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LM6000 PC GEK 105059

GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

APPENDIX A

Fuel/Water Requirements
This appendix contains specifications for the following:

A1 Natural Gas Fuel

A2 Liquid Fuel

A3 Water Purity - NOx Suppression

A4 Water Purity - Compressor Cleaning

A5 Liquid Detergent - Compressor Cleaning

A6 Lubricating Oil

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Appendix A1
Natural Gas Fuel for GE Aircraft Derivative Gas Turbines in Industrial
Applications
GE Industrial AeroDerivative gas turbines while protecting the gas turbine and support-
have the ability to burn a wide range of gas- ing hardware.
eous fuels, as shown in Table A1-1. These
gases present a broad spectrum of properties A1-1 Applicable Documents
due to both active and inert components. This
specification is designed to define guide-lines Table A1-2 identifies the acceptable test meth-
that must be followed in order to burn these ods to be used for determining gas fuel
fuels in an efficient, trouble-free manner, properties.

Table A1-1 Fuel Gas Usability


LHV
Btu/scf (kJ/ Wobbe Operational Applicability
Fuel Type NM3) Number Major Components Comments SAC DLE
Pipeline Natural 850-1200 45-60 Methane No restrictions Yes Yes
Gas (33383-
47128)
Medium British 400-850 20-45 Methane, Requires >700 Btu/scf Yes No,
Thermal Unit (Btu) (15709- Hydrocarbons (27492 kJ/NM3) for See
Natural Gas 33838) (HC), Carbon starting. May require Note 8
Dioxide, Nitrogen modified fuel nozzles.
Contact GE
Liquefied Petroleum 2300-3200 70-75 Propane, Butane May require specific Yes No
Gas (LPG) (90330- fuel nozzles.
125676) Contact GE
Gasification Gases
- Oxygen Blown 200-400 8-20 Carbon Monoxide, Contact GE Yes No
(7855- Hydrogen, HC,
15709) Water Vapor
- Air Blown 150-200 6-8 Carbon Monoxide, Contact GE Yes No
(5891- Hydrogen, HC,
7855) Nitrogen, Water
Vapor
Process Gases 300-1000 15-50 Methane, Hydro- Requires >700 Btu/scf Yes See
(11782- gen, Carbon Monox- (27492 kJ/NM3) for Note 8
39274) ide, Carbon Dioxide starting. Restricted
transient operation

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Table A1-1 Fuel Gas Usability (Continued)


LHV
Btu/scf (kJ/ Wobbe Operational Applicability
Fuel Type NM3) Number Major Components Comments SAC DLE
Refinery Gases 1000-1300 45-60 Methane, Hydro- No restrictions. Yes See
(39274- gen, Carbon Monox- Hydrogen content Note 8
51056) ide, Ethylene, should be reviewed
Propylene, Butylene by GE
Notes:
1. When considering the use of alternate fuels, provide details of the fuel constituents, fuel temperature,
and expected engine usage conditions and operating characteristics to GE for evaluation and recom-
mendations.
2. Values and limits apply at the inlet of the gas fuel control module.
3. Heating value ranges shown are provided as guidelines. Specific fuel analysis must be furnished to
GE for evaluation. The standard configured single annular combustor (SAC) gas turbines require a fuel
with an LHV no less than 6,500 Btu/pound. The Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustion system requires
minimum LHV of 18,000 Btu/pound. (Reference paragraph A1-3.1.)
4. The quantity of sulfur in gas fuels is not limited by this specification. Experience has shown that oxida-
tion/corrosion rates are not significantly affected by fuel sulfur levels up to 1.3% sulfur. Hot corrosion of
hot gas path parts is affected by the presence of the specified trace metals. Sulfur levels shall be con-
sidered when addressing heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) corrosion, selective catalytic reduc-
tion (SCR) deposition, exhaust emissions, system material requirements, elemental sulfur deposition,
and iron sulfide. (Reference paragraph A1-4.3.)
5. The fuel gas supply shall be 100% free of liquids. Admission of liquids can result in combustion and/or
hot gas path component damage. (Reference paragraph A1-4.2.)
6. Wobbe Number, or modified Wobbe Number Index, is described in paragraph A1-3.2.
7. Gases with Wobbe Number Index greater than 40 may be applicable for DLE. Contact GE.
8. Process and refinery gases with less than five percent hydrogen content and low carbon monoxide
(CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) content may be acceptable for DLE application. Contact GE.
9. NM3 is at 0°C, 101.325 kPa (sea level).

A1-2 Test Methods for Gaseous Fuels


Property ASTM Methods
Gas Composition to C6+ D1945 - Standard method for constituents of gases by gas
chromatography
Heating Value D3588 - Procedure for calculating calorific value and specific
gravity of gaseous fuels
Specific Gravity D3588 - Procedure for calculating calorific value and specific
gravity of gaseous fuels
Compressibility Factor D3588 - Procedure for calculating calorific value and specific
gravity of gaseous fuels

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A1-2 Test Methods for Gaseous Fuels (Continued)


Property ASTM Methods
Dew Point (See Note 1) D1142 - Water vapor content of gaseous fuels by measur-
ment of dew point temperature
Sulfer D1072 - Test for total sulfur in fuel gases (See Note 2)
D3246 - Test for total sulfur in fuel gases
Chemical Composition D2250 - Standard method for chemical composition of gases
by mass spectrography
Notes:
1. Hydrocarbon and water dew points shall be determined by direct dew point measurements (Chilled Mir-
ror Device). If dew point cannot be measured, an extended gas analysis, which identifies hydrocarbon
components from C1 through C14, shall be performed. This analysis must provide an accuracy of
greater than 10 parts per million by volume. A standard gas analysis to C6+ is normally not acceptable
for dew point calculation unless it is known that heavier hydrocarbons are not present, as is most often
the case with liquefied natural gases.
2. This test method will not detect the presence of condensable sulfur vapor. Specialized filtration equip-
ment is required to measure sulfur at concentrations present in vapor form. Contact GE for more
information.

A1-2 Fuel Gas Classification Actual calorific heating values are dependent
on the percentages of hydrocarbons and inert
A1-2.1 Natural and Liquefied Petro- gases contained in the gas.
leum Gas (LPG)
A1-2.1.2 Medium Btu Natural Gas
Natural gases are predominately methane with
much smaller quantities of the slightly heavier Natural gases are found and extracted from
hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, and underground reservoirs. These "raw gases"
butane. Liquefied petroleum gas is propane may contain varying degrees of nitrogen, car-
and/or butane with traces of heavier bon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and contain
hydrocarbons. contaminants such as salt, water, sand, and
dirt. Processing by the gas supplier normally
A1-2.1.1 Pipeline Natural Gas reduces and/or removes these constituents and
contaminants prior to use in the gas turbine. A
Natural gases normally fall within the calorific gas analysis must be performed to ensure that
heating value range of 850 to 1200 Btu/scf the fuel supply to the gas turbine meets the
(33383-47128 kJ/NM3) lowest heating value requirements of this specification.
(LHV).

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A1-2.1.3 Liquefied Petroleum Gases Oxygen blown gasification fuels are often
mixed with steam for thermal nitrous oxide
The heating values of LPGs normally fall (NOx) control, cycle efficiency improvement,
between 2300 and 3200 Btu/scf (90330- and/or power augmentation. When utilized,
125676 kJ/NM3)(LHV). Based on their high the steam is injected into the combustor by an
commercial value, these fuels are normally independent passage.
utilized as a backup fuel to the primary gas
fuel for gas turbines. Since LPGs are nor- The current guideline for hydrogen plus CO
mally stored in a liquid state, it is critical that constituent is limited to 75 percent for
the vaporization process and gas supply sys- LM6000 gas turbines. Due to high hydrogen
tem maintains the fuel at a temperature above content of these fuels, oxygen blown gasifica-
the minimum required superheat value. Fuel tion fuels are normally not suitable for DLE
heating and heat tracing are required to ensure applications, for which the hydrogen content
above minimum temperature is maintained. is limited to 5 percent by volume. The high
flame speeds resulting from high hydrogen
A1-2.2 Gasification Fuels fuels can result in flashback or primary zone
reignition on DLE premixed combustion sys-
Other gases that may be utilized as gas turbine tems. Utilization of these fuels shall be
fuel are those formed by the gasification of reviewed by GE.
coal, petroleum, coke, or heavy liquids. In
general, the heating values of gasification A1-2.2.2 Air Blown Gasification
fuels are substantially lower than other fuel
gases. These lower heating value fuels require Gases produced by air blown gasification nor-
that the fuel nozzle gas flow passages be larger mally have heating values between 150 and
than those utilized for fuels of higher heating 200 Btu/scf (5891-7855 kJ/NM3) (LHV). The
values. H2 content of these fuels can range from 8 per-
cent to 20 percent by volume and have a H2/
Gasification fuels are produced by either an CO mole ratio of 0.3 to 3:1. The use and treat-
Oxygen Blown or Air Blown gasification ment of these fuels are similar to that identi-
process. fied for oxygen blown gasification.

A1-2.2.1 Oxygen Blown Gasification For gasification fuels, a significant part of the
total turbine flow comes from the fuel. In
The heating values of gases produced by oxy- addition, for oxygen blown fuels, there is a
gen blown gasification fall in the range of 200 diluent addition for NOx control. Careful
to 400 Btu/scf (7855-15709 kJ/NM3). The integration of the gas turbine with the gasifica-
hydrogen (H2) content of these fuels is nor- tion plant is required to assure an operable
mally above 30 percent by volume and have system. Due to the low volumetric heating
H2/CO mole ratio between 0.5 and 0.8. value of both oxygen and air blown gases, spe-
cial fuel systems and fuel nozzles are required.

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A1-2.3 Process Gases removed from the fuel prior to delivery to the
gas turbine.
Many chemical processes generate surplus
gases that may be utilized as fuel for gas tur- A1-2.3.3 COREX Gases
bines (i.e. tail or refinery gases). These gases
often consist of methane, hydrogen, carbon COREX gases are similar to oxygen blown
monoxide, and carbon dioxide that are normal gasified fuels, and may be treated as such.
byproducts of petrochemical processes. Due They are usually lower in H2 content and have
to the hydrogen and carbon monoxide content, lower heating values than oxygen blown gas-
these fuels have large rich-to-lean flammabil- ified fuels. Further combustion related guide-
ity limits. These types of fuels often require lines can be found in Bureau of Mines
inerting and purging of the gas turbine gas fuel Circulars 503 and 622.
system upon unit shutdown or transfer to a
more conventional fuel. When process gas A1-2.3.4 Hydrogen
fuels have extreme flammability limits such
that the fuel will auto ignite at turbine exhaust The presence of gaseous hydrogen in the fuel
conditions, a more conventional startup fuel, can present special problems due to the high
such as methane, is required. flame speed and high temperatures associated
with combustion, and the very wide flamma-
Additional process gases utilized as gas tur- bility limits of this gas. Treatment of fuels
bine fuels are those which are by-products of containing hydrogen are separated into three
steel production. These are: categories: less than 5 percent by volume, 6
percent to 30 percent by volume, and over 30
A1-2.3.1 Blast Furnace Gases percent. If the hydrogen fuel content is 5 per-
cent or less, no special precautions are neces-
Blast Furnace Gases (BFGs), alone, have heat- sary and starting on this fuel mixture can be
ing values below minimal allowable limits. permissible, assuming there are no other
These gases must be blended with other fuel to restrictive substances in the mix.
raise the heating value to above the required
limit. Coke oven and/or natural gases or For fuels containing more than 5 percent, and
hydrocarbons such as propane or butane can up to 30 percent hydrogen, an alternative start-
be utilized to accomplish this. ing fuel may be required by local safety codes,
and a special exhaust system purge cycle is
A1-2.3.2 Coke Oven Gases incorporated into the gas turbine start
sequence to eliminate accumulated fuels from
Coke oven gases are high in H2 and H4C and an aborted start. In addition, special high
may be used for SAC systems, but are not suit- point venting is required for both the fuel gas
able for DLE combustion applications. These and turbine compartments since the fuel con-
fuels often contain trace amounts of heavy stituents are normally lighter than air. The
hydrocarbons which, when burned, could lead vents hold the compartment at a slight vacuum
to carbon buildup on the fuel nozzles. The relative to local ambient conditions. Special
heavy hydrocarbons must be "scrubbed" or precautions must also be taken to completely

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seal the fuel delivery system from leaks. Con- heat generated by complete combustion is a
sult the local authorities for specific local constant for a given combination of combusti-
safety codes. ble elements and compounds.

If the fuel contains more than 30 percent For most gaseous fuels, the heating value is
hydrogen, electrical devices used in the fuel determined by using a constant pressure, con-
gas and turbine compartments should be certi- tinuous-type calorimeter. This is the industry
fied for use in Group B (explosive) atmo- standard. In these units, combustible sub-
spheres. Consult the local authorities for stances are burned with oxygen under essen-
specific local safety codes. tially constant pressure conditions. In all fuels
that contain hydrogen, water vapor is a prod-
A1-2.4 Refinery Gases uct of combustion, which impacts the heating
value. In a bomb calorimeter, the products of
Many hydrocarbon fuels contain olefin hydro- combustion are cooled to the initial tempera-
carbon compounds which have been thought ture and all of the water vapor formed during
to prohibit their use in aeroderivative gas combustion is condensed. The result is the
turbines. HHV, or higher heating value, which includes
the heat of vaporization of water. The LHV, or
Fuel temperature is also a consideration in lower heating value, assumes all products of
order to use standard fuel nozzles and to avoid combustion, including water, remain in the
the possibilities of fuel polymerization. Maxi- gaseous state, and the water heat of vaporiza-
mum fuel temperature of 125°F (52°C) is rec- tion is not available.
ommended. It may be possible to go as high
as 190°F (88°C), but this may require non- A1-3.2 Modified Wobbe Number Index
standard fuel nozzle sizing and should be con- Range
sidered on a case-by-case basis. Please con-
tact GE for assistance. While gas turbines can operate with gases hav-
ing a very wide range of heating values, the
Because refinery gas fuels usually have signif- amount of variation that a single specific fuel
icantly higher hydrocarbon and olefin content, system can accommodate is much less. Varia-
the combustor flame temperatures are typi- tion in heating value as it affects gas turbine
cally higher, resulting in higher than normal operation is expressed in a term identified as
(high methane gas) NOx emissions. Contact Modified Wobbe Number Index (Natural Gas,
GE for effect on emissions. E. N. Tiratsoo, Scientific Press, Ltd., Beacons-
field, England, 1972). This term is a measure-
A1-3 Fuel Properties ment of volumetric energy and is calculated
using the LHV of the fuel, specific gravity of
A1-3.1 Heating Value the fuel with respect to air at International
Standards Organization (ISO) conditions, and
A fuel's heat of combustion, or heating value,
the fuel temperature, as delivered to the gas
is the amount of energy, expressed in Btu, gen-
turbine.
erated by the complete combustion, or oxida-
tion, of a unit weight of fuel. The amount of

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The mathematical definition is as follows: fuel gas temperature profiles, shall be submit-
ted to GE for proper evaluation.
Modified Wobbe Number Index
A1-3.3 Superheat Requirement
=LHV/(SGgas x T)1/2
The superheat requirement is established to
This is equivalent to: ensure that the fuel gas supplied to the gas tur-
bine is 100 percent free of liquids. Dependent
Modified Wobbe Number Index on its constituents, gas entrained liquids could
cause degradation of gas fuel nozzles and, for
=LHV/[(MWgas/28.96) x T]1/2 DLE applications, premixed flame flashbacks
or reignitions.
Where:
A minimum of 50°F (10°C) of superheat is
LHV = Lower Heating Value of the Gas
required and is specified to provide enough
Fuel (Btu/scf)
margin to compensate for temperature reduc-
SGgas = Specific Gravity of the Gas Fuel tion due to pressure drop across the gas fuel
Relative to Air control valves.

MWgas = Molecular Weight of the Gas Fuel A1-3.4 Flammability Ratio

T = Absolute Temperature of the Gas Fuel gases containing hydrogen and/or carbon
Fuel (Rankine) monoxide will have a ratio of rich-to-lean
flammability limits that is significantly larger
28.96 = Molecular Weight of Dry Air than that of natural gas. Typically, gases with
greater than 5 percent hydrogen by volume fall
The allowable Modified Wobbe Number Index into this range and require a separate startup
range is established to ensure that required fuel. Consult the local authorities for specific
fuel nozzle pressure ratios are maintained dur- local safety codes.
ing all combustion/turbine modes of opera-
tion. When multiple gas fuels are supplied Fuel gases with a large percentage of an inert
and/or if variable fuel temperatures result in a gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide will
Modified Wobbe Number Index that exceeds have a ratio of rich-to-lean flammability limits
the ±10 percent limitation, independent fuel less than that of pure natural gas. Flammabil-
gas trains, which could include control valves, ity ratios of less than 2.2 to 1, as based on vol-
manifolds, and fuel nozzles, may be required ume at ISO conditions [14.696 psia and 59°F
for standard combustion systems. For DLE (101.325 kPa and 15°C)], may experience
applications, the Modified Wobbe Number problems maintaining stable combustion over
Index range must be between 40 and 60. An the full operating range of the turbine.
accurate analysis of all gas fuels, along with

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A1-3.5 Gas Constituent Limits 6. Scrubber oil or liquid

Gas constituents are not specifically limited 7. Compressor lube oil


except to the extent described in paragraph
A1-2, FUEL GAS CLASSIFICATION. These 8. Naphthalene
limitations are set forth to assure stable com-
bustion through all gas turbine loads and 9. Gas hydrates
modes of operation. Limitations are more
It is critical that the fuel gas is properly condi-
stringent for DLE combustion systems where
tioned prior to being utilized as gas turbine
premixed combustion is utilized. A detailed
fuel. This conditioning can be performed
gas analysis shall be furnished to GE for
using a variety of methods. These include, but
proper evaluation.
are not limited to, media filtration, inertial sep-
A1-3.6 Gas Fuel Supply Pressure aration, coalescing, and fuel heating. Trace
metal, particulate, and liquid contamination
Gas fuel supply pressure requirements are limits are provided in the following para-
dependent on the gas turbine model and com- graphs. These limits are given in parts per
bustion design, the fuel gas analysis, and unit million by weight (ppmw) corrected to the
specific site conditions. Minimum and maxi- actual heating value of the fuel. It is critical
mum supply pressure requirements can be that fuel gas conditioning equipment be
determined by GE for specific applications. designed and sized so that these limits are not
exceeded.
A1-4 Contaminants
A1-4.1 Particulates
Dependent on the type of fuel gas, the geo-
graphical location, and the forwarding means, Contamination limits for particulates are
there is the potential for the "raw" gas supply established to prevent fouling and excessive
to contain one or more of the following con- erosion of hot gas path parts, erosion and plug-
taminants: ging of combustion fuel nozzles, and erosion
of the gas fuel system control valves. The uti-
1. Tar, lampblack, coke lization of gas filtration or inertial separation
is required. The filtration level should be a
2. Water, salt water beta ratio of 200 minimum (efficiency of
99.5%) at 5 or less. The total particulate
3. Sand, clay should not exceed 30 ppmw. GE requires the
use of stainless steel piping downstream of
4. Rust this last level of filtration.
5. Iron sulfide

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A1-4.2 Liquids to form the equivalent of 0.6 ppm of alkali


metal sulfates in the fuel. Unless sulfur levels
No liquids are allowed in the gas turbine fuel are extremely low, alkali levels are usually
gas supply. Liquids contained in the fuel can limiting in determining hot corrosion of hot
result in nuisance and/or hardware damaging gas path materials. For low Btu gases, the fuel
conditions. These include rapid excursions in contribution of alkali metals at the turbine
firing temperature and gas turbine load, pri- inlet is increased over that for natural gas, and
mary zone reignition and flashback of pre- the alkali limit in the fuel is, therefore,
mixed flames, and when liquids carry over decreased. The total amount of alkali met-
past the combustion system, melting of hot gas als(a) in gas fuels used with engines having
path components. When liquids are identified marinized (corrosion-resistant) coatings on the
in the gas supply, separation and heating is high pressure turbine blading shall not exceed
employed to achieve the required superheat 0.2 ppm(b).
level.
(a) Sodium, potassium, lithium.
A1-4.3 Sulfur Experience has shown that
sodium is by far the preponderant
There is no specific limit on natural gas fuel alkali metal, if any, found in gas-
sulfur content if the engine is used in an appli- eous fuels.
cation where both the fuel and environment
are free of alkali metals. There are several (b) This limit assumes zero alkali
concerns relative to the levels of sulfur con- metals in the inlet air or injected
tained in the fuel gas supply. Many of these water or steam. When actual lev-
concerns are not directly related to the gas tur- els are above zero, the maximum
bine, but to associated equipment and emis- allowable sodium content of the
sions requirements. These concerns include fuel must be reduced in accor-
but are not limited to: dance with the following
relationship:
A1-4.3.1 Hot Gas Path Corrosion

Typically, use of sulfur bearing fuels will not ppm sodium inlet air × air/fuel ratio =
be limited by concerns for corrosion in the tur-
ppm sodium in water or steam ×
bine hot gas path unless alkali metals are water or steam ratio =
present. Sodium, potassium, and other alkali fuel
metals are not normally found in natural gas ppm sodium in fuel =
fuels, but are typically found to be introduced
in the compressor inlet air in marine environ- Total fuel equivalence for sodium
ments, as well as in certain adverse industrial from all sources not to exceed
0.2 ppm
environments. The total amount of sulfur and
alkali metals from all sources shall be limited

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A1-4.3.2 HRSG Corrosion A1-4.3.4 Exhaust Emissions

If heat recovery equipment is used, the con- Sulfur burns mostly to sulfur dioxide, but 5
centration of sulfur in the fuel gas must be percent to 10 percent oxidizes to sulfur triox-
known so that the appropriate design for the ide. The latter can result in sulfate formation,
equipment can be specified. Severe corrosion and may be counted as particulate matter in
from condensed sulfuric acid results if an some jurisdictions. The remainder will be dis-
HRSG has metal temperatures below the sul- charged as sulfur dioxide. To limit the dis-
furic acid dew point. Contact the HRSG sup- charge of acid gas, some localities may restrict
plier for additional information. the allowable concentration of sulfur in the
fuel.
A1-4.3.3 SCR Deposition
A1-4.3.5 Elemental Sulfur Deposition
Units utilizing ammonia injection downstream
of the gas turbine for NOx control can experi- Solid elemental sulfur deposits can occur in
ence the formation of deposits containing gas fuel systems downstream of pressure
ammonium sulfate and bisulfate on low tem- reducing stations or gas control valves under
perature evaporator and economizer tubes. certain conditions. These conditions may be
Such deposits are quite acidic and, therefore, present if the gas fuel contains elemental sul-
corrosive. These deposits, and the corrosion fur vapor, even when the concentration of the
they cause, may also decrease HRSG perfor- vapor is a few parts per billion by weight.
mance and increase back pressure on the gas Concentrations of this magnitude cannot be
turbine. Deposition rates of ammonium sul- measured by commercially available instru-
fate and bisulfate are determined by the sulfur mentation, and deposition cannot, therefore,
content of the fuel, ammonia content in the be anticipated based on a standard gas analy-
exhaust gas, tube temperature, and boiler sis. Should deposition take place, fuel heating
design. Fuels having sulfur levels above those will be required to maintain the sulfur in vapor
as odorants for natural gas should be reported phase and avoid deposition. A gas tempera-
to GE. In addition, the presence of minute ture of 130°F (54.4°C) or higher may be
quantities of chlorides in the inlet air may required at the inlet to the gas control valves to
result in cracking of AISI 300 series stainless avoid deposition, depending on the sulfur
steels in the hot gas path. Contact the SCR vapor concentration. The sulfur vapor concen-
supplier for additional information. tration can be measured by specialized filter-
ing equipment. If required, GE can provide
further information on this subject.

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A1-5 Definitions less. The hydrate line is always below or at


the moisture dew point, as free water must
A1-5.1 Dew Point exist in order for the hydrates to form. Main-
taining 50°F (28°C) of superheat above the
This is the temperature at which the first liquid moisture dew point will eliminate hydrate for-
droplet will form as the gas temperature is mation problems.
reduced. Common liquids found in gas fuel
are hydrocarbons, water, and glycol. Each has A1-5.5 Glycol
a separate and measurable dew point. The
dew point varies considerably with pressure, Glycol is not a natural constituent of natural
and both temperature and pressure must be gas, but is introduced during the dehydration
stated to properly define the gas property. process. Various forms of glycol are used,
Typically, the hydrocarbon dew point will diethylene and triethylene glycol being two
peak in the 300 to 600 psia (2068 to 4137 kPa) most common. In some cases, glycol is
range. injected into the pipeline as a preservative. In
most cases, glycol may only be a problem dur-
A1-5.2 Dry Saturated Condition ing commissioning of a new pipeline or if an
upset has taken place in an upstream dehydra-
The gas temperature is at, but not below or tion station.
above, the dew point temperature. No free liq-
uids are present. A1-5.6 Superheat

A1-5.3 Gas Hydrates This is defined as the difference between the


gas temperature minus the liquid dew point.
Gas hydrates are semisolid materials that can The difference is always positive or zero. A
cause deposits that plug instrumentation lines, negative value implies that the value is being
control valves, and filters. They are formed measured at two different states of pressure
when free water combines with one or more of and temperature and is not valid. A measured
the C1 through C4 hydrocarbons. Typically, gas temperature below the theoretical dew
the formation will take place downstream of a point means that the gas is in a wet saturated
pressure reducing station where the tempera- state with free liquids present.
ture drop is sufficient to cause moisture con-
densation in a region of high turbulence. A1-5.7 Saturation Line
Because hydrates can cause major problems in
the gas distribution network, the moisture con- This is the same as the dew point line.
tent is usually controlled upstream at a dehy-
dration process station. A1-5.8 Wet Saturated Condition

A1-5.4 Gas Hydrate Formation Line This is a point at which the mixture consists of
both vapor and liquids.
This is similar to the dew point line except the
temperature variation with pressure is much

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MID-TD-0000-2
June 2000
Appendix A2
Liquid Fuel Requirements for GE AeroDerivative Gas Turbines
This document lists specifications and MIL-F-16884 Fuel Oil - Diesel Marine
describes application guidelines for liquid (NATO F-75, F-76)
fuels that can be fired satisfactorily in GE VV-F-800 Fuel Oil - Diesel, Grades
aeroderivative gas turbines. It is recommended DF-A, DF-1, and DF-2
that a complete specification analysis of all (NATO F-54)
liquid fuels proposed for use in GE aeroderiv-
ative gas turbines be reviewed by GE prior to ASTM D396 Grades No. 1, 2, 4, and
use. 4 (Light)

A2-1 Fuel Specifications ASTM D2800 Gas Turbine Fuel Oils,


Grades No. O-GT1,2,
Fuels conforming to the following military No. 1-GT, No. 2-GT
and industry specifications are acceptable for
use in GE aeroderivative gas turbines in indus- Other:
trial and shipboard applications, except as The pure hydrocarbon combustibles [e.g., pro-
noted below, and provided they also meet the pane (C2H8) and butane (C4H10), both nor-
additional criteria described in A2-2. How- mal and iso] are acceptable either alone or in
ever, their use should be reviewed against various mixtures with other liquid fuels, pro-
applicable safety and regulatory requirements. vided that fuel manifold pressures are suffi-
cient to maintain the fuel in the liquid state2.
D50TF2 GEAE Aviation Fuel Alternate fuels may be required for starting
Specification and low-power operation. Contact GE for spe-
ISO 8217 ISO-F-DMA (MGO) cific applications.
MIL-DTL-5624 Grades JP-41, JP-5 (NATO Light distillate fuels, such as Naphtha (C10
F-40, F-44)
down to C4 hydrocarbons), gasoline (C7 to C5
MIL-DTL-83133 Grades JP-8 (NATO hydrocarbons), and D2880 Grade No. 0-GT,
F-34/F-35) are acceptable as fuels in GE aeroderivative
ASTM D975 Diesel Fuel Oil, Grades gas turbines provided that fuel manifold pres-
1-D and 2-D, 1-D Low Sul- sures are sufficient to maintain fuel as a liquid,
fur, and 2-D Low Sulfur especially in hot climates2. Alternative fuels
ASTM D1655 Aviation Turbine Fuels may be necessary for starting the engines and
low-power operation. Contact GE for specific
(Jet-A, Jet-A1, and Jet-B1)
applications.

1. Highly volatile wide-cut fuels (such as MIL-


DTL-5624 JP-4, ASTM D1665 Jet-B, and 2. Liquefied gas, light distillates, and alcohols, and
ASTM D2880 Grade No. 0-GT) are generally liquefied gas fuels may have inadequate
acceptable for industrial, but not shipboard lubricity, requiring the use of a fuel pump/
applications. system specifically designed to handle these
types of fuels. See paragraph A2-2.3.

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Various alcohols [e.g., hydroxyl derivatives of The purchaser may refer to the Qualified Parts
hydrocarbons, such as methanol (CH3OH) List (QPL-53021) for a summary of approved
and ethanol (C2H5OH)] can burn in GE aero- stabilizer additives used in the long-term stor-
derivative gas turbines2. Contact GE for spe- age of diesel and distillate fuels. This publica-
cific applications. tion is periodically revised, and is available
from the U.S. Government Printing Office.
A2-2 Additional Requirements
A2-2.3 Viscosity
The following requirements supplement and
supersede, where there is a conflict, the speci- The viscosity of the fuel, as supplied to the
fications listed in A2-1. However, if the speci- inlet connection on the gas turbine, shall be a
fication is more restrictive, it applies. minimum of 0.5 centistoke3, and shall be up to
6.0 centistokes maximum for starting and 12.0
A2-2.1 Composition centistokes maximum during operation. The
fuel may be heated to meet this requirement.
The fuel shall consist of hydrocarbon com-
pounds only and must be compatible between A2-2.4 Wax
brands and batches.
Wax can be present in fuel oil, especially the
While there is no specific requirement or limit distillates with higher pour points. It may be
on the amount of fuel bound nitrogen (FBN) necessary to determine the percent of wax and
contained in a liquid fuel, it is recommended its melting point and to provide a suitable
that the amount of liquid fuel FBN be under- method to keep the wax dissolved at all times.
stood for those applications that are sensitive
to levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the A2-2.5 Fuel Temperature Require-
gas turbine exhaust. FBN is the amount of ments
nitrogen in the fuel that is chemically bound.
During the combustion process, the FBN is The minimum temperature of liquid fuel sup-
converted, at least partially, to NOx (called plied to the gas turbine shall be the greater of:
organic NOx) and adds to the total amount of
NOx that is contained in the gas turbine a. 20°F (11°C) above the wax point tempera-
exhaust. GE emissions data provided for liq- ture of the fuel.
uid fuels assumes an FBN content of less than
or
0.015 percent by weight unless otherwise
noted.
b. The temperature required to remain within
maximum fuel viscosity requirements or
A2-2.2 Additives
35°F (2°C).
The use of any dyes or additives requires
approval of GE, unless such additives are spe-
cifically approved in the fuel specifications 3. Required for adequate GE aeroderivative gas turbine
(A2-1) or they conform to MIL-S-53021A. fuel pump lubrication and to prevent pump cavitation
when using light fuels.

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The maximum temperature of liquid fuel sup- When liquid fuel is supplied by barges or other
plied to the gas turbine should not exceed bulk modes of transportation, it should be
150°F (65.6°C). For liquid fuels with high pumped directly into raw fuel storage tanks,
vapor pressure constituents (naphtha, NGL, and must be conditioned/treated before being
etc.), the fuel temperature in the manifold placed in one of two clean fuel day storage
should be at least 100°F (55.6°C) below the tanks from which gas turbine will be sup-plied.
bubble point temperature of the lightest com- Redundant, clean day fuel storage tanks are
ponent at high pressure compressor discharge recommended to provide a primary settled fuel
static pressure (PS3). supply and to allow tank repair and/or cleaning
with minimum downtime. Storage tanks must
A2-3 Property Requirements be constructed of corrosion-resistant materials
or appropriately lined to minimize internally
Property requirements are listed in Table A1. formed contaminants. Fuel shall not be trans-
Contaminant limits apply to fuel samples ported, stored, or handled in system compo-
taken at the gas turbine fuel manifold flange. It nents containing copper, e.g., ships that have
cannot be assumed that specification fuel sup- copper heating coils, or storage tanks coated
plied by a refinery still meets those specifica- with zinc. Neither copper nor zinc is normally
tions once it is delivered to the gas turbine. found in refined fuels such as diesel and naph-
tha, but should either be present, it can cause
A2-4 Fuel Handling fuel degradation and additional engine mainte-
True distillate fuel as refined has low water, nance. No fuel should be used that contains
dirt, and trace metal contaminant levels that detectable amounts of copper or zinc.
can be maintained with careful transportation, Duplex, primary strainers (150-200 micron
handling, and storage methods. Most contami- absolute) should be located between the off-
nation occurs during transportation of fuel. loading facility and the raw fuel storage tanks.
Duplex, secondary filters (50-100 micron
Since fuel can be contaminated during trans-
absolute) should be located between the raw
portation from the refinery to the site, auxil-
fuel storage tanks and the final fuel treatment
iary fuel cleanup equipment should be
system. All fuel storage tanks must have inlets
available to restore the fuel quality. Available
at the bottom of the tank. All fuel day storage
purification equipment includes centrifuges
tanks should be provided with a floating suc-
and electrostatic dehydrators. In addition to tion. The distance between the inlet and outlet
potential hot corrosion from salt in the water, should be maximized.
water accumulated in the bottom of a storage
tank can also cause problems. Microorgan- After filling any tank or adding fuel to it, a set-
isms tend to grow at the water/fuel interface, tling time of 24 hours should be allowed
generating both chemicals corrosive to metals before taking fuel from that tank. Initially,
in the fuel system and also slime that can plug water and sludge should be drained from all
fuel filters. In marine applications, shipboard storage tanks on a daily basis. After experi-
systems that allow recycling of fuel from the ence is gained with a given fuel and fuel
service tanks through the centrifugal purifiers source, the frequency of draining may be
are recommended. adjusted by the customer.

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Table A1 Liquid Fuel Property Requirements


Property Limit ASTM Method
Ash, %, maximum 0.01 D482
Sulfur, %, maximum 1.0a D129b
Vanadium, ppm, maximum 0.5 D3605
Sodium, Potassium, and Lithium, ppm, maximum 0.2c, d D3605e
Lead, ppm, maximum 1.0 D3605
Calcium, ppm, maximum 2.0 D3605
Hydrogen content, %, minimum 12.7f D1018, D3701
Demulsification, minutes, maximum 20.0 D1401 and Note 3 therein
Carbon residue, %, maximum (100% sample) 1.0 D524
Carbon residue, %, maximum (10% Ramsbottoms) 0.25 D524
Particulates, mg/gal., maximum 10.0g D2276
Water and Sediment, volume %, maximum 0.10h D2709
Flash Point, °F, maximum See i Below D93
Copper corrosion, maximum No. 1j D130
Notes
a. Fuels with a higher sulfur content can be burned. Impact on Hot Section Repair Interval (HSRI) will be dependent
upon alkali metals present in the fuel, inlet air, and injected water and upon engine operating temperature. Consult
GE for review of higher sulfur fuels.
b. The following alternate methods are acceptable: ASTM D1552, ASTM D2622, and ASTM D1266.
c. This limit is considered to include all alkali metals, e.g., potassium and lithium, as well as sodium. Experience,
however, has shown that sodium is generally the predominant alkali metal. This limit also assumes zero alkali met-
als in the inlet air or injected water or steam. When actual levels are above zero, the maximum allowable sodium
content of the fuel must be reduced in accordance with the following relationship:
ppm Na in Inlet Air x Air/Fuel Ratio
+ ppm Na in Water or Steam x Water or Steam/Fuel Ratio
+ ppm Na in Fuel
Total fuel equivalence for sodium from all sources not to exceed 0.2 ppm
d. For nonmarinized engines (except for LM6000), the total amount of alkali metal from all sources shall not exceed
0.1 ppm.
e. To achieve the level of sensitivity for detection of sodium to the level required, an atomic absorption spectrometer
or a rotating disk spectrometer may be necessary.
f. Care must be taken with the more viscous fuels to ensure that the minimum hydrogen content is met.
g. Maximum particle size is 20 micrometers.
h. For marine gas turbines using a hydromechanical main fuel control, the limit is 40 ppm.
i. Legal limits and applicable safety regulations must be met; however, it should be noted that use of fuels having a
flash point in excess of 200°F (93.3°C) may result in unsatisfactory starting characteristics. Blending for enhance-
ment of spark ignition or use of alternate fuels may be required for starting.
j. Copper corrosion test conditions are 2 hours at 212°F (100°C).

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A2-5 Fuel Sampling ensure that the fuel discharged from these
tanks and at a practical location at, or just
A well-thought-out fuel sampling protocol upstream of, the gas turbine fuel manifold
will ensure that quality fuel is delivered to the flange meets the specification.
engine. For each delivery, fuel samples should
be taken and analyzed at the following For all fuel sampling, sufficient samples (min-
locations: imum of three) must be taken to ensure that a
representative sample is obtained. Samples
• At the refinery before loading. should be taken at different levels in large vol-
ume tanks and at equally spaced time intervals
• At the port where the fuel is delivered during fuel delivery or fuel treatment. To avoid
before unloading. contamination, all samples should be obtained
in clean plastic bottles. Fuel samples taken
• From the pipeline just upstream of the raw should be analyzed to meet all GE liquid fuel
fuel storage tanks as the fuel is being requirements. If fuel samples taken after the
added to the tanks. above recommendations have been imple-
mented indicate that the fuel system does not
After the fuel is treated/conditioned, samples provide fuel per the requirements, the cus-
should be taken and analyzed at both the inlet tomer must change his fuel source or modify
and outlet of the fuel treatment system. Fuel the fuel treatment system. The end user is
exiting the system must meet the fuel specifi- responsible for ensuring that the fuel meets the
cation. This should be confirmed before the requirements.
fuel is placed in clean fuel day storage tanks.
Fuel samples should be taken and analyzed to

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July 1988

Appendix A3
NOx Suppression Water Purity Specification for GE Aircraft Derivative
Gas Turbines in Industrial Applications
This specification establishes the requirements ASTM D1293 Tests for pH of Water
for purified water for NOx suppression in gas
turbine engines. ASTM D3370 Practices for Sampling
Water
For the purpose of this specification, the fol-
lowing definition shall apply: ASTM D4191 Tests for Sodium in Water
by Atomic Absorption
NOx Suppression Water - Water introduced Spectography
into the engine combustor for the purpose of
suppressing the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in ASTM D4192 Tests for Potassium in
the engine exhaust gases. Water by Atomic Absorp-
tion Spectography
A3-1 Applicable Documents
ASTM D5907 Test for Filterable and Non-
Available from American Society for Testing Filterable Matter in Water
and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia,
PA 19103. A3-2 Sampling Requirements

ASTM D512 Tests for Chloride Ion in The sampling shall be in accordance with
Water and Waste ASTM D3370. A minimum of 1 gallon or 4
liters shall be supplied. Equipment needed for
ASTM D516 Tests for Sulfate Ion in sampling water and steam is listed in ASTM
Water and Waste D1192.

ASTM D859 Tests for Silica in Water A3-3 Property Requirements


and Waste
The water, when tested in accordance with the
ASTM D1125 Tests for Electrical Con- designated methods, shall meet the require-
ductivity and Resistivity of ments listed.
Water
A3-4 Filtration Requirements
ASTM D1192 Equipment for Sampling
Water and Steam The water shall contain no particles larger than
20 micrometers absolute.

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Property Requirements Limit ASTM Test Method


Total matter, ppm, max. 5 ppm D5907

Dissolved matter, max. 3 ppm D5907


pH (see Note below) 6.0-8.0 D1293

Conductivity at 25%C, max. (see Note below) 0.5-1.0 µmhos/cm D1125


Sodium + potassium, max. 0.1 ppm D4191 and D4192
Silicon dioxide, max. 0.1 ppm D859

Chlorides, max. 0.5 ppm D512

Sulfates, max. 0.5 ppm D516


Note: pH and/or conductivity shall be measured when water is free of carbon dioxide.

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Appendix A4
Compressor Cleaning Water Purity Specification for GE Aircraft
Derivative Gas Turbines in Industrial Applications
This specification establishes the requirements A4-1 Applicable Documents
for purified water for use in cleaning the com-
pressor of gas turbine engines where the intent The following documents shall form a part of
is to restore performance by removing depos- this specification to the extent defined herein.
its from compressor components. The water Unless an issue is stipulated, the latest revision
quality defined in this specification applies to shall apply.
water used in both on-line compressor clean-
ing and crank-soak compressor cleaning. Available from American Society for Testing
and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia,
For the purpose of this specification, the fol- PA 19103.
lowing definitions shall apply:
ASTM D1192 Equipment for Sampling
On-line Compressor Cleaning - A method of and Steam
removing the buildup of deposits on compres-
sor components while the engine is operating. ASTM D1293 Tests for pH of Water
On–line cleaning is accomplished by spraying
cleaning solution into the inlet of the engine ASTM D4191 Test for Sodium in Water by
while the engine is operating. Atomic Absorption Spec-
tography
Crank-Soak Compressor Cleaning - A
method of removing the buildup of deposits on ASTM D4192 Tests for Potassium in
compressor components while the engine is Water by Atomic Absorp-
motored by the starter. Crank-soak cleaning is tion Spectography
accomplished by spraying cleaning solution
into the inlet of the engine while the engine is ASTM D5907 Tests for Filterable and
operating unfired at crank speed. Non-Filterable Matter in
Water
Liquid Detergent - A concentrated solution
ASTM D3370 Practices for Sampling
of water-soluble surface active agents and
emulsifiable solvents. Water

Cleaning Solution - A solution of emulsion of A4-2 Sampling Requirements


liquid detergent and water or a water and anti-
freeze mixture for direct engine application. Sampling shall be in accordance with ASTM
The recommended dilution of liquid detergent D1192 and ASTM D3370. A minimum sam-
and water shall be specified by the liquid ple of 1 gallon or 4 liters shall be supplied.
detergent manufacturer.

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A4-3 Chemical Requirements A4-4 Filtration Requirements


The water shall meet the following require- The water shall contain no particles larger than
ments when tested in accordance with the des- 100 micrometers absolute.
ignated test method below.

Property Requirements Limit ASTM Test Method


Total matter, max. 100 ppm D5907

pH 6.5-8.5 D1293

Sodium + potassium, max. 25 ppm D4191 and D4192

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Appendix A5
Liquid Detergent for Compressor Cleaning for GE Aircraft Derivative Gas
Turbines in Industrial Applications
This specification establishes the requirements ARP 1795 Stress-Corrosion of Tita-
for liquid detergents used to prepare solutions nium Alloys, Effect of
for cleaning the compressors of gas turbine Cleaning Agents on Air-
engines, where the intent is to restore perfor- craft Engine Materials
mance by removing deposits on compressor
components. Such deposits include salt, soils, AMS 1424 Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluid,
and oils that may be ingested from the atmo- Aircraft (Newtonian - SAE
sphere. Type I)

The cleaning process shall be carried out by A5-2 Detergent Properties


spraying the cleaning solution into the bell-
A5-2.1 Composition
mouth of the engine while the engine is run-
ning at power (on-line cleaning) or while the The chemical composition of the detergent is
engine is being cranked (crank-soak cleaning). not limited, other than as specified herein.
For the purposes of this specification, the fol- A5-2.2 Biodegradability
lowing definitions shall apply:
Use of detergent/cleaning solution shall con-
Liquid Detergent - A concentrated solution form to local regulations for water pollution.
of water-soluble surface active agents and Biodegradable ingredients are recommended.
emulsifiable solvents.
A5-2.3 Toxicity
Cleaning Solution - A solution or emulsion of
liquid detergent in water or water and anti- Use of the liquid detergent/cleaning solution
freeze mixture for direct engine application. shall conform to local regulations for indus-
Recommended dilution of detergent and water trial hygiene and air pollution. Use of nontoxic
shall be determined by the detergent manufac- ingredients is recommended.
turer.
A5-2.4 Health and Safety Information
A5-1 Applicable Documents
The liquid detergent manufacturer shall make
The following documents shall form a part of available health and safety information for the
this specification to the extent defined herein. liquid detergent as required by applicable
Unless an issue is stipulated, the latest revision local, state, and federal regulations.
shall apply.
A5-2.5 Solids
ASTM D88 Standard Test Method For
Saybolt Viscosity The liquid detergent shall contain no particles
larger than 20 micrometers.

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A5-2.6 Physical and Chemical Proper- A5-3.1.4 Hard Water Compatibility


ties
The liquid detergent shall show no separation
The liquid detergent shall meet the following or layering when mixed with synthetic hard
test requirements. water prepared in accordance with A5-4.2.

A5-3 Test Requirements A5-3.1.5 Acid and Alkali Acceptance

Requirements are defined for liquid detergents The liquid detergent shall show no separation,
and for cleaning solutions. layering, or precipitation when tested in acidic
or alkali media in accordance with A5-4.3.
A5-3.1 Liquid Detergent
A5-3.1.6 Salt Water Tolerance
A5-3.1.1 Residue or Ash Content
The liquid detergent shall show no separation
Residue or ash content shall not exceed 0.01% or gelling when mixed with 3.5% salt water in
when tested in accordance with A5-4.1. accordance with A5-4.4.

A5-3.1.2 Low-Temperature Stability A5-3.1.7 Viscosity

The liquid detergent shall have a viscosity of


The liquid detergent shall show no evidence of
50 to 200 SUS at 77°F (25°C) when tested in
separation of component parts when main-
accordance with ASTM D88.
tained at 37 to 43°F (2.8 to 6.1°C). It is highly
desirable although not mandatory that the A5-3.1.8 pH
fluid shall remain liquid below 32°F (0°C).
The pH of the liquid detergent as received
A5-3.1.3 Cold Weather Solution Com- shall be from 6.5 to 8.5 when measured with a
patibility suitable pH meter employing a glass electrode.
The liquid detergent shall show no separation, A5-3.2 Cleaning Solution
layering, or precipitation when mixed to the
liquid detergent manufacturer's recommended A5-3.2.1 Corrosive Elements
dilution in one or more of the following anti-
freeze solutions after 2 hours at 7 to 13°F (- Maximum levels of elements in the cleaning
13.9 to -10.6°C): solution, which may promote various types
of corrosion, shall be no greater than as
• Isopropyl alcohol shown in Table A2 when analyzed by methods
in A5-4.5.
• Monopropylene glycol (PG)
A5-3.2.2 pH
See A5-6 for more information regarding liq-
uid detergent and antifreeze mixtures. The pH of the cleaning solution shall be from
6.5 to 8.5 when measured with a suitable pH
meter employing a glass electrode.

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Table A2 Maximum Corrosives Level A5-4.2 Hard Water Compatibility


Total Alkali Metals (Sodium + A5-4.2.1 Preparation of Synthetic Hard
25 ppm
Potassium + Lithium, etc.)
Water
Magnesium + Calcium 5 ppm
A hard water solution is prepared by dissolv-
Vanadium 0.1 ppm
ing the following in 1 liter of just boiled and
Lead 0.1 ppm cooled distilled water:
Tin + Copper 10 ppm a. 0.20  0.005 gram calcium acetate, reagent
Sulfur 50 ppm grade Ca(C2H3O2)2 H2O.
Chlorine 40 ppm b. 0.15  0.005 gram magnesium sulfate,
reagent grade MgSO4 7 H2O.
A5-4 Test Methods
A5-4.2.2 Hard Water Test
A5-4.1 Residue or Ash Content
Add 5 ml of liquid detergent to a clean 50-ml
Weigh 10  0.1 gram sample of liquid deter- cylinder. Add 45 ml of synthetic hard water
gent in a weighed 30 ml porcelain crucible. and mix well. Examine the solution for com-
Heat gently to volatilize any water or solvents. patibility after 16 hours at 72 to 82°F (22.2 to
(Crucible may be placed in air oven at 217 to 27.8°C).
225°F (102.8 to 107.2°C) for 24 hours, fol-
lowed by 460 to 468°F (237.8 to 242.2°C) for A5-4.3 Acid and Alkali Acceptance
24 hours to ensure all volatile matter is evapo-
rated.) Finally, ignite contents over Bunsen The liquid detergent shall be mixed with dis-
Burner, first at low temperature under good tilled water in accordance with the liquid
oxidizing conditions until all ignitable mate- detergent manufacturer's recommended dilu-
rial is consumed, then place a crucible in a tion. To 50 ml of the solution, add 1 ml of 75%
muffle furnace at 1904 to 2012°F (1040° to phosphoric acid. To another 50 ml of the solu-
1100°C) for 2 hours, cool in a desiccator, and tion, add 5 ml of 75% phosphoric acid. To
weigh. another 50 ml of the solution, add 1 ml of 50%
potassium hydroxide. Let all three mixtures
Percent residue or ash = (100 x A) / W stand for 1 hour at 72 to 82°F (22.2 to 27.8°C)
and then examine for acid or alkali accep-
Where: A = grams of residue tance.
W = grams of sample
A5-4.4 Salt Water Tolerance

Prepare a 3.5% by weight solution of sodium


chloride in distilled water. Add 15 ml of salt
solution to 35 ml of liquid detergent and let
stand for 1 hour at 72 to 82°F (22.2 to 27.8°C).
Examine for salt water tolerance.

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A5-4.5 Elemental Content A5-6 Cold Weather Usage


Elemental content shall be determined using In cold weather, liquid detergent must be
the following methods: added to antifreeze mixture rather than to
water alone. At present, the only acceptable
Element Method antifreeze solutions are:
Sulfur, Phosphorus Inductively Coupled
• Isopropyl alcohol
Plasma Spectroscopy -
Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
• Monopropylene glycol
Chlorine Microcoulometric
filtration Monopropylene glycol (PG) must be per AMS
Sodium, Potassium Atomic Absorption (AA) 1424 and may be used down to 20°F (-6.7°C).

Other metals ICP-AES or AA Antifreeze mixtures are shown in Table A3.


The liquid detergent manufacturer must spec-
A5-5 Compatibility ify which, if any, of the antifreezes specified
above (also specified in A5-3.1.3) is not com-
A5-5.1 Engine Materials patible with the liquid detergent.

Use of the detergent gas turbine cleaner shall Use of nonisopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol,
not have adverse effects on engine system or additives containing chlorine, sodium, or
materials such as titanium stress corrosion, hot potassium is not permitted since they may
corrosion of turbine components, or damage to attack titanium and other metals.
lubrication system components.
It is extremely important that the liquid deter-
A5-5.2 Titanium Stress Corrosion gent and antifreeze solution be a homoge-
neous mixture when sprayed into the
A titanium stress corrosion test in accordance bellmouth of the gas turbine. If after 2 hours
with ARP 1795, or equivalent, may be run on the liquid detergent and antifreeze solution
the liquid detergent at the discretion of GE separates (see A5-3.1.3), agitation of the mix-
M&IE. ture in the water-wash tank is permissible.
However, the liquid detergent manufacturer
shall specify that agitation is required.

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Table A3 Water-Wash Antifreeze Mixtures

Outside Air Monopropylene Isopropyl


Temperature, Glycol (PG) H2O Alcohol H2O
°F (°C) % Vol % Vol % Vol % Vol

Compressor Washing Antifreeze Mixtures


+20 to +50 21 79 22 78
(-7 to 10)
+10 to +20 N/A N/A 34 66
(-12 to -7)
0 to +10 N/A N/A 47 53
(-18 to -12)
-10 to 0 N/A N/A 72 28
(-23 to -18)
-20 to -10 N/A N/A 88 12
(-29 to -23)
-30 to -20 N/A N/A 97 3
(-34 to -29)

Compressor Rinsing Antifreeze Mixtures


+20 to +50 14 86 18 82
(-7 to 10)
+10 to +20 N/A N/A 27 73
(-12 to -7)
0 to +10 N/A N/A 39 61
(-18 to -12)
-10 to 0 N/A N/A 58 42
(-23 to -18)
-20 to -10 N/A N/A 70 30
(-29 to -23)
-30 to -20 N/A N/A 77 23
(-34 to -29)

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GE PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - Subject to the restrictions on the cover or first page.


LM6000 PC GEK 105059
GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I
MID-TD-0000-6
July 1996
Appendix A6
Specification for Lubricating Oil for GE Aircraft Derivative Gas Turbines
This document provides the requirements and A6-2.2 American Society of Testing
application guidelines for selection of lubri- and Materials
cating oils that can be satisfactorily used in
GE M&IE applications. It is recommended The following documents are available from
that the selected lubricating oil be reviewed American Society for Testing and Materials,
with GE M&IE prior to use. Customer Service, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959:
A6-1 Oil Specifications
ASTM D2532 Low Temperature Viscosity
Oils conforming to the US Department of
Defense (DOD) Specifications listed in Sec- ASTM D97 Pour Point
tion A6-2.1 are acceptable for use in GE Air-
ASTM D445 Kinetic Viscosity
craft Derivative gas turbines, provided they are
listed on the Qualified Product List (QPL) for
the specification. A6-3 Requirements

Commercially available synthetic-based lubri- Lubricating oil shall conform to


cating oils are acceptable for use in GE air- MIL-L-23699; however, exceptions to the fol-
craft derivative gas turbines, provided they are lowing requirements will be considered:
listed in Section A6-4. Such oils largely con-
• Low-temperature viscosity when tested
form to the primary requirements of the oils in
per ASTM D2532
Section A6-2.1, but certain variations have
been approved. Such oils have been qualified • Pour point when tested per ASTM D97
by the supplier to meet the requirements of
this specification. • Viscosity at 40°C and 100°C when tested
per ASTM D445
A6-2 Applicable Documents
• Base stock composition
The following documents form a part of this
specifications to the extent defined herein. Specific variations to MIL-L-23699 shall be
Unless a particular issue is stipulated, the lat- provided by the oil supplier, along with perfor-
est revision shall apply. mance difference impacts, for review by GE
M&IE.
A6-2.1 U.S. DOD Specifications
A6-3.1 Material Compatibility
MIL-L-23699 - Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Tur-
bine Engines, Synthetic Base The lubricating oil shall be compatible with
the same elastomer seal and metallic materials
MIL-L-7808 - Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Tur- as the MIL-L-23699 compliant lubricating
bine Engines, Synthetic Base, Type 1 oils.

Change 5 A-31

GE PROPRIETARY INFORMATION - Subject to the restrictions on the cover or first page.


GEK 105059 LM6000 PC
Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines
MID-TD-0000-6
July 1996

The lubricating oil shall be mixable with ing in a GE M&IE LM series gas turbine
MIL-L-23699 or MIL-L-7808 compliant oil in application(s). The sponsoring operator will
a ratio up to 5% of either, without adversely accept total responsibility for all results
affecting the property integrity of the majority, related to operating with the candidate lubri-
or operating, oil. Mixing of oils is not intended cating oil. The service evaluation engine shall
but will result due to engine location changes. have a known hardware condition baseline,
based on depot inspection or new delivery,
A6-4 Qualification immediately prior to the service evaluation
test.
Lubricating oil shall be considered qualified
and acceptable for use in GE M&I Aircraft Service evaluation testing shall be conducted
Derivative gas turbines after demonstrating on a minimum of three LM series gas turbines,
conformance to the requirements and after each accumulating at least 8,000 operating
being listed in paragraph A6-4.4. The qualifi- hours at a baseload operating site prior to
cation program shall be carried out by the oil inspection. During operation, periodic oil
supplier in conjunction with a sponsoring gas samples shall be tested and trended for physi-
turbine owner/operator. GE M&I's participa- cal and chemical property changes. Inspection
tion will be limited to technical consultation, shall be performed at an authorized depot and
review, and final approval. be in accordance with the applicable repair
manual.
A6-4.1 Performance Tests
Inspection shall focus on the oil-wetted parts,
The oil supplier shall conduct tests in accor- including the bearings, gears, elastomer seals,
dance with MIL-L-23699 and compare the sump oil seals, actuators, and lube/hydraulic
results with the requirements stated therein. pumps. GE M&I will be permitted to witness
All results, particularly variations to MIL-L- any of the inspections, at the discretion of GE.
23699 requirements, shall be reviewed with
GE M&I prior to service evaluation test- ing. A6-4.3 Qualification Report
The material presented for review shall
include, as a minimum, the following: The oil supplier and/or operator shall prepare
and submit a Final Qualification Report to GE
• Physical chemical properties and varia- M&I. The report shall include, as a minimum:
tions to MIL-L-23699
• Oil brand description including the com-
• Expected impact to operating systems due plete formulation
to property variations
• Certified physical, chemical, and perfor-
• Material compatibility lists and test results mance test results
• Oil-coking test results • Material safety data sheets
A6-4.2 Service Evaluation Tests • Service evaluation test history including
all significant operational and maintenance
The oil shall undergo service evaluation test- events

A-32 Change 5

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LM6000 PC GEK 105059
GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I
MID-TD-0000-6
July 1996

• Service evaluation oil sample trending with GE M&IE to assess potential impact on
results qualification results.

• Final depot engine inspection results A6-4.4 Approved Lubricating Oils


Upon review and approval of the Final Quali- In addition to those listed on QPL-23699 and
fication Report by GE M&IE, the candidate QPL-7808 (Qualified Products list), the fol-
oil will be included on the approved oils list. lowing lubricating oils are approved for use in
GE M&I gas turbines and gas generators:
Formulation changes affecting any approved
performance characteristics must be reviewed a. None at this time.

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