Effect

• &Introduction
• &Fig
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Guitar
Guitar Effect Amp
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player
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• Effect&Units
Effects& units& are& electronic& devices& that& alter& how& a& musical& instrument& or
other& audio& source& sounds.& Some& effects& subtly& "color"& a& sound,& while
others&transform&it&dramatically.
• &Formats
1)&Stompboxes
Stompboxes,&or&effects&pedals,&are&effects&units&designed&to&sit&on&the&floor
or& a& pedalboard& and& be& turned& on& and& off& with& the& user's& feet.& They
typically&house&a&single&effect.
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2)#Rackmounts
Rackmounts#are#most#commonly#used#in#recording#studios#and#"front#of
house"#live#sound#mixing#situations,#though#many#musicians#use#them#in
place#of#stompboxes.#Rackmounts#are#controlled#by#knobs#or#switches#on
their#front#panel,#and#often#by#a#MIDI#digital#control#interface.#During#live
performances,#a#musician#can#operate#rackmounted#effects#using#a#"foot
controller“.
A#rackmount#unit#may#contain#electronic#circuitry#identical#to#a#stompbox's,
although# its# circuits# are# typically# more# complex.# Unlike# stompboxes,
rackmounts#usually#have#several#different#types#of#effects.
3)#Built)in#units
Effects#are#often#incorporated#into#amplifiers.
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4)#Multi)effects#and#tabletop#units
A#multi)effects#device#(also#called#a#"multi)FX"#device)#is#a#single#electronics
effects# pedal# or# rackmount# device# that# contains# many# different# electronic
effects.# Multi)FX# devices# allow# users# to# "preset"# combinations# of# different
effects,# allowing# musicians# quick# on)stage# access# to# different# effects
combinations.
A# tabletop# unit# is# a# type# of# multi)effects# device# that# sits# on# a# desk# and# is
controlled#manually.#One#such#example#is#the#Pod#guitar#amplifier#modeler.
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 The$Effect$Categories
Category Description Examples
Change the tonal
EQ/Tone Wah-wah, equalisers
balance
Control the dynamic
Dynamics range (the range of Compressors, limiters
volumes from quietest
to loudest)

Distortion Similar to overdriven Overdrive, distortion &

amplifiers. fuzz
Phasers, chorus,
Modulation Apply a pulsing effect
flangers, vibrato
Change the pitch or
add extra 'voices' which Octavers, pitch shifters,
Pitch-based are harmonically harmonisers
related to the original
sound.
Level Volume control Volume pedals
Use time delayed
Time-based Delays, reverbs
sounds
Helps reduce the
Noise gates amount of noise such Noise gates
as hiss or hum
 Effect&Chain
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• An#"effects#chain"#or#"signal#chain"#may#be#formed#by#connecting#two#or
more# stompboxes.# Effect# chains# are# typically# created# between# a
preamplifier#(“preamp”)#and#the#guitar#amplifier.#When#a#pedal#is#off#or
inactive,#the#electric#audio#signal#coming#in#to#the#pedal#is#diverted#onto
a# "bypass",# resulting# in# a# "dry"# signal# which# continues# on# to# other
effects# down# the# chain.# In# this# way,# the# effects# within# a# chain# can# be
combined#in#a#variety#of#ways#without#having#to#reconnect#boxes#during
a#performance.
 Filter
• Filter' effects' alter' the' frequency' content' of' an' audio' signal' that' passes
through' them' by' either' boosting' or' weakening' specific' frequencies' or
frequency'regions.
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1)Wah=Wah'pedals
are'active'EQ'circuits'whose'range'is'varied'by'means'of'a'foot'pedal.'They
apply'a'resonant=frequency'peak'that'sweeps'through'the'high=mid'region
(around'500'Hz—2'kHz),'emulating'somewhat'the'sound'of'a'human'voice.
• You$ can$ use$ a$ wah$ many$ ways:$ as$ a$ slowly$ opening$ and$ closing$ filter
over$a$soaring$lead$solo;$as$the$wacka:wacka$disco$effect$popularized$in
the$ '70s$ accomplished$ by$ rocking$ the$ pedal$ while$ strumming$ muted
strings;$as$a$gently$undulating$modulation$effect;$or$as$a$filter,$with$the
treadle$held$in$a$fixed$position
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2)#Auto(wah
(also#known#as#an#"envelope#following#filter"#or#just#"envelope#filter")#is#a
type# of# wah(wah# effects# pedal# typically# used# with# electric# guitar,# bass
guitar.
Instead# of# the# effect# being# controlled# by# a# foot# pedal,# as# on# a# standard
wah(wah,#the#effect#alters#in#response#to#the#volume#of#the#input#signal.
There#is#a#variant#of#auto(wah#that#utilises#a#low#frequency#oscillator#(LFO)
instead# of# an# envelope# follower# to# alter# the# effect.# The# filter# response
varies#constantly#with#time#and#is#not#linked#to#playing#dynamics.
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1)Sens(Sensitivity)
2)Manual
3)Up&Down
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 Modulation
• Modulation* effects* combine* multiple* audio* signals* in* order* to* create
sounds* with* unusual* tonal* properties.* modulation* effects* split* an
instrument's*audio*signal*in*two,*altering*one*portion*of*the*signal*and
mixing*it*with*the*unaltered*portion.
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altered
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Guitar Modulated
signal signal

unaltered
1)Chorus:
produce.naturally.by.mixing.sounds.with.slight.differences.in..pitch.
A. chorus. effect. splits. the. instrument=to=amplifier. audio. signal,. and. adds. a
slight.delay.and.frequency.variations.or.“vibrato”.to.part.of.the.signal.while
leaving.the.rest.unaltered.
.
1)Depht
2)Rate
3)Tone
4)Pre.Delay
5)Mix(Intensity)
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2)Flanger:
A, flanger, creates, a, "jet, plane", or, "spaceship", sound.Flangers, is, an, audio
effect, produced, by, mixing, two, identical, signals, together,, with, one, signal
delayed, by, a, small, and, gradually, changing, period,, usually, smaller, than, 20
milliseconds., Part, of, the, output, signal, is, usually, fed, back, to, the, input, (a
"reDcirculating, delay, line"),, producing, a, resonance, effect, which, further
enhances,the,intensity,of,the,peaks,and,troughs.,The,phase,of,the,fedDback
signal, is, sometimes, inverted,, producing, another, variation, on, the, flanging
sound.
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1)Resonance
2)Depht
3)Rate
4)Manual
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3)#Phaser:
Phasing# works# by# mixing# the# original# signal# with# one# that# is# phase# shifted
over# the# frequency# spectrum.# The# electronic# phasing# effect# is# created# by
splitting#an#audio#signal#into#two#paths.#One#path#treats#the#signal#with#an
allApass#filter#alters#the#phase.#The#amount#of#change#in#phase#depends#on
the#frequency.#When#signals#from#the#two#paths#are#mixed,#the#frequencies
that#are#out#of#phase#will#cancel#each#other#out.
#
1)Rate
2)Depht
3)Res
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4)Tremolo:
A+tremolo+effect+produces+a+slight,+rapid+variation+in+the+volume+of+a+note
or+ chord.+ The+ "tremolo+ effect”+ should+ not+ be+ confused+ with+ the
misleadingly@named+"tremolo+bar",+a+device+on+a+guitar+bridge+that+creates
a+vibrato+or+“pitch@bending”+effect.
Different+ effects+ have+ different+ wave@forms+ to+ modulate+ the+ volume+ level.
+ The+ originals+ pretty+ much+ used+ sine+ waves,+ which+ gives+ a+ smooth+ effect.
+ Other+ offer+ choices,+ such+ as+ saw+ wave+ (slightly+ less+ of+ a+ pulsating+ sound),
square+wave+(which+just+turns+the+sound+off+and+on+very+quickly),+and+other
interesting+variations.
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1)Rate
2)Depht
3)Wave
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5)#Vibrato:
Vibrato#effects#produce#slight,#rapid#variations#in#pitchVibrato#effects#often
allow#the#performer#to#control#the#rate#of#the#variation#as#well#as#the
difference#in#pitch#(e.g.#“depth”).
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1)Rate
2)Depht
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6)rotary(speaker(simulator:
also( known( as( a( Leslie( speaker( simulator,( is( a( device( that( attempts( to
recreate( the( sound( of( a( Leslie( speaker( used( extensively( to( amplify( and
modulate(the(raw(organ(tones.
(
(
7)Uni&Vibe:
The-Uni&Vibe-(or-UniVibe)-is-a-footpedal&operated-phaser-or-phase-shifter
for-creating-chorus-and-vibrato-simulations-for-electric-organ-or-guitar.
 Pitch/frequency
1)Pitch0shifter:
A0 pitch0 shifter0 raises0 or0 lowers0 (e.g.0 "transposes")0 each0 note0 a
performer0plays0by0a0pre?set0interval.0For0example,0a0pitch0shifter
set0 to0 increase0 the0 pitch0 by0 a0 fourth0 will0 raise0 each0 note0 four
diatonic0intervals0above0the0notes0actually0played.0Simple0pitch
shifters0 raise0 or0 lower0 the0 pitch0 by0 one0 or0 two0 octaves,0 while
more0sophisticated0devices0offer0a0range0of0interval0alterations.
0
2)Harmonist:
A.harmonizer.is.a.type.of.pitch.shifter.that.combines.the.altered.pitch.with
the.original.pitch.to.create.a.two.or.more.note.harmony..Some.hamonizers
are.able.to.create.chorus>like.effects.by.adding.very.tiny.shifts.in.pitch.
Modern. harmonisers. use. digital. storage. and. retrieval. techniques. that
preserve.the.tone.and.timbre.(character).of.your.playing.
 Time%based
1)Delay/:
Delay/is/an/audio/effect/which/records/an/input/signal/to/an/audio/storage
medium,/and/then/plays/it/back/after/a/period/of/time.
• Tape/Delay:
The/first/delay/effects/were/achieved/using/tape/loops/improvised/on/reel%
to%reel/magnetic/recording/systems./By/shortening/or/lengthening/the/loop
of/tape/and/adjusting/the/read/and/write/heads,/the/nature/of/the/delayed
echo/could/be/controlled.
1)Mix
2)Feedback
3)Delay/time
4)Wow/&/flutter
5)Tone
/
• Analog'delay:
Solid' state' delay' units' using' analog' bucket' brigade' delay' circuits' became
available' in' the' 1970s' and' were' briefly' a' mainstream' alternative' to' tape
echo.' Though' solid' state' analog' delays' are' less' flexible' than' digital' delays
and' generally' have' shorter' delay' times,' several' classic' models' such' as' the
discontinued' Boss' DMF2' are' still' sought' after' for' their' "warmer",' more
natural'echo'quality'and'progressively'decaying'echos.
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1)Mix
2)Feedback
3)Delay!time
4)Modulation
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• Digital'Delay:
Digital' delay' systems' function' by' sampling' the' input' signal' through' an
analog7to7digital'converter,'after'which'the'signal'is'passed'through'a'series
of' digital' signal' processors' that' record' it' into' a' storage' buffer,' and' then
play' back' the' stored' audio' based' on' parameters' set' by' the' user.' The
delayed' ("wet")' output' may' be' mixed' with' the' unmodified' ("dry")' signal
after,'or'before,'it'is'sent'to'a'digital7to7analog'converter'for'output.
• Reverse&Delay
• Pingpong&Delay
• Duckted&Delay
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2)reverb:
is&the&persistence&of&sound&in&a&particular&space&after&the&original&sound&is
produced.A&reverberation,&or&reverb,&is&created&when&a&sound&is&produced
in& an& enclosed& space& causing& a& large& number& of& echoes& to& build& up& and
then&slowly&decay&as&the&sound&is&absorbed&by&the&walls&and&air.
reverberation& is& many& thousands& of& echoes& that& arrive& in& very& quick
succession&(.01&–&1&ms&between&echoes).&As&time&passes,&the&volume&of&the
many&echoes&is&reduced&until&the&echoes&cannot&be&heard&at&all.
• Spring'reverb:
A'spring'reverb'system'uses'a'transducer''(to'create'vibration)at'one'end'of
a'spring'and'a'pickup'at'the'other','to'create'and'capture'vibrations'within
a'metal'spring.'Guitar'amplifiers'frequently'incorporate'spring'reverbs'due
to'their'compact'construction'and'low'cost.
• Plate'reverb:
A'plate'reverb'system'uses'an'electromechanical'transducer,'similar'to'the
driver'in'a'loudspeaker,'to'create'vibration'in'a'large'plate'of'sheet'metal.
A'pickup'captures'the'vibrations'as'they'bounce'across'the'plate,'and'the
result'is'output'as'an'audio'signal.
• Digital'reverb:
Digital' reverberators' use' various' signal' processing' algorithms' in' order' to
create'the'reverb'effect.'Since'reverberation'is'essentially'caused'by'a'very
large' number' of' echoes,' simple' reverberation' algorithms' use' multiple
feedback' delay' circuits' to' create' a' large,' decaying' series' of' echoes.' More
advanced' digital' reverb' generators' can' simulate' the' time' and' frequency
domain'responses'of'real'rooms'(based'upon'room'dimensions,'absorption
and'other'properties).
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1)Reverb'Time(Decay)
2)Tone
3)Mix
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 Guitar'player'effect'chain
• Slash:
• Eric%johnson
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• Jeff$beck
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• Jonny%greenwood