GEAR RATIO CALCULATION FOR MAC BULL.

Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 17 kW @ 4500 rpm.

Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 44 N-m @ 2700-3300rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 50 km/h
Maximum Greadeability = 1 in 4 or 14o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 4.50-10.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.236 m.
Kerb Weight = 600 kg.
Payload = 1000 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 1600 kg.
Overall Hi Gear ratio.
Max. speed to be attained = 60 km/h.
The tyre rpm for a max. speed of 70 km/h = 60 x 1000/3600 x 60/(2 x PI x 0.236)
= 673 rpm.
Engine rpm =4500.
The Hi Gear ratio =4500 /673 =6.69:1.
Overall Lo Gear Ratio
Max. Gradeability = 14o
T x G/r = Mg sinθ + µ Mg cos θ.
44 x G/ 0.236 = 1600 x 9.81 x sin 14 + 0.015 x 1600 x 9.81 x cos 14
G = 4026 x 0.236/(44 x 0.8)
= 26.99:1
Applying Geometric Progression for the intermediate Gears in a Four Gear Gear-train,
Let A = 6.69 (Hi Gear) and D=26.99 (Lo Gear) and let B and C be the intermediate overall gear ratios.
B= (A^2 x D) ^1/3 = ((6.69)^2 x 26.99)^1/3 = 10.65: 1
C= (B x D)^1/2 = (10.65 x 26.99)^1/2 = 16.95: 1

Thus, the Secondary Gear reductions should be

Forth - 1:1.
Third - 1.59 : 1
Second - 2.53 : 1
First - 4.03 : 1
CALCULATION OF THE ENGINE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.
Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (4500/26.99) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000= 14.83 km/h.
at Second Gear = (4500/16.95) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000= 23.61 km/h.
at Third Gear = (4500/10.65) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000= 37.58 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (4500/6.69) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000 = 60.0 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.
ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1 Idling 4247

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 2 2667 4191

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 2 4191 2477

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 2 2477 2477

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 2 2477 4381

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 3 2753 3710

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 3710 2992

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 3 2992 2992

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 3 2992 2513

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 3 2513 4069

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 4 2557 3159

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 4 3159 2783

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 4 2783 2783

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 4 2783 2557

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 4 2557 3159

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 650 kg.

Reference Mass = 800 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=430 x 0.015 x 9.81
= N-m.
Force required for initial speed, T2(i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.
 CALCULATION USING ACTUAL GEAR RATIO FOR MAC BULL.

Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 17 kW @ 4500 rpm.

Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 44 N-m @ 2700-3300rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 65 km/h
Maximum Gradeability = 1 in 4 or 14o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 4.50-10.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.236 m.
Kerb Weight = 650 kg.
Payload = 1000 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 1650 kg.
Gear Ratios of the present vehicle.
Gear –Primary -33/17 = 1.941:1 (for Gears R, 1, 2 &3).
Gear 1 -36/17 = 2.118:1.
Gear 2 -29/22 = 1.318:1.
Gear 3 -23/27 = 0.851:1.
Gear 4 = 1.000:1 (WITHOUT PRIMARY)
Gear-FD -37/6 = 6.167:1

CALCULATION OF THE ENGINE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.

Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (4500/25.353) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000= 15.79 km/h.
at Second Gear = (4500/15.777) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000= 25.38 km/h.
at Third Gear = (4500/10.186) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000= 39.31 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (4500/6.167) x 2 x PI x 0.236 x 60/1000 = 64.92 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.
ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling,950 rpm

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1 Idling 3989

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 1,2 3989 3901

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 2,1 3901 3179

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 1 3179 3179

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 1,2 3179 4079

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 2,3 4079 3046

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 3549 2862

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 2 2862 2862

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 2 2862 2404

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 2,3 2404 3893

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 3 2347 2911

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 3 2911 2564

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 3 2564 2564

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 3 2564 2347

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 3 2347 2911

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 650 kg.

Reference Mass = 800 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=1650 x 0.015 x 9.81
= 242.8 N.
Force required for initial speed, T2 (i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.
 CALCULATION USING ACTUAL GEAR RATIO AND TYRE FOR MAC BULL.

Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 17 kW @ 4500 rpm.

Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 44 N-m @ 2700-3300rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 75 km/h
Maximum Gradeability = 1 in 4 or 14o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 5.00-12.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.273 m.
Kerb Weight = 650 kg.
Payload = 1050 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 1650 kg.
Gear Ratios of the present vehicle.
Gear –Primary -33/17 = 1.941:1 (for Gears R, 1, 2 &3).
Gear 1 -36/17 = 2.118:1.
Gear 2 -29/22 = 1.318:1.
Gear 3 -23/27 = 0.851:1.
Gear 4 = 1.000:1 (WITHOUT PRIMARY)
Gear-FD -37/6 = 6.167:1

CALCULATION OF THE ENGINE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.

Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (4500/25.353) x 2 x PI x 0.273 x 60/1000= 18.27 km/h.
at Second Gear = (4500/15.777) x 2 x PI x 0.273 x 60/1000= 29.36 km/h.
at Third Gear = (4500/10.186) x 2 x PI x 0.273 x 60/1000= 45.47 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (4500/6.167) x 2 x PI x 0.273 x 60/1000 = 75.10 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.
ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling,950 rpm

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1 Idling 3449

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 2 2146 3372

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 2 3372 1993

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 2 1993 1993

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 2 1993 3526

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 3 2276 3068

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 3068 2474

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 3 2474 2474

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 3 2474 2078

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 3 2078 3365

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 4 2037 2517

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 4 2517 2217

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 4 2217 2217

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 4 2217 2037

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 4 2037 2517

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 650 kg.

Reference Mass = 800 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=1650 x 0.015 x 9.81
= 242.8 N.
Force required for initial speed, T2 (i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.
FAMILY SCOOTER.
Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 4.1 kW @ 7500 rpm.
Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 5.2 N-m @ 6000-6500 rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 60 km/h
Maximum Greadeability = 1 in 5 or 10.5o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 4.00-8.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.196 m.
Kerb Weight = 250 kg.
Payload = 300 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 550 kg.
Overall Hi Gear ratio.
Max. speed to be attained = 60 km/h.
The tyre rpm for a max. speed of 60 km/h = 60 x 1000/3600 x 60/(2 x PI x 0.196)
= 812 rpm.
Engine rpm = 7500.
The Hi Gear ratio = 7500/812 = 9.24:1.

Overall Lo Gear Ratio

Max. Gradeability = 10.5o
T x G/r = Mg sinθ + µ Mg cos θ.
44 x G/ 0.196 = 550 x 9.81 x sin 10.5 + 0.015 x 550 x 9.81 x cos 10.5
G = 1063 x 0.196/ (5.2 x 0.8)
= 50.07:1

Applying Geometric Progression for the intermediate Gears in a Four Gear Gear-train,
Let A = 9.24 (Hi Gear) and D=50.07 (Lo Gear) and let B and C be the intermediate overall gear ratios.
B= (A^2 x D) ^1/3 = ((9.24)^2 x 50.07)^1/3 = 16.23: 1
C= (B x D)^1/2 = (16.23 x 50.07)^1/2 = 28.51: 1

Thus, the Secondary Gear reductions should be

Forth - 1:1.
Third - 1.76 : 1
Second - 3.08 : 1
First - 5.42 : 1
CALCULATION OF THE ENGIE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.
Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (7500/50.07) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 11.07 km/h.
at Second Gear = (7500/28.51) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 19.44 km/h.
at Third Gear = (7500/16.23) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 34.15 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (7500/9.24) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000 = 60.00 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.
ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1,2 Idling 5402

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 2,3 5402 4832

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 3,2 4832 5016

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 2 5016 5016

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 2,3 5016 5051

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 3 5051 6808

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 6808 5490

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 3 5490 5490

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 3 5490 4612

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 3 4612 7467

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 4 4252 5252

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 4 5252 4627

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 4 4627 4627

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 4 4627 4252

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 4 4252 5252

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 350 kg.

Reference Mass = 430 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=430 x 0.015 x 9.81
= 63.27N-m.
Force required for initial speed, T2(i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.
MICRO TAXI.

Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 9.0 kW @ 8500 rpm.

Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 10.0 N-m @ 7500 rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 60 km/h
Maximum Greadeability = 1 in 4 or 14o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 4.00-8.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.196 m.
Kerb Weight = 350 kg.
Payload = 350 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 700 kg.
Overall Hi Gear ratio.
Max. speed to be attained = 60 km/h.
The tyre rpm for a max. speed of 70 km/h = 60 x 1000/3600 x 60/(2 x PI x 0.196)
= 812 rpm.
Engine rpm = 8500.
The Hi Gear ratio = 8500/812 = 10.47:1.
Overall Lo Gear Ratio
Max. Gradeability = 14o
T x G/r = Mg sinθ + µ Mg cos θ.
44 x G/ 0.196 = 700 x 9.81 x sin 14 + 0.015 x 700 x 9.81 x cos 14
G = 1761 x 0.196/ (10.0 x 0.8)
= 43.14:1.

Applying Geometric Progression for the intermediate Gears in a Four Gear Gear-train,
Let A = 10.47 (Hi Gear) and D=43.14 (Lo Gear) and let B and C be the intermediate overall gear ratios.
B= (A^2 x D) ^1/3 = ((10.47)^2 x 43.14)^1/3 = 16.78: 1
C= (B x D)^1/2 = (16.78 x 43.14)^1/2 = 26.90: 1

Thus, the Secondary Gear reductions should be

Forth - 1:1.
Third - 1.60 : 1
Second - 2.57 : 1
First - 4.12 : 1
CALCULATION OF THE ENGIE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.
Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (8500/43.14) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 14.6 km/h.
at Second Gear = (8500/26.90) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 23.35 km/h.
at Third Gear = (8500/16.78) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 37.43 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (8500/10.47) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 60.0 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.
ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1 Idling 7785

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 2 5028.5 7902

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 2 7902 4670

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 2 4670 4670

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 2 4670 8261

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 3 5338 7195

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 7195 5802

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 3 5802 5802

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 3 5802 4874

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 3 4874 7891

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 4 5098 6298

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 4 6298 5548

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 4 5548 5548

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 4 5548 5098

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 4 5098 6298

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 350 kg.

Reference Mass = 430 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=430 x 0.015 x 9.81
= 63.27N-m.
Force required for initial speed, T2(i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.

FAMILY SCOOTER.
Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 4.1 kW @ 7500 rpm.
Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 5.2 N-m @ 6000-6500 rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 60 km/h
Maximum Greadeability = 1 in 5 or 10.5o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 4.00-8.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.196 m.
Kerb Weight = 250 kg.
Payload = 300 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 550 kg.
Overall Hi Gear ratio.
Max. speed to be attained = 60 km/h.
The tyre rpm for a max. speed of 70 km/h = 60 x 1000/3600 x 60/(2 x PI x 0.196)
= 812 rpm.
Engine rpm = 7500.
The Hi Gear ratio = 7500/812 = 9.24:1.

Overall Lo Gear Ratio

Max. Gradeability = 10.5o
T x G/r = Mg sinθ + µ Mg cos θ.
44 x G/ 0.196 = 550 x 9.81 x sin 10.5 + 0.015 x 550 x 9.81 x cos 10.5
G = 1063 x 0.196/ (5.2 x 0.8)
= 50.07:1

Applying Geometric Progression for the intermediate Gears in a Four Gear Gear-train,
Let A = 9.24 (Hi Gear) and D=50.07 (Lo Gear) and let B and C be the intermediate overall gear ratios.
B= (A^2 x D) ^1/3 = ((9.24)^2 x 50.07)^1/3 = 16.23: 1
C= (B x D)^1/2 = (16.23 x 50.07)^1/2 = 28.51: 1

Thus, the Secondary Gear reductions should be

Forth - 1:1.
Third - 1.76 : 1
Second - 3.08 : 1
First - 5.42 : 1
CALCULATION OF THE ENGIE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.
Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (7500/50.07) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 11.07 km/h.
at Second Gear = (7500/28.51) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 19.44 km/h.
at Third Gear = (7500/16.23) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 34.15 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (7500/9.24) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000 = 60.00 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.

ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
 IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1,2 Idling 5402

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 2,3 5402 4832

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 3,2 4832 5016

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 2 5016 5016

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 2,3 5016 5051

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 3 5051 6808

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 6808 5490

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 3 5490 5490

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 3 5490 4612

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 3 4612 7467

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 4 4252 5252

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 4 5252 4627

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 4 4627 4627

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 4 4627 4252

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 4 4252 5252

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 350 kg.

Reference Mass = 430 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=430 x 0.015 x 9.81
= 63.27N-m.
Force required for initial speed, T2(i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.

MICRO TAXI.

Maximum Power Developed by the Engine = 9.0 kW @ 8500 rpm.

Maximum Torque ,, ,, = 10.0 N-m @ 7500 rpm.
Transmission Efficiency = 80%
Maximum Speed to be attained = 60 km/h
Maximum Greadeability = 1 in 4 or 14o
The co-efficient of rolling resistance, µ = 0.015.
Tyre used will be 4.00-8.
Therefore, Dynamic Rolling Radius = 0.196 m.
Kerb Weight = 350 kg.
Payload = 350 kg.
Gross Vehicle Weight = 700 kg.
Overall Hi Gear ratio.
Max. speed to be attained = 60 km/h.
The tyre rpm for a max. speed of 70 km/h = 60 x 1000/3600 x 60/(2 x PI x 0.196)
= 812 rpm.
Engine rpm = 8500.
The Hi Gear ratio = 8500/812 = 10.47:1.
Overall Lo Gear Ratio
Max. Gradeability = 14o
T x G/r = Mg sinθ + µ Mg cos θ.
44 x G/ 0.196 = 700 x 9.81 x sin 14 + 0.015 x 700 x 9.81 x cos 14
G = 1761 x 0.196/ (10.0 x 0.8)
= 43.14:1.

Applying Geometric Progression for the intermediate Gears in a Four Gear Gear-train,
Let A = 10.47 (Hi Gear) and D=43.14 (Lo Gear) and let B and C be the intermediate overall gear ratios.
B= (A^2 x D) ^1/3 = ((10.47)^2 x 43.14)^1/3 = 16.78: 1
C= (B x D)^1/2 = (16.78 x 43.14)^1/2 = 26.90: 1

Thus, the Secondary Gear reductions should be

Forth - 1:1.
Third - 1.60 : 1
Second - 2.57 : 1
First - 4.12 : 1
CALCULATION OF THE ENGIE RPM FOR THE IDC CYCLE.
Maximum Speed Attained
at First Gear = (8500/43.14) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 14.6 km/h.
at Second Gear = (8500/26.90) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 23.35 km/h.
at Third Gear = (8500/16.78) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 37.43 km/h.
at Fourth Gear = (8500/10.47) x 2 x PI x 0.196 x 60/1000= 60.0 km/h.

The maximum speed to be attained at IDC is 42 km/h.

The IDC with Gears will be as follows.

ACCLN SPEED TIME Cum T Av Sp Dist Cum D
OPN Gr ENGINE RPM
m / s2 km / h s s km / h km km
 IDLE - - 16 16 - - - - Idling

A 0.65 00 – 14 6 22 7 0.012 0.012 1 Idling 7785

A 0.56 14 – 22 4 26 18 0.020 0.032 2 5028.5 7902

D - 0.63 22 – 13 4 30 17.5 0.019 0.051 2 7902 4670

S - 13 2 32 13 0.007 0.058 2 4670 4670

A 0.56 13 – 23 5 37 18 0.025 0.083 2 4670 8261

A 0.44 23 – 31 5 42 27 0.038 0.121 3 5338 7195

D - 0.56 31 – 25 3 45 28 0.023 0.144 3 7195 5802

S - 25 4 49 25 0.028 0.172 3 5802 5802

D - 0.56 25 – 21 2 51 23 0.013 0.185 3 5802 4874

A 0.45 21 – 34 8 59 27.5 0.061 0.246 3 4874 7891

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 66 38 0.074 0.320 4 5098 6298

D - 0.46 42 – 37 3 69 39.5 0.033 0.353 4 6298 5548

S - 37 7 76 37 0.072 0.425 4 5548 5548

D - 0.42 37 – 34 2 78 35.5 0.020 0.445 4 5548 5098

A 0.32 34 – 42 7 85 38 0.074 0.519 4 5098 6298

D - 0.46 42 – 27 9 94 34.5 0.086 0.605 - Idling Idling

D - 0.52 27 – 14 7 101 20.5 0.040 0.645 - Idling Idling

D - 0.56 14 – 00 7 108 7 0.014 0.659 - Idling Idling

Kerb Weight = 350 kg.

Reference Mass = 430 kg??.
Inertial Force, T1= Reference Mass (N) x Co-efficient of rolling resistance=430 x 0.015 x 9.81
= 63.27N-m.
Force required for initial speed, T2(i) =Initial speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density x
Co-efficient of Drag.
Force required for the final Speed, T2 (f) = Final speed in m/s x Drag where drag= Frontal area x Air Density
x Co-efficient of Drag.
Acceleration Force, T3= Reference Mass of the vehicle in kg x Acceleration in m/s^2.
Cruise Power- Initial (P1 (i)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Initial (P2 (i)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Initial = P1 (i) +P2 (i).
Cruise Power- Final (P1 (f)) = (T1+T2 (i)) x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Acceleration Power- Final (P2 (f)) = T3 x (Initial Speed in km/h) /3600 in kW.
Total Power- Final = P1 (f) +P2 (f).

The engine has to develop the TOTAL POWER- INITIAL at the rpm corresponding to initial speed and TOTAL
POWER – FINAL at the rpm corresponding to the Final Speed.