PM 6 12 Literature Survey Toys

PM
6/12
Literature survey
of chemicals in toys
Swedish Chemicals Agency – www.kemi.se

Literature survey
of chemicals in toys
Stefan Posner, Elisabeth Olsson, Christina Jönsson, Sandra Roos
Order No. 511 056
Sundbyberg, September 2012
Publisher: Swedish Chemicals Agency©
Order address: CM Gruppen, P.O. Box 11063, SE-161 11 Bromma, Sweden
Phone: +46 8 5059 33 35, Fax +46 8-5059 33 99, E-mail: kemi@cm.se
The report is available as a downloadable pdf on www.kemi.se
Preface
The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) has been assigned by the Swedish Government to
produce a national action plan for a toxic-free everyday environment: Action plan for a toxic-
free everyday environment 2011 – 2014 – protect the children better.
Efforts are now going on in several areas, both in Sweden, within the EU and internationally and
often in cooperation with other authorities. Reducing chemical risks in the everyday environment
is one step towards attaining the Swedish Parliament´s environment quality objective A Non-
Toxic Environment, which is the objective that KemI is responsible for.
Within the framework of the action plan, KemI compiles knowledge in KemI´s report and PM
series elaborated by experienced colleagues, researchers or consultants. In this way, KemI
presents new and essential knowledge in publications which can be downloaded from the website
www.kemikalieinspektionen.se
An important measure is to examine EU legislation and work to strengthen it in a way that will
strongly limit the presence of hazardous chemicals in products. Companies that manufacture and
import products should to a larger extent substitute hazardous chemicals, and they will be
supported in these efforts. Enforcement activities in the form of inspection of articles will be
expanded and information to consumers will be improved in order for them to make informed
choices in their daily lives.
Endocrine-disrupting substances, combination effects (so-called cocktail effects) and the risks in
toys, and to some extent childcare articles, connected with nano sized materials are areas that
KemI will focus on.
The objective is for Sweden to become one of the leading member states in the EU in proposing
new bans and restrictions. Increased global collaboration to restrict the use of hazardous
chemicals worldwide will also be required. The action plan will lead to intensified collaboration
and dialogue with other government agencies, industry, researchers, environmental and consumer
organisations.
Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................. 5
Sammanfattning .................................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Background and purpose .............................................................................................. 9
1.2 Legal background ......................................................................................................... 11
2. Methodology............................................................................................. 12
2.1 Substance search selection ........................................................................................ 12
2.2 Description of databases............................................................................................. 12
2.3 Matching method .......................................................................................................... 14
2.4 Materials in Toys .......................................................................................................... 14
3. Result ........................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Classified substances according to CLP .................................................................. 21
3.2 Substances regulated in REACH ............................................................................... 21
3.3 Substances regulated by RoHS directive ................................................................. 23
3.4 Substances regulated in Safety of toys directive .................................................... 23
3.5 Function related substances....................................................................................... 31
3.6 Dialogue with manufacturers and retailers of toys .................................................. 63
4. Discussion ................................................................................................ 64
4.1 The context and focus of the commission ................................................................ 64
4.2 Chemical content and migration of chemicals ......................................................... 65
4.3 Breakdown products .................................................................................................... 66
4.4 Food contact materials ................................................................................................ 66
5. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 67
Appendix 1 All function related classified substances in their respective
materials from the literature search..................................................................... 69
Appendix 2 All production process related classified substances in their
respective materials from the literature search. ................................................ 119
Appendix 3 Questionnaire to companies [SE] ................................................. 192
Summary
In December 2010 the Swedish government commissioned the Swedish Chemicals
Agency (KemI) to produce a national action plan for a toxin-free everyday environment.
One action included in the plan concerns children and consequently chemicals in toys.
This survey has been carried out in the context of the nationwide project concerning
chemicals – Giftfri miljö (A Non-Toxic Environment) in Sweden. Within this large scope
some focus areas have been agreed, such as children and their environment due to the fact
that they are deemed extra vulnerable, where endocrine-disrupting substances,
combination effects (so-called cocktail effects) and the risks in toys, and to some extent
childcare articles, connected with nano sized materials are of major focus for KemI.
The first step in reaching a non-toxic environment for children is mapping of toxic
substances around children. Different alarms raised by media and findings via
supervision from the authorities support the fact that it seems to exist toxic substances in
e.g. toys despite regulations.
According to Statistics Sweden (SCB) report on toy consumption in Sweden, children up

to 12 years consume 30 kg of toys annually which make the exposure to lots of different
toys and materials quite large.
The purpose with the commission has been to get “new” knowledge of hazardous
substances in toys by not focusing on known hazards such as heavy metals and phthalates,
but instead aim to identify “new” risk elements, substances that companies may not have
today on their restricted substances lists.
This report describes a literature survey of the presence of hazardous chemicals in toys
that include regulated and restricted substances in European chemicals and product
legislation such as REACH, RoHS, Safety of Toys directive, General Product Safety
directive, cosmetic and food safety directive etc and additionally classified chemicals
according to the European CLP regulation.
The literature search has been performed through the assistance of two different
databases namely CAplus and PubMed for publications, patents and books . Additionally
some reports with similar approaches were reviewed.
In Medline the number of hits for the search term toy was 7986. For the term toy/toys
combined with e.g. the term chemicals, 33 hits were identified. In the CAplus search
nearly 11 500 hits were identified, all related to toys and chemicals. In addition to the
literature survey, discussions with toy companies were held which also involved a
questionnaire regarding use of material types in toys (aimed at manufacturing companies
and retailers).
Findings in this survey from literature reveal possible connections between a wide range
of materials such as plastics, rubber, textiles, paper, glass and ceramics, metals and alloys
but also electronics and chemical products, that may be used in toys and certain
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substances. Plastics and rubber are the most represented materials in literature related to
toys.
The focus of this survey has further been on the user phase of the life cycle of toys. A
minor part of the identified substances are property lending substances such as
preservatives, UV and heat stabilizers, viscosity controlling agents, plasticizers, flame
retardants, pigments and fragrances. Some substances have multiple functions, and there
is thus a risk that not all functions are known in the literature, and erroneous assumptions
on why a certain substance occurs in a material can be made.
The majority of identified substances have their origin in the production processes or the
raw material production and are not supposed to be present in the finished product
intentionally. Additionally, the findings in this survey have been confirmed through
experience from chemical experts and laboratory testing of substances that are known to
be common in these materials.
All the contacted companies in this survey specify banned chemicals in their terms of
delivery, mainly the regulated substances and materials and additionally state that they
have a dialogue with their toy supplier and made occasional visits to manufacturing and
delivery factories. Most of the suppliers were asked to test their products, including
chemical testing, to be reported in the technical file. Occasionally the toy companies
carried out spot tests on toys, either from a specific supplier or on certain groups of toys.
Currently retailers, and in some cases also the manufacturers, do not have detailed
information on the material in their products, especially concerning different plastic
material. Therefore, they feel it is difficult to provide information regarding specific
chemicals used in materials or toys.
Finally concerning the context and the focus of this commission, it must be noted that
substances classified as hazardous, potential endocrine disrupters and nano sized
materials have been within the scope. This means that substances that are known hazards
but for which there is currently no hazard classification and substances for which we may
lack knowledge of hazards may also pose chemical risks in toys. The risk with presence
of known and potential hazardous substances in toys is not only dependent on the
intrinsic properties such as inherent toxicity of a substance but also depends on whether
the substance has the possibility to migrate out of the material or expose a child through
skin contact.
Conclusively thousands of substances have been identified in this survey with possible
connections to toys. Around 400 of these substances are classified according to the CLP
regulation where a minority of these classified substances are restricted in European
legislation. Consequently there are several data gaps for a majority of substances
identified in this survey that need to be further compiled and assessed in order to
minimize potential risks from chemicals in toys and in a wider perspective to target the
national implementation plan of a Non-Toxic Environment.
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Sammanfattning
I december 2010 fick Kemikalieinspektionen i uppdrag av regeringen att ta fram en
nationell handlingsplan för en giftfri vardag. En aktivitet inom handlingsplanen är
skyddet för barn och kemikalieinnehåll i leksaker och barnartiklar.
Hela handlingsplanen är en del av arbetet med riksdagens miljökvalitetsmål Giftfri miljö.

Inom detta breda arbetsområde har ett antal fokusområden identifierats såsom barns miljö
eftersom barn är en särskilt känslig grupp, där hormonstörande ämnen,
kombinationseffekter (s.k. cocktaileffekter) och risker med leksaker och i viss
utsträckning barnartiklar, tillsammans med nanomaterial är särskilt intressanta för KemI.
Ett första steg att nå en giftfri miljö för barn är att identifiera toxiska ämnen i barns miljö.
Larm i medier och resultat från myndighetens tillsynsarbete stödjer iakttagelsen att det
förekommer toxiska ämnen i till exempel leksaker trots att lagstiftning finns. Enligt
uppgifter från statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) får barn i Sverige i genomsnitt 30 kg
leksaker per år, vilket ger en stor exponering för olika leksaker och material.
Syftet med uppdraget har varit att utöka kunskapen om farliga ämnen i leksaker genom
att inte fokusera på kända faror som tungmetaller och ftalater, utan i stället
identifiera ”nya” riskämnen, ämnen som företag kanske inte begränsar i sina
kemikalielistor idag.
Denna rapport beskriver en litteraturstudie och förekomsten av farliga ämnen i leksaker.

Detta inkluderar reglerade och begränsade ämnen i europeisk kemikalie- och
produktlagstiftning såsom Reach, RoHS, Leksaksdirektivet, Produktsäkerhetsdirektivet,
kosmetika- och livsmedelslagstiftning m.m. tillsammans med ämnen som klassificeras
enligt CLP-förordningen.
Framförallt två databaser har använts i litteratursökningen; CApPlus och PubMed för att
identifiera publikationer, patent och böcker. Dessutom har ett antal rapporer ingått i
studien.
Sökordet toys gav 7986 träffar i Medline medan en kombination av sökorden toys och
chemicals gav 33 träffar. I CAplus gav en kombination av orden toys och chemicals 11
500 träffar. Utöver litteratursökningen fördes diskussioner med leksaksföretag, där bland
annat ett frågeformulär om typer av material i leksaker användes (riktat mot tillverkande
företag och återförsäljare).
Resultaten i denna studie visar på möjliga samband mellan en mängd olika material som
används i leksaker såsom plast, gummi, textil, papper, glas och keramik, metaller och
legeringar, elektronik och kemiska produkter och vissa ämnen. Plast och gummi är de
material som förekommer mest i litteraturen om leksaker.
I denna studie har fokus legat på användarfasen av livscykeln för en leksak. En mindre
del av de identifierade ämnena är sådana som ger ett material en viss egenskap, såsom
konserveringsmedel, UV- och värmestabilisatorer, viskositetskontrollerande ämnen,
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mjukgörare, flamskyddsmedel, pigment och doftämnen. Några ämnen har många
funktioner. För dessa finns en risk att inte alla egenskaper är kända i litteraturen och
därför kan felaktiga slutsatser dras om varför ett visst ämne används i ett material.
De flesta av de identifierade ämnena är inte avsedda att finnas kvar i slutprodukten utan
är ämnen som används i produktionsprocessen eller för att framställa råmaterialet.
Resultaten i denna litteratursökning har även bekräftats genom erfarenhet hos
kemiexperter och testresultat från labbtester av vanligt förekommande ämnen i dessa
material. Alla företag som kontaktades i studien specificerar förbjudna ämnen i sina
leverantörsvillkor, vilket främst är förbjudna ämnen och material. Dessutom för man en
dialog med sina leverantörer och gör besök hos tillverkare och levererande fabriker. De
flesta leverantörer uppmanas att testa produkterna, även kemikalieinnehåll och att
rapportera resultaten som en del av den tekniska dokumentationen. Leksaksföretagen
utförde ibland egna tester på leksakerna, antingen från en utvald leverantör eller en viss
grupp av leksaker. För närvarande saknar leverantörer och i många fall tillverkarna
detaljerad information om material i produkterna, speciellt för olika plastmaterial. Det är
därför svårt för dem att lämna information om specifika kemikalier som använts i
material eller leksaker.
När det gäller slutsatser från själva uppdraget har fokus legat på ämnen som är
klassificerade som farliga, potentiellt hormonstörande och nanomaterial. Ämnen som
misstänks vara farliga men där det i dagsläget saknas faroklassificering och ämnen där
kunskap om eventuella farliga egenskaper saknas kan också utgöra en kemisk risk hos en
leksak. Att ett ämne som finns i en leksak har inneboende toxiska egenskaper behöver
inte innebära att det utgör en risk, utan ämnet måste dessutom ha möjlighet att migrera
(frigöras) från materialet eller exponera barnet genom hudkontakt.
I denna studie har tusentals ämnen identifierats med möjlig koppling till leksaker.
Ungefär 400 av dessa är klassificerade enligt CLP och ett mindre antal är dessutom
begränsade i europeisk lagstiftning. Det finns kunskapsluckor för merparten av ämnena
som identifierats i denna studie. Dessa behöver sammanställas och utvärderas för att
minimera kemikalierisker i leksaker och i ett bredare perspektiv för att uppnå nationella
miljökvalitetsmålet Giftfri miljö.
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1. Introduction
1.1 Background and purpose
At the moment there is an ongoing nationwide project concerning chemicals – Giftfri
miljö (A Non-Toxic Environment) in Sweden. Within this large scope some focus areas
have been agreed, such as children and their environment due to the fact that they are
deemed extra vulnerable. The first step in reaching a non-toxic environment for children
is mapping of toxic substances around children. Different alarms raised by media and
findings via supervision from the authorities support the fact that it seems to exist toxic
substances in e.g. toys despite regulations. According to Statistics Sweden (SCB) report
on toy consumption in Sweden, children up to 12 years consume 30 kg of toys annually
which make the exposure to lots of different toys and materials quite large 1.
This report describes a literature survey of the presence of hazardous substances in toys.
The literature search has been performed through the assistance of two different
databases for publications, patents and books. Findings in literature reveal possible
connections between specific materials that may be used in toys and certain related
substances. These substances provide some kind of functionality to the material applied
in toys, or they may have been used in the production of the materials. Additionally,
these findings have been confirmed through experience from chemical experts and
laboratory testing of substances that are known to be common in these materials.
The purpose with the commission has been to get “new” knowledge of hazardous
substances in toys by not focusing on known hazards such as heavy metals and phthalates,
but instead aim to identify “new” risk elements, substances that companies may not have
today on their restricted substances lists.
1.1.1 Other related reports
In addition to the literature search in the scientific databases CAplus and PubMed, some
reports with similar approaches were reviewed.
RIVM – Chemicals in toys
The report from RIVM 2, has been a background material for the European Commission
in their preparation of the new safety of toys directive, 2009/48/EC. This report is one of
the background reports reviewed in this study. The RIVM report included the following
statement about state-of-the-art of knowledge about chemicals in toys (page 20):
1
Konsumentprodukter och produkter speciellt avsedda för barn - Komplexitet och nettoinflöde i Sverige
2005 (ton), Statistiska centralbyrån 2008
2
Van Engelen et al., Chemicals in Toys, A general methodology for assessment of chemical safety of toys
with a focus on elements, RIVM report 320003001/2008
9
"It proved very difficult to get information on the presence of additional elements in
different toy material, especially since routinely toys are only tested for the above 8
elements as specified in the Directive. As far as information was received, no conclusions
can be drawn about which elements occur most frequently and/or whether some elements
are specific for particular toys/toy materials. Therefore we used the following strategy: in
addition to the present list of 8 elements, we used the list for Food Contact Materials and
a list that contains elements that are found in the waste phase of plastics."
There are several data gaps in the RIVM report e.g no reference to the “list that contains
elements that are found in the waste phase of plastics” and no information about presence
of chemicals in toys.
DTI - Azocolorants in Textiles and Toys
The report from 1998 by DTI 3 shows results from laboratory analysis of carcinogenic and
allergenic azo dyes and their breakdown products arylamines in toys. This report is old
and arylamines are since year 2000 restricted and known hazards in products and thus not
in the scope of this report where the aim has been to identify ”new” risks. On the other
hand though, all the banned arylamines in REACH Annex XVII have been found in the
certification tests at the Oekotex laboratories in the near past 4 which shows that there is
still a problem with arylamines in textile products.
DTI - Phthalates in products in direct contact with children
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency commissioned DTI (Dansk Teknologisk

Institut) in 2010 to make a survey of phthalates in children’s products. Phthalates are
known hazards and thus not in the scope of this report where the aim has been to
identify ”new” risks. Summarizing, in this report is described the results of analyzes of
toys for DEHP, BBP, DBP and DIBP. DEHP and DIBP were found in high
concentrations in several products. Also DINP and isophthalates were detected in several
products but the amounts were not quantified.
Similar studies performed by KemI are not referred here.
Company contacts
In addition to the literature survey, discussions with toy companies were held which also
involved a questionnaire, see appendix 3, regarding use of material types in toys (aimed
at manufacturing companies and retailers).
3
Dansk Teknologisk Institut (DTI), Azocolorants in Textiles and Toys, DTI Beklædning og Textil, August
1998, viewed at http://www.statensnet.dk/pligtarkiv/fremvis.pl?vaerkid=624&reprid=0&filid=24&iarkiv=1
4
Personal communication with Anders Blom, Oekotex laboratory, Swerea IVF.
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1.2 Legal background
As for many products today, the legal background for toys and childcare articles includes
a number of different regulations and directives 5, see figure 1.
· Safety of toys directive
· REACH
· RoHS (if electronic toy)
· WEEE (if electronic equipment is

present)
· General product safety directive
· Biocide directive
· Medical device directive
· Cosmetics directive
· Food directive/ Safety of food/

Food contact material
· Specific national regulations
Figure 1 Directives and regulations related to chemical substances in toys.
Toys used, or that may be used, in contact with food (toy dinnerware, candy) have to
meet the requirement regarding materials in contact with food (EC Regulation no
1935/2004) and the requirements for plastics in contact with food (directive 2002/72/EC).
Other regulations are also applicable to toys, e.g. Low Voltage Electrical Equipment:
EEC Council Directive 73/23/EEC. However, since it does not consider chemical
substances it has been left out of this study.
On 11 May 2009, the European Union adopted the new safety of toys directive,
2009/48/EC, which will come into force in member states after 20 July 2011. Compared
with the current directive 88/378/EC, new 2009/48/EC has undergone substantial
revisions in the aspects of chemical safety, physical mechanics, electric performance,
sanitary safety and label requirement, etc.
5
Some member states have a divergent opinion on the application of the WEEE directive on toys. If the toy
can still be used as a toy when e.g. batteries have run out or the electrical or electronic components have
stopped function, a few member states consider such toys as not being regulated under WEEE. EC and
most member states do however apply the WEEE directive on all toys that include electrical or electronic
components.
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The major changes are listed below:
· The categories of restricted elements of migration addressed have increased from 8

to 19
· The use of 66 sensitizing fragrances in toys are restricted for the first time; 55 are
strictly prohibited and 11 require labelling if the concentration exceeds 0.01%w/w
· The new directive explicitly specifies that toys should not contain any carcinogenic,
mutagenic substance or substances toxic to reproduction (CMR) above
classification limits.
· EN 71-3: EN 71-3 sets the highest limits of migrated elements (e.g. antimony,
arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and tin) in accessible materials
or parts of toys. Migrated elements refer to the extracted solutes out of toy materials
after a continuous contact with gastric acid
· EN 71-9: EN71-9 specifies the basic requirements for organic compounds in toys
The above mentioned regulations regarding toys, are the focus in many cases for different
classes of substances - or even specific substances. These are CMR-substances, allergenic
fragrances, nitrosamines, heavy metals, migration limits for some metals, candidate
substances and forbidden substances.
In the future nano sized materials may also be included in the safety of toys directive.
2. Methodology
2.1 Substance search selection
The literature search covers chemicals with possible connections to toys and materials
that may be used in toys. After a first screening, the CAS numbers for the
substance/substances in a publication have been matched to different regulations
regarding that substance. Extra focus has also been put into matching of the substances to
various classifications in the CLP Regulation 6, in order to identify CMR, allergenic and
endocrine disrupting (hormone disturbing) substances at level 1 a and 1b. Furthermore,
nano sized materials have been included as a matching category.
2.2 Description of databases

The literature survey has been performed by using two extensive and established
databases, namely CAplus and PubMed, for articles, books and patents. The main results
are based on the literature search from CAplus.
6
EC Regulation Classification, Packaging and Labelling [1278/2008]
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2.2.1 CAplus database
CAplus is an integrated source of journal articles and patent documents in many scientific
disciplines, including; biomedical sciences, chemistry, engineering, materials science,
agricultural science, and more. The total number of publications and patents included in
CAplus are over 33 million and the database is updated daily. Patent references from 9
major issuing authorities are available within 2 days from the time the patent was issued.
The database comprises article references from more than 10,000 major scientific
journals worldwide and English language summaries translated from the scientific
literature published in more than 50 different languages from more than 185 different
countries. Different categories within CAplus are shown below. When using the indexed
search term “toy” in CAplus the result was 11 500 hits, all related to chemicals/CAS
numbers. The overview structure of CAplus is described in figure 2 below.
Figure 2 Different categories within CAplus
2.2.2 PubMed database
The second database used is PubMed, which contains more than 21 million citations for
biomedical literature from Medline life science journals, and online books. Citations may
include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. PubMed
uses MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms which is a controlled vocabulary thesaurus
13
used for indexing articles for PubMed. The search term has been “toy”, giving rise to
nearly 8000 hits. Combining “toy” with the word “chemicals” resulted in 33 hits. The
information has been used to less extent compared to the CAplus sarch due to less
relevant hits for the study.
2.3 Matching method

The results from the literature screening of substances in toys were matched to different
categories of regulations for substances and with certain classifications of substances
which is illustrated in figure 3 below. The substances have then been related to materials
in toys and to which part of the lifecycle for the toy the substance belongs to. Two
different lifecycle phases (three different categories) have been used:
1. Raw material production and Process chemicals (phase 1)

2. Use (property lending chemical) (phase 2)
In the production phase, Phase 1, addition of different substances can give rise to
impurities and by-products in the toy. The total content of these substances is generally
quite low as long as the process is efficient. For the substances used in production,
optimal processes are therefore important. However, substances related to function have
been used to perform even under the use phase of the toy, Phase 2, and can be present in
higher amounts than raw material and processing chemicals (Phase 1). The risk scenario
for these different kinds of substances is thus very different and due to the probability of
finding Phase 2 substances in higher amounts. In this study the main focus has been on
function related substances.
Literature Matching of hazardous Chemicals

screening for substances via regulated related to
substances in and classified chemical function/s in
toys substances specific material.
Figure 3: Matching method
2.4 Materials in Toys

In the matching procedure, the function of the substances is related to specific functions
within a material. As categorised earlier, a distinction between property lending
substances and substances used in the production of the material is specified. The
property lending substances are intended to remain in the toys use phase and may pose a
higher risk to the user. Substances, that are not property lending and can be found as
residues in the material of the produced toy may also pose a risk to the user.
The selected property lending substances are supposed to be compatible with the applied
materials in question. One example is that rigid polymers are often coloured with
pigments that are mixed into the polymer melt, while a cotton fabric is commonly wet-
14
treated using reactive dyestuffs. Therefore, it is essential to look at the type of material in
order to understand which substances that can give a desired property in that particular
material.
Listed below are the type of materials identified applied in toys together with short
explanations around the production processes where needed to understand the function of
the chemicals applied. Only categories of functional chemicals are presented here;
plasticizers, flame retardants etc. Examples of substances from the different categories
are presented in chapter 3.5.
2.4.1 Plastics
Plastic materials are polymers made from either natural or synthetic organic compounds
that may contain additive substances to improve performance and give desired properties.
Examples of common property lending additives are colorants, UV and heat stabilizers,
plasticizers, fillers, flame retardants and blowing agents (for plastic foams).
There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.

Thermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical change in their composition
when heated and can be moulded again and again; examples are polyethylene and
polypropylene. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they
stay solid. Due to surplus chemical use and incomplete polymerisation residues from the
production phase may be found in the final article, such as monomers and solvents.
Plastic parts of toys are also quite commonly plated, painted or varnished on the surface,
which may pose a risk for exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Some examples on plastic materials that can be used in toys
Thermoplastics:
· polyethylene (PE)
· polyester (PES)
· polyvinylchloride (PVC)
· polypropylene (PP)
Thermosets:
· polyurethane (PU)
· epoxy
2.4.2 Textiles
Textile materials are common in toys e.g stuffed animals and dolls. Textiles can be made
from natural or synthetic fibres and occur in the toy as fabric, yarn, synthetic fur etc.
15
Natural fibres are cultivated and can have traces of pesticides from the raw material
production. Synthetic fibres are based on chemicals, petroleum products or wood based
products. The yarn is manufactured through melt spinning, wet spinning etc. to filament
fibres, then usually cut to staple fibres and spun to yarn. In the spinning to yarn, weaving
or knitting to fabric it is common that spinning oils can contaminate the material. A
chemical intensive process is then the wet treatment where the yarn/fabric is dyed.
Natural and synthetic fibres need different types of dyes and auxiliary chemicals.
Polyester is sometimes also dyed in a solvent based process. The yarn/fabric is then dried,
applied on the toy and transported to customer. Biocides are sometimes used during
transport to prevent mould.
Some examples on common textile materials:
Natural fibres:
· Cotton
· Flax
· Hemp
Synthetic fibres:
· Polyester (PES)
· Viscose
2.4.3 Leather
Leather is created via the tanning of animal hides. The production process includes a lot
of chemical usage. The preparatory stage is when the hide is prepared for tanning,
including preservation, soaking, liming, unhairing, bleaching, pickling, and depickling.
Tanning is the process which converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable
material. The principal difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides
dry out to form a hard inflexible material that when re-wetted. The most commonly used
tanning material is chromium, which is a debated source for hexavalent chromium
although nowadays only trivalent chromium is industrially used.
Synthetic leather is usually a synthetic textile (e.g. polyester) coated with a plastic (e.g.
PVC or polyurethane) and is covered by these two sections.
2.4.4 Wood
Wood has been used for ages as a toy material. A concern here is if wood preservative
substances have been used in the production of wood based products. Wood based toys
are also quite commonly painted or varnished on the surface where children bite and
chew may pose a risk for exposure to hazardous chemicals. Pine wood is a common
wood material. Wood based composites such as plywood etc are also included in this
material group.
16
2.4.5 Metals and alloys
Metal parts are common as construction parts as well as in electric and electronic devices.
Metals can be applied as surface treatments on other materials including metal parts.
Such surface treatments include metallic surface treatments such as metal plating and non
metallic treatments such as enamel, paint or varnish. Brass, steel, silver, gold, chromium
are common metals and alloys.
2.4.6 Rubber
Rubber is a natural or synthetic material classified as an elastomer. Below is a description

on how rubber is processed.
1. Compounding
All ingredients are blended at low temperature, about 50 °C, and this intermediate can
be stored and traded. The shape can be string, tape or sheet. A release system must be
used to avoid sticking together. Talkum, stearates, foils or textiles are used as release
agents.
2. Product shaping
This step is very diversified and methods ranging from handcrafting to heavy
processing are used. The principle is that unvulcanized rubber can easily be shaped at
room temperature with a moderate use of force, hands can be used. The material is
tacky and adheres to itself if the release agent is removed. It is a self glueing material.
In this step time for shaping is unlimited and the material flows under pressure and
tension as long as the temperature is well below vulcanizing (curing) temperature,
normally 80 °C, depending on formulation. The material can go deeply into
structures. Textiles can be penetrated. One example of flow is rubber car tyres were
the very thin degassing vents of the mould are filled and that can be seen on new
tyres.
3. Vulcanizing (Curing)
The vulcanization is cross-linking of the rubber molecules. Rubber molecules are
long polymer chains being curled under relaxed conditions. Stretching the rubber
means straightening the curled chains and the elastic force comes from the curling
power. When stretching the molecules they will slide and a flow will happen. To stop
the flow the molecules are reacted together in some sites. The reaction sites must be
distant enough to allow for stretching and movements but close enough to avoid
polymer flow. That is balanced in the formula.
Vulcanization is made just by heating. Time varies from a couple of minutes to hours
for very thick parts. Heat transfer is the main time consumption. After vulcanization
the part can be demoulded hot. This process differs from thermoplastic processing in
that respect that you have a long time for material flow at room temperature and no
cooling requirement.
17
Some examples on different rubber materials:
· Natural rubber (NR)

· Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
· Nitrile rubber (NBR)
· Chloroprene rubber (CR)
· Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)
· Ethylene vinylacetate copolymer (EVA)
· Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)
2.4.7 Paper
Cardboard paper and paper used for crafts as well as paper in books and writing paper.
Papers are often surface treated and sometimes coated with a plastic layer. Common
chemicals used for paper products are pigments, glues, retention agents and fillers.
2.4.8 Chemical products
Some examples on different chemical products that are used as toys:
· Inks
· Paints 7
· Gels, slime etc.
· Doll cosmetics
· Pens (felt pens, crayons, pencils)
· Lubricants for mechanical and electrical toys
These toys or parts of toys have in common that chemicals are the main constituents.
2.4.9 Electronics
Electronic 8 components in toys can contain a large variation of materials: metals, plastics,
ceramics, paper, liquids etc.
In electronics, which are also regulated by the RoHS directive, plastic materials may
contain flame retardants and different metal-containing components.
In this material group are not included metal construction parts or plastic construction
parts, as they are already covered in their respective sections.
7
Painted products are not included here. The paint layers and surface coatings are included in the
respective materials chapter.
8
Electrical and electronic equipment means equipment which is dependent on electric currents or
electromagnetic fields in order to work properly.
18
2.4.10 Glass and ceramics
Ceramic materials in toys are e.g. doll´s service sets and glass items, but are also
commonly found in electronics.
In this material type is also included inorganic reinforcement fibers and fillers (glass
fibers etc.).
2.4.11 Nano sized materials
Nano sized materials cover a wide range of applications and uses. In textile related
applications nano sized materials are used in flame retarded materials in combination
with other compounds, such as biocides and superhydrofobic surface treatments just to
mention a few.
A range of parameters govern the definition and properties of nano sized materials. These
include: the nature of the manufacturing process, and any integral purification steps that
will ultimately govern the purity of the final product, particle size distribution (between 1
nm to 100 nm), heterogeneity, organic or inorganic (often addressed as hard or soft nano
sized particles) and other parameters. In addition to the specific physicochemical
properties of a material, these factors, together with storage conditions and degree of
aggregation, play a major role in determining their ultimate biological behaviour 9.
In October 2011 the European Commission issued a directive recommendation

concerning nano sized materials 10 after a long period of consultations in the European
Union. The recommendation describes nano sized materials as; ‘Agglomerated or
aggregated particles may exhibit the same properties as the unbound particles. Moreover,
there can be cases during the life-cycle of a nano sized material where the particles are
released from the agglomerates or aggregates. The definition in this Recommendation
should therefore also include particles in agglomerates or aggregates whenever the
constituent particles are in the size range 1 nm-100 nm.’
The International Organisation for Standardisation 11 defines the term ‘nanomaterial’ as

‘material with any external dimensions in the nanoscale or having internal structure or
surface structure in the nanoscale’. The term ‘nanoscale’ is defined as size range from
approximately 1 nm to 100 nm.
There are no national or international legal restrictions for nano sized materials as such at
the moment.
There is an ongoing task in the European Commission to classify nano sized materials
according to the CLP regulation. There are a knowledge concerning health and
environmental risks for nano sized materials. Consequently, there are data gaps
9
European Commission, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified HealthRisks SCENIHR
(2010)
10
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial
(2011/696/EU)
11
ISO/TS 80004-4:2011
19
concerning nano sized materials and to current date there are no risk phrases/hazard
statements to our knowledge.
3. Result
The results from the search via mainly CAplus and to some extent PubMed are presented
in categories according to different regulations for identified substances. There is an
overlap especially for classified substances and the rest of the categories.
Following the search, a hit can be related to a substance due to: patents for new materials,
production processes, analysis for regulated substances, presence of the substance via, for
example, screening or a study of allergic reactions and the relation to a chemical or
material. But they have all been related to toys.
In Medline the number of hits for the search term (mesh term) toy was 7986. For the term
toy/toys combined with e.g. the term chemicals, 33 hits were identified.
In the CAplus search nearly 11 500 hits were identified, all related to toys and chemicals.
General findings from the literature survey are that plastics and rubber are the most
represented materials in literature related to toys (table 1). The highest score for
representation in the literature is for plastics (PE (221 publications), PVC, PP, PS, EVA,
PET) and rubber. Furthermore, phthalates and some heavy metals are well represented in
the literature.
Table 1 List of the most represented materials in the literature search.
Polyethylene 221
Polyvinyl chloride 211
Polypropylene 164
uses and miscellaneous 127
EVA 105
PET polymer, uses 99
Glycerol, uses 90
Silica, uses 84
Starch, uses 83
block, triblock, syntet gummimtrl? 81
Polyvinyl alcohol, PVA coating 79
Lead, biological studies 77
Butadiene-styrene block copolymer, syntet gummimtrl? 73
Titania, uses 73
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, syntetgummi SBR 72
ABS 69
20
3.1 Classified substances according to CLP
One of the results of this study shows that the majority of classified substances according
to the CLP Regulation is related to process chemicals, for example monomers for
polymer production and vulcanization chemicals. Some substances are also related to raw
material production, e.g. pesticides used in agriculture. A minor part of the identified
chemicals is however used in order to give properties to the material in the product.
These property lending substances relates to following functions:
· Preservatives
· UV and heat stabilizers
· Viscosity controlling agents
· Plasticizers
· Flame retardants
· Pigments
· Fragrances
Table 2 below illustrates an extract of use, raw material and process related substances.
Table 2 An extract of use, raw material and process related substances.
CASName Annex I cycle phase identifica Function

p-Nitrophenol, uses x raw material precursor for fungicides
Silicon tetrachloride, reaction products with gx process precursor for silicones
Diethylethanolamine x process precursor for polymers,
Ethylbenzene, x process precursor for styrene and xylenes
Styrene x process precursor for polystyrene
Calcium chloride anhydride x use dessicant
Benzylamine x process precursor for colorants and coatings
Chlorine dioxide x process desinfectant
Benzyl alcohol x process solvent, preservative, precursor
Benzaldehyde x process, use precursor
Methenamine x process, use precursor, preservative citrus, stabilizer
Triphenylphosphite x process precursor
Triazine x raw material fungicide
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) x process precursor for PU manufacturing
Hyoscyamine x pharmacology tropane alkaloide muscle release e.g heart disease , parkinsons etc
N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPx process anti-degradant in rubber
4,4'-Methylenedianiline x process, polymer processing aid (additive)
4,4'-Oxydianiline x process polymer precursor in resin and synthetic rubber manufacturing
Diphenylguanidine x process, use process regulators in vulcanization of rubber or polymerization processes. In consum
Lufenuron x raw material pesticide (cotton)
2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, x process, polymer precursor for manufacture aqueous polymer dispersions and coatings raw materials
monobenzone (Benoquin) x use, cosmetic (skin a topical drug for medical depigmentation.
Octyl gallate x use, food additive antioxidant, preservative
Bisoctrizole x use, sun screen prodUV absorber
Barium chloride x raw material papermaking,dyestuff,rubber,plastic,ceramics
N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine (BDMA) x process precursor for polyurethane manufacturing
3.2 Substances regulated in REACH

3.2.1 Annex XVII
REACH regulation (1907/2006), annex XVII regulates certain substances in specific

applications.
21
The result from the CAplus search was matched against the Annex XVII regulated
substances shown in table 3. Substances that can relate to toy articles were, with the
exception of solvents, three main groups, namely plasticizers, pigment and heavy metals.
In this search a few more arylamines were found, all with a connection to articles
regarding azo dyes in leather and textiles. Some azo dyes, degradable to carcinogenic
arylamines are restricted in textile articles and in food.
Table 3 Chemicals related to annex XVII in REACH.

4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) x process precursor for PU manufacturing
4,4'-Methylenedianiline x process, polymer processing aid (additive)
4,4'-Oxydianiline x process polymer precursor in resin and synthetic rubber manufacturing
4-Chloroaniline x process precursor for the production of pesticides/biocides (e.g Chlorhexidine), drugs and dye
Bis[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate x use, plasticizers article property lending (function)
Di-n-octyl, DNOP x use, plasticizers article property lending (function), phthalate
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine x process, use used as analytical reagent, redox indicator, adsorption indicator and an iron complexa
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine x process Used mainly for dye production, but also for the production of certain elastomers. It is
p-Cresidine x process Used in the production of various azo dyes
2,4,5-Trimethylaniline x use article property lending (function), pigment
4,4'-Thiodianiline x
occurrence, Chromium (VI) x process, use tanning of leather, kromatering av metall
1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone x
Di-isodecyl phthalate x use, plasticizers article property lending (function), phthalate
Diisononyl phthalate x use, plasticizers article property lending (function), phthalate
Hydrazine, dialkyl x process, foaming pl reactive intermediate (reactant), processing aid (additive)
Benzo[a]pyrene, processes x
Basic red 9 x
Congo x
Solvent yellow 1 x use article property lending (function), pigment
2,4-Diaminoanisole x use article property lending (function), pigment
Lead, biological studies x use, corrosion, pigmarticle property lending (function), solder material
3.2.2 SVHC
A search was performed in CAplus and matched against the list of SVHC substances
(REACH regulation (1907/2006), SVHC substances) where half of the substances on the
Candidate list were identified (table 4). Substances that can relate to toy articles were,
with the exception of solvents, three main groups are plasticizers, pigment and metal salts.
Plasticizers, pigments and surface treatments were the recognized functions, which are all
property lending functions.
22
Table 4 SVHC in the Candidate list in REACH.
Boric acid (H3BO3), reaction products process (reactant), use (flameretardent, surface treatment wood) article property lending (function)
cobalt dinitrate process, use, surface treatment metal article property lending (function)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline process, polymer processing aid (additive)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether use, solvent article property lending (function)
Tris(2-chloroethyl) use, FR article property lending (function)
Bis[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate use, plasticizers article property lending (function)
Anthracene, Process (reactant), Rubber (biproduct) article property lending (function), gummidäck, takpack(tjära) o annat gummi, impr
Molybdate red use, corrosion, pigment article property lending (function)
Borax use (biocid, flameretardent) article property lending (function), wood
Arsenic trioxide use, woodpreservative, process; glassmaking article property lending (function), processing aid
Sodium borate use (biocid, flameretardent) article property lending (function), wood
Middle Chrome use, pigment, corrosion article property lending (function)
Dichromic acid use, wood (biocid) and metal surface treatment article property lending (function)
Hydrazine, dialkyl process, foaming plastic, corrosion reactive intermediate (reactant), processing aid (additive)
cobalt di(acetate) use, surface treatment of metal article property lending (functio), can give allergic skin reaction
cobalt dichloride process, use, feddstuff article property lending (function), reactive intermediate (reactant)
lead chromate use, corrosion, pigment article property lending (function)
Potassium chromate use, corrosion article property lending (function)
Strontium chromate use, corrosion article property lending (function)
Acrylamide, uses process, reactant in plast (PA), paper production reactant, may be left as unreactiva mtrl
Xylene musk use, fragrance article property lending (function)
Diisobutyl phthalate use, plasticizers article property lending (function)
Dibutyl phthalate use, plasticizers article property lending (function)
Benzylbutyl phthalate use, plasticizers article property lending (function)
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, analysis solvent -
3.3 Substances regulated by RoHS directive

Four out of six regulated substances in RoHS were identified via the literature search.
There were in total few publications identified that describe RoHS regulated substances
in toys (table 5).
Table 5 Chemicals related to the RoHS directive.
BDE209, decabromodiphenylether use article property lending, flame retardant

Lead, biological studies use article property lending, solder material, cable
Mercury, biological use article property lending, solder material, cable
Cadmium, biological studies use article property lending, solder material, cable
In market inspections several substances regulated in the RoHS directive have been
identified. Substances such as lead in solders, lead in plastic details (pigment or
stabilizer), cadmium in plastics (pigment or stabilizer) and cables containing restricted
brominated substances have been identified. 12
3.4 Substances regulated in Safety of toys directive

Children are a particularly sensitive user group in context to the exposure of hazardous
chemicals. This is one of the major reasons why there is a certain regulatory frame work
concerning toys and child care articles and their content of chemicals.
12
http://kemi.se/sv/Innehall/Nyheter/Fortsatta-brister-avseende-efterlevnad-av-kraven-i-RoHS-direktivet/
23
3.4.1 Nitrosamines and nitrosable substances
Nitrosamines and nitrosable substances are regulated in the new safety of toys directive
(2009/48/EC, part III, point 8) for articles intended to be used by children under the age
of three and in other toys intended to be placed in the mouth (teethers, toy dinnerware,
balloons).
The most common way humans are exposed to nitrosamines is through food and tobacco
smoke, where nitrosamines are produced from nitrites and secondary amines (may occur
in the form of proteins) under certain conditions (acidic pH, high temperature, presence
of certain reducing agents). Nitrosamines can also occur in latex products and are used in
manufacture of most rubber products. N-nitrosamines and precursors that are present in
rubber products originate from certain accelerators (carbamates and thiuramens) used for
the vulcanization of rubber. Nitrosamines can also be found in cosmetics.
The result of the matching of “toys” in the CAplus search together with matching of
nitrosamines is found in table 6. The listed nitrosamines found in the search are all
connected with articles related to rubber. One of the nitrosamines
(Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine) also has a connection to manufacturing of plastic
foam.
Table 6 Nitrosamines found in the CA plus search
101-25-7 Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine
62-75-9 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
924-16-3 N-Nitrosodibutylamine
55-18-5 N-Nitrosodiethylamine
56375-33-8 N-Nitrosobutylamine
89017-33-4 N-Nitrosopropylamine
Balloons are toys intended to be placed in the mouth and several analyses have been
reported of balloons including nitrosamines. One investigation found N-
dimethylnitrosamine (97% of the balloons), N-dibutylnitrosamine (93 % of the balloons)
and diethylnitrosamine (34 % of the balloons) 13. All of these substances were also found
in the CAplus search.
13
Analysis of chemical substances in balloons Nils Nilsson Danish Technological Institute, 2007
24
Publicly available information from the rubber industry indicates that nitrosamine
formation can be avoided if the accelerators are replaced by other accelerators which do
not contain nitrosable substances.
If theoretically nitro- and/or amine substances can form nitrosamines, a search for nitro-
and amine substances connected with articles concerning rubber or thermoplastic material
was made. The result is shown in table 7.
Tabell 7 Nitro- and amine substances connected with articles concerning rubber or thermoplastic
material
9016-00-6 Polydimethylsiloxane, hydroxy or amine terminated
68-19-9 Cyanocobalamine
102-71-6 Triethanolamine, polymers
26098-55-5 Dodecanedioic acid-1,6-hexanediamine polymer
123447-94-9 1,6-Hexanediamine-2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine-
100-75-4 N-Nitrosopiperidine
25718-70-1 Adipic acid-m-xylylenediamine
62-75-9 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
924-16-3 N-Nitrosodibutylamine
50327-77-0 Adipic acid-1,4-butanediamine copolymer
4568-28-9 Triethanol amine stearate
59-89-2 N-Nitrosomorpholine
55-18-5 N-Nitrosodiethylamine
56375-33-8 N-Nitrosobutylamine
27195-72-8 Tetramethylbutanediamine
25
1967-03-08 Thiamine hydrochloride
930-55-2 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
89017-33-4 N-Nitrosopropylamine
A few amines, acting as emulsifier or surfactants were found in this search connecting to
articles regarding liquids, among them the emulsifier triethanolamine - which has been
under restriction in the cosmetic directive (76/768/EEG), due to their possibility to form
nitrosamines.
3.4.2 Allergenic fragrances
Allergenic fragrances are regulated in the safety of toys directive (2009/48/EC, part III,
point 11). 55 fragrance substances are banned in toys and another 11 require declaration
if present.
The CAplus search identified a quarter of the 55 restricted fragrance substances (table 8).
In addition all 11 fragrances obliged to be declared were found in the search.
There is a connection to children’s cosmetics or cosmetic toys in most of the surveyed

publications. However, some of the fragrances are shown to have other functions, as
solvents or plasticizers according to literature.
Table 8 Restricted fragrance substances found in CAplus search
100-51-6 Benzyl alcohol, biological
101-85-9 Amylcinnamyl alcohol
104-54-1 Cinnamyl alcohol
104-55-2 Cinnamal
106-24-1 Geraniol
107-75-5 Hydroxy-citronellal
118-58-1 Benzyl salicylate
122-40-7 Amyl cinnamal
26
140-88-5 Ethyl acrylate
150-76-5 Mequinol (4-Methoxyphenol)
Hydroxy-
31906-04-4 methylpentylcyclohexenecarboxaldehyde
5392-40-5 Citral
91-64-5 Coumarin
97-53-0 Eugenol, phenyl propene, doft som clove
97-54-1 Isoeugenol
98-54-4 4-tert-Butylphenol
3.4.3 Migrations from toys
Substances migrating from toys are regulated in the safety of toys directive (2009/48/EC,
part III, point 13). There are 19 substances that have legal limit values of how much they
are allowed to migrate from toys that include several heavy metals. Each substance has
its specific migration limit value for different materials.
Since several of the migrating substances are heavy metals, a search in CAplus was
carried out for publications including “heavy metals” or publications including the search
term “migration”. The following heavy metals were found in hit order; lead, cadmium,
chromium, nickel, arsenic, barium, antimony, mercury and selenium.
Phthalates migrating from plastic material were found in the search. Only few
publications describe migration studies of solvents from toys, where the solvent
isophorone (CASRN 78-59-1) accounted for several hits. Isophorone is used as a solvent
for printing inks and can be found in floatable plastic toys 14,15.
Additionally 4-alkylphenol (CASNR 104-40-5) and nonylphenol (CASNR 25154-52-3)

were found in this search. These substances are used as additives for synthetic resin
products and can be found in plastic materials in toys 16.
14
Market surveillances on toy safety, ND04o063/01, Bouma, Reus 2004
15
Substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagen and toxic…, Kalberlah, Schwarz, 2011
16
Simultaneous analysis of endocrine disruptors 4-alkylphenol and bisphenol A,…Sakurai, 2005
27
The PubMed search revealed several publications regarding heavy metals in children’s
play grounds, due to impregnated wood treatment 17, together with publications regarding
phthalate migrations from plastic material.
3.4.4 Nanosized material
In this study, mainly metal salts have been described in the literature that is related to
nano sized materials and toys. Four articles mentions nano sized materials and can be
seen in table 9.
Table 9 Nanosized materials related to the literature search
CASNr CASName Specific nano sized material type
7647-01- Protein fiber containing antibacterial and

0 Hydrochloric acid, antistatic nanoparticles
Protein antibacterial fiber containing

nanoparticles capable of releasing negative ions
Protein fiber having antibacterial nanoparticles

and microelement-containing nanoparticles
7664-93- Pprotein fiber containing antibacterial and

9 Sulfuric acid, uses antistatic nanoparticles
Preparation of epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester

as nontoxic plasticizer


Pprotein fiber containing antibacterial and

107-21-1 Ethylene glycol antistatic nanoparticles

17
Chromium on the Hands of Children After Playing in Playgrounds Built from Chromated Copper
Arsenate (CCA)–Treated Wood
28
7440-28- Thallium, salts

0 with carboxylic Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7440-61-
1 Uranium, salts with Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7440-70-
2 Calcium Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7429-90-
5 Aluminum Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7440-67-
7 Zirconium Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7439-95-
4 Magnesium Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7439-97-
6 Mercury Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7440-02-
0 Nickel Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7440-43- Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers (MOA,

9 Cadmium TEM)

4 Cobalt TEM)

6 Zinc TEM)
N-Isopropyl-N’-
phenyl-p-
phenylenediamine Nanophase carbon black grafted with organic
101-72-4 (IPPD) compound in situ, synthesis and articles
29
Ultrasound and multiwall carbon nanotube solid
phase extraction and GC-MS analysis for
detection of residual phthalates in body fluid,

110-82-7 Cyclohexane food, water, air and other environmental sample


60-29-7 Diethyl ether food, water, air and other environmental sample
Sustainable polymeric nanocomposites from

functionalized cellulose, producing composite,
74-85-1 Ethylene and fabricating molding


84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate food, water, air and other environmental sample

Benzylbutyl detection of residual phthalates in body fluid,

85-68-7 phthalate food, water, air and other environmental sample

Bis[2-ethylhexyl] detection of residual phthalates in body fluid,

117-81-7 phthalate food, water, air and other environmental sample


67-63-0 Isopropyl alcohol food, water, air and other environmental sample
30
3.5 Function related substances
This chapter contains the compiled findings from the literature search for function related
(property lending) substances in toys. There are 388 classified substances that have been
identified in this literature search for occurrence in the life cycle of materials in toys. Out
of these 388 substances, 149 substances with single or multiple functionalities in the final
product were identified. Some multiple functionalities are substances with biocide
function and simultaneously acting as vulcanization agents, plasticizers etc.
The most common functions of the classified substances, for all materials together were
found to be:
· 36 of the 149 substances are biocides, e.g. preservatives.

· 25 substances are colouring agents 18,
· 17 are stabilizers (UV, heat, viscosity, pH),
· 24 substances are solvents,
· 15 substances are fragrances
· 12 substances are plasticizers
· 5 substances are anti corrosives
· 5 substances are flame retardants
The specific list of all function related substances in their respective materials are found
in Appendix 1.
Below are shown the findings from the literature search, substances with hazard
classification and function related properties, for each material type. The substances that
have no classification as toxic to humans, only to the environment, are marked with
inclined style.
3.5.1 Plastics
Presented in table 10 below are the 53 classified substances that were found in the
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for plastics in the use phase.
Plastic materials include thermoplastics and thermosets, rubber is presented in a separate
chapter. Polymeric paints are included in plastic materials which means that painted
articles of other materials (wood, metal etc.) can contain the substances found to be
occurring in plastics. Synthetic fibers for textiles are included in the textiles chapter.
Inorganic reinforcement fibers and fillers (glass fibers etc.) are included in the ceramics
chapter.
18
The 10 arylamine breakdown products from azo dyes found in this study are not included in
this number.
31
Table 10 Substances found in the literature search, with hazard classification and function
related properties, for plastic materials.
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specific

plastics
type
80-08-0 Dapsone R22 Accelerator in epoxy Epoxy

resins.
Antibacterial
properties
1663-39-4 tert-Butyl acrylate, R11, Adhesives Polymer

oligomers R20/21/22,R ic
37/38, R43, adhesiv
R51/53 es
919-30-2 Aminopropyltriethoxysi R22, R34

lane
7085-85-0 Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate R36/37/38

(ECA)
3380-34-5 Triclosan R36/38, Biocidal agents

R50/53 belonging to the use
phase are used to
142-59-6 Nabam R22, R37, prevent microbiotic
R43, R50/53 growth during
transportation or smell
during use.
10605-21- Carbendazim R46, R60,
7 R61, R50/53
91-53-2 Ethoxyquin R22
107-41-5 2-Methyl-pentane-2,4- R36/38

diol (Hexylene glycol)
5392-40-5 Citral R38, R43 Fragrances
111-14-8 Heptanoic acid R34
107-92-6 Butyric acid R34
32
plastics
type
81-15-2 Xylene musk R2, R40,

R50/53
79-31-2 Isobutanoic acid, R21/22

monoester with
trimethylpentanediol
97-86-9 Isobutyl methacrylate, R10,

oligomers R36/37/38,
R43, R50
79-20-9 methyl acetate R11, R36,

R66, R67
24197-34- Bis(3-methyl-4- R41, R50/53

0 hydroxyphenyl) sulfide
112-05-0 Nonanoic acid R34

(Pelargonic acid)
141-78-6 Ethyl acetate R11, R36,

R66, R67
109-52-4 Valeric acid R34, R52/53
89-83-8 Thymol R22, R34, Fragrances, biocides

R51/53
565-80-0 2,4-dimethylpentan-3- R11, R20

one
123-86-4 Butyl acetate R10, R66, Fragrance, adhesive Polyolef

R67 ins
302-27-2 Aconitine R26/28 Colourants Paints
Acetate
2475-45-8 1,4,5,8- R40
33
plastics
type
tetraaminoanthraquinon Acrylic
e Polyami
de
569-61-9 Basic red 9 R45 Polyeste
r
1694-09-3 Acid violet 49 R40 others
7440-48-4 Cobalt R42/43, R53
2832-40-8 Disperse Yellow 3 R40, R43
1306-23-6 Cadmium sulfide R45, R22, Colourant, stabilizer

R48/23/25,
R62, R63,
R53
7758-98-7 Copper sulfate R22, R36/38, Colourant, biocide

R50/53
1309-64-4 Antimony trioxide R40 Flame retardant,

pigment
78-40-0 Triethyl phosphate R22 Flame retardants, Polyuret

plasticizers hane
78-30-8 Tri-o-cresyl phosphate R39/23/24/35 (PUR)
, R51/53
Polyeste
r (PES)
115-96-8 Tris(2-chloroethyl) R22, R40,
(TCEP) R60 Acetylc
ellulose
others
117-81-7 Bis[2-ethylhexyl] R60, R61 Plasticizers Polyvin

phthalate ylchlori
34
plastics
type
de
117-82-8 Bis(2-methoxyethyl) R60, R61 (PVC)
phthalate
Polyvin
85-68-7 Benzylbutyl phthalate R61, R62, ylfluori
R50/53 de
(PVF)
84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate R61, R62, Polyuret
R50 hane
(PUR)
98-83-9 Methylstyrene R10, R36/37,
R51/53 others
60-35-5 Acetamide R40
131-17-9 Diallyl phthalate R22, R50/53 Plasticizers and Epoxy

carriers for polyesters,
rubber compounds, Polyuret
epoxy formulations, hane
and polyurethane (PUR)
foams. Crosslinking
agent for unsaturated Polyeste
polyesters. r (PES)
Rubber
520-45-6 3-acetyl-6-methyl-2H- R22 Plasticizer and

pyran-2,4(3H)-dione fungicide
122-60-1 Phenyl glycidyl ether R20, R45, Stabilizers Polyeth

R37/38, R43, ylene
R68, R52/53 (PE)
Polyvin
100-97-0 Methenamine R11, R43
ylchlori
de
73754-27- 4-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl- R53 (PVC)
5 4-
hydroxyphenyl)propion others
yloxy]-1-[2-[3-(3,5-di-
tert-butyl-4-
35
plastics
type
hydrophenyl)propionylo
xy]ethyl]-2,2,6,6-
tetramethylpiperidine
106990- Chimassorb 119 R43, R51/53

43-6
147315- 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5- R53

50-2 triazin-2-yl)-5-
((hexyl)oxy)-phenol
103597- Bisoctrizole R53

45-1
149-57-5 2-Ethylhexanoic acid, R63 Thermal stabilizers in Polyvin

esters polyvinyl chloride ylchlori
(PVC), catalyst for de
polyurethane systems (PVC)
(foams) and for
unsaturated polyester Polyuret
resin systems. hane
(PUR)
Polyeste
r (PES)
137-26-8 Thiram R20/22, Polymerization

R36/38, R43, regulator.
R48/22,
R50/53 Fungicide and
disinfectant.
3.5.2 Textiles
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for textiles in the use phase.
Textile materials also include synthetic leather, which is usually a textile coated with
polyurethane (PUR) or polyvinylchloride (PVC).
36
related properties, for textile materials.
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specific textiles

type
7646-85- Zinc chloride R22, Colourants Acetate

7 R34, Acrylic
R50/53 Polyamide (PA)
Polyester (PES)
2475-45- 1,4,5,8- R40
Silk
8 tetraaminoanthraqu
Silk (natural)
inone
others
2832-40- Disperse Yellow 3 R40, R43

8
569-61-9 Basic red 9 R45
573-58-0 Congo Red (Direct R45, R63

Red 28)
1306-23- Cadmium sulfide R45,

6 R22,
R48/23/2
5, R62,
R63, R53
7440-43- Cadmium R45, Colourant, stabilizer Polyamide (PA)

9 R26, in PVC
R48/23/2 Polyester (PES)
5, R62,
R63, Polyethylene (PE)
R68,
R50/53 Polypropylene (PP)
Polyurethane (PUR)
Polyvinylchloride
(PVC)
7758-98- Copper sulfate R22, Colourants, biocides

7 R36/38,
R50/53
37
type
139-65-1 4,4'-Thiodianiline R22, Arylamine

R45, breakdown products
R51/53 from applied azo
dyes.
838-88-0 4,4'-Methylene R22,
R43,
R45,
R50/53
90-04-0 o-Anisidine R45,

R23/24/2
5, R68
91-59-8 2-Naphthylamine R22,

R45,
R51/53
91-94-1 3,3'- R21,

dichlorobenzidine R43,
R45,
R50/53
92-67-1 4-Aminobiphenyl R22, R45
92-87-5 benzidine R22,

R45,
R50/53
95-53-4 o-Toluidine R23/35,

R36,
R45, R50
95-80-7 2,4- R21,

Toluenediamine R25,
R43,
R45,
R48/22,
R62, R68
38
type
97-56-3 o-Aminoazotoluene R43, R45
84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate R61, Plasticizers

R62, R50
85-68-7 Benzylbutyl R61,

phthalate R62,
R50/53
117-81-7 Bis[2-ethylhexyl] R60, R61

phthalate
50-00-0 Formaldehyde R23/24/2 Fabrics chemically

5, R34, treated for dirt-
R40, R43 repellence, durable
flame retardant
treatment, from
fixing agents.
Fabrics chemically
treated with resins
for shrinkage-
resistance, wrinkle-
resistance, antistatic
treatment, from
fixing agents.
Fabrics or leather
printed with natural
pigments
106990- Chimassorb 119 R43, Thermostabilizer Polyethylene (PE)

43-6 R51/53 (Hindered amine
light stabilizer -
HALS)
6317-18- Methylene R25, Biocidal agents

6 bis(thiocyanate) R26, belonging to the use
R34, phase are used to
R43, R50 prevent microbiotic
39
type
growth during
10453- Resmethrin R22, transportation or
86-8 R50/53 smell during use.
10605- Carbendazim R46,

21-7 R60,
R61,
R50/53
13108- 2,3,5,6- R21/22,

52-6 Tetrachloro-4- R36, R43
(methylsulfonyl)py
ridine
133-07-3 Fungitrol 11 R20,

R36,
R40,
R43, R50
134-62-3 Diethyltoluamide R22,

R36/38,
R52/53
142-59-6 Nabam, biocid R22,

R37,
R43,
R50/53
3380-34- Triclosan R36/38,

5 R50/53
70-30-4 Hexachlorophene R24/25,

R50/53
869-59-0 Trioctylstannane R38,

R48/25,
R53
7722-64- Potassium R8, R22,

7 permanganate R50/53
40
type
108-95-2 Phenol R23/24/2

5, R34,
R48/20/2
1/22,
R68
92-52-4 Biphenyl, bromo R36/37/3

derivs. 8,
R50/53 19
565-80-0 2,4- R11, R20

dimethylpentan-3-
one
137-26-8 Thiram R20/22, Polymerization

R36/38, regulator.
R43,
R48/22, Fungicide and
R50/53 disinfectant.
78-30-8 Tri-o-cresyl R39/23/2 Flame retardants,

phosphate 4/35, plasticizers
R51/53
78-40-0 Triethyl phosphate R22
115-96-8 Tris(2-chloroethyl) R22,

(TCEP) R40, R60
1309-64- Antimony trioxide R40 Flame retardant,

4 pigment
555-31-7 Triisopropoxy- R11 Waterproof agent

aluminum
19
The risk phrases regard biphenyl, not the halogenated compounds.
41
3.5.3 Leather
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for leather in the use phase. The
arylamine breakdown products included in the textile table were also referenced to in the
literature search for leather but are only shown in the textile table to avoid redundancy.
Synthetic leather, which is usually a textile coated with polyurethane (PUR) or
polyvinylchloride (PVC) is represented in the textile chapter.
related properties, for leather materials.

leather type
122-99-6 2-Phenoxyethanol R22, R36 Biocidal

agents
3380-34-5 Triclosan R36/38, R50/53 belonging to
the use phase
are used to
142-59-6 Nabam R22, R37, R43, R50/53 prevent
microbiotic
134-62-3 Diethyltoluamide R22, R36/38, R52/53 growth
during
7758-98-7 Copper sulfate, R22, R36/38, R50/53 transportatio
n or smell
during use.
10605-21- Carbendazim R46, R60, R61, R50/53
7
137-26-8 Thiram R20/22, R36/38, R43,

R48/22, R50/53
133-07-3 Fungitrol 11 R20, R36, R40, R43,

R50
95-95-4 2,4,5- R22, R36/38, R50/53

trichlorophenol
7722-64-7 Potassium R8, R22, R50/53

permanganate
13108-52- 2,3,5,6- R21/22, R36, R43

6 Tetrachloro-4-
(methylsulfonyl)p
42
leather type
yridine
7440-43-9 Cadmium R45, R26, R48/23/25, Colourants

R62, R63, R68, R50/53
1306-23-6 Cadmium sulfide R45, R22, R48/23/25,

R62, R63, R53
107-41-5 2-Methyl- R36/38 Moistening

pentane-2,4-diol and
(Hexylene glycol) softening
agent for
leather
3.5.4 Wood
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for wood or wood based
composites in the use phase. Polymeric paints are further discussed in the plastics chapter.
related properties, for wood materials.

wood
type
97-23-4 Dichlorophen R22, R36, R50/53 Biocidal agents

belonging to the
95-95-4 2,4,5-trichlorophenol R22, R36/38, R50/53 use phase are
used to prevent
microbiotic
13108-52- 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro- R21/22, R36, R43 growth during
6 4- transportation or
(methylsulfonyl)pyri smell during
dine use.
87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol R24/25, R26,

R36/37/38, R40,
R50/53
43
wood
type
25068-38- Epon 828 R36/38, R43, R51/53 Solvent composi

6 te
50-00-0 Formaldehyde R23/24/25, R34, R40,

R43
107-41-5 2-Methyl-pentane- R36/38 moistening and

2,4-diol (Hexylene softening agent
glycol) for composition
cork
3.5.5 Metals and alloys
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for metals and alloys in the use
phase. In case metal constructions are lubricated, the substances included in lubricating
oils are included in the chemicals products chapter. Polymeric paints are further
discussed in the plastics chapter.
related properties, for metal materials.
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specific metal type
7429- Aluminum R15, R17 Metal material

90-5
7550- Titanium R14, R34 Lightweight iron, aluminium,

45-0 alloys. vanadium,
molybdenum
Ductile alloys.
7439- Magnesium R15/R17
others
95-4 Anti corrosive
alloys.
7440- Zirconium R15, R17
67-7 Hardening alloys.
44
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specific metal type
Magnetic alloys.
7782- Selenium R23/25,
49-2 R33, R53
7440- Cobalt R42/43, R53

48-4
513-77- Barium R22

9 carbonate
7440- Beryllium R49, R25,

41-7 R26,
R36/37/38,
R43, R48/23
7439- Lithium R14/15, R34

93-2
7440- Nickel R40, R43, Alloys,

02-0 R48/23, galvanizing,
R52/53 plating
7440- Zinc R15, R17,

66-6 R50/53
7440- Cadmium R45, R26,

43-9 R48/23/25,
R62, R63,
R68, R50/53
7789- Potassium R49, R46,

00-6 chromate R36/37/38,
R43, R50/53
3.5.6 Rubber
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for rubber products in the use
phase. Polymeric paints are further discussed in the plastics chapter.
45
related properties, for rubber materials.
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specifi

c
rubber
type
91-53-2 Ethoxyquin R22 Antioxidant,

biocide
6317-18-6 Methylene R25, R26, R34, R43, Biocidal agents

bis(thiocyanate) R50 belonging to the
use phase are used
10605-21- Carbendazim R46, R60, R61, to prevent
7 R50/53 microbiotic growth
during
transportation or
13108-52- 2,3,5,6- R21/22, R36, R43 smell during use.
6 Tetrachloro-4-
(methylsulfonyl)py
ridine
133-07-3 Fungitrol 11 R20, R36, R40, R43,

R50
142-59-6 Nabam R22, R37, R43,

R50/53
3380-34-5 Triclosan R36/38, R50/53
110-86-1 Pyridine R11, R20/21/22
137-26-8 Thiram R20/22, R36/38, R43, Biocide, vulcanizer

R48/22, R50/53
7440-48-4 Cobalt 20 R42/43, R53 Colourant
7758-98-7 Copper sulfate R22, R36/38, R50/53 Colourant, biocide
1306-23-6 Cadmium sulfide R45, R22, R48/23/25, Colourant,
20
Found in the literature search as element, but probably there as an organic or inorganic compound.
46
c
rubber
type
R62, R63, R53 stabilizer

colourant
107-92-6 Butyric acid R34 Fragrances
24197-34- Bis(3-methyl-4- R41, R50/53

0 hydroxyphenyl)
sulfide
5392-40-5 Citral R38, R43

monoester with
trimethylpentanedi
ol
81-15-2 Xylene musk R2, R40, R50/53
97-86-9 Isobutyl R10, R36/37/38, R43,

methacrylate, R50
oligomers
109-52-4 Valeric acid R34, R52/53

(Pelargonic acid)
79-20-9 methyl acetate R11, R36, R66, R67
89-83-8 Thymol R22, R34, R51/53 Fragrance, biocide
123-86-4 Butyl acetate R10, R66, R67 Fragrance,
47
c
rubber
type
adhesive
85-68-7 Benzylbutyl R61, R62, R50/53 Plasticizers Neopre

phthalate ne
Others
97-77-8 Disulfiram R22, R43, R48/22,
R50/53
98-83-9 Methylstyrene R10, R36/37, R51/53

phthalate
117-82-8 Bis(2- R61, R62

methoxyethyl)
phthalate
84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate R61, R62, R50
131-17-9 Diallyl phthalate R22, R50/53
60-35-5 Acetamide R40
520-45-6 3-acetyl-6-methyl- R22 Plasticizer, biocide

2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-
dione
122-60-1 Phenyl glycidyl R20, R45, R37/38, Stabilizers

ether R43, R68, R52/53
73754-27- 4-[3-(3,5-di-tert- R53

5 butyl-4-
hydroxyphenyl)pro
pionyloxy]-1-[2-[3-
(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
hydrophenyl)propi
onyloxy]ethyl]-
48
c
rubber
type
2,2,6,6-
tetramethylpiperidi
ne
103597- Bisoctrizole R53

45-1
147315- 2-(4,6-diphenyl- R53 Stabilizer, biocide

50-2 1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-
5-((hexyl)oxy)-
phenol
3.5.7 Paper and paper products
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for paper and paper products in the
use phase. No adhesives are included although many children’s books have stickers etc.,
they are instead included in the chemicals products chapter.
related properties, for paper materials.

paper
type
1034-01-1 Octyl gallate R22, R43 Antioxidant, biocide
7758-98-7 Copper sulfate R22, R36/38, Colourants

R50/53
2475-45-8 1,4,5,8- R40

tetraaminoanthraquin
one
569-61-9 Basic red 9 R45
49
paper
type
Red 28)
89331-94- 3-Dibutylamino-6- R52/53

2 methyl-7-
anilinofluoran
302-27-2 Aconitine R26/28
1306-23-6 Cadmium sulfide R45, R22,

R48/23/25, R62,
R63, R53

pigment, opaquifier
107-92-6 Butyric acid R34 Fragrances
123-86-4 Butyl acetate R10, R66, R67
24197-34- Bis(3-methyl-4- R41, R50/53

0 hydroxyphenyl)
sulfide
5392-40-5 Citral R38, R43

monoester with
81-15-2 Xylene musk R2, R40, R50/53
97-86-9 Isobutyl methacrylate R10, R36/37/38,

R43, R50
109-52-4 Valeric acid R34, R52/53
50
paper
type

(Pelargonic acid)
79-20-9 Methyl acetate R11, R36, R66,

R67
141-78-6 Ethyl acetate R11, R36, R66,

R67
565-80-0 2,4-dimethylpentan- R11, R20 Fragrance, biocide

3-one
89-83-8 Thymol R22, R34, R51/53
107-41-5 2-Methyl-pentane- R36/38 Moistening and

2,4-diol (Hexylene softening agent for
glycol) paper
90498-90- 3,9-bis(2-(3-(3-tert- R21 Stabilizers

1 butyl-4-hydroxy-5-
methylphenyl)propion
yloxy-1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
2,4,8,10-
tetraoxaspiro[5.5]und
ecane
3.5.8 Chemical products
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for chemical products in the use
phase.
51
related properties, for chemical products.

chemical
product type
121-79-9 Propyl gallate R22, R43 Antioxida

nt
1166-52-5 dodecyl gallate R43
80-08-0 Dapsone R22 Biocides
6317-18-6 Methylene R25, R26, R34,

bis(thiocyanate) R43, R50
10453-86- Resmethrin R22, R50/53

8
10605-21- Carbendazim R46, R60, R61,

7 R50/53
133-07-3 Fungitrol 11 R20, R36, R40,

R43, R50
134-62-3 Diethyltoluamide R22, R36/38,

R52/53
142-59-6 Nabam R22, R37, R43,

R50/53
3380-34-5 Triclosan R36/38, R50/53
55965-84- Kathon CG R23/24/25, R34,

9 R43, R50/53
70-30-4 Hexachlorophene R24/25, R50/53
7778-54-3 Calcium hypochlorite R8, R22, R31, R34,

R50
52
chemical
product type
87-90-1 Symclosene R8, R22, R31,

R36/37, R50/53
91-53-2 Ethoxyquin R22
97-23-4 Dichlorophen R22, R36, R50/53
100-97-0 Methenamine R11, R43
111-30-8 glutaral R23/25, R34,

(Glutaraldehyde) R42/43, R50
7632-00-0 Sodium nitrite R8, R25, R50
95-95-4 2,4,5-trichlorophenol R22, R36/38,

R50/53
7722-64-7 Potassium R8, R22, R50/53

permanganate
7681-52-9 Sodium hypochlorite R31, R34, R50
137-26-8 Thiram R20/22, R36/38,

R43, R48/22,
R50/53
92-52-4 Biphenyl, bromo R36/37/38, Biocide,

derivs. R50/53 21 solvent,
antioxidan
t and
stabilizer
7440-43-9 Cadmium R45, R26, Colorants Paints, lacquers,

R48/23/25, R62, varnishes and
R63, R68, R50/53 inks
21
The risk phrases regard biphenyl, not the halogenated compounds.
53
chemical
product type
Polymers
7758-97-6 lead chromate R33, R45, R61,
R62, R50/53
7789-00-6 Potassium chromate R36/37/38, R43,

r46, R49, R50/53
7646-85-7 Zinc chloride R22, R34, R50/53
1694-09-3 Acid violet 49 R40
2475-45-8 1,4,5,8- R40

tetraaminoanthraquino
ne
2832-40-8 Disperse Yellow 3 R40, R43
569-61-9 Basic red 9 R45

Red 28)
89331-94- 3-Dibutylamino-6- R52/53

2 methyl-7-
anilinofluoran
7440-67-7 Zirconium R15, R17
7440-48-4 Cobalt R42/43, R53
1306-23-6 Cadmium sulfide R45, R22,

R48/23/25, R62,
R63, R53
302-27-2 Aconitine R26/28
119-90-4 3,3'- R22, R45
54
chemical
product type
Dimethoxybenzidine
R22,R40, R41,
548-62-9 Basic violet 3 R50/53
R40, R43, R53,

842-07-9 Solvent Yellow 14 R68
12656-85- R33, R45, R61,

8 Molybdate red R62, R50/53
R33, R45, R61,

1344-37-2 Middle Chrome R62, R50/53
7758-98-7 Copper sulfate, R22, R36/38, Colorant,

R50/53 fragrance,
biocide
1309-64-4 Antimony trioxide, R40 Colorant,

uses flame
retardant
7646-79-9 cobalt dichloride R22, R42/43, R49, Colorant, Paints, lacquers,

R60, R68, R50/53 drying varnishes and
agent inks
110-97-4 Diisopropanolamine R36 Emulsifier

(DIPA) , stabilizer
24197-34- Bis(3-methyl-4- R41, R50/53 Fragrances

0 hydroxyphenyl)
sulfide
107-92-6 Butyric acid, R34
5392-40-5 Citral R38, R43
55
chemical
product type

monoester with
81-15-2 Xylene musk R2, R40, R50/53
109-52-4 Valeric acid R34, R52/53

(Pelargonic acid)
89-83-8 Thymol R22, R34, R51/53 Fragrance,

biocide
79-20-9 methyl acetate R11, R36, R66, Fragrance,

R67 solvent
141-78-6 Ethyl acetate R11, R36, R66,

R67
565-80-0 2,4-dimethylpentan-3- R11, R20

one
123-86-4 Butyl acetate R10, R66, R67 Fragrance, Adhesives

adhesive
84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate R61, R62, R50 Plasticizer Polymers

s
phthalate
60-35-5 Acetamide R40 Plasticizer

, solvent
56
chemical
product type
520-45-6 3-acetyl-6-methyl-2H- R22 Plasticizer

pyran-2,4(3H)-dione , biocide
126-33-0 Sulfolane R22 Solvents Paints, lacquers,

varnishes and
64-17-5 Ethanol R11 inks
110-86-1 Pyridine R11, R20/21/22
50-00-0 Formaldehyde, R23/24/25, R34,

biological studies R40, R43
556-67-2 octamethylcyclotetrasi R53, R62

loxane
95-63-6 1,2,4- R10, R20

Trimethylbenzene
67-63-0 Isopropyl alcohol R11, R36, R67
67-64-1 Acetone R11, R36, R66,

R67
71-23-8 Propanol R11, R41, R67
98-95-3 nitrobenzene R23/24/25,R40,

R62, R51/53,
R48/23/25,
107-41-5 2-Methyl-pentane-2,4- R36/38

diol (Hexylene glycol)
25068-38- Epon 828 R36/38, R43,

6 R51/53
110-91-8 Morpholine R10, R20/21/22,
57
chemical
product type
R34
R22, R37/38, R41,

85-44-9 Phthalic anhydride R42/43
111-76-2 2-butoxyethanol R20/21/22, R36/38 Solvent Paints, lacquers,

varnishes and
inks Lubricants
25068-38- Epon 828 R36/38, R43, Solvent Coated paper

6 R51/53
122-99-6 2-Phenoxyethanol R22, R36 Solvents Paints, lacquers,

and varnishes and
108-95-2 Phenol R23/24/25, R34, biocides inks
R48/20/21/22, R68
97-86-9 Isobutyl methacrylate, R10, R36/37/38, Solvent, Paints, lacquers,

oligomers R43, R50 fragrance, varnishes and
defoaming inks, Adhesives,
agent Lubricants
127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene, R40, R51/53 Solvent, Sprays

aerosol
formulatio Inks
115-10-6 Dimethyl ether R12
(DME) ns
71-55-6 1,1,1-trichloroethane R20, R59 Solvent, Paints, lacquers,

aerosol varnishes and
formulatio inks
ns, biocide
Sprays
107-21-1 Ethylene glycol R22 Solvent, Paints, lacquers,

stabilizer varnishes and
inks
90498-90- 3,9-bis(2-(3-(3-tert- R21 Stabilizers Paints, lacquers,
58
chemical
product type
1 butyl-4-hydroxy-5- varnishes and
methylphenyl)propion inks Fireworks
yloxy-1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
2,4,8,10-
tetraoxaspiro[5.5]unde
cane
111-42-2 2,2'-iminodiethanol R22, R38, R41,

(DEA) R48/22
12125-02- Ammonium chloride R22, R36

9
2-amino-2- R36/38, R52/53

124-68-5 methylpropanol
10043-52- Calcium chloride R36

4 anhydride
92761-26- Ecamsule R41 Sunscreen Cosmetics

7 ing agent
555-31-7 Triisopropoxyaluminu R11 Waterproo Paints, lacquers,

m f agent varnishes and
inks
3.5.9 Electronics
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for electronics products in the use
phase. In this material group are not included metal construction parts or plastic
construction parts, as they are already covered in their respective sections. This means e.g.
that no flame retardants are presented below.
59
related properties, for electronics materials.

electronics
type
7440-02-0 Nickel R40, R43, R48/23, Magnets, batteries,

R52/53 microphone capsules
7440-43-9 Cadmium R45, R26, Batteries, fuses,

R48/23/25, R62, contacts
R63, R68, R50/53
1327-53-3 Arsenic R45, R28, R34, Semi-conductors

trioxide R50/53
513-77-9 Barium R22 Crystals, magnets,

carbonate electrodes
7646-85-7 Zinc R22, R34, R50/53 Solder, batteries

chloride
7440-48-4 Cobalt R42/43, R53 Batteries
1306-23-6 Cadmium R45, R22, Photoconductors,

sulfide R48/23/25, R62, rectifiers, transistors,
R63, R53 photovoltaic cells
7439-97-6 Mercury R61, R26, R48/23, Lamps

R50/53
65181-78- N,N'- R51/53 Light emitting diodes

4 diphenyl-
N,N'-bis(3-
methylphen
yl)-(1,1'-
diphenyl)-
4,4'-
diamine
(TPD)
60
electronics
type
7440-41-7 Beryllium R49, R25, R26, Conductors

R36/37/38, R43,
R48/23
7439-93-2 Lithium R14/15, R34 Batteries
71-55-6 1,1,1- R20, R59 Photoresistors

trichloroeth
ane
12125-02- Ammonium R22, R36 Solders, electrolytes

9 chloride
3.5.10 Glass and ceramics
literature search with single or multiple functionalities for glass and ceramics products in
the use phase. Polymeric paints are further discussed in the plastics chapter.
related properties, for glass and ceramic materials.
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specific ceramics

type
7429-90-5 Aluminum R15, R17 22 Material

compounds
7440-43-9 Cadmium R45, R26, Colorants

R48/23/25,
R62, R63,
R68, R50/53
513-77-9 Barium R22

carbonate
22
The risk phrases regard aluminium as element.
61
CASNr CASName Risk Function Specific ceramics
type
7440-67-7 Zirconium R15, R17
1306-23-6 Cadmium R45, R22,

sulfide R48/23/25,
R62, R63,
R68, R53
1309-64-4 Antimony R40

trioxide
7789-00-6 Potassium R49, R46,

chromate R36/37/38,
R43, R50/53
1327-53-3 Arsenic R45, R28, Fining agent (removal

trioxide R34, R50/53 of bubbles in glass)
17980-47- Triethoxyisob R38 Waterproof agent for

1 utylsilane ceramic materials
3.5.11 Nano sized materials
Presented in table 20 below are the 8 classified substances of nano size that were found in
the literature search with single or multiple functionalities for products in the use phase.
Risks are not included in this table as the nano sized materials may show other risks than
the classification for larger sized substances.
Table 20 Nano sized substances found in the literature search, with hazard classification and
function related properties.
CASNr CASName Function (from article head line)
7429-90- Aluminum Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

5
62
7440-67- Zirconium Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers
7
7439-95- Magnesium Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

4
7439-97- Mercury Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

6
7440-02- Nickel Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

0
7440-43- Cadmium Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

9
7440-48- Cobalt Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

4
7440-66- Zinc Metal salt nano-gel containing polymers

6
3.5.12 Production process related substances
The focus of this commission has further been on the user phase of the life cycle of toys.
Substances used in the production processes or the raw material production may occur in
the finished product as contamination, but not in any larger amounts unless the
production process has severe quality problems. The specific lists of only production
process related substances in toys are found in Appendix 2.
3.6 Dialogue with manufacturers and retailers of toys

A few manufacturers and retailers of toys were contacted to discuss their work and
knowledge regarding safety of toys, see Appendix 3 for the questionnaire.
All the contacted companies specified banned chemicals in their terms of delivery,
mainly the regulated substances and materials. The contacted companies had a dialogue
with their toy supplier and made occasional visits to manufacturing and delivery factories.
Most of the suppliers were asked to test their products, including chemical testing, to be
reported in the technical file. Occasionally the toy companies carried out spot tests on
toys, either from a specific supplier or on certain groups of toys.
63
There was a request from the retailers to have lists of “safe” material (substitution
materials or chemicals) to use in their dialogue with the suppliers in context to the
enlarged list of regulated chemicals in the new safety of toys directive. Currently retailers,
and in some cases also the manufacturers, do not have detailed information on the
material in their products - especially concerning different plastic material. Therefore, it
is difficult to provide information regarding specific chemicals used in materials or toys.
In the context to the questions of the regulated substances described in this report, it can
be mentioned that one of the contacted retailers aimed to sell but did not currently
provide totally PVC-free toys and toy packages.
4. Discussion
4.1 The context and focus of the commission
To understand the results described in the above chapter, they need to be discussed in the
context of the commission; a literature survey of the presence of hazardous substances in
toys. Findings in the literature reveal possible connections between toys and certain
related substances in the cases that such connections have been investigated and
published. The publication of a study where a substance has not been found in a
laboratory analysis e.g. does also contribute to the knowledge base about possible
hazardous substances in toys as the authors must have had a reason to suspect the
presence of this substance since they searched for it. The reasons to suspect the presence
of a certain substance in a toy can be many (also false suspicions occur through media
alarms, misunderstandings etc.) but if there is knowledge about that a substance provide
some kind of functionality to the material or it may have been used in the production of
the material it is a just suspicion. The search for a functionality is the methodology
applied when the literature study findings has been interpreted and confirmed through
experience from experts in the area of substances in articles, discussion with toy
companies and experiences from laboratory testing of substances in different materials.
The focus of this commission has further been on the user phase of the life cycle of toys.
A minor part of the identified substances are property lending substances, the other
belong to the production processes or the raw material production and will not remain in
the finished product, the toy in any higher amounts unless the production process has
severe quality problems. An assumption that has been made is therefore that substances
that are used in order to give properties to the material in the product means that they will
probably account for some risk scenario in the use phase while process substances has
lower probability for this.
By choosing this focus on substances with property lending function another issue needs
to be discussed. Some substances have multiple functions, and there is thus a risk that not
all functions are known in the literature, and erroneous assumptions on why a certain
substance occurs in a material can be made.
64
To illustrate this problem a few examples are given below:
· Fragrance substances might turn up in other materials than in the obvious cosmetic
articles. Ethyl acrylate (EA) in the banned fragrance list, is used as a copolymer in
manufacturing of PEEA plastics, a plastic that has properties like those of plasticized
PVC. If the process of manufacturing PEEA is not optimized, there might be a
chance that not reacted EA is present in the plastic. The reason for EA to be there is
not to scent, but the consequence might be that.
· On the other hand fragrances are used in plastic material for its scented properties,
even in toys . It is not unusually to use scent to disguise unpleasant odors, from for
instance additives in the plastics.
· Known biocide agents can sometimes have multiple functions. Here, an example is
Thiram (CAS RN 137-26-8) which is a well known fungicide and disinfectant, but is
also used as rubber vulcanizing agent.
· Plasticizers are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of the material to
which they are added. Plastics, rubber and clay are examples of material that is used
in toys and that may include plasticizers. Some substances act as both plasticizers
but have also other properties like flame protection of the product.
Finally concerning the context and the focus of the commission, it must be noted that
substances classified as hazardous, potential endocrine disrupters and nano sized
materials have been within the scope. This means that substances that are known hazards
but for which there is currently no hazard classification and substances for which we may
lack knowledge of hazards may also pose chemical risks in toys.
4.2 Chemical content and migration of chemicals

The risk with presence of hazardous substances in toys is not only dependent on the
inherent toxicity of a substance but also depends on whether the substance has the
possibility to migrate out of the material or expose a child through skin contact 23. In the
case of toys equipped with electric or electronic components the RoHS and WEEE
directives restrict the total content of a handful of substances, which reflects the life cycle
perspective of these directives and not the risk perspective for users of the product. In
other toys the risk has to be related to the possibility of migration of these property
lending substances in the material (see section for migration of substances). The
possibility to migrate, or be extracted in a chemical analysis, will at the same time affect
which substances that are found present in toys in chemical analyses. It is in many cases
more complicated to perform a chemical analysis of the extractable amount of a
substance than of the total content of a substance in a material.
23
For other life cycle phases than the user phase of toys, other exposure routes occur in addition.
65
Further, there is a large variation between substances concerning readiness to identify and
quantify them in different materials. Metals are easy to identify as elements and are thus
often searched for with cost effective instruments such as XRFs etc. To identify the
counter ion to a metal ion is however much more difficult and in fact it is in many cases
impossible to find proof of exactly which substance that was originally added. Thus the
literature describes often the presence of metals and metal compounds in toys, though
however the risk posed by these metals may be insignificant. Another common group of
substances that is identified in toys is phthalates, that has had a large media impact and
many people have awareness around. Phthalates are absolutely in the top of occurrences
in literature for substances in articles. Also references to analysis of substances subject to
current legal restrictions will occur more frequently in the literature. In the literature
search the following heavy metals in hit order were found; lead, cadmium, chromium,
nickel, arsenic, barium, antimony, mercury and selenium, i.e. the substances (except for
nickel) regulated in the previous Safety of toys directive (88/378/EEC). A conclusion
from this can be drawn that there has not yet been much published material for
substances covered by the new safety of toys directive. The “popularity” of certain
chemical analyses does not however necessarily reflect the chemical risks of toys.
4.3 Breakdown products

In a chemical analysis of most products, breakdown products from intentionally or
unintentionally added substances will also be found. The only way for a manufacturer to
avoid hazardous breakdown products is to assure that no chemical products that can be
broken down to hazardous substances are added and have a quality controlled
manufacturing process. In many cases though, it is difficult to foresee which materials
that can actually become hazardous breakdown products. For example, if we assume that
all nitro- or amine containing substances theoretically can form nitrosamines under
certain conditions, the search for nitro- or amine containing chemicals in CAplus will
give a result of more than 200 substances. Here it is more difficult to see a connection to
certain material (or a specific toy) except for the nitrosamines found in the above search
connected to rubber.
4.4 Food contact materials

Point 7 and 13 in part III of Annex II to the safety of toys directive, is based on
migrations limits for food contact materials set out in Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004,
probably a result of the RIVM strategy to restrict in the toys directive the same
substances that were restricted in the food contact materials in absence of better
knowledge. This means that there is migration limits for e.g. aluminium, a common food
packaging material. Elementary aluminium is not classified as toxic to humans or the
environment, it is classified as R15 : Contact with water liberates extremely flammable
gases, and R17 : Spontaneously flammable in air. Elementary aluminium was found in
several literature search hits (in 67 articles in total and in 17 of the headings). This is an
example of how, in the context, non-hazardous substances can protrude as significant in a
literature study, and there may be more and not so obvious examples of this in the study
that the authors have not been able to detect.
66
5. Conclusions
General findings from the literature survey are that plastics and rubber are the most
represented materials in the literature related to toys. The highest score for representation
in the literature is for plastics and rubber. Furthermore, phthalates and some heavy metals
are well represented in the literature. An interesting conclusion that is valid for many of
the on beforehand known groups of hazardous substances, such as phthalates, arylamines
from cleavable azo dyes etc., not all the substances are found. Several phthalates,
arylamines, tinorganic stabilizers etc. that are known to occur in materials that are used in
toys are not found. As is described in the discussion chapter 4.1, it is one of the
limitations with a literature search that the knowledge must have been published by
someone in order to be found in the search.
One of the results of this study shows that the majority of classified substances according
to the CLP Regulation are related to process chemicals, for example monomers for
polymer production and vulcanization chemicals. Some substances are also related to raw
material production, for example pesticides used in agriculture.
A minor part of the identified chemicals is however used in order to give properties to the
material in the product. These property lending substances relates to following functions:
· Preservatives and biocides

· Colorants (pigments and dyestuffs)
· Plasticizers
· UV and heat stabilizers
· Viscosity controlling agents
· Flame retardants
· Fragrances
· Anti corrosives
· Solvents
The list above can be used a support tool by companies that want to apply a phase out
policy of hazardous chemicals in their products towards their suppliers. Process
chemicals may also be traced in the end products and pose risks to the users, that should
be seriously considered by companies in their daily work. The authors to this report
would also like to highlight that chemicals not only pose a risk to health but also to
environment.
The result from the literature survey was matched against the Annex XVII regulated
substances and the current list of SVHC substances in the REACH regulation 1907/2006.
Substances on Annex XVII that can relate to toy articles were, with the exception of
solvents, three main groups, namely: plasticizers, pigment and metals and their salts. In
this search a few banned arylamines were also found. Half of the SVHC substances were
identified. Substances that can relate to toy articles were, with the exception of solvents,
also here three main groups: plasticizers, pigment and metal salts. Plasticizers, pigments
67
and surface treatments were the recognized functions - which are all property lending
functions.
The substances regulated in the new Safety of toys directive were nitrosamines,
allergenic fragrances and some migrating substances. The listed nitrosamines found in the
CAplus search were all connected with articles related to rubber or plastic foam. A few
other amines with possibility to form nitrosamines, acting as emulsifier or surfactants,
were found in this search connected to articles regarding liquids. A quarter of the 55
restricted fragrance substances and all 11 fragrances obliged to be declared were found in
the search. Concerning migrating substances, phthalates migrating from plastic material
were, as mentioned above, frequently found in the search. Only few publications
describe migration studies of solvents from toys, where the solvent isophorone accounted
for several hits. Additionally 4-alkylphenol and nonylphenol were found in this search.
The PubMed search revealed several publications regarding heavy metals in children’s
play grounds, due to impregnated wood treatment, together with publications regarding
phthalate migrations from plastic material.
All the contacted companies specified banned chemicals in their terms of delivery,
mainly the regulated substances and materials. The contacted companies had a dialogue
with their toy supplier and made occasional visits to manufacturing and delivery factories.
Most of the suppliers were asked to test their products, including chemical testing, to be
reported in the technical file. Occasionally the toy companies carried out spot tests on
toys, either from a specific supplier or on certain groups of toys. Currently retailers, and
in some cases also the manufacturers, do not have detailed information on the material in
their products - especially concerning different plastic material. Therefore, it is difficult
to provide information regarding specific chemicals used in materials or toys.
With background of the literature search, the authors’ recommendation to companies and
authorities is to ask for information in the supply chain of toys about which chemicals
have been used to provide the functionalities where most toxic chemicals can be expected;
biocides, colouring agents, stabilizers, solvents, fragrances, plasticizers and anti
corrosives.
68
Appendix 1 All function related classified substances in their respective materials from the
literature search
This appendix includes a list of 149 classified substances found in the literature study that have been assessed to have some function in
a material that can be used in toys.
Please note that all substances below were then classified into the materials groups. When the substance list for each material was
examined, some of the substances were removed since they had been wrongly assigned to this group. The lists in the report are the
corrected lists, while the list below has still left the wrongly made assignments.
Some of the substances below can also have functionalities in the production processes, this is not accounted for in this table.
The number in the columns for the materials groups stands for the number of hits that this material got in the literature search for each
substance. An “x” means that the authors have assigned the substance to the materials group.
electronic
CASNr CASName Function
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
80-08-0 Dapsone accelerator, antibacterial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x
Dapsone is the parent chemical of the sulfone drugs, and the major
therapeutic agent in this group for the treatment of leprosy. It is also
administered to treat dermatitis herpetiformis and malaria, and is used in
combination with radiotherapy in the treatment of gynecologic
neoplasms. Dapsone is also sold for use as an accelerator in epoxy resins.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=0702D4D2-9ECC-8435-
4D350F87549AE4AB
acne curant
69
electronic
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
As an antibacterial, dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic
acid, via competition with para-aminobenzoate for the active site of
dihydropteroate synthetase.[5] Though structurally distinct from
dapsone, the sulfonamide group of antibacterial drugs also work in this
way.
When used for the treatment of skin conditions in which bacteria do not
have a role, the mechanism or action of dapsone is not well understood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsone
1663-39-4 tert-Butyl As a component of pressure-sensitive adhesives for food contact 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

acrylate, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=f
oligomers cslisting&id=865
Major uses include monomer for acrylic resins, monomer for acrylic
resins used in surface coatings.
http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailCB9766596_EN.htm
7085-85-0 Ethyl 2- superglue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

cyanoacryla
te (ECA)
7440-66-6 Zinc Major applications of zinc include galvanizing, alloys such as brass and 1 x 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
bronze. 5
70
electronic
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
7440-02-0 Nickel Used in many specific and recognizable industrial and consumer 1 x 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0
products, including stainless steel, alnico magnets, coinage, rechargeable 2
batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, and special alloys.
It is also used for plating and as a green tint in glass.
7440-43-9 Cadmium Cadmium has many common industrial uses as it is a key component in 1 x 0 1 1 x 3 0 0 1
battery production, is present in cadmium pigments, coatings, and is 5
commonly used in electroplating.
6317-18-6 Methylene Antifouling agent. Fungicide used in water-cooling towers 0 0 x 0 x 0 0 x 0 x

bis(thiocyan
ate)
10453-86- Resmethrin synthetic pyrethroid, fabric protection, pet sprays and shampoos 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x
8
10605-21- Carbendazi fungicide 0 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0 x

7 m
122-99-6 2- Bactericide, common chemical and solvent used in industry and in 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 1

Phenoxyeth consumer goods
anol http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=071C4D74-FB0B-FF73-
89C8AEEC022285F3
71
electronic
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
Phenoxyethanol is an organic chemical compound, a glycol ether often
used in dermatological products such as skin creams and sunscreen. It is
a colorless oily liquid. It is a bactericide (usually used in conjunction
with quaternary ammonium compounds), often used in place of sodium
azide in biological buffers as 2-phenoxyethanol is less toxic and non-
reactive with copper and lead. It is used in many applications such as
cosmetics, vaccines, and pharmaceuticals as a preservative.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxyethanol
13108-52- 2,3,5,6- used as antifouling biocides in commercial shipping. 0 0 x 2 x 0 x 0 0 0

6 Tetrachloro- http://www.uft.uni-bremen.de/chemie/ranke/diss/
4-
(methylsulf
onyl)pyridin
e
133-07-3 Fungitrol 11 Pesticide, fungicide 0 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 x

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0156.html
1341-49-7 Ammonium sterilizer, used in electric plating and in the ceramic glass industry 1 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0
hydrogen in water solution to protect teeth from cavities
bifluoride http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0089.pdf
134-62-3 Diethyltolua DEET is a chemical (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) used as the active 0 0 x x x 0 x x 0 x

ingredient in many insect repellent products. DEET was developed by
72
electronic
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
mide the U.S. Army in 1946 and was registered for use by the general public
in 1957. It is now widely used, with approximately 30% of the U.S.
population using DEET repellents each year. DEET products are
currently available in a variety of forms: liquids, lotions, sprays, and
even impregnated materials, such as wristbands. Formulations registered
for direct application to human skin contain from 4% to 100% DEET.
Approximately 230 products containing DEET are currently registered
with the U.S.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts185.pdf
142-59-6 nabam, Broad spectrum fungicide used to prevent crop damage by fungi, to 0 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0 x
biocid protect harvested products from deterioration, and as an industrial
microbiocide (water tank cleaning).
http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0641.pdf
3380-34-5 Triclosan biocidal agent in a wide range of products 0 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0 x

http://extra.ivf.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=140
55965-84- Kathon CG Biocide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x

9 Blandning av ämnena 5-klor-2-metylisotiazolinon och 2-
metylisotiazolinon kallas ofta
Kathon. Blandningen används som konserveringsämne i vissa kemiska
produkter och även
som biocid, dvs ett bakteriedödande medel, i andra sammanhang. Den
förekommer i vissa
73
electronic
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
kosmetiska och hygieniska produkter som hudkrämer, tvål, schampo och
badolja. Den kan
även finnas i produkter som färg, lim, skärvätskor, spackel och
fogmassor.
Methylchloroisothiazolinon (MCI) och Methylisothiazolinon (MI)
CAS-nummer 26172-55-4 och 2682-20-4 (MCI); CAS-nummer 55965-
84-9 (MI)
http://www.naturskyddsforeningen.se/upload/Foreningsdokument/Rappo
rter/miljogifter/Rapport%20Gifter%20i%20v%C3%A5rt%20h%C3%A5
rMK%202.pdf
70-30-4 Hexachloro Used as a disinfectant. In medicine, hexachlorophene is very useful as a 0 0 0 x x 0 0 0 0 x

phene topical anti-infective, anti-bacterial agent, often used in soaps and
toothpaste. It is also used in agriculture as a soil fungicide, plant
bactericide, and acaricide.
7778-54-3 calcium Cleaning of swimming pools 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x

hypochlorit Calcium hypochlorite is a basic chemical, and used as algicide,
e bactericide, deodorant, disinfectant, fungicide,
oxidizing agent, bleaching agent and so on. Chlorine (gas) or sodium
hypochlorite (liquid) is used in far higher
amounts for the same purpose.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7778543.pdf
869-59-0 Trioctylstan biocide 0 0 0 x x 0 0 0 0 0
74
electronic
chemicals
ceramics
plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
nane, Triorganotin compounds are used as industrial biocides, agricultural
derivs. chemicals, wood preservatives, and marine antifouling agents.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp55.pdf
87-86-5 Pentachloro Biocide, pesticide 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

phenol
87-90-1 Symclosene Microbiocide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35112
91-53-2 Ethoxyquin fungicide, antioxidant 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 x

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35089
To prevent rubber cracking caused by the ozone, in particular, for the
rubber products in dynamic conditions. Working with anti-H, anti-D and
anti-4010, can enhance its effectiveness. Dosage 1-4 portions. The
product has also a good effect to the fat food against oxidative rancidity.
http://www.chemnet.com/ChinaSuppliers/14558/Antioxidant-AW---
1616819.html
97-23-4 Dichlorophe microbiocide 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 x

n http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC32847
1034-01-1 Octyl antioxidant, preservative 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x

gallate
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100-97-0 Methenami precursor, preservative citrus, stabilizer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x
ne
110-86-1 Pyridine Used directly in the denaturation of alcohol and as a solvent in paint and 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
rubber preparation, extracting plant hormones, intermediate in making
various insecticides and herbicides for agricultural applications, an
intermediate in the preparation of drugs (antihistamines, steroids, sulfa-
type and other antibacterial agents) dyes, water repellents, and
polycarbonate resins, a flavoring agent in the preparation of foods.
111-30-8 glutaral Used as biocide and preservative for health care industry, Water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
(Glutaralde treatment, pulp and paper industry, Cleaning agents, petroleum industry,
hyde) Animal health industry, Tanning, Cosmetics and also as hardener in X-
ray film processing.
1327-53-3 Arsenic article property lending (function), processing aid 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0

trioxide
7632-00-0 Sodium It is a useful precursor to a variety of organic compounds, such as 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x

nitrite pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides, but it is probably best known as a
food additive to prevent botulism.
95-95-4 2,4,5- Pesticide, preservative? 0 0 0 1 0 0 x 0 0 x
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trichlorophe Chlorophenols have been used as mothproofing agents, miticides,
nol germicides, algicides, fungicides, and wood preservatives and to
manufacture of other chemicals. All the chlorophenols have been used as
biocides. Chlorophenols with at least two chlorines either have been used
directly as pesticides or have been converted into pesticides. 2,4,6-
Trichlorophenol was previously used as an antiseptic, a pesticide for
wood, leather, and glue preservation and as an anti-mildew treatment.
http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/chlorophenols/index.html
Metabolite of hexachlorocyclohexane
http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/chemical_group_0802.ht
ml
7722-64-7 Potassium Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidising agent, a disinfectant, as x 0 0 0 x 0 x 0 0 x

permangana an anti-algal agent, in metal cleaning, in tanning, bleaching, and as a
te preservative for fresh flowers and fruits.
http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/manganese/index.html
adhesives, biocide, food additive
http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1099641.html
7681-52-9 Sodium Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach or chlorox, is 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x

hypochlorit frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent
e http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite
513-77-9 Barium glass, ceramics, magnetics x x x 0 0 x 0 0 0 0

carbonate Barium carbonate has a wide variety of uses; it is used in the production
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of television glass, crystal
glass and special glass, frits and enamels, brick and tile, ceramic,
magnets, electrodes, barium salts,
paper, rubber, marble substitute and paints. It is also used for removing
sulfates mainly in
phosphoric acid production and chlorine alkali electrolysis, as a
rodenticide, an additive for glaze,
an analytical reagent, an oxidizing agent and filler (6, 25, 36).
In Korea, use processes for barium carbonate are as follows.
Barium carbonate is one of fifteen ingredients for manufacturing front
glass of a television Braun
tube.
http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/oecdsids/513779.pdf
7758-98-7 Copper Dyes, perfumes, biocides 0 0 x 0 x 0 x x x x

sulfate, For the manufacture of other cupric salts; monoazo dyes; as catalyst for
the synthesis of perfumes and dyes intermediates; as bactericide,
insecticides etc.
520-45-6 3-acetyl-6- Plasticizer and fungicide 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 x

methyl-2H- Dehydroacetic acid is a pyrone derivative used mostly as a fungicide and
pyran- bactericide. It is used to reduce pickle bloating as a preservative for
2,4(3H)- squash and strawberries.[2]
dione Also used in antienzyme toothpastes.
The sodium salt, sodium dehydroacetate, is often used in place of
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dehydroacetic acid because of its greater solubility in water.
Industrially, it is also used as a plasticizer in a variety of synthetic resins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroacetic_acid
Inert Pesticide Ingredients
http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/EPA-Inerts-List.txt
108-95-2 Phenol Used primarily in the production of phenolic resins and in the 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 1
manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers. It is also used in
slimicides (chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a
disinfectant and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as
mouthwash and sore throat lozenges.
92-52-4 Biphenyl, fungicide, carrier, antioxidant and stabilizer 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x

bromo The primary use of biphenyl is in the formulation of dye carriers for
derivs. textile dyeing (HSDB 1994). Biphenyl is used as an intermediate for
polychlorinated biphenyls (HSDB 1994) and as a paper impregnant for
citrus fruit where it acts as a fungicide (Grayson 1985). In the past,
a major use of biphenyl has been as a component of heat-transfer fluids
http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/biphe-sd.txt
137-26-8 Thiram Non-confidential information in the IUR indicated that the industrial 0 0 1 0 x 0 x x 0 x
processing and uses of CASRN 97-77-8 and CASRN 137-26-8 include
process regulators used in vulcanization or polymerization processes for
the manufacture of rubber products and tires. Non-confidential
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information in the IUR indicated that the commercial and consumer
products containing CASRN 137-26-8 include rubber and plastic
products. The HSDB states that these chemicals are primarily used as
vulcanization accelerators. In addition, CASRN 97-77-8 and 137-26-8
are used as fungicides and disinfectants. No use information was
reported for CASRN 97-74-5. The HPV submission states that the
thiurams category chemicals are used as primary accelerators in natural
and synthetic rubbers.
http://www.epa.gov/hpvis/hazchar/Category_Thiuram_Sept2009.pdf
92-13-7 Pilocarpine catalyst? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.chemcas.com/msds112/cas/3004/67-63-0_78-93-3_108-88-
3.asp
139-65-1 4,4'- Arylamine breakdown product 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

Thiodianilin http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/toolkit/textiles_GPP_product_s
e heet_template.pdf
1694-09-3 Acid violet Food colourant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x

49 http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=E8776DE7-BDB5-82F8-
F265A2731EA850E4
banned for use in hair dye products in EU
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/sectors/cosmetics/files/doc/179_banned_s
ubstances_en.pdf
Triphenylmethane dye
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20548-54- Calcium Luminous paint, depilatory, preparation of arsenic-free hydrogen sulfide, x x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0
3 sulfide lubricant
additive, ore dressing and flotation agent, phosphors.
http://www.bariumchemicals.com/Specs/specs/46.pdf
2475-45-8 1,4,5,8- Disperse Blue 1. substances banned for use in hair dye products 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 x x x
tetraaminoa http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/sectors/cosmetics/files/doc/179_banned_s
nthraquinon ubstances_en.pdf
e
2832-40-8 Disperse Allergenic dyestuff, 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 x x x

Yellow 3 Acetate
Acrylic
Polyamide
Polyester
http://extra.ivf.se/chemicall/chemical.asp?id=126
548-62-9 Basic violet colouring agent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 The notified chemical is to be imported at a level of l0 -< 30% (see
Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) – the product contains 2 dyes, accounting for the figure of
30 - < 60%) in a
dye formulation containing acetic acid, solvent and water. The chemical
is a dye used in the
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manufacturing industry as a colouring agent for moulded objects such as
fruit trays. It is
estimated that the fruit trays will contain 0.1% notified chemical. The
notified chemical will
be imported at a rate of approximately 2.5 tonnes per year for the first
five years in 1 000 L
Schuetz type containers.
http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/car/new/na/nafullr/na0500fr/na53
8fr.pdf
569-61-9 Basic red 9 dyestuff 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 x x x

Acrylic
Silk
Silk (natural)
http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=156
573-58-0 Congo Red dyestuff 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x x

(Direct Red Acrylic
28) Silk
Silk (natural)
7782-49-2 Selenium, Most processed selenium is used in the electronics industry, but it is also 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
biological used: as a nutritional supplement; in the glass industry; as a component
studies of pigments in plastics, paints, enamels, inks, and rubber; in the
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preparation of pharmaceuticals; as a nutritional feed additive for poultry
and livestock; in pesticide formulations; in rubber production; as an
ingredient in antidandruff shampoos; and as a constituent of fungicides.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=28
This element and its compounds have a wide range of applications. For
example, selenium (or selenium dioxide) is used to impart a red color to
glasses and enamels, and to remove the blue-green tinge in glass caused
by ferrous impurities. It is an important catalyst for chemical reactions in
industry as well as laboratory research. Combined with bismuth, it is
added to brasses to replace lead. It is used in toners for photocopiers.
Also, when used in the toning of photographic prints, it increases the
permanence of the images. Selenium sulfide is an antifungal agent added
to shampoos for the treatment of dandruff. Zinc selenide is used in light-
emitting diodes, diode lasers, and X-ray and gamma-ray detectors.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Selenium
838-88-0 4,4'- Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

Methylene http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=103
842-07-9 Solvent dyestuff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Yellow 14 Use: mainly used in coloring of shoes cream, floor wax, plastic, resin,
printing ink and in color separation of oil products, also used in making
fireworks and transparent paint.
http://www.chemicalskey.com/chemicals-p_374340_solvent-yellow-14-
cas.htm
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89331-94- 3- paper dyestuff, ODB-2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 x x
2 Dibutylami http://www.guidechem.com/product/list_catid-671127-p10.html
no-6-
methyl-7-
anilinofluor
an
90-04-0 o-Anisidine Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

91-59-8 2- Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

Naphthylam http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=103
ine
91-94-1 3,3'- Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

dichloroben http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=103
zidine
92-67-1 4- Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

Aminobiphe http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=84
nyl
92-87-5 benzidine Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0
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95-53-4 o-Toluidine, Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

analysis http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=100
95-80-7 2,4- Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x 0 0

Toluenedia http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=101
mine
97-56-3 o- Arylamines from cleavable azo dyestuffs 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0

Aminoazoto http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=87
luene
12656-85- Molybdate C.I. Pigment Red 104 article property lending (function), 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 red
7758-97-6 lead yellow or orange pigment (CI Pigment Yellow 34) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

chromate corrosion protection in pigmented paints and varnishes, anti-corrosion
coatings
http://www.siemens.com/sustainability/pool/en/core_topics/product-
responsibility/declarationliste_e.pdf
1344-37-2 Middle article property lending (function) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chrome
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7440-67-7 Zirconium Use is as an opacifier, conferring a white, opaque appearance to 3 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x
decorative ceramic materials.
7646-85-7 Zinc dyes, inks, galvanazation, solder x x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2

chloride, Zinc chloride is mainly
uses used in the EU in the chemical industry (37%), galvanising industry
(28%), battery industry
(15%), agrochemical industry (fungicides) (13%) and in the printing and
dye industry (7%)
(information from industry). The quantitative estimates, mentioned
between brackets, are from the year 1994. The main type of use category
of zinc chloride can be characterised as
non dispersive use.
http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/existing-
chemicals/risk_assessment/DRAFT/R075_0608_env_hh.pdf
7550-45-0 Titanium Its most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
and is used in the manufacture of white pigments.[4] Other compounds
include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens
and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst
in the production of polypropylene.
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum,
among other elements, to produce strong lightweight alloys for aerospace
(jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial process
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(chemicals and petro-chemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper),
automotive, agri-food, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental
and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods,
jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications.
7440-48-4 Cobalt The main application of cobalt is as the metal in alloys but also used in 8 x 1 0 x 0 0 x 0 x
batteries, colorants and as catalysts.
7646-79-9 cobalt · Used as dye mordant for glass industry (paints on glass surface). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
dichloride · Used as drying agent in paints, lacquers, varnishes and printing inks.
· Used as absorbent for ammonia gas in the chemical industry.
· Used for gas masks.
· Used as a humidity indicator in several applications as hygrometers,
barometers, selfindicating
silica gels.
· Used for manufacturing vitamin B12.
· Used to add the cobalt trace element as nutrients in human and animal
food.
· Used to add the cobalt trace element in nitrate fertilizers.
· Used for flux for magnesium refining, notably when recycling scrap
material. Fluxes
mixtures of salts have two basic functions, to remove certain impurities
from magnesium
and to protect the molten metal from contact with the atmosphere.
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· Used as solid lubricant (for cutting tools for example).
· Used as catalysts in organic reactions as hydrogenation and
desulfurization.
· Formulation of invisible inks.
· Used as a metal drier in air-drying coatings.
· Production of Non-ferrous metals (alloy used in aircraft turbines).

· Used for electroplating processes (galvanoplasty).
· "Oxyvore" for the chemical degassing of the dissolved oxygen
generated during processes in
metal industry.
· Additive in the rubber manufacturing to improve the adhesion of the
rubber with metal
armatures, this application concern in particular the tire industry.
· This list may not be exhaustive, notably cobalt dichloride could be used
in other inorganic
chemical products.
suspected to be an endocrine disrupter
http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17232/svhc_axvrep_france_cmr_
cocl2_20083006_en.pdf
1306-23-6 Cadmium Cadmium sulfide (CdS; Chemical Services Registry No. 1306-23-6) also 0 x x 0 x x x x x x
sulfide, uses has many industrial uses. It occurs in nature as the mineral greenokite. It
occurs as light-yellow or orange-colored cubic or hexagonal crystals. Its
solubility in water is approximately 0.13 mg/100g at 18 deg. C. Some
applications include: as a pure, inorganic photoconductor; as a pigment
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which is colorfast against light in glass; as a colorant for soaps, textiles,
paper and rubber: in printing inks, ceramic glazes and fireworks; in x-ray
fluorescent screens; in body temperature detectors; in rectifiers,
transistors, photovoltaic cells, and in solar cells; in pigments which
include phosphors; and, in lead-sealing glass-binders to provide smooth
glass enamel surface that is durable and resistant to damage from
development, cleaning and handling. Cadmium sulfide also provides
stability against oxidation and UV radiation in specific industrial
products.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=818&
p_table=PREAMBLES
302-27-2 Aconitine Colourant? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x

On the LIST OF SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED IN COSMETIC
PRODUCTS
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=se
arch.results&annex_v2=II&search
103-16-2 monobenzo a topical drug for medical depigmentation. 0 0 0 x x 0 x 0 0 0

ne
(Benoquin)
919-30-2 Aminoprop crosslinker, adhesive promoter 1 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

yltriethoxys The commercial uses of this material are numerous and include various
ilane applications as coupling agents and adhesion
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promoters in fiberglass, adhesives and sealants, foundry resins, and in
pre-treatment for coatings. A small
percentage of this material may be found in sealants and coatings. In
production, this material is mostly handled in
closed systems. Necessary engineering controls during production
include proper ventilation, containment, safety
equipment and actual hardware designed to minimize exposure through
splashing, or exposure to the air. Transfer
of this material is in closed pipes rather than in open systems to minimize
loss of this material (hydrolysis) although
some customers do transfer the material in open systems. APTES is
transported from the production site as the
parent silane to processors/formulators. Generally, APTES is used by the
processor/formulator as an adhesion
promoter with use levels <1%. In some applications, APTES is used as a
crosslinker; these use levels are higher and
can approach 3 to 5 %. Once APTES is added to a consumer or industrial
product, the parent silane reacts with the
components of the formulation and is generally present as the parent
silane at 0.1-0.2% until after curing (use). After
curing the parent silane is consumed into the polymer matrix and no
longer exists and greatly reduces potential for
consumer or worker exposure. APTES polymerizes during use.
Consumer products will be labeled as containing a
sensitizer according to individual member country regulations. Any
toxicological effects originating from the
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alkoxysilane or amine groups of the silane are greatly reduced as a result
of this coupling process. The production
volume of APTES in the sponsor country was 1992 tonnes in 2002.
94-36-0 Benzoyl Curing agent rubber 0 0 x 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.alibaba.com/product-
gs/285484328/Dibenzoyl_peroxide_BPO_.html
10043-52- Calcium dessicant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 chloride
anhydride
7439-97-6 Mercury Used for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and 8 x 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
electronic applications, in some thermometers, especially ones which are
used to measure high temperatures, as gaseous mercury in fluorescent
lamps
65181-78- N,N'- Light emitting diode production 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 diphenyl- Electroluminescence
N,N'-bis(3- http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/65181--78--4.html
methylphen
yl)-(1,1'-
diphenyl)-
4,4'-diamine
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(TPD)
7726-95-6 Bromine, Bromine compounds are used as FRs 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

It is used in the oil industry, pharmaceutical industry, plastic industry and
dye industry. It is also used in mineral processing, metallurgy, food,
clean water and so on.
http://www.chinachemnet.com/37055/7726-95-6-1485059.html
78-30-8 Tri-o-cresyl FR, plasticizer, 0 x 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0

phosphate Tri-o-cresylphosphate (TOCP)
http://extra.ivf.se/chemicall/chemical.asp?id=74
78-40-0 Triethyl FR, plasticizer 0 x 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0

phosphate About 40 -50 % of TEP used in Germany (ca. 250 t/a) goes into ketene
synthesis where the compound is
hydrolysed. About 40 % ( ca. 240 t/a) are used in the plastics industry as
a flame retardant, plasticiser
and carrier, where it is available in the matrix. A further 10 to 20 % are
used in other industrial branches
as a solvent for acetylcellulose and plasticizer for unsaturated polyester,
flame retardant for PU or intermediate for the production of
pharmaceuticals, pesticides
and laquers.
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115-96-8 Tris(2- used as a flame retardant in polyurethane foams, which are used in 0 x 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0
chloroethyl) automotive applications, as a flame retardant in adhesives and in fire-
(TCEP) resistant coatings . TCEP was also reported as being used as a plasticizer
in thermoplastic resins.
Based on available scientific and technical literature, TCEP is used
primarily as a plasticizer and viscosity regulator with flame-retardant
properties for polyurethanes, polyester resins, polyacrylates, polyvinyl
chloride, cellulose derivatives and other polymers. Polymer products
containing TCEP are used in furniture, building (e.g., roofing insulation)
and textile industries (e.g., back-coatings for carpets and upholstery); in
the manufacture of cars, railway cars and aircraft; in polyvinyl chloride
compounds; in flame-resistant paints and varnishes; epoxy, phenolic and
amino resins; and in wood resin composites, such as particleboards,
adhesives and lacquers .
TCEP was historically used in the production of rigid and flexible

polyurethane foams and systems but has been substituted with other
flame-retardant substances (IPCS 1998; EURAR 2006). TCEP is not
recommended for use as a flame retardant in fabrics meant for apparel
(IARC 1990; IPCS 1998).
1309-64-4 Antimony Flame retardant, synergic use with HFRs 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x x

trioxide, Antimony trioxide is used in enamels as a paint pigment, glass, rubber,
uses plastics, adhesives, textiles, and paper. It is used in flame proofing
canvas, textiles, paper and plastics and in combination with some
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chlorinated or brominated flame retardants on commercial furniture,
draperies, wall coverings and carpets (typically 2-10% by weight)
(KEMI, 2005; NRC, 2000). It is commonly used with
tetrabromobisphenol-A to enhance flame retardancy in printed circuit
boards (HDP User Group International, Inc., 2005). The estimated
distribution of uses is: flame retardants, 55%; transportation, including
batteries, 18%; chemicals, 10%; ceramics and fiberglass, 7%; and other,
10% (Carlin, 2005; Environmental Defense, 2005; IARC, 1989;
USCPSC, 2004).
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/Antim
onytrioxide.pdf
107-92-6 Butyric flavoring agent 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x

acid,
123-86-4 Butyl Fragrance, adhesive, etc. 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x

acetate FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT
ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart F--Flavoring Agents and Related Substances
Sec. 172.515 Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants.
FDA PART 175 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND
COMPONENTS OF COATINGS
Subpart B--Substances for Use Only as Components of Adhesives
Sec. 175.105 Adhesives.
FDA PART 175 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND
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COMPONENTS OF COATINGS
Subpart C--Substances for Use as Components of Coatings
Sec. 175.320 Resinous and polymeric coatings for polyolefin films.
FDA PART 177 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: POLYMERS
Subpart B--Substances for Use as Basic Components of Single and
Repeated Use Food Contact
Sec. 177.1200 Cellophane.
24197-34- Bis(3- Fragrances and Aroma chemicals 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x 2

0 methyl-4- http://www.chemnet.com/JapanSuppliers/3888/Bis(4-hydroxy-3-
hydroxyphe methylphenyl)sulfide--172753.html
nyl) sulfide
5392-40-5 Citral Citral is used primarily as lemon flavoring in foods, beverages, and 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x
candies. It is also used as a lemon fragrance in detergents, perfumes, and
other toiletries.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=070B2F9E-B319-E950-
5CCC53E06DD7651F
79-31-2 Isobutanoic fragrance 1 0 x 1 0 0 0 x x x

acid, http://www.chinachemnet.com/15442/79-31-2-1112319.html
monoester n-Butyric acid is used as an intermediate, food additive, and ingredient in
with varnish, cosmetics and detergents. The
trimethylpe major use of n-butyric anhydride is as an intermediate in the manufacture
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ntanediol of other chemicals.
http://www.epa.gov/hpvis/rbp/ButylSeries.Cat.Webpost.%20Support%2
0Docs.31408.pdf
81-15-2 Xylene fragrance PBT 0 0 x 1 0 0 0 x x x

musk The imported crystalline solid is used as an ingredient in fragrance
compositions. Fragrances
are complex mixtures, prepared by blending many fragrance ingredients
in varying
concentrations. They are nearly always liquids, in which musk xylene
has to be dissolved.
Musk xylene is partly used in cosmetic products and partly in detergents,
fabric softeners,
household cleaning products and other fragranced products.
http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/existing-
chemicals/risk_assessment/REPORT/muskxylenereport322.pdf
97-86-9 Isobutyl Fragrance, monomer, defoamer 1 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x 1

methacrylat http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav02_en.pdf
e, oligomers Defoaming agents used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?
fr=176.210
As an organic synthetical monomer isobutyl methacrylate is used as
resin, plastic, coating, printing ink, adhesive, lube oil additive dentistry
material, fiber treating compound and paper coating agent
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http://www.chinachemnet.com/38272/97-86-9-1661037.html
109-52-4 Valeric acid Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x
perfumes and cosmetics and as food additives because of their fruity
flavors.
111-14-8 Heptanoic flavor and fragrance agents 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x

acid http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1008501.html
Organic Synthesis, Manufacture Of Perfume, Medicine, Lubricating,
Grease, Rubber And Dye. Rubber & Latex, Plastics, Greases &
Lubricants, Food Additives, Pharmaceuticals.
112-05-0 Nonanoic Nonanoic acid is a fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters in the oil of 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x
acid pelargonium. Synthetic esters, such as methyl nonanoate, are used as
(Pelargonic flavorings. Nonanoic acid is also used in the preparation of plasticizers
acid) and lacquers.
The derivative 4-nonanoylmorpholine is an ingredient in some pepper
sprays. The ammonium salt of nonanoic acid, ammonium nonanoate, is
used as an herbicide.
89-83-8 Thymol flavouring agent, antiseptic 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x

http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v46je09.htm
pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol
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79-20-9 methyl fragrance, solvent 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x
acetate http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1032001.html
effective replacement for acetone etc.
http://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/T/TT23.pdf
with special fruity odor
http://www.qia-aina.com/template/p03_03en.htm
497-19-8 Sodium glass ingredient 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

carbonate, The manufacture of glass is one of the most important uses of sodium
processes carbonate. When combined with silica and calcium carbonate and heated
to high temperatures, then cooled rapidly, glass is produced. This type of
glass is known as soda lime glass.
Sodium carbonate is also used as a relatively strong base in various

settings. For example, sodium carbonate is used as a pH regulator to
maintain stable alkaline conditions necessary for the action of the
majority of photographic developing agents.
It is a common additive in municipal pools used to neutralize the acidic

effects of chlorine and raise pH.
In cooking, it is sometimes used in place of sodium hydroxide for lyeing,

especially with German pretzels and lye rolls. These dishes are treated
with a solution of an alkaline substance in order to change the pH of the
surface of the food and thus improve browning.
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In taxidermy, sodium carbonate added to boiling water will remove flesh
from the skull or bones of trophies to create the "European skull mount"
or for educational display in biological and historical studies.
In chemistry, it is often used as an electrolyte. This is because

electrolytes are usually salt-based, and sodium carbonate acts as a very
good conductor in the process of electrolysis. In addition, unlike chloride
ions, which form chlorine gas, carbonate ions are not corrosive to the
anodes. It is also used as a primary standard for acid-base titrations
because it is solid and air-stable, making it easy to weigh accurately. It is
also used to speed up the decomposition of water in electrolysis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate
7440-41-7 Beryllium Used primarily as a hardening agent in alloys, notably beryllium copper, x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
it is a quality aerospace material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, space
vehicles and communication satellites, the most common window
material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments and in
heat transport and heat sinking applications.
119-90-4 3,3'- used as analytical reagent, redox indicator, adsorption indicator and an 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 x
Dimethoxyb iron complexation indicator.
enzidine
7429-90-5 Aluminum metal for parts, hoods etc. 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0
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1
7439-95-4 Magnesium As metal a competitior to aluminium in uses. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7439-93-2 Lithium Among various uses lithium and its compounds are used in the x x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
production of ceramics and glass, electrical and electronics, lubricating
greases and optics.
Elemental lithium is utilised in metallurgy in special alloys, for the
manufacture
of lithium hydride, amide and nitride, and for the synthesis of
organolithium
compounds (30). Metallic lithium is also used in batteries.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/kemi/kemi/ah2002_16.pdf
110-97-4 Diisopropan used directly to adjust the pH of a product or can be chemically modified 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
olamine to form emulsifiers, foam stabilizers, or viscosity modifiers.
(DIPA) Isopropanolamides are produced by the reaction of DIPA with fatty acids
(lauric, oleic, or stearic) or their methyl esters. Isopropanolamides
function as thickeners in shampoos and other products, and foam
boosters in products like shaving cream. Fatty acid soaps made from
DIPA produce stable cosmetic emulsion formulations. The DIPA-derived
salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and lauryl sulfate are used in
shampoos, creams, and lotions.DIPA-derived isopropanolamine soaps
are used to produce metal-cutting fluids, strippers, and wax-emulsion
formulations. They offer some corrosion protection, improve lubricity,
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act as a foam suppressant, and reduce friction in buffing, cutting, and
cleaning fluids. Used in coatings, pesticide formulations, paint strippers,
paper, antistatic agents, photographic intermediates, plastics, surfactants,
textile processing, and polyurethane production.
84-74-2 Dibutyl plasticizer DBP 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 x 0 1

phthalate
85-68-7 Benzylbutyl plasticiser BBP 0 0 x 0 1 0 0 x 0 0

phthalate
97-77-8 Disulfiram plasticizer in neoprene 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

Tetraethylthiuram disulfide is known in the rubber industry as ethyl tuads
where it is used in compounding natural rubber and the synthetic
elastomers isobutylene-isoprene, butadiene, styrene-butadiene, isoprene,
and nitrile-butadiene rubber. It is used both as a rubber accelerator and
vulcanizing agent, as an activator of thiazole accelerators, and as a
plasticizer in neoprene.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=070559E7-A1CB-7541-
0F85E2141A42D06C
98-83-9 Methylstyre plasticizer 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

ne, alpha-Methylstyrene is used in the production of acrylonitrile-butadiene-
reactions styrene resins and copolymers, which improve the impact and heat-
resistant properties of polymers, specialty grades of plastics, rubber, and
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protective coatings. alpha-Methylstyrene also moderates polymerization
rates and improves product clarity in coatings and resins. Low molecular
weight liquid polymers are used as plasticizers in paints, waxes,
adhesives, and plastics. Monomer for poly(alpha-methylstyrene).
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=BD32C2B7-123F-7908-
7BEEC1C0B8E23E4F
117-81-7 Bis[2- article property lending (function) 0 0 x 0 1 0 0 x 0 1

ethylhexyl]
phthalate
117-82-8 Bis(2- article property lending (function), no registered use in EU 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

methoxyeth
yl)
phthalate
131-17-9 Diallyl Diallylphthalate is widely used as a crosslinking agent for unsaturated 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

phthalate polyesters. Diallylphthalate or diallylphthalate polyester blends are used
primarily as plasticizers and carriers for adding catalysts and pigments to
polyesters and in molding, electrical parts, laminating compounds, and
impregnation of metal castings. Rubber compounds, epoxy formulations,
and polyurethane foams may also contain diallylphthalate. Precise
figures are not currently available, although annual production of
diallylphthalate in the United States is known to exceed 5,000 pounds,
and an estimated 57,000 pounds were imported into the United States in
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1982.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=07073F41-A7A9-5177-
03B46792063A695F
115-10-6 Dimethyl DME has two primary applications: as a propellant in aerosol canisters, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
ether and as a precursor to dimethyl sulfate, as an aerosol propellant, and
(DME) useful as a somewhat polar solvent. It can also be used as a refrigerant.
126-33-0 Sulfolane Solvent for jet printing inks. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

The major use of Sulfolane is as a solvent for extraction of aromatic
hydrocarbons from oil refinery streams and
acid gas purification. These uses account for approximately 80% of
production. A number of minor uses
(accounting for 20% of production) include fractionation of wood tars,
tall oil and other fatty acids, electronic
applications, textile manufacturing and finishing, as a plasticizer and as a
solvent in pharmaceutical
manufacturing. Other uses mentioned in the literature include solvent for
jet printing inks, a component of
hydraulic fluid, a curing agent for epoxy resins and medicinal application
(although this latter application is
thought to exist in the patent literature only).
127-18-4 Tetrachloro solvent in various consumer products, such as typewriter correction fluid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
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ethylene, and shoe polishes.
The largest use for perchloroethylene is in dry cleaning and textile
operations, accounting for an estimated 60 percent of all perchloro-
ethylene use in the US in 1991. It is also used in the production
of chlorofluorocarbons; in vapor degreasing and metal cleaning
operations; in aerosol formulations; as a carrier for rubber
coatings, solvent soaps, printing inks, adhesives, sealants,
polishes, lubricants, and silicones; and as a solvent in various
consumer products, such as typewriter correction fluid and shoe
polishes. Table 3 shows the estimated 1991 end-use pattern for
perchloroethylene.
http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_perchl.txt
50-00-0 Formaldehy Formaldehyde can evaporate from plywood 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 x

de, Formaldehyde is naturally produced in small amounts in our bodies.
biological It is used in the production of fertilizer, paper, plywood, and urea-
studies formaldehyde resins. It is also used as a preservative in some foods and
in many products used around the house, such as antiseptics, medicines,
and cosmetics.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts111.pdf
556-67-2 octamethylc D4 Siloxane, solvent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x

yclotetrasilo Cyclosiloxanes are being touted as safer alternatives for a variety of uses,
xane including D5 as a substitute for perchloroethylene in dry
cleaning.
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D4 is an intermediate in the manufacture of polydimethylsiloxanes,
which are used in industrial
and consumer (personal care and household products) applications
including fermentation
processes, instant coffee production, paper coatings and sizing, diet soft
drinks, waste yeast
tanks, food washing solutions, adhesives, textiles, de-asphalting, boiler
treatments, detergents,
cleaning solutions, surfactants, cosmetic products, and polishes. In
combination with D5, D4 is
used in the cosmetics and toiletries industry under the trade name
cyclomethicone.
The cyclosiloxanes are used in the manufacture of silicones, in
combination or alone in personal
care products, and as carriers, lubricants and solvents in a variety of
commercial applications.
http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/1208cyclosiloxanes.pdf
95-63-6 1,2,4- solvent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x

Trimethylbe Production of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene occurs during petroleum
nzene refining as a major component of the C9 aromatic hydrocarbon
fraction (or simply the C9 fraction). It typically constitutes
around forty percent of the C9 fraction with other trimethyl-
benzenes and ethyltoluenes making up the remainder of this
fraction.
The primary use of the C9 fraction, approximately 99% of its
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production volume, is as a gasoline additive. Uses of the
remaining C9 fraction (approximately 350 million pounds) include
those as a solvent in coatings; cleaners; pesticides; and printing
and inks.
http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_trimet.txt
110-91-8 Morpholine Intermediate in the rubber industry, in corrosion control (sometimes in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

conjunction with hydrazine), and in the synthesis of a large number of
drugs, crop protection agents, dyes and optical brighteners, a solvent
for a large variety of organic materials, including resins, dyes and
waxes, used as a catalyst, toiletry and cosmetic products (1989) at
concentrations up to 5%, in several direct and indirect food additive
applications.
111-76-2 2- Used as a solvent for greases, oils, dyestuffs and nitrocellulose resins and 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 x
butoxyethan enamels, an ingredient in agricultural chemicals, cosmetics and brake
ol oils, and as a raw material in the production of phthalate and stearate
plasticisers.
64-17-5 Ethanol Among several uses as solvent it is found in paints, tinctures, markers, 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
and personal care products such as perfumes and deodorants
67-63-0 Isopropyl Used as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes, pharmaceutical 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 x
alcohol applications, as a chemical intermediate, for household use and in
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personal care products. It is also used as a gasoline additive.
67-64-1 Acetone Used as a solvent, and as a precursor to methyl methacrylate. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
71-23-8 Propanol Used as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes, pharmaceutical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
applications, as a chemical intermediate, for household use and in
personal care products. It is also used as a gasoline additive.
71-55-6 1,1,1- Used for cleaning metal parts and circuit boards, as a photoresist solvent 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
trichloroeth in the electronics industry, as an aerosol propellant, as a cutting fluid
ane additive, and as a solvent for inks, paints, adhesives and other coatings,
standard cleaner for photographic film (movie/slide/negatives, etc.) and
as an insecticidal fumigant.
98-95-3 nitrobenzen solvent black 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x

e Nitrobenzene is present in a number of commercial products, such as
shoe and metal polishes and soaps
http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
141-78-6 Ethyl Solvent for laquers, paints and inks. Flavouring aid in pharmaceuticals. 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x
acetate, Inert ingredient (solvent) in pesticides.
analysis http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/ethyl_amyl_acetate.pdf
565-80-0 2,4- solvent, fragrance?, weed killer 0 0 x 0 x 0 x x x x
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dimethylpen http://books.google.se/books?id=NQi1LYJxFvUC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA
tan-3-one 129&dq=565-80-0+solvent&source=bl&ots=dPM97c8_Yu&sig=-
9YyCGa0AV9tVfVHiFDbroRSkVA&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=UIPvTpnzFKii4
gTSsun-CA&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=565-80-
0%20solvent&f=false
60-35-5 Acetamide used primarily as a solvent and a plasticizer but also as a wetting and 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 x
penetrating agent
302-01-2 Hydrazine, crosslinking agents or chain extender for 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

dialkyl polyurethanes
http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17232/svhc_axvrep_echa_cmr_h
ydrazine_en.pdf
Solvent, foaming agent, reactive intermediate (reactant), processing aid
(additive)
Most hydrazines are manufactured for use as rocket propellants and
fuels, boiler water treatments, chemical reactants,
medicines, and in cancer research.
107-41-5 2-Methyl- moistening and softening agent for composition cork, casein, leather, 0 0 x x x 0 x x x x
pentane- paper and textile fibres. Cosmetics including fragrances, bath and hair
2,4-diol preparations, eye makeup,soaps and skin care preparations at
(Hexylene concentrations from 0.1-25%.As a wetting agent in pesticide. Minor
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glycol) uses: Solvent use in preparation of dyes,synthetic resin-base and steam
set inks
formulations.Industrial cleaning/washing agents and disinfectants.Paints,
lacquers and varnishes as a solvent plasticiser in surface coatings.Used in
both oil and water-based paints and in paint strippers. etc....
25068-38- Epon 828 Bisphenol A Epoxy resin (semi-solid reaction product of epichlorohydrin 1 0 0 1 x 0 0 0 x x
6 and
bisphenol A).
Epoxy resins are used in plastics manufacturing, casting resins,
composite and fiberglass resins and two-component adhesives, as well as
electrical insulating materials. It may be added to paints and varnishes,
textile and paper coatings, concrete, mortar and cement, and to embed
and prepare histology specimens. It is also used to manufacture many
consumer products such as eyeglass frames, handbags, necklaces, and
some vinyl gloves. Epoxy resins are frequently used in dentistry as well.
http://www.allergeaze.com/PDFs/NA/NA33.PDF
85-44-9 Phthalic Phthalic anhydride is an important intermediate in the chemical industry. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

anhydride The major subsequent product groups are
plasticizers (56 %), unsaturated polyester resins (17 %), and alkyd resins
(17 %). Phthalic anhydride is also used as
an intermediate in the production of pigments and dyes, agricultural,
pharmaceutical, and several other chemical
products. Phthalic anhydride containing materials are used in coatings
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applications for home appliances,
automobiles, medical devices and furniture.
Phthalic anhydride is listed in the Swedish and Swiss Product Registers
and in the SPIN Database (including
consumer products).
107-21-1 Ethylene Inks used in stamp pads, ballpoint pens, and print shops. 2 x 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1
glycol used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers (PES)
Minor uses of ethylene glycol include the manufacture of capacitors, as a
chemical intermediate in the manufacture of 1,4-dioxane, and as an
additive to prevent corrosion in liquid cooling systems for personal
computers. Ethylene glycol is also used in the manufacture of some
vaccines, but it is not itself present in these injections. It is used as a
minor (1–2%) ingredient in shoe polish and also in some inks and dyes.
Ethylene glycol has seen some use as a rot and fungal treatment for
wood, both as a preventative and a treatment after the fact. It has been
used in a few cases to treat partially rotted wooden objects to be
displayed in museums. It is one of only a few treatments that are
successful in dealing with rot in wooden boats, and is relatively cheap.
Ethylene glycol may also be one of the minor ingredients in screen
cleaning solutions, along with the main ingredient isopropyl alcohol.
Ethylene glycol is commonly used as a preservative for biological
specimens, especially in secondary schools during dissection as a safer
alternative to formaldehyde.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol
1166-52-5 dodecyl antioxidant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x

gallate
121-79-9 Propyl Propyl gallate is used as an antioxidant in pesticide formulations with 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

gallate typical concentrations 0.25% in formulation. It is also used as an
antioxidant in
consumer food and cosmetic products.
The primary route of exposure to propyl gallate from its use as an
antioxidant in
pesticide formulations is expected to be through consumption of food to
which this
chemical has been applied. Additional exposure may occur via the
dermal route from residential use of pesticide products containing this
chemical; however, inhalation exposure is not expected based on its
nonvolatile nature.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/propyl.pdf
122-60-1 Phenyl Phenyl glycidyl ether is used as a stabilizer for chlorinated vinyl resins 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
glycidyl and rubber. It is also used to reduce viscosity of epoxy resins (thinner),
ether favoring improved filler loading and substrate wetting and resulting in
faster curing time. End applications include coating, adhesive, casting,
laminating, encapsulation or foam. They are used as a chemical
intermediate to make other compounds.
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http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/functional%20Monomer/PHE
NYL%20GLYCIDYL%20ETHER.htm
124-68-5 2-amino-2- buffering agent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

methylprop http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/summaries/2amino2h/c16455ct.pdf
anol
7789-00-6 Potassium Used as a corrosion inhibitor for treatment and coating of metals, for x x 0 0 x x 0 0 0 1
chromate manufacture of reagents, chemicals
and textiles, as a colouring agent in ceramics, in the manufacture of
pigments/inks and in the laboratory as
analytical agent.
http://www.lambda-
gb.com/KB/129303147894493750_REACH%20SVHCs%20possible%2
0uses%20Rev%20C%20.pdf
90498-90- 3,9-bis(2- Stabilizer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x

1 (3-(3-tert- dye image stabilizer used to manufacture color photographic paper,
butyl-4- http://rulings.cbp.gov/detail.asp?ru=b83902&ac=pr
hydroxy-5- As an antioxidant in propylene homopolymers and copolymers
methylphen http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=f
yl)propionyl cslisting&id=906
oxy-1,1-
dimethyleth
yl)-
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2,4,8,10-
tetraoxaspir
o[5.5]undec
ane
111-42-2 2,2'- Used in the preparation of diethanolamides and DEA salts of long-chain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
iminodietha fatty acids that are formulated into
nol (DEA) soaps and surfactants used in liquid laundry and dishwashing detergents,
cosmetics, shampoos, and hair conditioner, as stabilizer or inhibitor in
pesticide formulations applied before a crop emerges from the soil.
73754-27- 4-[3-(3,5- stated as a light stabilizer for engineering plastics used in high 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0
5 di-tert- temperature processing
butyl-4-
hydroxyphe
nyl)propion
yloxy]-1-[2-
[3-(3,5-di-
tert-butyl-4-
hydropheny
l)propionylo
xy]ethyl]-
2,2,6,6-
tetramethyl
piperidine
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92761-26- Ecamsule sunscreening agent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
7 http://www.nicnas.gov.au/current_issues/cosmetics/cosmetic_guidelines
_pdf.pdf
106990- Chimassorb thermal hindered amine stabilizer (HALS) in polyethylene, 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 x 0 0

43-6 119
149-57-5 2- •A major use of 2-EHA is as thermal stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

Ethylhexan (PVC), and in the preparation of metal salts and soaps used as drying
oic acid, agents in paint and inks.
esters with •2-EHA is also used in the manufacture of resins used in automobile
windshields and vinyl flooring.
http://www.chemicalsubstanceschimiques.gc.ca/challenge-
defi/summary-sommaire/batch-lot-11/149-57-5-eng.php
Potassium 2-ethylhexanoate is used as a catalyst for polyurethane
systems (foams) and for unsaturated polyester resin systems (boats,
shower stalls, etc.) and as a carbon black production catalyst.
Calcium 2-ethylhexanoate is used as an auxiliary drier in solvent-borne
coatings and sometimes as a dispersing agent.
http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/summaries/metalcarb/c14172rt1.pdf
147315- 2-(4,6- Used as a UV absorber in polymers to counteract breakdown by weather 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

50-2 diphenyl- and in particular, UV. Added at the rates of 0.1-8% to the powdered or
1,3,5- granular
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triazin-2- polymer material, blended to achieve homogeneity and fed into extruders
yl)-5- or
((hexyl)oxy moulding machines. It is then used in the manufacture of high quality
)-phenol, polycarbonate roofing sheets, engineering plastics and laminating films.
biocid http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/car/new/na/nafullr/na0300fr/na36
3fr.pdf
103597- Bisoctrizole UV absorber 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

45-1
1310-73-2 Sodium The draft OECD SIAR reports that sodium hydroxide mainly has 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hydroxide, industrial uses, and globally
uses these are: organic chemicals (18%); pulp and paper (18%); inorganic
chemicals (15%);
soaps, detergents and textile (12%); alumina (8%); water treatment (5%);
and others (24%).
It is also used by the drink and beer industry, to clean non-disposable
bottles and for general
disinfection and cleaning purposes. Sodium hydroxide (up to 100%) is
also used by
consumers for drain and pipe cleaning, wood treatment, to make soap,
and is present in
batteries and oven-cleaner pads.
http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/information_sheets/existing_che
mical_information_sheets/ecis_naoh_pdf.pdf
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plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
12125-02- Ammonium An ingredient in fireworks and safety and contact explosives, used in the 0 x 0 0 x 0 x 0 0 x
9 chloride textile and leather industry in dyeing, tanning textile printing and to
luster cotton.used as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated,
galvanized or soldered. It works as a flux by cleaning the surface of
workpieces by reacting with the metal oxides at the surface to form a
volatile metal chloride. For this purpose, it is sold in blocks at hardware
stores for use in cleaning the tip of a soldering iron and can also be
included in solder as flux.It is also used as electrolyte in Zinc–carbon
batteries. Other uses include in hair shampoo, in the glue that bonds
plywood, in cleaning products like lysol. In hair shampoo, it is used as a
thickening agent in ammonium-based surfactant systems, such as
ammonium lauryl sulfate.
17980-47- triethoxyiso waterproof agent for building materials. After application to the concrete 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 x 0 0
1 butylsilane substrate, RJWP05 reacts with the atmospheric moisture which is
exposed to acid or alkaline environment and pore water in the substrate,
forming a water layer of exclusion, thereby inhibiting the water into the
substrate.
Then the substrate will have good waterproof, anti-Cl -, anti-ultraviolet

performance and good air permeability.
It will prevent the substrate from the corrosion, loose, peeling, mildew-
induced lesions caused to the concrete and the interior steel structure due
to water seepage, sunshine, rain and sea erosion and it will improve the
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plastics
rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
life of the building.
http://rui.en.alibaba.com/product/480444144-
212596196/waterproof_agent_for_building_materials_Isobutyl_triethoxy
silane_CAS_17980_47_1.html
555-31-7 Triisopropo Waterproof agent 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x

xyaluminu Aluminum isopropylate is used to make aluminum soaps, paints,
m waterproofing
finishes for textiles, and other chemicals. It is used as a dehydrating
agent, a viscosity adjustor for
varnishes, an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, and as an antitranspirant
in cosmetics.
Inert ingredient in pesticide, stabilizer in insecticide amitraz.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/aluminumisopropoxide.pdf
102-06-7 Diphenylgu process regulators in vulcanization of rubber or polymerization 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

anidine processes. In consumer products made of rubber and polymers.
78-67-1 Aibn vulcanization or polymerization agent 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/hpvis/hazchar/13472087_%20Butanenitrile
%2022'-azobis%202methyl%20_AMBN__September_2010.pdf
foamer in plastics and rubber and as a radical initiator. It is commonly
known as AIBN. Its most common chemical reaction is one of
decomposition, eliminating a molecule of nitrogen gas to form two 2-
cyanoprop-2-yl radicals
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rubber
leather
textile
paper
metal
wood
AIBN is safer to use than benzoyl peroxide (another radical initiator)
because the risk of explosion is far smaller.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azobisisobutyronitrile
80-43-3 Dicumyl vulcanizing agent rubber 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 x 0 0

peroxide Compared to sulfur vulcanization, organic peroxide cured elastomers
exhibit superior physical properties such as low compression set,
improved heat resistance, and rapid vulcanization without reversion.
=PERKADOX BC
http://www.akzonobel.com/polymer/our_products/trigonox_perkadox_cr
osslinking_peroxides/
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Appendix 2 All production process related classified substances in their respective materials
from the literature search.
This appendix includes a list of 239 classified substances found in the literature study that have been assessed to have some function in
a material that can be used in toys.
The number in the columns for the materials groups stands for the number of hits that this material got in the literature search for each
substance. An “x” means that the authors have assigned the substance to the materials group.
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1314-80-3 Phosphorus Chemical Weapons? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sulfide
50-14-6 Ergo calciferol Vitamin D2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
51-34-3 Scopolamine pharmaceutical, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

asthma, depressant, "truth drug"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine
137658- 2-(4,6-bis(2,4- no reference available 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

79-8 dimethylphenyl)-
1,3,5-triazin-2-
yl)-5-(3-((2-
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ethylhexyl)oxy)-
2-
hydroxypropoxy)
phenol
67-97-0 Cholecalciferol A form of vitamin D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
66-81-9 Cycloheximide It is used as a plant growth regulator to stimulate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ethylene production. It is used as a rodenticide and
other animal pesticide. It is also used as a media to
detect to unwanted bacteria by suppressing yeasts and
molds in beer fermentation.
732-11-6 Phosmet crops eg cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
101-31-5 Hyoscyamine tropane alkaloide muscle release e.g heart disease , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

parkinsons etc
57-47-6 Physostigmine alkaloid to treat Alzheimer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(eserine)
58-74-2 Papaverine smooth muscle relaxant. It belongs to the group of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

medicines called vasodilators
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630-60-4 Ouabain used in the treatment of heart failure 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
66-76-2 dicoumarol anticoagulant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
71-63-6 Digitoxin used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10026-04- Silicon precursor for silicones 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 tetrachloride,
reaction products
with glycols
100-37-8 Diethylethanolam precursor for polymers, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ine
100-41-4 Ethylbenzene, precursor for styrene and xylenes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100-42-5 Styrene precursor for polystyrene 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
100-46-9 Benzylamine precursor for colorants and coatings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10049-04- Chlorine dioxide desinfectant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4
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100-51-6 Benzyl alcohol solvent, preservative, precursor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100-52-7 Benzaldehyde precursor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
101-02-0 Triphenylphosphi precursor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

te
101-14-4 4,4'- precursor for PU manufacturing 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

Methylenebis(2-
chloroaniline)
(MBOCA)
101-72-4 N-Isopropyl-N’- anti-degradant in rubber 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

phenyl-p-
phenylenediamine
(IPPD)
103-83-3 N,N- precursor for polyurethane manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dimethylbenzyla
mine (BDMA)
106-47-8 4-Chloroaniline precursor for the production of pesticides/biocides (e.g 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

Chlorhexidine), drugs and dyestuffs.
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106-91-2 Glycidyl precursor to paint resin and as intermediate of chemical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
methacrylate products, and no consumer use is reported.
107-15-3 Ethylenediamine primarily use as precursor in the production of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid (EDTA)but also in the production of polyamide
resins, ethylene bis-stearamide, gasoline and lube oil
additives and cationic
surfactants.
108-01-0 2- Make flocculants for wastewater treatment, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

dimethylaminoeth manufacture of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams
anol (DMAE) and polyurethane lacquers, water-based paints and
surface coatings and for ion exchange resins,
pharmaceuticals, and corrosion inhibitor.
formulations
108-05-4 Acetic acid manufacture of polyvinyl and vinyl acetate 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

ethenyl ester copolymers, which are used in water-based paints,
(vinyl acetate) adhesives, paper coatings, and applications not
requiring service at extreme temperatures and in safety
glass and hairspray.
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108-10-1 Methylisobutylket used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, lacquers, and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
one (MIBK) certain polymers and resins. Also used is as a precursor
to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylene
diamine (6PPD), an antiozonant used in tires.
108-18-9 Diisopropylamine Catalyst for polymerization. Anti-eroding lubricant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(DIPA) agent and emulsifying agent . Intermediate for
pharmaceuticals, coating materials, pesticide, rubber
chemicals, fiber, Alkylalkanolamines and other organic
products. Additive in petroleum industry. solvent for
hydrocarbon extraction.
108-32-7 Propylene Foundry, polyester polyol, wire coating, polyurethane, 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

carbonate pesticide solvent, solvent for manufactured wood
products, surface coatings, paint stripping, textile
production and cleaners.It is suitable for wire enamels
based on polyesters, polyurethanes, polyesterimides,
epoxy and phenol resins.
108-46-3 Resorcinol (1,3 Used in resins as an UV absorber,manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

benzendiol) fluorescent and leather dyes and adhesives (resorcinol
formaldehyde resins), a pharmaceutical to treat acne
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and other greasy skin conditions in combination with
other acne treatments such as sulfur, as an anti-
dandruff agent in shampoo and sunscreen cosmetics, as
a chemical intermediate to synthesis pharmaceuticals
and other organic compounds. Resorcinol is one of
parent material of topical keratolytic agents
108-83-8 Diisobutyl ketone Used as a solvent in the leather processing industry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(DIBK) during the coating of leather for shoes, furniture, cars
etc. DIBK is also used as a solvent in formulations of
paints, laquers and varnishes.
108-87-2 Methylcyclohexa used in organic synthesis and as a solvent for cellulose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ne ethers.
108-88-3 Toluene used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing
and leather tanning processes
108-94-1 cyclohexanone industrial - used as intermediate in the production of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

adipic acid.agricultural - used as solvent in herbicides.
Component of a "filling mass", glue hardener,
equipment cleaner, activator, and solvent for cable
marking paint.Component in deodorizing agents,
accelerators, floor paint, anti-corrosive paint,
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varnishes, ship primers, solvents, printing inks, and
viscosity reducers. industrial coating processes as
accelerator.
109-99-9 THF Used as a reaction medium for Grignard and metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hydride reactions; in the synthesis of butyrolactone,
succinic acid, and 1,4-butanediol diacelate; in the
fabrication of articles for packaging, transporting, and
storing of foods; as a solvent for dyes and lacquers;
and as a chemical intermediate in polymerization
solvent for fat oils, unvulcanized rubber, resins, and
plastics. Tetrahydrofuran is also an indirect food
additive when it is in contact with the surface of
articles intended for use in food processing.
110-82-7 Cyclohexane Used as a raw material for adipic acid and caprolactam. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
110-88-3 Trioxane, Used as an intermediate in resin and synthetic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

polymers with manufacturing. Other minor uses associated with this
dioxolane, Bu chemical are as an adhesive and binding agent in
glycidyl ether, electric lamp bulb and part manufacturing, and other
chemical product and preparations.
110-89-4 piperidine precursor of dipiperidinyl dithiuram tetrasulfide, which 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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is used as a rubber vulcanization accelerator.
111-40-0 Diethylenetriamin Used in the following applications: as a hardener 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e (DETA) Epoxy curing agent
Epoxy hardener
Epoxy patching for cement
Used in non-dispersive uses, closed systems
http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/oecdsids/111400.p
df
112-34-5 Diethylene Glycol In pesticide products, DEGBE acts as an inert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Monobutyl Ether ingredient as a deactivator for formulation before
(DEGBE) the crop emerges from the soil and as a stabilizer.
DEGBE is also a chemical intermediate for
the synthesis of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
acetate, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and
piperonyl acetate, and as a solvent in high baked
enamels. Other applications of DEGBE are as a
dispersant for vinyl chloride resins in organosols, a
diluent for hydraulic brake fluids, and a
mutual solvent for soap, oil, and water in household
cleaners. The textile industry uses DEGBE
as a wetting-out solution. DEGBE is also a solvent for
nitrocellulose, oils, dyes, gums, soaps,
and polymers. DEGBE is also used as coupling solvent
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in liquid cleaners, cutting fluids, and
textile auxiliaries. In the printing industry, DEGBE
applications include: solvent in lacquers,
paints, and printing inks; high boiling point solvent to
improve gloss and flow properties; and
used as a solubilizer in mineral oil products.
115-07-1 Propylene, Used as a starting material in the production of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

polymers polypropylene plastics and various other chemicals,
including acrylonitrile, isopropyl alcohol, propylene
oxide, butyraldehyde, cumene, dodecane, nonene, and
allyl chloride.
118612- N,N- pharmaceutical and agricultural fine chemicals (ref: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

00-3 dimethylaniliniu Asahi)
m
tetrakis(pentafluo
rophenyl)borate
120-71-8 p-Cresidine Used in the production of various azo dyes 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
120-78-5 di(benzothiazol- Vulcanisation activator for the rubber industry 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

2-yl) disulphide
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120-83-2 2,4- Used primarily as an intermediate in the preparation of 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Dichlorophenol the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
121-44-8 Triethylamine mainly used in the production of quaternary 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

(TEA) ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and
quaternary ammonium salts of dyes. It is also a catalyst
and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is
useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines,
pesticides and other chemicals.
Active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for

anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster, used in
mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize
mosquitoes. This is done to preserve any viral material
that might be present during species identification.
121-57-3 sulphanilic acid Sulfonic acid and its salts present in organic dyes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
provide useful function of water solubility and or
improve the washfastness of dyes due to their
capabiltity of binding more tightly to the fabric.
Sulfanilic acid is used as an intermediate for colorants
(dyes, food colors, optical brightening agents),
medicines and other organic synthesis. It is a
component of griess reagent to determine nitrous acid.
Sulfanilic acid is converted to sulfanilamide which is
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one of the basic materials to produce antibacterial sulfa
drugs. There is an isomer called metanilic acid,
sulfonic group at position 2. It is used in the
manufacture of azo dyes and in synthesis sulfa drugs.
121-69-7 N,N- Key precursor to commercially important 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dimethylaniline triarylmethane dyes such as Malachite green and
(DMA) Crystal violet, serves as a promoter in the curing of
polyester and vinyl ester resins. Is also used as a
precursor to other organic compounds.
123-30-8 4-aminophenol Dyeing textiles, hair, furs, feathers; photographic 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

developer; pharmaceuticals; antioxidants, oil additives
Intermediate in mfr of sulfur and azo dyes
CHEM INT FOR THE ANALGESIC, PHENACETIN,
AND FOR OTHER ANALGESICS &
ANTIPYRETICS; CHEM INT FOR THE DYES,
DISPERSE YELLOW 1, ACID YELLOW 40, AND
ACID YELLOW 76
4-Aminophenol is a strong reducing agent and is
employed as a photographic developer...it also acts as a
corrosion inhibitor in paints and as an anticorrosion-
lubricating agent in 2-cycle engine fuels. 4-
Aminophenol is also used as a wood stain, imparting a
roselike color to timber, and as a dyeing agent for fur
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and feathers.
4-Aminophenol is used as a developer in oxidation hair
dyes
Used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of
Acid Yellow 40; Acid Yellow 76; N-benzyl-p-
aminophenol hydrochloride; N-butyryl-p-aminophenol;
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine; N-lauroyl-p-
aminophenol; N-methyl-p-aminophenol; paracetamol;
N-pelagonoyl-p-aminophenol; N-stearoyl-p-
aminophenol; Sulphur Black 11; Sulphur Green 1;
Sulphur Green 9; Sulphur Green 11; Sulphur Red 10;
triglycidyl-p-aminophenol
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=E87CF0F
D-BDB5-82F8-FD1C4741F9BC7ED9#Uses
123-31-9 Hydroquinone, Hydroquinone is used an antioxidant in the rubber 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

industry and as a developing agent in photography. It is
also an intermediate in the manufacture of rubber and
food antioxidants and monomer inhibitors.
Hydroquinone and products containing hydroquinone
are used as depigmenting agents to lighten skin.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=0708C8DF-95C1-
3EAD-8F4EF9AF16B25540
Hydroquinone (also known as 1,4-Benzenediol) is a

chemical used by industry in the manufacture of
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certain products. It also occurs naturally in some food.
http://www.chemicalsubstanceschimiques.gc.ca/challe
nge-defi/summary-sommaire/batch-lot-1/123-31-9-
eng.php
123-54-6 2,4-Pentanedione, Non-confidential information in the IUR indicated that 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uses the industrial processing and uses of the chemical
include intermediates, solvents (for chemicals
manufacturing and processes and do not become part
of any product at greater tha 1% by weight). Consumer
uses of this chemical includes paints and coatings etc.
http://www.epa.gov/hpvis/hazchar/123546_2,4-
Pentanedione_December2009.pdf
123-77-3 Azodicarbonamid The principal end use of azodicarbonamide is as a 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

e blowing agent
in the rubber and plastics industries. It is used in the
expansion of
a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl
chloride, polyolefins,
and natural and synthetic rubbers. The blowing
action occurs when the
azodicarbonamide decomposes on heating (process
temperatures
approx. 190-230°C) to yield gases (nitrogen, carbon
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monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and ammonia), solid residues, and
sublimated substances.
Decomposition accelerators, in the form of metal
salts and oxides, may
also be added to bring about decomposition at lower
temperatures.
Azodicarbonamide has in the past been used in the
United Kingdom
and Eire (but not other European Union member
states) as a flour
improver in the bread-making industry, but this use
is no longer
permitted. It is not known how common this practice
is worldwide.
Azodicarbonamide is not used in other consumer
products.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad
16.htm
126-73-8 Tributyl The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

phosphate, of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth
analysis extraction and
purification. Minor uses of TBP include use as a
defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, an
anti-air
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entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as
well as a carrier for fluorescent dyes. The major uses of
TBP comprise over 80 percent of the volume produced.
No current consumer product uses of TBP have been
identified. The primary occupational exposure to TBP
results from its use as an ingredient in aircraft
hydraulic
fluids. The potential for exposure to TBP varies with
the type of maintenance activity, but is almost always
via
a dermal pathway. The production volume of TBP is
estimated at 3,000 – 5,000 tonnes worldwide.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/126-73-
8.pdf
126-98-7 Methacrylonitrile, This chemical is used as an intermediate in the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

polymers preparation of methacryllic derivatives, and polymers.
Exposure to
this chemical via inhalation and dermal routes may be
possible during handling of quality control samples,
and tank
lorry filling.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/126987.pd
f
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127-65-1 Chloramine-T It is used to bleach products (textiles and in the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
conservation of books), to dye textiles, as the starting
material for other compounds, and as a laboratory
reagent.
The metabolite p-Toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) isused
as an additive to outdoor paints in Sweden.
Chloramine-T, as an anti-microbial agent, has had
widespread use in a broad range of practices, including
medical, dental, veterinary, food processing, and
agricultural. As a disinfectant, it is used to disinfect
surfaces and instruments. Chloramine-T has a low
degree of cytotoxicity and has been used in direct
contact with tissues. As such, it is used in the treatment
of burns, in whirlpools for the treatment of
wounds, and as an oral mouthwash. In agricultural
practices, chloramine-T has been approved as a
broadspectrum
biocide for foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular
disease, diseases of poultry, and tuberculosis in the
United Kingdom, and is used in numerous branches of
industry such as intensive
farming, slaughterhouses, and kitchens. Within the
United States, use of chloramine-T is more restricted.
EPA registration for eating establishment utensils,
barbershop instruments and as an herbicide was
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withdrawn between 1983 and 1987.
Currently, there is interest in obtaining approval from
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the
use of chloramine-T in aquaculture.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/e
xsumpdf/chloraminet.pdf
13048-33- polymers with ,6-Hexanediol diacrylate is used as a functional 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 methylenetricyclo monomer for polymers and as a crosslinking agent
decanedimethanol between the molecular chains of polymers. End
application include adhesives & sealants, alkyd
coatings, elastomer, photoresist; photopolymers
electronics, inks for improved adhesion, hardness,
abrasion and heat resistance.
http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/functional%
20Monomer/1,6-
HEXANEDIOL%20DIACRYLATE.htm
1310-58-3 Potassium KOH has mainly industrial uses. On a global level the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hydroxide main uses are (Occidental Chem. Corp.,
(K(OH)), 2000):
processes Potassium carbonate: 26 %
Chemical manufacturing: 16 %
Potassium chemicals: 12 %
Fertilizers: 11 %
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Phosphates: 9 %
Detergents: 8 %
Agricultural chemicals: 7 %
Alkaline batteries: 6 %
All other: 5 %.
So, more than 95% of the KOH production is for non
dispersive use, and is consumed by the
industry, mainly by large enterprises. KOH is used in
these applications as an intermediate and do
not leave the plant where it is used. In these
applications, KOH is consumed in a reaction and is no
more present in the product that goes to the market.
KOH is still present in the alkaline batteries,
but here this substance is strictly confined in the
battery screening and doesn’t come in contact with
the consumer.
Less than 5% of the KOH production is for wide
dispersive use and enters in the composition of
consumer products (eventually to be consumed in
small enterprises like garages or farms): paint and
varnish removers (ICCA-HPV KOH Consortium,
2001), drain cleaners (Howell, 1991; Leape et al.,
1971), degreasing agents (Swanson et al., 1995) and
dairy pipeline cleaners (Edmonson, 1987).
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/POTASSI
UMHYD.pdf
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1313-13-9 Manganese Manganese dioxide is commonly used in the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dioxide, uses production of batteries, matches, fireworks, porcelain,
glass-bonding materials and amethyst glass, as the
starting material for production of other manganese
compounds, and as an oxidising agent.
http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/manganese/index.ht
ml
1313-82-2 Sodium sulfide, Used in the making sulphur dyes or dyestuff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uses intermediate reducer, mordant, flotation agent,
depilator
?
http://www.haitonglongwin.com/product/277/
1333-74-0 Hydrogen, uses vätgas??? Som bränsle kanske? 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1336-21-6 Ammonia water Used in detergents, stain removers, bleaches, dyes, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fibres and resins.
http://www.saps.gov.za/drugs/precursor_control/precur
sor_chemicals.htm
ammoniak i en leksak? Det luktar ju illa…
140-88-5 Ethyl acrylate Ethyl acrylate is a monomer used to produce polymers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

and copolymers for use in latex paints, textiles, paper
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coatings, fabric finishes, dirt release agents, and
specialty plastics.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=0706C4F1-B5C3-
1B13-1C69FBC344B555E4
141-32-2 Butyl acrylate, n-Butyl acrylate is used in the production of polymers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

reaction products and resins for textile and
leather finishes, solvent coatings, adhesives, paints,
binders and emulsifiers
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mo
no71-14.pdf
142-96-1 Dibutyl ether •Solvent for hydrocarbons, fatty materials; extracting 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

agent, used especially for separating metals, solvent
purification, organic synthesis (reaction medium).
•Solvent ... for esters, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids,
oils, org acids, & resins
•Has limited use as a solvent in the preparation of
Grignard reagents.
•Proposed as high-cetane diesel additive
•Used to complex Ziegler catalysts to improve catalytic
activity
•Used in plutonium separation processes
•Solvent for many natural and synthetic resins, fats,
oils, organic acids, and alkaloids, especially at high
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temperature. When mixed with ethanol or 1-butanol,
di-n-butyl ether also dissolves ethyl cellulose. ...
Extractant for aqueous solutions. It is also employed as
a reaction medium (Grignard reactions).
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=E87DC3F
E-BDB5-82F8-F3B79B52021C2C5D
14324-55- zinc Used for NR, IR, BR, SBR, NBR, EPDM and their 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 bis(diethyldithioc latexes. A fast curing primary or secondary effective
arbamate) ultra-accelerator for natural and synthetic latex form
compounds. Can be used advantageously for dipped,
spread, and cast goods. Similar in property that of PZ.
Has less resistance to scorching than PZ and shows a
slight tendency to premature vulcanization. An
antioxidant in adhesive systems.
http://www.parchem.com/chemical-supplier-
distributor/Zinc-diethyl-dithiocarbamate-007687.aspx
Accelerator for rubber vulcanization, heat stabilizer for
polyethylene. (toys heated?)
http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailC
B2176910_EN.htm
144-62-7 oxalic acid Microbiocide used in textile finishing, cleaning agents, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

bleaching leather, dye manufacturing and as plant
protection product.
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http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/oxalicacid.pdf
149-30-4 Nocceler M Vulcanization accelerator and pesticide 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.lookchem.com/cas-149/149-30-4.html and
http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?mode=dbl&lang=en&ihmlang
=en&lng1=en,sv&lng2=bg,cs,da,de,el,en,es,et,fi,fr,hu,i
t,lt,lv,mt,nl,pl,pt,ro,sk,sl,sv,&val=477347:cs&page=
150-76-5 Mequinol Non-confidential information in the IUR indicated that 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

the industrial processing and uses of the
chemical include resin and synthetic rubber
manufacturing as intermediates; and other basic
organic chemical manufacturing as “other.” Non-
confidential commercial and consumer uses of
this chemical include “other.”
http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/hpvis/hazchar/150765_4-
Hydroxyanisole_September_2010.pdf
151-56-4 Ethylenimine, Ethyleneimine is used in polymerization products; as a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

biological studies monomer for polyethyleneimine; as a comonomer for
polymers (e.g., with ethylenediamine); and in paper
and textile chemicals, adhesives, binders, petroleum
refining chemicals, fuels and lubricants, coating resins,
varnishes, lacquers, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics,
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ion exchange resins, photographic chemicals, and
surfactants
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/ethyl-mi.html
1675-54-3 2,2'-[(1- Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether: BADGE has been used 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

methylethylidene) commercially for 40 years as a raw material. BADGE
bis(4,1- is the primary chemical building block for the broad
phenyleneoxymet spectrum of materials referred to generally as epoxy
hylene)]bisoxiran resins.
e http://www.dow.com/productsafety/finder/bisphenol.ht
m
205-99-2 Benz[e]acephena Most PAHs are used to conduct research. However, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

nthrylene some PAHs are used to make dyes, plastics, and
pesticides. Some are even used in medicines.
http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/fa
ctshts/pahs.pdf
207-08-9 Benzo[k]fluorant Most PAHs are used to conduct research. However, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hene some PAHs are used to make dyes, plastics, and
ctshts/pahs.pdf
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218-01-9 Chrysene Most PAHs are used to conduct research. However, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
some PAHs are used to make dyes, plastics, and
ctshts/pahs.pdf
2499-95-8 Hexyl acrylate, acrylic monomer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2634-33-5 1,2- BIT is an antimicrobial that is used as an industrial 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Benzisothiazol- preservative for the protection of water-based
3(2H)-one adhesives, caulks, sealants, grouts, spackling, ready-
mixed cements, ready-mixed wallboard compounds,
aqueous compositions such as emulsion paints,
aqueous slurries, home cleaning and car care products,
laundry detergents, fabric softeners, stain removers,
inks, photographic processing solutions, paints and
stains, titanium dioxide slurries, oil in water emulsions,
latices, metalworking fluids, casein/rosin dispersions,
textile spin-finish solutions, pesticide formulations,
tape joint compound, leather processing solutions,
preservation of fresh animal hides and skins, and for
offshore and terrestrial gas/oil drilling muds and packer
fluids preservation. 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one is also
used as an inert ingredient in a variety of products as a
materials preservative
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http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/benzisothiazolin_r
ed.pdf
use as a biocide in uncured liquid rubber latex not to
exceed 0.02 percent by weight of the latex solids,
where the total of all items listed in paragraph
(c)(4)(ix) of this section does not exceed 5 percent of
the rubber product.
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcf
r/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=177.2600
26628-22- sodium azide Herbicide, pesticide, reagent, diagnostic medicine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 preservative, fungicide, fumigant (HSDB 1990). It is
the principal chemical used to generate nitrogen gas in
automobile safety airbags and airplane escape chutes
and is a broad-spectrum biocide used in both research
and agriculture.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=BCA50BDF-123F-
7908-7B131133FC5B3564
Kvicksilverfritt alternativ till Tiomersal för
desinfektion av medicinteknisk utrustning
(transfusions- och dialysutrustning)
http://www.kemi.se/Documents/Om_Kemi/Docs/Reger
ingsuppdrag/Regeringsuppdrag_Hg_1009.pdf
2699-79-8 Sulfuryl fluoride Biocide. Sulfuryl fluoride has two uses: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Vikane - for structural fumigation (click here)
ProFume - for fumigation of food & feed facilities
EPA Office of Pesticides informed FAN today that
they have granted all our Objections to the use of
sulfuryl fluoride on the grounds that children are
overexposed to fluoride. If DOW AgroSciences does
not mount a substantive defence against these grounds,
the majority of foods will not be fumigated with
sulfuryl fluoride beginning this year and all food
fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride will end in three
years.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sulfuryl-
fluoride-page.htm
2782-57-2 Troclosene Bleach and disinfectant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Major Uses:
IN HOUSEHOLD DRY BLEACHES,

DISHWASHING COMPOUNDS, SCOURING
POWDERS, & DETERGENT SANITIZERS;
REPLACEMENT FOR CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Rheinhold Co., 1993 381]**PEER REVIEWED**
AS SWIMMING POOL DISINFECTANT
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[VAN KLINGEREN B ET AL; QUANTITATIVE
SUSPENSION TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF
DISINFECTANTS FOR SWIMMING POOL
WATER: EXPERIENCES WITH SODIUM
HYPOCHLORITE AND SODIUM
DICHLOROISOCYANURATE; ZENTRALBL
BAKTERIOL (B) 170(5-6) 471 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CONCN OF 2000 PPM EXFOLIATED &

DESTROYED SLIME WHICH HAD GROWN ON
HEAT EXCHANGERS OF RECIRCULATING
COOLING SYSTEMS IMPROVING THE
TRANSFER COEFFICIENCY
[SUZUKI S, FUJITO M; SLIME EXFOLIATION OF
RECIRCULATING COOLING WATER BY
DICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID; BOKIN BOBAI
8(12) 527 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
www.pesticideinfo.org/.../2782-57-2hsdb.doc
2807-30-9 Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol (EG) has many product applications, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
including antifreeze coolants, polyester resin (PET),
film and fibers, heat transfer and hydraulic fluids,
solvents, plasticizer formulations, unsaturated
polyester resins, and raw materials for ester and
polyester polyol production.
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http://www.huntsman.com/performance_products/inde
x.cfm?PageID=5340
Annual U.S. production volumes for EGPE and
EGBEA are each in the range of 4,540 – 22,700 metric
tons. The
production volume for EGHE is 450 – 4,500 metric
tons. The use patterns for these materials are similar,
with
qualitative differences. All are used predominately as
solvents or coalescing aids for surface coatings,
printing
inks, metal cleaners, detergents, fire foams, oil field
chemicals, pharmaceutical manufacture, agricultural
chemicals, leather manufacture and finishing cleaners
and adhesives. They are also used as chemical
intermediates and in hair dyes. Most applications are
industrial, but these materials may also be present at
the 1-
10% range in some consumer products.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/Monoethy
leneGlycolEthers.pdf
37329-65- Cellobiohydrolase Hydrolizer of cellulose 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 Cellulase is used for commercial food processing in
coffee. It performs hydrolysis of cellulose during
drying of beans. Furthermore, cellulases are widely
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used in textile industry and in laundry detergents. They
have also been used in the pulp and paper industry for
various purposes, and they are even used for
pharmaceutical applications. Cellulase is used in the
fermentation of biomass into biofuels, although this
process is relatively experimental at present. Cellulase
is used as a treatment for phytobezoars, a form of
cellulose bezoar found in the human stomach.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase
50-32-8 Benzo[a]pyrene, Most PAHs are used to conduct research. However, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

processes some PAHs are used to make dyes, plastics, and
ctshts/pahs.pdf
PAH, carbon black?
http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemica
l.asp?id=318
51-79-6 urethane Ethyl carbamate, solvent (Despite its common name, it 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

is not a component of polyurethanes.)
Urethane (ethyl carbamate) is produced commercially
for use in the preparation and modification of amino
resins and as a cosolvent during the manufacture of
pesticides, fumigants, and cosmetics. It has also been
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used as a chemical intermediate in the textile industry
to impart wash and wear properties to fabrics, as a
cosolvent with drugs, and, for a brief period, as an
antineoplastic agent for the treatment of chronic
leukemia and multiple myeloma.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=070B3F7C-A3FA-
B17E-9D58E975CE900F23
solvent
http://www.miamichemical.com/chemical_manufacturi
ng.html
52315-07- Cypermethrin pesticide, also for wool 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

8 http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemica
l.asp?id=17
52-51-7 Bronopol microbiocide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l.asp?id=200
Usage: biocide in paper industry, cosmetic, etc, used as
preservatives for coatings and slurries and to control
microbial fouling in paper mills and process water
systems
http://www.alibaba.com/product-
gs/304763771/99_Bronopol.html
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52645-53- Permethrin pesticide, also for wool and transports 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
l.asp?id=142
Permethrin (CAS No. 52645-53-1) is a contact
insecticide effective against a broad range
of pests in agriculture, forestry and public health. It has
been used as a larvicide to control
aquatic invertebrates in water mains. Permethrin is
photodegraded both in water and on
soil surfaces. In soil, permethrin is rapidly degraded by
hydrolysis and microbial action
under aerobic conditions.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chem
icals/permethrin_summary_statement.pdf
52918-63- Deltamethrin pesticide, for wool, 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

l.asp?id=19
533-74-4 Tetrahydro-3,5- Dazomet, microbiocide and pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dimethyl- Dazomet is used as a non-selective soil fumigant with
2H,1,3,5- fungicidal, herbicidal, and nematicidal properties. It is
thiadiazine-2- also used as an algaecide, bacteriostat, fungicide,
thione microbiocide, mildewcide in a number of antimicrobial
use sites.
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http://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/catalog_display.cfm?&
FIELD1=SUBJECT&INPUT1=Pesticides%20environ
mental%20aspects&TYPE1=EXACT&item_count=49
53-70-3 Dibenz[a,h]anthra Most PAHs are used to conduct research. However, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cene some PAHs are used to make dyes, plastics, and
ctshts/pahs.pdf
541-41-3 Ethyl polymerization initiator, pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

chloroformate Chloroformates are used as intermediates in the
synthesis of pesticides, herbicides, perfumes,
18 pharmaceuticals, foods, polymers, and dyes.
Chloroformates are also used for conversion to
19 peroxydicarbonates, which then serve as free radical
initiators for polymerization of vinyl
20 chloride, ethylene, and other unsaturated monomers
(Kreutzberger, 2003).
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/pubs/chloroformates_int
erim.pdf
563-80-4 Methyl isopropyl solvent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ketone The High Production Volume (HPV) submission for
CASRN 563-80-4 stated that this chemical is used
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primarily as an intermediate in the synthesis of other
chemicals and as an industrial solvent which may find
some use in coating applications.
56-55-3 Benz[a]anthracen Most PAHs are used to conduct research. However, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e some PAHs are used to make dyes, plastics, and
ctshts/pahs.pdf
598-56-1 ethyldimethylami used under pressure as a gas catalyst in the coremaking 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ne (DMEA) operation in aluminum casting foundry
60-29-7 Diethyl ether used in production of gun powder where ether mixed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
with ethanol is the solvent for nitrocellulose. Ether
mixed with ethanol is also the solvent for the less
nitrated cellulose in collodium, a cellulose nitrate used
in paint and lacquers and in old photo techniques.
Diethyl ether is an excellent solvent for fats, waxes,
resins and similar substances and is used for
extractions both in laboratories and industrially. As it is
free from water and rather inert it is also used in many
organic syntheses
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62-53-3 Aniline exclusively used as a chemical intermediate, with 71% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
being processed to 4,4’-
methylenedianiline (MDA), the starting material for
polyurethane plastics. Other
industrial uses are for processing to caoutchouc
chemicals (15%), dyes (5%), pesticides
(3%), pharmaceuticals (1.2%), fibres (1%) and others
(3.7%).
62-75-9 N- It was used to make rocket fuel, but this use was 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nitrosodimethyla stopped after unusually high levels of this chemical
mine (NDMA) were found in air, water, and soil samples collected
near a rocket fuel manufacturing plant. It is used in
some cosmetic
and toiletry products and in cleansers.n-
Nitrosodimethylamine is unintentionally formed during
various manufacturing processes and in air, water, and
soil from reactions involving other chemicals called
alkylamines. It is also found in some foods and may be
formed in the body.
630-08-0 Carbon Used as a gaseous fuel, as a precursor for organic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

monoxide, compounds, and as a reactant in the purification of
nickel and other metals
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64-18-6 Formic acid used in the production of leather -incl. tanning- and in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dying and finishing of textile (9% of the global
consumption in 2009[7]) because of its acidic nature.
Use as a coagulant in the production of rubber .
used in the production of leather -incl. tanning- , in

dyeing and finishing of textile because of its acidic
nature. Use as a coagulant in the production of
rubber[4] constituted in 2009 6% of the global
consumption.[7]
64-19-7 Acetic acid used as a chemical reagent for the production of 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic
acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer,
closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester
production.
646-06-0 1,3-dioxolane Among these potential uses 95% or more of the current 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
production is consumed in either the
production of polyacetals or as a starting material for
the production of a drug substance. Almost
all of the remainder is used as a process solvent. There
are currently no consumer applications for
Dioxolane. Thus, all exposure occurs in industrial
settings where the material is a desired
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reaction product or used as a reactant or solvent.
Among these potential uses 95% or more of the current
production is consumed in either the
production of polyacetals or as a starting material for
the production of a drug substance. Almost
all of the remainder is used as a process solvent. There
are currently no consumer applications for
Dioxolane. Thus, all exposure occurs in industrial
settings where the material is a desired
reaction product or used as a reactant or solvent.
67-56-1 Methanol A solvent with many and diverse uses e.g electronics, 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
paints and varnishes, pesticide, paper, rubber
production and as anti freezing agent.
67-66-3 Chloroform used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry and for 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

producing dyes and pesticides, to bond pieces of
acrylic glass (Plexiglas), for the production of
fluorcarbons and reagent in various synthesis.
71-43-2 Benzene it is an important industrial solvent and precursor to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

basic industrial chemicals including drugs, plastics,
synthetic rubber, and dyes.
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7440-23-5 Sodium, salts Miscellaneous chemical and industrial uses for 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
instance within metallurgy, leather - tanning, textile
dyeing etc.
7440-28-0 Thallium, salts Used mostly in manufacturing electronic devices, 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

with carboxylic switches, and closures, primarily for the semiconductor
industry. It also has limited use in the manufacture of
special glass and for certain medical procedures.
7440-61-1 Uranium, salts Mainly used in nuclear power plants today. Other uses 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
with are legacy uses.
7440-70-2 Calcium Calcium is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

other metals, such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium,
as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarbonizer for
various ferrous and nonferrous alloys, as an alloying
agent used in the production of aluminium, beryllium,
copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, in the making of
cements and mortars to be used in construction, in the
making of cheese, where calcium ions influence the
activity of rennin in bringing about the coagulation of
milk.
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7446-70-0 Aluminum Widespread applications in the chemical industry as a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
chloride catalyst where important products are detergents and
ethylbenzene. It also finds use in polymerization and
isomerization reactions of hydrocarbons.
74-85-1 Ethylene Used to produce three chemical compounds—ethylene 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1

oxide, ethylene dichloride, and ethylbenzene—and a
variety of kinds of polyethylene. Major industrial
reactions of ethylene include in order of scale: 1)
polymerization, 2) oxidation, 3) halogenation and
hydrohalogenation, 4) alkylation, 5) hydration, 6)
oligomerization, and 7) hydroformylation.
74-86-2 Acetylene Used as a fuel and a chemical building block. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
74-98-6 Propane A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

refining, it is commonly used as a fuel for engines,
oxy-gas torches, barbecues, portable stoves, and
residential central heating.
75-21-8 Ethylene oxide A vital raw material with diverse applications, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(oxirane) including the manufacture of products like
polysorbate-20 ,(a polysorbate surfactant used as a
detergent and emulsifier in a number of domestic,
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scientific, and pharmacological applications) and
polyethylene glycol.
75-35-4 Vinylidene 1,1-DCE can be polymerised to form polyvinylidene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

chloride (1,1 chloride.
DCE)
7553-56-2 Iodine Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic
acid and certain polymers. A number of iodine
radioisotopes are also used in medical applications.
75-56-9 Propylene oxide Used for the production of polyether polyols for use in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
making polyurethane plastics.
75-78-5 Dimethyldichloro Dimethyldichlorosilane is made on an industrial scale 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

silane as the principal precursor to dimethylsilicone and
polysilane compounds.
7585-14-0 Dioctylaluminum Metal catalyst? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

iodide
7601-90-3 Perchloric acid Perchloric acid is mainly produced as a precursor to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ammonium perchlorate, which is used as rocket fuel.
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7631-90-5 Sodium bisulfite Sodium bisulfite is a food additive with E number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E222. It is usually added to large piping systems to
prevent oxidative corrosion. In biochemical
engineering applications, it is helpful to maintain
anaerobic conditions within a reactor. In wastewater
treatment, sodium bisufite is often added following
disinfection with a chlorine solution to neutralize the
residual chlorine before discharging the treated
effluent.
7647-01-0 Hydrochloric saltsyra i leksaker??? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

acid,
7664-38-2 Phosphoric acid, fosforsyra i leksaker??? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uses
7664-39-3 Hydrofluoric acid Production of metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hydrogen fluoride is used in the glass etching,
electronic, and chemical industries. (7)
Hydrogen fluoride is predominantly used in the
production of aluminum and chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs).
Hydrogen fluoride is also used for separating uranium
isotopes, as a catalyst in the petroleum industry, and in
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stainless steel pickling. (1,2,4)
Fluoride is sometimes added to public drinking water
supplies, and is used in a number of dental products.
(1,2)
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hydrogen.html
7664-41-7 Ammonia, ammoniak i leksaker? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

processes
7664-93-9 Sulfuric acid, uses svavelsyra i leksaker??? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7697-37-2 Nitric acid, knallskott - annars, salpetersyra i leksaker??? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

analysis Metals production, explosives
http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1356.pdf
7722-84-1 Hydrogen Hydrogen peroxide is found in many households at low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

peroxide, concentrations (3-9%) for medicinal applications and
biological studies as a clothes and hair bleach. In industry, hydrogen
peroxide in higher concentrations is used as a bleach
for textiles and paper, as a component of rocket fuels,
and for producing foam rubber and organic chemicals.
7723-14-0 Phosphorus, Fireworks? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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white White phosphorus is a colorless, white, or yellow waxy
solid with a garlic-like odor. It does not occur
naturally, but is manufactured from phosphate rocks.
White phosphorus reacts rapidly with oxygen, easily
catching fire at temperatures 10 to 15 degrees above
room temperature. White phosphorus is used by the
military in various types of ammunition, and to
produce smoke for concealing troop movements and
identifying targets. It is also used by industry to
produce phosphoric acid and other chemicals for use in
fertilizers, food additives, and cleaning
compounds. Small amounts of white phosphorus were
used in the past in pesticides and fireworks.
7727-21-1 Potassium For the year 2003 the global market for persulfate salts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
persulfate was estimated to be ca. 76,000 tonnes. The substances
are
used in polymerization reactions and printed circuit
manufacturing. Persulfates also are used as oxidants in
hairbleaching
products.
Occupational exposure occurs during manufacturing
and during use as hair dyes. The dermal and inhalation
routes
will be the most important routes of exposure.
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During end-use, consumers may be exposed to these
substances (e.g., hair dyes may come into contact with
the
scalp and the hands).
There is potential for environmental exposure during
production and processing; however, solid and liquid
wastes
will be treated to decompose the material or discharged
properly as hazardous waste.
http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/oecdsids/Persulfat
es.pdf
7727-54-0 Ammonium For the year 2003 the global market for persulfate salts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
persulfate was estimated to be ca. 76,000 tonnes. The substances
are
used in polymerization reactions and printed circuit
manufacturing. Persulfates also are used as oxidants in
hairbleaching
products.
Occupational exposure occurs during manufacturing
and during use as hair dyes. The dermal and inhalation
routes
will be the most important routes of exposure.
During end-use, consumers may be exposed to these
substances (e.g., hair dyes may come into contact with
the
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scalp and the hands).
There is potential for environmental exposure during
production and processing; however, solid and liquid
wastes
will be treated to decompose the material or discharged
properly as hazardous waste.
http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/oecdsids/Persulfat
es.pdf
78-59-1 Isophorone Isophorone is used in the printing industry. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

78-93-3 Methyl ethyl solvent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ketone, uses MEK is used as a solvent in the application of
protective coatings (varnishes) and
adhesives (glues and cements), in magnetic tape
production, in smokeless powder manufacture,
in the dewaxing of lubricating oil, in vinyl film
manufacture, and in food processing. Its use as a
component in adhesives used to join PVC pipes is a
potential route for entry of the chemical into
potable water (ATSDR, 1992). It is also commonly
used in paint removers, cleaning fluids,
acrylic coatings, pharmaceutical production, and
colorless synthetic resins, and as a printing
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catalyst and carrier (Merck Index, 2001). MEK may be
found in soil and water in the vicinity of
some hazardous waste sites.
http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0071tr.pdf
872-50-4 N-Methyl-2- NMP, solvent 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

pyrrolidinone, http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/chemica
analysis l.asp?id=397
873-32-5 2- solvent, monomer 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chlorobenzonitril Benzonitrile is used as a solvent and chemical
e intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals,
dyestuffs and rubber chemicals through the reactions of
alkylation, condensation, esterification, hydrolysis,
halogenation or nitration. Benzonitrile and its
derivatives are used in the manufacture of lacquers,
polymers and anhydrous metallic salts as well as
intermediates for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and
other organic chemicals.
http://www.chemicalland21.com/specialtychem/finech
em/2-CHLOROBENZONITRILE.htm
9000-90-2 Amylases, .alpha. enzyme in detergents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/files/st
udies/rpa_non_surf_organ_zeolites_en.pdf
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9001-75-6 Pepsin It is used in the leather industry to remove hair and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
residual tissue from hides and in the recovery of silver
from discarded photographic films by digesting the
gelatin layer that holds the silver.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin
91-20-3 Naphthalene, tanning agent, biocide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The primary use for naphthalene is in the production of
phthalic anhydride. However, o-xylene is replacing
naphthalene as the preferred raw material for phthalic
anhydride production. (1)
Other uses of naphthalene include carbamate
insecticides, surface active agents and resins, as a dye
intermediate, as a synthetic tanning agent, as a moth
repellent, and in miscellaneous organic chemicals.
(1,2)
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/naphthal.html
97-63-2 Ethyl comonomer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

methacrylate, Ethyl methacrylate is used to make polymers, which in
oligomers turn are used for building, automotive, aerospace, and
furniture industries.
Used as a comonomer in acrylic polymers for surface
coating resins, acrylic emulsion polymers for polishes,
etc; comonomer in denture-base material; and used as a
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chemical intermediate
Butyl or ethyl methacrylate copolymers with
hydrophilic hydroxyethyl methacrylate & relatively
large amounts of the cross-linking agent triethylene
glycol dimethacrylate produces hard hydrophilic
polymers that can be machined into hard contact lens
with wettable surfaces.
Polymers, chemical intermediates
Chemical additive in cosmetic formulations, such as
sculptured fingernail products.
In acrylic polymers used to build automotive,
aerospace, and furniture components, and in the
manufacture of paint and coatings; in ethyl
methacrylate polymers used in making dentures,
contact lenses, and artificial fingernails
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=E8848D57
-BDB5-82F8-FA61954487BA5992
98-00-0 Furfuryl alcohol, binding agents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

polymers with Furfuryl alcohol-based resins are used as binding
oil-based agents in foundry sand and as corrosion inhibitors in
aldehydes mortar, grout, and cement. Because of their heat
resistance, furan resins are used in the manufacture of
fiberglass-reinforced plastic equipment.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=070AC098-BA35-
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AAC1-D94979FFE4A155FD
98-88-4 Benzoic acid Benzoyl chloride is a synthetic organic chemical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

chloride intermediate that is used in the synthesis of peroxides,
resins, rubber chemicals, and stabilizers and in various
other applications in the personal
care/pharmaceutical and food industries.
http://www.usitc.gov/tariff_affairs/documents/bill_rep
orts/109c/s3041.pdf
impurity in -Trichlorotoluene 98-07-7
119-93-7 3,3'- Used mainly for dye production, but also for the 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Dimethylbenzidin production of certain elastomers. It is also widely used
e as a reagent or indicator in analytical, clinical and
forensic chemistry, such as in the analytical
determination of gold. o-Tolidine is used as an
intermediate for the production of soluble azo dyes and
insoluble pigments used particularly in the textile,
leather and paper industries.
101-80-4 4,4'-Oxydianiline precursor in resin and synthetic rubber manufacturing 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
101-77-9 4,4'- processing aid (additive) 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

Methylenedianilin
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e
103-11-7 2-Ethylhexyl precursor for manufacture aqueous polymer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

acrylate, dispersions and coatings raw materials
105-60-2 ε-caprolactam precursor polyamide production, minor occurence in 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

adhesives and glues
106-50-3 1,4- precursor to aramid plastics and fibers such as Kevlar. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Diaminobenzene
106-89-8 Epichlorohydrin, precursor to Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a building 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uses block in the manufacture of epoxy resins and other
monomers for other resins and polymers.
106-90-1 Glycidyl acrylate, precursor for polymers for adhesives and coatings, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ethylene-contg. crosslinking agent (polymers of trialkyltin esters), and
polymers epoxy resin diluen
108-31-6 Maleic anhydride precursor for mainly manufcture of polyester and alkyd 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1
resins that are added to fiber glass reinforced materials.
Also used as an intermediate e.g textile chemicals.
Preservative in oils and fats etc.
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109-55-7 N,N-Dimethyl- Used as an intermediate in the production of binding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,3- agents, ion-exchange materials, flocculating agents
diaminopropane (water treatment), cosmetic agents, washing and
(DMAPA) cleaning agents (betaines), additive for petrol and other
fuels, polyurethane fibres and lubricants, dyes,
agrochemicals, agents used in the photographic and
textile industries, etc.
110-16-7 Maleic acid precursor for mainly manufcture of polyester and alkyd 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
resins that are added to fiber glass reinforced materials.
Also used as an intermediate e.g textile chemicals.
Preservative in oils and fats etc. Varning for fragrant
use.
110-17-8 Fumaric acid used in the manufacture of polyester resins and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
111-46-6 Diethylene intermediate used in the production of unsaturated 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

glycol, polyester resins (UPR), plasticizers, acrylate and
methacrylate resins and urethanes.
112-24-3 Trientine (TETA) Used as an intermediate in a number of production 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

processes; Polyamide -epichlorohydrin resins are
produced by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with a
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polyamide, such as those formed by polymerisation of
adipic acid and TETA. These
are used in the paper industry as wet-strength additives
for liner board, toweling, tissue and sanitary
applications.
The ethoxylated products of TETA are curing agents
for epoxy resins wher the largest application is surface
coatings.Imidazolines from the condensation of TETA
with two moles of fatty acid are cationic surfactants
used as fabric softeners, asphalt emulsifiers, oil field
corrosion inhibitors, ore flotation agents and epoxy
curing agents.Reactive polyamides from the
polymerisation of dimer acids with TETA are mostly
used as curing agents for epoxy surface coatings.
106-63-8 Isobutyl acrylate, precursor in the production of polymeric resins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

oligomers (emulsion polymers)
106-99-0 1,3-Butadiene raw material, can be used in the manufacture of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

synthetic rubber (styrenebutadiene rubber, butadiene
rubber, butyl rubber, neoprene)
110-54-3 Hexane Used as a special-purpose solvent and cleaning agent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(degreaser) in such industries as textile manufacture,
shoe and leather making, and furniture
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manufacturing.Used in the printing industry as a
cleaner and as a component of some inks, for
rotogravure printer, in “rubber” cement (also known as
gum adhesive) widely used in schools and libraries and
by artists, various glues, adhesives, and leather-
dressing preparations, especially those used in
assembling shoes, non-mercury thermometers,
especially for thermometers used in low temperature
ranges, denaturing agent in some alcohol preparations,
New roofing materials using rubber or plastic films and
membranes held together by adhesives, sealants, or
hardening agents, as feedstocks in the manufacture of
polyethylene or polypropylene, tin cans are held in
place with adhesives, balls used in several sports etc.
110-80-5 Ethylene glycol used primarily as a chemical intermediate and solvent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

monoethyl ether
108-16-7 Dimepranol Textile Operations: Softeners, Lubricants, Dye 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Leveling Agents, Dispersants, Durable Press and
Optical Brighteners. Surfactants and Metalworking
fluids; Impart alkalinity, Detergents, Cosmetic
formulations, Acid neutralization, Fatty acid soaps ,
Emulsifiers, Corrosion Inhibitors. Some other uses:
Urethane foams , Agricultural products, Photographic
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chemicals, Biocides ,rubber vulcanization
accelerators ,Plasticizers, Pigment Dispersant ,Cross-
Linker for Coatings.
1085-98-9 N,N-Dimethyl- Fungicide, insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N'-phenyl-N'-
(Dichlofluanid)
114-26-1 Propoxur used against mosquitoes in outdoor areas, for flies in 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0

agricultural settings, for fleas and ticks on pets, as an
acaricide, on lawns and turf for ants, on flowering
plants, and in private dwellings and public buildings. It
is also used as a molluscicide, a chemical that kills
snails. It is effective against cockroaches, aphids and
leafhoppers. Propoxur is one of the chemicals that
have, to a large extent, replaced DDT in the control of
black flies and mosquitoes (11). It is a nonsystemic
insecticide with contact and stomach action that has
longstanding residual poisonous, or toxic activity when
it is in direct contact with the target pest . Many
formulations are available including ready-to-use
liquids and aerosols, emulsifiable concentrates,
wettable powders, granular baits, dusts and
impregnated pet collars and strip
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115-29-7 Endosulfan insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
120-51-4 Benzyl benzoate Used as an antiparasitic insecticide to kill the mites 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0

responsible for the skin condition scabies, for example
as a combination drug of benzyl benzoate/disulfiram.
121-75-5 Malathion Pesticide in cotton and flax etc. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
122-14-5 Fenitrothion insecticide 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
124-04-9 Adipic acid, Raw material for pharmaceuticals; perfume fixative. 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

terephthalate USED IN NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 40
polyesters PPM, GELATINS AND PUDDINGS 5,000 PPM.
AS AN ACIDULANT IN DRY POWDERED FOOD
MIXTURES, ESPECIALLY IN THOSE PRODUCTS
HAVING DELICATE FLAVORS & WHERE
ADDITION OF A TANG TO THE FLAVOR IS
UNDESIRABLE.
FOR CONCN /OF ADIPIC ACID RANGING/ FROM
0.5-2.4 G/100 ML, THE PH ... VARIES LESS THAN
HALF A UNIT. ... PH IS LOW ENOUGH TO
INHIBIT BROWNING OF MOST FRUITS AND
OTHER FOODSTUFFS. ADIPIC ACID IS
CLASSIFIED ... AS ... FOOD ADDITIVE FOR USE
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AS A BUFFER AND NEUTRALIZING AGENT.
ADIPIC ACID IS EMPLOYED AS ... LEAVENING
ACIDULANT IN BAKING POWDERS & AS THE
ACIDULANT IN POWDERED CONCENTRATES
FOR FRUIT FLAVORED DRINKS & BOTTLED
BEVERAGES. IT MAY ALSO BE USED FOR
IMPROVING THE MELTING CHARACTERISTICS
& TEXTURE OF PROCESSED CHEESE & CHEESE
SPREADS. ... IT MAY ... BE USED ... AS AN
AGENT FOR INCREASING WHIPPING QUALITIY
OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING EGG WHITE & AS
A GEL-INDUCING AGENT IN IMITATION JAMS
& JELLIES. IT CAN BE USED IN CANNING OF
VEGETABLES, AS AN ACIDULANT IN CANDIES
& FLAVORING EXTRACTS, AS A
SEQUESTRANT IN EDIBLE OILS. ... IT CAN BE
USED ... AS AN ACIDULANT IN THROAT
LOZENGES. COMBINED WITH SODIUM
METAPHOSPHATE, IT HAS BEEN USED IN
PRESERVATION OF SAUSAGES & OTHER
MEATS. ADIPIC ACID IS ... USED AS THE
ACIDULANT ALGIN IN GEL DESSERTS.
Adipic acid condenses with hexamethylenediamine in
water or methanol to form hexamethylenediammonium
adipate, the nylon salt of nylon 6,6.
Used in production of ester lubricants.
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Used in formation of putrescine.
Used in the preparation of tetraacylates.
Adipic acid imparts flexibility in the alkyd structure
and is primarily used in alkyds designed for application
as plasticizers.
Adipic acid is used as a basic component of cross-
linked polyester resins.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=E87CFFA
5-BDB5-82F8-FE0645D5BDD87699#Uses
124-09-4 1,6- Hexamethylendiamine (HMDA) is mainly an isolated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hexanediamine, chemical intermediate which is used for the
graft polymers manufacture of
polyamides.
Also used in the manufacture of other chemical
products.
Component of binders for paint, glue, etc. and in
printing inks.
f
14816-18- Phoxim Insecticide used in soil application. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:20
07:166:0016:0023:EN:PDF
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148-79-8 Thiabendazole Mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
range of diseases
http://www.kartofel.org/pesticides_op/thiabendazole.P
DF
15879-93- Chloralose Rodenticide included onto Annex I/IA of the Biocidal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Products Directive
http://webcommunities.hse.gov.uk/connect.ti/pesticides
/view?objectId=6308
1912-24-9 Atrazine Atrazine is an herbicide that does not occur naturally. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Atrazine is used to kill weeds, primarily on farms, but
has also been used on highway and railroad rights-of-
way.
20859-73- aluminium Aluminium phosphide releasing phosphine is an 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 phosphide insecticide. Active substances that have been Included
onto Annex I/IA of the Biocidal Products Directive.
2104-96-3 Bromofos Pesticide/biocide. Section B of OSPAR Substances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

which are of concern for OSPAR but which are
adequately addressed by EC initiatives or other
international forums
www.ospar.org/.../11-07-19_lspc_updated.doc
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Bromophos is relatively less toxic than its phosphate
derivative, parathion.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2051507
23031-36- Prallethrin Technical grade Active Ingredient for household 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 insecticide products.
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/nod/2011-
37.htm
23505-41- Pirimiphos-ethyl Organophosphorus Pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim
g001.htm
2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos Insecticide, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide which has been widely
used in homes and on farms.
29590-42- Isooctyl acrylate, Monomer, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 polymers IOA is manufactured in the U.S. by a single company
(3M, St. Paul, MN) as an
intermediate used for the synthesis of acrylic polymers.
IOA monomer is not sold commercially. One product
containing unreacted IOA as a component is sold by
3M as a concrete sealer for use by professional
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tradespeople. The IOA monomer in this product, about
1000kg/year, is polymerized at the job site. Trace
amounts of unreacted IOA (typically less than 0.1% by
weight) are present in certain industrial and consumer
products (e.g. adhesive tapes) sold by 3M.
http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/oecdsids/2959042
9.pdf
299-42-3 Ephedrine Precursor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Narcotics precursor, laboratory chemical
http://www.tullverket.se/innehallao/n/narkotikaprekuso
rerhandelochdistributionavkemikalier/narkotikaprekus
orerhandelochdistributionavkemikalier.4.62106b4d127
b38a08ee80008731.html
299-84-3 Ronnel Insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
299-86-5 Crufomate Pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0158.pdf
30560-19- Acephate pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0354.htm
31218-83- trans-isopropyl-3- insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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4 [[(ethylamino)met http://extra.ivf.se/ChemicALL/chemical.asp?id=58
hoxyfosfinothioyl
]oxy]crotonate
33089-61- Amitraz pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

333-41-5 Diazinon pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

35554-44- Enilconazole pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36734-19- Iprodione fungicide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/0709Iprodi
one.pdf
4098-71-9 Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate, which is resistant to light 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

discoloration and chemical attack, is used as an
intermediate for polyurethanes and as a raw material in
paints, varnishes, and elastomers. It was selected for
evaluation as a sensitizing agent for contact
hypersensitivity in mice.
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http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03E8332A
-AE49-D975-CACF921F744A822A
470-90-6 chlorfenvinphos insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

502-55-6 Dixanthogen pesticide, rubber auxiliaries, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.alibaba.com/manufacturers/502--55--6-
manufacturer.html
50-29-3 DDT insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.kemikaliegruppen.se/ChemicALL/Default.
asp?freeText=&search=Search&CAS=50-29-3
51-55-8 Atropine, drug and inert pesticide ingredient, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

biological studies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine
http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=INERTFIND
ER:2:4322685649728488::NO:::
52-68-6 Metrifonate Trichlorfon, pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
552-30-7 Trimellitic Most of the TMA produced (65%) is used in the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

anhydride, synthesis of plasticizers for
PVC resins, while smaller amounts (30%) are used as a
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reactant in wire and cable insulation enamels and
polyester
resins for powder coatings. When TMA is processed
into the above materials, it is fully consumed and
therefore, is
not readily available for releases to the environment.
All TMLA produced is used to make TMA.
Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) and trimellitic acid
(TMLA) are considered to be structural analogues. In
addition, in
aqueous environments TMA is readily converted to
TMLA.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/TLANA.p
df
55-38-9 Fenthion pesticide, insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=07043368-9D79-
B072-FB771BC0C4559BDF
56-23-5 Carbon Carbon tetrachloride is used as a chemical intermediate 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

tetrachloride, uses and as a feedstock in the production of
chlorofluorocarbons, such as the Freons
dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12) and
trichlorofluromethane (F-11), which are used primarily
as refrigerants. It is also used in petroleum refining, in
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pharmaceutical manufacturing, as an industrial solvent,
in the processing of fats, oils, and rubber, and in
laboratory applications (IARC 1999, ATSDR 2005,
HSDB 2009). It currently is not permitted in products
intended for home use (HSDB 2009). Until the mid
1960s, carbon tetrachloride was used as a cleaning
fluid both in industry and in the home (in spot
removers) and in fire extinguishers (ATSDR 2005). It
was also used as a grain fumigant until 1986, when its
use for this purpose was cancelled by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Other previous uses
include as a rodenticide, as a solvent in some
household products, in the formulation of gasoline
additives, and in metal recovery and catalyst
regeneration (ATSDR 2005, HSDB 2009). In the early
1900s, it was used in human medicine to destroy
intestinal parasitic worms, and it was used for a short
period as an anesthetic (IARC 1972, ATSDR 2005).
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Carbon
Tetrachloride.pdf
56-72-4 Coumaphos pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Coumaphos is an organophosphorus pesticide that was
developed in Germany by G. Schrader. Coumaphos,
which has a relatively low mammalian toxicity in
relation to the other organophosphates, is used
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principally on livestock and poultry to control
ectoparasites.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=070415CE-B56F-
49E6-96D49F5CACA85563
58-89-9 Lindane pesticide 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

l.asp?id=44
60207-31- azaconazole fungicide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0
60-51-5 Dimethoate insecticide for food and non food uses 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60-57-1 Dieldrin pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l.asp?id=27
62-73-7 Dichlorvos used for insect control in food storage areas, green 0 0 0 x x 0 0 0 0 0
houses, and barns, and control of insects on livestock.
It is not generally used on outdoor crops. Dichlorvos is
sometimes
used for insect control in workplaces and in the home.
Veterinarians use it to control parasites on pets.
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66230-04- Esfenvalerate pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l.asp?id=34
68359-37- Cyfluthrin pesticide 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

5
74-82-8 Methane Methane is used in industrial chemical processes and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

may be transported as a refrigerated liquid (liquefied
natural gas, or LNG).
7646-78-8 Tin chloride starting material for organotin compounds 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(SnCl4) http://www.scbt.com/datasheet-251249-tin-iv-
chloride.html
The Commission has received a request for the
evaluation of tin chloride added for nutritional
purposes to food supplements., but argued against.
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/fr/scdocs/doc/885.pdf
7646-93-7 Potassium inert ingredients that are eligible for inclusion in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hydrogen sulfate pesticide products
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/section25b_inerts.
pdf
pH controler in cake mixes
184
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h
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices
/grn000060.pdf
7700-17-6 Crotoxyfos pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/pesticide-
types.pdf
77-73-6 Dicyclopentadien Intermediate for production of resins in closed systems 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e, polymers, No data on consumer exposure are available in Japan.
hydrogenated In Germany, this chemical is used as
the consumer product named ArcotalS at a
concentration of 0.2%. ArcotalS protects
against damages done by bites of game.
7782-41-4 Fluorine, uses Fluorgas i leksaker? 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
7782-44-7 Oxygen, uses syre i leksaker? 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7782-50-5 Chlorine, analysis klorgas i leksaker? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
78-34-2 Dioxation pesticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec
_Id=PC33312
185
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ceramics
i l
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l th
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786-19-6 Carbophenothion insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_Id=PC33607
78-79-5 2-Methyl-1,3- The majority of isoprene produced commercially is 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

butadiene, uses used to make synthetic
rubber (cis-polyisoprene), most of which is used to
produce vehicle tires. The second- and third-largest
uses are in the production
of styrene-isoprene-styrene block polymers and butyl
rubber (isobutene-isoprene copolymer) (IARC 1994).
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Isopren
e.pdf
79-41-4 Methacrylic acid, MAA is used as an internal and external intermediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ester, polymer in the chemical industry
for the production of methacrylic acid esters and as a
co-monomer in different kinds of polymers.
80-62-6 graft copolymers The primary use of methyl methacrylate is the 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

with acrylic production of acrylic plastics and resins (trade names
silicone rubber are Lucite, Plexiglas and Perspex) for sheeting and
blend molding compounds. These are used in construction,
186
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automotive, consumer products and in making signs. It
(methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene, MBS) is used
as an impact modifier in PVC for bottles. It is also used
in exterior latex housepaint, and impregnating pulp
paper and wood.
http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/methyl-
methacrylate/index.html
818-61-1 2-hydroxyethyl Hydroxyethyl acrylate is produced and used mainly 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

acrylate in closed systems. Its principle use is either as a co-
monomer in the manufacture of polymers or as a
chemical
reactant in the manufacture of chemical intermediates.
The polymers and chemical intermediates made with
hydroxyethyl acrylate find applications in automotive
top coatings, architectural coatings, photocure resins,
and
adhesives.
f
822-06-0 Hexamethylene Hexamethylene diisocyanate is mainly used to make 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

diisocyanate polyurethane foams and coatings. It is also used as a
hardener in automobile and airplane paints.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts120.pdf
187
electronic
ceramics
i l
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l th
h
82-66-6 Diphenadione rodenticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_Id=PC35081
86-50-0 Azinphosmethyl insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

_Id=PC33348
91465-08- lambda- insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 cyhalothrin (ISO) http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec
_Id=PC35463
944-22-9 Fonofos insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

_Id=PC33170
96-33-3 Methyl acrylate, monomer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

polymers with Polymeric methyl acrylate (in e.g. food packaging)
sodium http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/G
metasulfonate and enerallyRecognizedasSafeGRAS/GRASSubstancesSC
OGSDatabase/ucm260955.htm
97-88-1 Butyl pesticide, defoamer, monomer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

188
electronic
ceramics
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methacrylate _Id=PC32880
monomer for acrylic coating resins
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcf
r/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=176.210
100-02-7 p-Nitrophenol, precursor for fungicides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

uses
101-05-3 Triazine fungicide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
103055- Lufenuron pesticide (cotton) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

07-8
10361-37- Barium chloride papermaking,dyestuff,rubber,plastic,ceramics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2
64-86-8 Colchicine cell therapy, fertility 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
58-90-2 2,3,4,6- previously used as an antiseptic, a pesticide for wood, 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Tetrachloropheno leather, and glue preservation and as an anti-mildew
l treatment
71-36-3 Butanol Used as industrial solvents for paints, varnishes, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

natural and synthetic resins, gums, vegetabile oils,
189
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ceramics
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camphor, alkaloids and pesticides.
7440-38-2 Arsenic Used in agriculture as an insecticide (MSMA), as a 9 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0

wood preservative (CCA), medical uses, in alloys and
optical glass.
75-31-0 Isopropylamine The main uses of isopropylamine are in glyphosate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

herbicide formulations (e.g., Roundup or Vantage), a
key component of atrazine (another herbicide), a
regulating agent for plastics, intermediate in organic
synthesis of coating materials, plastics, pesticides,
rubber chemicals, pharmaceuticals and others, and as
an additive in the petroleum industry.
7761-88-8 Silver nitrate, developer photography + pesticide 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uses http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec
_Id=PC34332
6317-18-6 Methylene Antifouling agent. Fungicide used in water-cooling 0 0 x 0 x 0 0 x 0 x

bis(thiocyanate) towers
104-15-4 toluene-4- production of surfactants, saccharin, hydrazine based 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

sulphonic acid blowing agents, isocyanate compounds used as water
scavengers and catalysts for the production of
190
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thermosetting resins. Synthetic intermediate for a
number of biologically active compounds,
pharmaceuticals, herbicides, dyes and pigments
candidates raw material of flow-promoting agents for
paints, hot-melt adhesives, nitrocellulose, coating
materials and basic material of electroplating solutions
74-88-4 Methyl iodide Used in organic synthesis as a source of methyl groups, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

as a pesticide , through iodomethane is a pre-plant
biocide used to control insects, plant parasitic
nematodes, soil borne pathogens, and weed seeds.
191
Appendix 3 Questionnaire to companies [SE]
Frågor:
KemI-uppdrag
Kan ni tänka er att deltaga?
Sekretessbelägga vissa delar av rapporter. Möjlighet med er info. Hur vill ni göra?
1. Vilken sorts leksaker, hur ser sortimentet ut, målgrupp?

2. Säljstatistik, hur mycket säljs av olika produkter? På nivån; vanligt/storsäljare i flera år/säsongstoppar. Vilka leksaker är vanligast i ert
sortiment
3. Vanligaste material, på detaljnivå, utgående ifrån materiallistan

a) Efter identifikation från sökningen
b) Förekommer de?
c) Hur vanliga?
d) Vilka sorts leksaker?
4. Hur minimerar ni ev kemikalierisker för leksaker?
192
www.kemikalieinspektionen.se
Swedish Chemicals Agency, P.O. Box 2, SE-172 13 Sundbyberg

Phone: +46 8 519 41 100, Fax: +46 8 735 76 98, E-mail: kemi@kemi.se

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Swedish Chemicals Agency – www.kemi.se

According to Statistics Sweden (SCB) report on toy consumption in Sweden, children up

Hela handlingsplanen är en del av arbetet med riksdagens miljökvalitetsmål Giftfri miljö.

Denna rapport beskriver en litteraturstudie och förekomsten av farliga ämnen i leksaker.

1.1.1 Other related reports

RIVM – Chemicals in toys

DTI - Azocolorants in Textiles and Toys

DTI - Phthalates in products in direct contact with children

The Danish Environmental Protection Agency commissioned DTI (Dansk Teknologisk

Similar studies performed by KemI are not referred here.

· Safety of toys directive

· RoHS (if electronic toy)

· WEEE (if electronic equipment is

· General product safety directive

· Medical device directive

· Food directive/ Safety of food/

· Specific national regulations

Figure 1 Directives and regulations related to chemical substances in toys.

· The categories of restricted elements of migration addressed have increased from 8

2.2 Description of databases

Figure 2 Different categories within CAplus

2.2.2 PubMed database

2.3 Matching method

1. Raw material production and Process chemicals (phase 1)

Literature Matching of hazardous Chemicals

Figure 3: Matching method

2.4 Materials in Toys

There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.

Some examples on plastic materials that can be used in toys

Some examples on common textile materials:

Rubber is a natural or synthetic material classified as an elastomer. Below is a description

· Natural rubber (NR)

2.4.8 Chemical products

Some examples on different chemical products that are used as toys:

2.4.11 Nano sized materials

In October 2011 the European Commission issued a directive recommendation

The International Organisation for Standardisation 11 defines the term ‘nanomaterial’ as

Table 1 List of the most represented materials in the literature search.

Table 2 An extract of use, raw material and process related substances.

CASName Annex I cycle phase identifica Function

3.2 Substances regulated in REACH

REACH regulation (1907/2006), annex XVII regulates certain substances in specific

Table 3 Chemicals related to annex XVII in REACH.

3.3 Substances regulated by RoHS directive

Table 5 Chemicals related to the RoHS directive.

BDE209, decabromodiphenylether use article property lending, flame retardant

3.4 Substances regulated in Safety of toys directive

Table 6 Nitrosamines found in the CA plus search

9016-00-6 Polydimethylsiloxane, hydroxy or amine terminated

102-71-6 Triethanolamine, polymers

26098-55-5 Dodecanedioic acid-1,6-hexanediamine polymer

25718-70-1 Adipic acid-m-xylylenediamine

50327-77-0 Adipic acid-1,4-butanediamine copolymer

4568-28-9 Triethanol amine stearate

3.4.2 Allergenic fragrances

There is a connection to children’s cosmetics or cosmetic toys in most of the surveyed

Table 8 Restricted fragrance substances found in CAplus search

100-51-6 Benzyl alcohol, biological

101-85-9 Amylcinnamyl alcohol

104-54-1 Cinnamyl alcohol

118-58-1 Benzyl salicylate

122-40-7 Amyl cinnamal