled cores that are experimentally realized in
[10] and [15]. In a general case, evolution of the monochromatic
wave field pattern in the amplifier can be considered as a
result of propagation of a linear combination of a few MCF
modes. The modes and modal gains were calculated for 7- and
19-core systems. Diminishing the index difference from ∆n =
2.57 · 10−3 to ∆n = 1.27 · 10−3 leads to the reduction of the
amount of the guided modes from 7 to 3 and from 19 to 10,
for the 7- and 19-core structures, respectively. The small-signal
gain of the in-phase mode is the lowest at ∆n = 2.57 · 10−3 and
the highest at ∆n = 1.27 · 10−3 . A good correlation between
the calculated modal gains and mode competition effect for low
index difference is found.
However, a 3-D BPM predicts that the amplified wave field
pattern in the seven-core fiber laser studied in [10] (high index
difference) can be either of the in-phase or out-of-phase type
at amplifier length of a few meters. This result demonstrates
that there is no strict correlation between the modal gains and
the amplified field patterns in a regime of deep saturation.
The preliminary analysis indicates that the gain saturation by
the radiation intensity is the main cause of self-convergence
of the radiation field to the in-phase mode. Thus, the 3-D
BPM modeling shows the shortage of the modal approach
for the MCF amplifier analysis and indicates the importance
of interference between the competing modes, leading to the
oscillations in saturable gain.

Fig. 5. Powers borne in the in-phase mode (solid line) and in the out-of-
phase mode (dash line) as a function of amplification length for input powers:
(a) Pinph /Poutph = 87 mW/24 mW. (b) Pinph /Poutph = 4.3 mW/1.1 mW.
Horizontal line designates saturation power for the seven-core construction.
input powers of the in-phase (Pinph ) and out-of phase (Poutph )
modes can lead to either the former or the last mode becoming
dominant at amplifier lengths of a few meters. Fig. 5 illustrates
that, at Pinph (Poutph ) = 87(24) mW, the in-phase mode is the
winner (a), whereas at Pinph (Poutph ) = 4.3(1.1) mW, the out-
of-phase mode wins (b). Actually, the final result (dominance of
the in-phase or out-of-phase mode) depends on the proportions
of modes and the input power level. In conditions of strong sat-
uration, modal gains for the in-phase and out-of-phase modes
oscillate along the axis with a period corresponding to beating
between the modes. Additional tests manifest the secondary
role of the nonlinear refractive index. We believe that a careful
study is required for the role that is played by these oscillations
of the modal gains, which are induced by the interference of
two modes. Our feeling is that the mode, which accumulates
[10] P. K. Cheo, A. Liu, and G. G. King, “A high-brightness laser beam
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[26] A. P. Napartovich, N. N. Elkin, V. N. Troshchieva, and D. V. Vysotsky,
“Numerical modeling of the multi-core fiber amplifier,” Proc. SPIE,
vol. 6346, pp. 634 623/1–634 623/8, May 2007.
Nikolay N. Elkin was born in Kirov Province,
Russia, on December 10, 1951. He received the
graduate, candidate, and the D.Sc. degrees in physics
and mathematics from Moscow State University,
Moscow, Russia, in 1976, 1980, and 1998, respec-
tively. His candidate dissertation was on boundary
problems of the tidal waves theory.
In 1979, he was with the Branch of Kurchatov
Atomic Energy Institute, working on the numerical
modeling of gas discharge and then on the math-
ematical modeling in nonlinear and resonator op-
tics for fast-flow CO2 lasers. From 1979 to 1987, from 1987 to 1988, and
from 1988 to 1994, he was a Junior Researcher, Researcher, and Senior
Researcher, respectively, with the Branch of Kurchatov Institute. Under his
active participation, the comprehensive computer models for CO2 and CO
lasers were created and successfully used for the theoretical description of these
lasers. Since 1994, he has been a Leading researcher with the State Research
Centre of the Russian Federation Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion
Research (formerly Branch of Kurchatov Institute), Troitsk, Moscow region.
Since 1994, he has been with the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,
Moscow, delivering lectures in computational physics. He has over 60 technical
publications. Recently, his research interests shifted to mathematical modeling
in the theory of lasers with diffractive optical elements, waveguide lasers, and
laser dynamics.
Dr. Elkin is a member of the SPIE. He received the Kurchatov Award
in 1986.
3077
Anatoly P. Napartovich (M’02) was born in Ulan-
Ude, Russia, on December 1, 1940. He received
the graduate degree from the Moscow Institute of
Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia, in 1964,
the candidate degree in plasma physics from the
High-Temperature Institute, Moscow, in 1969, and
the D.Sc. degree in plasma physics from Kurchatov
Atomic Energy Institute, Moscow, in 1980. His
candidate dissertation was on resonance radiation
transfer theory, where for the first time in physics,
fractional differential equations and the concept of
Levy flight were introduced.
In 1967, he was with the Kurchatov Atomic Energy Institute. He predicted
several kinds of plasma and optical instabilities limiting the power and optical
quality of laser beams in fast-flow gas lasers. Under his guidance, the compre-
hensive computer models for CO2 , CO, and excimer lasers were formulated
and successfully implemented for the theoretical description of these lasers. He
initiated the work on the glow discharge in atmospheric pressure airflow. Since
1983, he has been delivering lectures on laser physics for students of Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology, where he has held the position of Professor
since 1984. Since 1982, he has been the Head of the Kinetics and Optics of
Low-Temperature Plasma Division, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion
Research (formerly Branch of Kurchatov Institute), Troitsk, Moscow region.
Since 1986, his research interests include optically coupled laser arrays. In
1987, he proposed optical coupling between lasers based on four-wave mixing
in a nonlinear intracavity cell, which was later realized experimentally. In 1994,
he codeveloped the full analytical theory for antiguided semiconductor laser
arrays. Under his guidance, the 3-D diffraction beam propagation code was
developed for the description of multicore fiber lasers. For a circular array of
active cores in the fiber laser, he proposed a new construction of the spatial
filter in a form of an annular waveguide embedded in a fiber with the length of a
fraction of Talbot distance. This idea was realized in the experiments performed
at Max Born Institute, Berlin, in 2000. He has over 400 technical publications
and is the holder of three patents. He is on the Editorial Board of Quantum
Electronics.
Dr. Napartovich is a member of the IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society,
the Optical Society of America, the International Society for Optical Engineer-
ing, and the Laser Association. He has won the Kurchatov Prize in 1979 for
his analytical theory of molecular vibration kinetics in CO laser, the State Prize
in 1984, the Kurchatov prize in 1984 for predicting the instability of 2π-pulse
propagation in two-level atomic system, and the Kurchatov Prize of 1987 for
his proposal on a new type of coupling based on the Talbot effect, which was
realized in the experiments.
Vera N. Troshchieva was born in Grodno,
Belorussia, on May 24, 1963. She received the grad-
uate degree from the Department of Computational
Mathematics and Cybernetics, Moscow State Uni-
versity, Moscow, Russia, in 1985.
Since then, she has been an Engineer and, later,
a Researcher with the State Research Centre of the
Russian Federation, Troitsk Institute for Innovation
and Fusion Research, Troitsk, Moscow region. She
is engaged in numerical simulations of diffraction
optics of composite laser systems (a laser controlled
by injection of an external signal, a waveguide laser, multicore fiber laser, etc.).
She has coauthored more than 20 technical publications.
Dmitry V. Vysotsky was born in Leningrad, Russia,
on August 3, 1972. He received the M.S and candi-
date degrees in laser physics from the Moscow In-
stitute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia,
in 1995 and 1998, respectively. His candidate dis-
sertation was devoted to diode laser arrays phase
locking.
Since 1994, he has been with the State Research
Centre of the Russian Federation, Troitsk Insti-
tute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Troitsk,
Moscow region, working on phase locking of the
multicore fiber laser and cavity modeling of the diode lasers: edge emitting
and VCSELs. He has over 30 technical publications.
Dr. Vysotsky is a member of the Optical Society of America and the
International Society for Optical Engineering. He received the A. P. Alexandrov
Award for young researchers in 2003 and 2005.