Question: Derive Distribution for multiple and single

mean square angle of scattering.s

start program mean_scattering_angle
Implicit none

Char(len=10):: M, S

M = Multiple

S = Single

A particle trans versing a finite thickness of matter will undergo

very many small angle deflections and will generally emerge at small
angle that is the cumulative statistical superposition of a large

t
number of deflections. Only rarely will the particle be deflected

is
through a large angle. Since these events are infrequent, such a

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particle will have made only one such collision. This Circumstances
allow us to divide the annular range in two regions One ranges at
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comparatively large angles, which contains only the single scattering
and one region at very small angle which contains only the single
Ph

scattering and one region at very small angles, which contain the
multiple or compound scattering.
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The important quantity in the multiple scattering region is the mean

square angle for a single scattering.
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This is given by
R

 
  2  2 min ln  max   1
2

  min 

The quantum mechanical cut-off angle is

1
3
Z mc
    2
2
min
.
192 p
And the upper limit of scattering
 1
3
Z mc
    3
2
max
.
192 p
P is incident momentum, m is electronic mass and A is atomic mass

number with the substitution at

max and min in (1).

 274 mc 
 1 
 p 
  2  2 min ln  A1
2 3

 z 3 mc 
 
 132 p 
With A = 2Z

t
 

is
   2 min ln
2  2 274 192 

  2Z 
1 1 
Z 3 
ic
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3

  
1
2 min ln  41754.992 Z 3 
Ph

 
2
  
al

1
2 min ln  204 Z 3   log x n  n log x 
2
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 
2
  
R

1
4 min ln  204 Z 3    4
2

 

If nucleus size is unimportant,

max should be put equally to unity 1.
Then

 
192 p 
   2 min ln 
2 2

 13 mc 
Z 
1
 2
192 p
 4 min ln  1 
2

 3 mc 
Z 
   
1

 204 Z 3 
Thus instead o f  , the argument of the logarithm in (4)
1
  2
 192 p 
 13 mc 
becomes Z 
Since Sucessive collision are independent events, we can use central
limit theorem to show that for a large numbers ‘n’ of such collision
the distribution in angle will be approximately Gaussian around the

forward direction with a mean square angle  2  n   2 

The no. of collisions occurring as the particle transverse a thickness
t of material containing N atoms per unit volume is

t
2
 2


is
 2ZZ ' e 2  t  2ZZ ' e 2  1
n  N t  N         
 min  ic  min
2 2
 PV    PV  
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 2ZZ ' e 2  t   max 
 2  N   2  2 min ln 
2

 PV   min   min 
Ph

 2ZZ ' e 2    max 

 2  2N   ln  t  5
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 PV 
  min 
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Now,
 
R

1 2
   274 192   
  ln 204 Z 3
ln  max   ln  1     6
  min
1
   2Z  3 Z 3   
 
From (5) and (6), We get,

2
 2ZZ ' e2    
1
   2N 
2
 ln  204 Z  t
3

 PV   
 2ZZ ' e2    
1
   4N 
2
 ln  204 Z  t
3
 7
 PV   
This shows that mean square angle increases linearly with thickness t
Let us now use the projected angle of
scattering  ' , the projection being
made on same convinent plane as shown
in fig (a).

Then the multiple scattering

distribution for projected angle at
scattering is

1    '2  
Pm  ' d '  exp   d '
 
2
   2
 
Where both positive and negative

t
'

is
values of are considered.
Figure (a)
ic
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And, the single scattering distribution for the projected angle

  2ZZ ' e 2  d '

Ph

Ps  ' d '  Nt   3
2  PV '
al

1
 
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2 2
Which is valid only for larger angles large compared to
R

Introducing relative projected angle

'
 1
 8
 
2 2

1
exp    d  
1
Pm  ' d '  2 2
 2

  2 
exp   2  d
1


And
   2 ZZ ' e 2  d '
Ps  ' d '  Nt   3
2  PV '

  
1
   
1

ln  204Z 3   ln  204Z 3  
  2ZZ ' e2  d ' 4    4   1 
Ps  ' d '  Nt   
2  PV   '3 4   
1  4   
1 
ln  204Z 3   ln  204Z 3  
     

 2ZZ ' e 2    
1
4Nt   ln  204 Z 
3

Ps  ' d ' 
 PV    d '  t  9
 
  
1
 '3

8l n  204 Z 3 

t
 

is
But
'
ic
ys
 1
  2
Ph

1
 '    2 2
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2
 '    
3 3 2
 a
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1
d '    d   b 
R

2 2

Using (a) and (b) in equation (9), We get

 2ZZ ' e 2    
1
   4 N 
2
 ln  204 Z  t
3
 7
 PV   
 1
 
2
 
2 2
Ps  ' d '  
  
1 3

8l n  204Z      2
3 3 2

 
 2  d
Ps  ' d ' 
   
1 3

8l n  204Z 
3

 
Here, we note that the relative amounts of multiple and single
scattering are independent at thickness and depend only on Z.

end program mean_scattering_angle

t
is
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Ph
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