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Maxwell Rules of the Game: Narrative Explanation.

1. Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields

• Restatements
o The divergence of the electric field comes from a positive charge source at an
individual point.
o The E Field diverges from positive charges and terminates at negative ones
o E flux passing through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed
• Insights
o E has a discontinuity with a surface charge
o E field can never cross since that means the field simultaneously points in 2
directions
o No points of stability in an electrostatic field b/c divergence is not equal to 0 but
there is no charge there.
o Divergence is NONZERO if it contains a source. Otherwise, it will equal to 0.

2. Ampere-Maxwell Law

Restatements
• Differential Form: The infinitesimal rotation of the magnetic field for points in space is
simultaneous to the free current + bound current + changing electric field.
• Current is the movement of charges and this is motivated by an electric field

If current exists, there WILL be a magnetic field created.


https://www.quora.com/Why-does-a-steady-current-only-produce-a-magnetic-field-not-an-
electric-field

• Integral Form: the line integral of the H Field along a loop represents the circulation of
magnetic field and it is equal to the sum of the total electric current (free current
density + bound current) going through that surface at any instant.
• Bound current density stems from the internal M vector because of natural current that
lies in materials – spinning electrons act as a magnetic dipole
• This magnetic field or susceptibility of electrons to become aligned and create a
magnetic field creates the current
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-are-some-materials-magnetic-and-is-aluminum-
magnetic.html
http://bolvan.ph.utexas.edu/~vadim/Classes/2017f/Hfield.pdf

3. Faraday’s Law

• Restatements
o Differential Form: a circulating electric field is produced by a magnetic field that
changes with time
o Integral Form: a changing magnetic flux through a surface will create a
circulating electric field
o The line integral of the electric field along a closed loop will equal the change in
flux of the magnetic field passing through it.

Looking at an area of changing magnetic flux, an electric field is created around the path. This
electric field circulates in a closed loop. If it happens that a path exists, like a resistive ring, then
from Ohm’s law, we know that V/R = I. A theoretical current would exist and its direction can be
determined by right hand rule.

4. Gauss’s Law for Magnetic fields


• Restatements
o Pfree_m is a magnetic monopole which does not exist
• Insights
o B is discontinuous at a surface curent
o Divergence means you take a tiny volume and integrate the h-field over the
surface, they don’t get stuck inside.
o Field lines always circulate and return

The Sources of Field.

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on a magnetic matter. A
magnetic field does no work on a charged particle because the divergence is 0
P_free (Coulomb/M

An electric field is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts force on other
charges.
https://www.quora.com/Why-does-a-steady-current-only-produce-a-magnetic-field-not-an-
electric-field

Math
From Circulation (Line Integral) to Surface Integral
Stokes Theorem states that the line integral around the boundary curve of S of the tangential
component of F is equal to the surface integral of the normal component of the curl of F

Divergence theorem relates the flux of a field through a surface to the divergence of the field in
the enclosed volume

E is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts a force on another charge.
A field can be a collection of discrete point charges
Magnitude of a field is greater where field lines are denser
For the static case, the curl is 0, since lines never circulate. They terminate.
When E field crosses a surface charge, there is always a discontinuity

Inside a Conductor
E is 0 inside a conductor. If a charge is inside, the charges will create a distribution to negate the
existing charge. They can do this because they are free electrons.
For dielectrics, E causes all molecules to realign.

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