Ilta011 PDF

Building the Exponential Law Firm
Unleashing Artificial Intelligence’s True Potential
Rohit Talwar
CEO
Fast Future
ILTACON 2016
National Harbor, Maryland
August 29th 2016
Contents
Presentation p 4
About Fast Future p 83
Background Notes p 96
Slide Sources p 410

rohit@fastfuture.com www.fastfuturepublishing.com
Tomorrow’s Agenda
When Two
Worlds Collide
A
Digitized
Society With a
Global Brain
A
Physical
& Local
World
What’s all the Fuss About –
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of
computer science that emphasizes the
creation of intelligent machines that
work and react like humans. E.g.
Speech recognition, visual perception,
learning, reasoning, inference,
strategising, planning, intuition,
decision-making, and language
translation.
Unique Opportunity and Existential Risk?
A US$650 Billion Market at Risk?
Or a US$78-120 Trillion Opportunity?
AI - A Brief History
• June 1945 - Vannevar Bush "As We May Think" – Argues to
Redirect scientific efforts from destruction towards understanding.
Suggests need for a “memex” collective memory machine to make
knowledge more accessible, and transform an information
explosion into a knowledge explosion.
• 1950 - Alan Turing paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence ‘I
propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?’ Proposes
the “Turing Test” of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human
• 1956 - term 'Artificial Intelligence‘ created at a Dartmouth College
conference
• 1956–74 - “Golden Years” – funding boom - reasoning, NLP,
micro-worlds
• 1974-80 – First AI Winter
• 1980-87 – Boom – expert systems, knowledge, Japan’s 5th
Generation Project
• 1987-93 – Second AI Winter
• 1993 to Present – Progress, Embedding, Explosion
AI - The Last 25 Years
• 1991 - Gulf War DARPA's DART scheduling app pays back 30 year
funding of AI
• 1997 - IBM Deep Blue chess machine defeats world champion,
Garry Kasparov.
• 1998 - Tiger Electronics' Furby released, first successful domestic
AI application
• 2004 - DARPA Grand Challenge competition to build autonomous
vehicles
• 2007-Present – Advances in Machine Learning (ML) / Deep
Learning enable machines to learn on their own, advance and
adapt. Growing focus on unaided/unassisted learning
• 2010-Present –Improvement in image recognition, interpretation
and anomaly detection – rivals humans capabilities - facial
recognition / object identification
• 2011 IBM Watson wins Jeopardy – combines NLP, ML, big data.
• 2011-12 Siri/Google reshaping human-machine and human-data
interaction
• 2015 – Growth of AI Apps, large tech firms and corporates
investing heavily, universities adding AI courses, IBM working with
over 150 partners to offer cognitive computing curricula to business
and technology students.
AI is Enabling a Business
Concept Revolution
A Number of AI Based Legal Offerings are Emerging
We can Learn Lessons from FinTech
Pervasive, Embedded, Augmented, Connected
to a Multi-Sensory “IoE” = Immersive
Intelligent Assistants and Digital Twins
Automation of Government
Tackling
Grand
Challenges
Source: The Millennium Project
Reverse Engineering the Brain
Artificial General Intelligence and the
Prospect of Super Intelligence
What are the Big Players Doing?
Several
Players
are Open
Sourcing
their AI
Tools
Future Search – Google RankBrain
Swiftkey
Sony
Experia
Agent
Deep (Machine) Learning
Human-Like AI?
Empathy, Chit-
Chat, Ethics
Quixote – Teaching Robots Ethics
Legal Sector Applications
1. Automation of legal tasks and processes
2. Decision support and outcome prediction
3. Creation of new product and service offerings

4. Process design and matter management
5. Practice management
Automation of Legal Tasks and Processes
• Berwin Leighton Paisner using

Ravn ACE to speed up mass data
processing
• Linklaters Verifi, checks client
names on 14 European regulatory
registers
• Bradford Barthel / Hodge, Jones
& Allen – personal injury claim case
assessment
• Mindmeld – Natural Language
Processing
Decision Support and Outcome Prediction 1of 2
• BakerHostetler, Latham and
Watkins – ROSS – legal research
• Pinsent Masons TermFrame tool
reads and analyses clauses in loan
agreements, guides lawyers through
transactions and suggests precedents
at each stage of a process.
• DLA Piper – Kira for document review
in M&A, extracts and analyzes key
contract provisions, rapid summary
and analysis
• Premonition – which lawyers win with
which case types and which judges
Decision Support and Outcome Prediction 2 of 2
• Fastcase – Case summarization,

categorization, citation analysis and
data visualization
• Clifford Chance – Deploying Kira for
due diligence and qualitative analysis
• Ravel - maps how cases interrelate
and how judges tend to rule
• Lex Machina, Etro – patent analytics
• Casetext CARA – analyzes entire
brief to find potential missing points of
law, or alternative arguments not cited
Creation of New Product and Service Offerings
• Fenwick and West – online document
generation for startup formation
• Dentons / Nextlaw Labs – RAVN for
BREXIT Connect – online education /
impact analysis
• LawPath – Online Chatbot advising on
privacy law and generating client-
specific compliance policy in real-time
• Neota partnering with Allens/University
of Technology Sydney and Slater and
Gordon/Melbourne Law School –
student competitions for online social
justice applications
Process Design and Matter Management
• Automated generation of process

flows and project plans
• Real-time impact assessment of
process changes on timeframes,
resources and costs
• Lawyer / client drill down through
document / matter history
• Suggested narratives based on how
clients react to / and prefer to receive
information
• Automated client updates
Practice Management
• Benchmarking across practice
areas for comparable tasks from
document production through to
completion of key stages in a
matter
• Identifying potential HR
challenges using social media
sentiment analysis of comments
• Dynamic modelling of alternative
billing approaches
• Matter team formation based on
personal characteristics
In-house Legal Applications
• Riverview Law Kim – lawyer advisory

app e.g. ordering of corporate contract
negotiations
• Hive Legal Super App -streamline and
standardize regulated superannuation
funds’ breach assessment processes
• Next Angles compliance regulatory suite
– helps financial institutions meet
requirements, determines applicable
regulations e.g. money laundering,
liquidity risk and financial crimes
Direct Services
Blockchain
 Blockchain was created

for Bitcoin
 Eliminates central
clearing mechanisms
by distributing
transaction ledgers
across the web
securely
 All parties involved
remain anonymous
Ethereum and Smart Contracts
• Ethereum - platform to
create private blockchains
and smart contracts
• Goldman Sachs Estimates:
– Legal savings of $US11
- 12 billion per year
from streamlining
clearing and settlement
of cash securities
– $US2 - 4 billion annual
legal saving on moving
real estate titles to
distributed ledgers.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
Decentralized Arbitration and Mediation Network DAO
(DAMN) – Third Key Solutions
• An ‘opt-in’ global justice DAO
system for commercial
transactions
• Designed to create and work
with ‘smart contracts’
• Provide user choice - resolved
by a person, an algorithm, pools
of random jurors, pools of
experts, through collaboration
of the parties involved, or even
another DAO
Algocracy - Automating the Law
• Common Accord - creating global
codes of legal transacting by
codifying and automating legal
documents, including contracts,
permits, organizational documents,
and consents.
• Rewriting and embedding the law
in software – automatic fines,
drawing evidence from the Internet
of Things, standardized open
source legal documents,
automated judgements
Client Advisory Opportunities
The Next 18 Months
• Growth of law firms establishing internal technology innovation labs, creating
seed funds to invest in legal technology start-ups, and running joint experiments
with technology providers and clients
• A number of firms and in-house teams will run AI trials and develop applications
than create smarter internal processes
• A range of trials and applications of AI for lawyer decision support
• Launch of the first client facing AI applications and new AI-enabled products and
services
• Growth of FinTech – rising pressure from financial services to embrace AI/
Blockchain technology – with legal cost reduction a key driver
• Emergence of Blockchain Smart Contracts and DAO’s
The Next Three Years
• Clear evidence of lawyer replacement by smart technologies
• Widespread and accelerating deployment of AI on core law firm processes
• Meaningful penetration of AI into in-house legal
• First truly AI-centric law firms
• Significant range of AI-based solutions offered direct to consumers and

SMEs / Technology businesses
• Widespread adoption of Blockhain smart contracts in newer firms
• Rise of DAOs in both the private and public sectors.
The Next Five Years
• Applications starting to emerge that display near-human levels of intelligence
(Artificial General Intelligence) in certain domains
• First examples of true Algocracy - Countries moving to digitising / automating /
embedding the law
• Blockchain / smart contracts / DAOs in widespread use in financial services and
other sectors
• 20-50% of ‘routine’ legal work by sector fully automated by clients with no law firm
involvement
• New technology-centric legal sector entrants from the last five years competing
head on with Big Law
• AI in widespread use across law firms and frequently mandated by clients.
The Power of Exponential Growth
Pursuit of Exponential Growth
AirBnB Hotels 90x more listings per employee
GitHub Software 109x more repositories per employee
Local Motors 1000x cheaper to develop a new car model
Automotive 5-22x faster to manufacture a car
Quirky Consumer Goods 10x faster product development (29 vs 300 days)
Google Ventures 2.5x more investments in early stage start-ups
Investments 10x faster through design process
Valve Gaming 30x more market cap per employee
Tesla Automotive 30x more market cap per employee
Tangerine (formerly ING Direct 7x more customers per employee
Canada) Banking 4x more deposits per customer
Strati – First 3D Printed Car (Local Motors)
Exponential Market Cap Improvement
Age (yrs) 2011 valuation 2016 valuation Increase
Haier 31 $19 billion $60 billion (2014) 3x
Valve 19 $1.5 billion $4.5 billion (2014) 3x
Google 18 $150 billion $533.4 billion 3.6x
Uber 8 $2 billion $62.5 billion 31x
AirBnB 7 $2 billion $25.5 billion 12.8x
Github 7 $ 500 million (est.) $2 billion 4x
Waze 7 $ 25 million $1.15 billion (sold to 46x
Google in 2013)
Qirky 6 $ 50 million Closed 40x at peak
Snapchat 4 0 $16 billion 16,000x +
Exponential Law Firm Growth
• Signature Litigation
(UK) – 100% YoY
• Lawyers on Demand
– 48% YoY
• CMS (UK) – 35% YoY
• Axiom 1,216% over
ten years
• Allen & Overy – 92%
over ten years
Nanotechnology / Artificial
New
3D / 4D Atomically Precise Intelligence /
Computing
Printing Manufacturing Conscious
Architectures
Technology
Food Chain
Transformation Hyperconnected
Exponential Internet of
Energy Humanity
Innovation Science and Technology
Immersivity /
Robotics / Developments Mixed Reality
Drones Living
Brain Healthcare Synthetic Blockchain

Uploading Human
Transformation Augmentation Biology Technology
S&T Innovation and New Ideas are
Enabling Tomorrow’s $1Tn+ Sectors
Info. and Communications Technology
 Mobile Internet - Devices, Services,
Infrastructure, Commerce
 Next Generation Intelligent,
Personalised Internet
 Cloud Based Applications,
Infrastructure, Services
 Internet of Things / Internet of
Everything / Internet of Humanity
 Big Data, Data Mining and the
Automation of Knowledge
 AI, Deep Learning and Robotics
 Blockchain Systems and DAOs
Production and Construction Systems &
Technologies
 Advanced Robotics /
Drones
 3D/4D Printing and
Advanced Materials
 Genomics and Synthetic
Biology
 Biomimcry Applied to
Product Design and
Engineered Systems
 Rapid / Green / Sustainable
Construction
Industry Transformation
 Global Infrastructure Construction -
Roads, Transport, Energy, Water
 Infrastructure Operation and
Maintenance
 Warehousing, Logistics and
Distribution
 Reinvention and Automation of
Professional Services - E.g.
Accounting, Legal, Consultancy,
and Architecture
 Financial Services
Energy and Environment
 Alternative and Renewable
Energy Generation,
distribution and Storage
 Advanced Oil & Gas
Exploration & Recovery -
Including Fracking and
Methane Hydrates
 Geo-Engineering, Climate
and Environmental
Protection, Disaster
Recovery and Remediation
Citizen Services and Infrastructure
 Health 2.0 – Wellness, Personalisation,
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment
 Elder Care
 Human Modification / Augmentation /
Body Shops
 Clean Domestic Water and Sanitation
Services
 Smart Homes – Smart Devices, Air
Conditioning, Waste to Power
 Green / Electric / Autonomous / Near-
Autonomous Vehicles
 Education Systems Transformation
New Societal Infrastructure and Services
 New Food and Agriculture Solutions
 Sharing / Circular Economy –
Repurpose, Recycle, Reuse, Repair
 Smart City Infrastructures and
Services
 Intelligent Transport Systems
 Justice and Social Care
 E-Government Services
Truly Disruptive Innovation
e.g. Hyperloop
3D Printing
$483 U.S
Zhuoda (Xi’an) - 3D Printed Homes –
Assembly in Under 3 Hours (US$483 / SQM)
These developments require interpretation, reframing and redrafting of legal
frameworks and creation of new legal concepts and dispute mechanisms to
encompass emerging political, economic, social, and business paradigms.
Establishing Governing Principles and Regulations for use
and Insurance of Self-Driving Vehicles / Self-Owning Assets
Rollback,
Recovery,
Contract
Review, &
Dispute
Arbitration
for
Automated,
Blockchain
Financial
Transaction
Systems
Governance and ‘Right Of Redress’ Protocols Where AI is
Replacing Human Decision Makers e.g. Healthcare, Social
Security And Legal Dispute Resolution
Usage Control and Privacy Protection in the AI Systems
Managing / Interpreting Data Flows Arising From the IoT
Creating
Regulatory
Frameworks
to Govern the
Conduct of /
Dispute
Resolution for
DAOs
Defining Legal
Frameworks
for Emerging
Health Mega-
Sectors e.g.
Age
Extension and
Human
Enhancement
Determining Governance and Monitoring Frameworks for
Science Research Designed and Conducted Entirely by AI
Systems E.G. Creation of New Lifeforms
So How do we Start the Journey?
Professional Immersion, Client Events and Research
e.g. Science Labs, VC Investments, Crowdfunding
Rapid Action
Teams
(Internal and
Client)
10 Day
Prototypes,
30 Day
Launch,
Refine in Use
First they ignore you,
then they laugh at you,
then they fight you,
then you win.
Mahatma Gandhi
Thank You
Download this presentation at

www.fastfuturepublishing.com
rohit@fastfuture.com
About Fast Future
FutureScapes:
The Future of Business
Edited By
Rohit Talwar
Launched June 2015
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ILTA Legal Technology
Future Horizons Project
• Key business and legal trends and forces
• Timeline of emerging technologies and IT developments
with high potential legal impact
• Explores IT’s transformative role in future legal business
models and service differentiation
• Defines strategic business and IT imperatives
• 6 sponsors - combined desk research, interviews with
managing partners, CIO’s, vendors, futurists and
technologists, global surveys on the business applications
of IT and emerging technologies
• http://www.iltanet.org/Downloads/LTFH-Report.pdf
• 200 emerging technology developments
http://www.iltanet.org/Downloads/TechTimelineAppendixLTFH.pdf
Designing Your Future -
Key Trends, Challenges and Choices
• 50 key trends
• 100 emerging trends
• 10 major patterns of change
• Key challenges and choices for
leaders
• Strategic decision making framework
• Future Scenarios
• Key futures tools and techniques
Reinventing the Airport Ecosystem
• Drivers of change
• Science and technology advances
• Customer expectations
• Innovation priorities
• Strategies and business models
• Surveys to test ideas and scenarios on a
global audience
• Models for managing tomorrows airport
ecosystem
• http://www.amadeus.com/airlineit/resour
ces/reinventing_the_airport_ecosystem/i
ndex.html?OADS=78
Futurium - Science and Technology
Transformations Shaping the World of 2050
• European Commission project
• Examined 87 potential Futurium
developments and trends

• Clustered into 11 overarching future
societal themes
• Content identified through a
combination of crowdsourcing via
the Futurium web platform,
suggestions from the EC, and ideas
proposed by our team
• http://ec.europa.eu/digital-
agenda/futurium/
ACCA / IMA – 100 Drivers of Change
• Identifies 100 drivers of change
impacting business and the
accounting profession
• Outlines future scenarios for the
accounting function
• Highlights strategic imperatives for
business and the accounting function
• ‘5 minutes on’ executive summary
• Report:
www.accaglobal.co.uk/en/research-
insights/accountancy-futures/drivers-
change.html
Hotels 2020
• Identifying key drivers of change for the
globally branded hotel sector over the
next decade
• Examining the implications for:
 Hotel strategy
 Brand portfolio
 Business models
 Customer targeting
 Innovation
 http://www.amadeus.com/hotelit/
beyond-segmentation.html
What We Do
 Speaking and Moderating
Delivering keynote speeches offering inspiring insights into a changing world and how
others are responding to the future
 Capacity Building / Future Leadership Programs and Events
Designing high impact leadership development programs, workshops and events for
leaders and decision makers in governments and businesses that encourage new thinking,
bring the future to life and enable you to develop new strategies and action agendas
 Foresight Research
Helping you explore and understand the roadmap of economic, business, scientific,
technological, social, political and environmental trends, forces, developments and ideas
shaping the future of the sector
 Investor Support
Advising on emerging sectors, technologies and scientific developments
 Exponential Growth Consulting
Helping you create future strategies designed to deliver exponential rates of improvement,
develop new business models and drive innovation to respond to and create disruptive
change
 Business Design and Innovation
Facilitating development of innovative, future proofed designs for organisations, products,
services, processes and customer experiences
Rohit Talwar
• Global futurist and founder of Fast Future Research.
• Award winning speaker on future insights and strategic innovation –
addressing leadership audiences in 40 countries on 5 continents
• Author of Designing Your Future
• Profiled by UK’s Independent Newspaper as one of the Top 10 Global
Future Thinkers
• Led futures research, scenario planning and strategic consultancy projects
for clients in telecommunications, technology, pharmaceuticals, banking,
travel and tourism, environment, food and government sectors
• Clients include 3M, BBC, BT, BAe, Bayer, Chloride, DTC De Beers, DHL,
EADS, Electrolux, E&Y, GE, Hoover, Hyundai, IBM, ING, Intel, KPMG,
M&S, Nakheel, Nokia, Nomura, Novartis, OECD, Orange, Panasonic,
Pfizer, PwC, Samsung, Shell, Siemens, Symbian, Yell , numerous
international associations and governments agencies in the US, UK,
Finland, Dubai, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Singapore.
• To receive Fast Future’s newsletters please email rohit@fastfuture.com
Videos of Rohit Exploring the Future
 The World in 2025 - Driving Forces, Global Challenges and Potential
Disruptions (35 mins) http://vimeo.com/93302584
 Anticipating 2025 - Driving forces, global challenges and potential
disruptions (30 mins): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwcLQCIfxpY
 A World in Transition (60 mins):
http://www.colliers.com/en-gb/uk/insights/multimedia
 Future of Travel (22 mins)
http://www.travelmole.tv/watch_vdo.php?id=14300
 Parallel Revolutions Impacting Global Labor: Bloomberg TV Interview (4
mins): http://www.bloomberg.com/video/parallel-revolutions-impacting-
global-labor-talway-T0tJZRX6TpGIxjKShTzv~w.html
Useful Sources
• Genetic profiling - https://www.23andme.com/
• X Prize - Breakthrough innovation projects - http://www.xprize.org/
• Google brain uploading - http://digitaljournal.com/article/352787
• Brain mapping projects - http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513011/why-obamas-brain-mapping-project-matters/
• Global Future 2045 (immortality) http://2045.com/
• Human enhancement - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement
• Wearable technology – Google Project Glass - http://www.google.com/glass/start/
• Emotiv Epoc Brain-Computer Interface - http://www.emotiv.com/
• AI Essay Grading Software - http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/science/new-test-for-computers-grading-essays-at-college-
level.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
• Digital / Crypto currencies –
– http://www.abc.net.au/technology/articles/2013/09/25/3855973.htm
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies
• Autonomous cars -
– http://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/6357/Tesla-Working-on-Autonomous-Car.aspx
– http://www.popsci.com/cars/article/2013-09/google-self-driving-car
Contact Information
Email rohit@fastfuture.com
Phone +44 (0)7973 405145
Web http://www.fastfuture.com
Twitter http://twitter.com/fastfuture
Blog http://widerhorizons.wordpress.com
LinkedIn http://www.linkedin.com/in/talwar
Past presentations http://www.slideshare.net/fastrohit
Newsletter signup http://fastfuture.com/?page_id=13
Our current charitable campaigns:

Charlotte Talwar's fundraising project to build a new toilet block for Sunrise School Ghana
http://www.gofundme.com/7gaxho
Street Kids International - Helping Street-Active Youth In Ghana Start Businesses
https://www.globalgiving.co.uk/projects/help-street-active-youth-in-ghana-start-businesses
Background Notes
The race to monetize artificial intelligence is on
• IBM
• Main A.I. Technologies: IBM Watson remains the grandfather of A.I. technologies and
IBM’s main investment in the space.
• Key Advantages: IBM’s strong enterprise customer base is a unique asset when it
comes to the monetization of A.I. technologies.
• Monetization Models: IBM is likely to monetize A.I. via large enterprise software and
services deals.
• Network Effects: IBM’s strong services partner as well as the Watson developer
community are relevant network effects that could play a factor in the monetization of
A.I. technologies.
CIO Magazine, 30/5/2016, http://www.cio.com/article/3076154/internet-of-things/the-race-to-monetize-artificial-intelligence-is-on.html#tk.rss_all

• Microsoft
• Main A.I. Technologies: Microsoft’s main A.I. investments include technologies like
Cortana, Microsoft Cognitive Services, and Azure Machine Learning.
• Key Advantages: Microsoft should be able to leverage its large enterprise customer
base as well as consumer presence with technologies like Windows, Office, Skype,
and Xbox as monetization channels for its A.I. technology.
• Monetization Models: Given its presence in both the consumer and enterprise
spaces, Microsoft should be able to monetize A.I. via large enterprise deals as well as
consumer products.
• Network Effects: Microsoft’s partner and developer communities as well as the strong
user base of products like Office and Skype are strong network effects to be
considered.

• Facebook
• Main A.I. Technologies: Facebook’s main A.I. investments include technologies like
M, Wit.ai, and Facebook Messenger Platform.
• Key Advantages: Facebook Messenger’s strong user base is a unique competitive
advantage that Facebook can use when monetizing A.I. technologies. Also,
Facebook’s early presence in the VR market with technologies like Oculus can also
be relevant.
• Monetization Models: Facebook is likely to monetize A.I. by leveraging its strong user
base using mechanisms like advertising, commerce services, and others.
• Network Effects: The viral models built in the Facebook and Facebook Messenger
platforms are a unique network effect that can be used to commercialize A.I.
technologies.

• Amazon
• Main A.I. Technologies: Amazon’s biggest investments in A.I. technologies include the
Alexa platform, consumer devices like Echo and Dot, as well as the AWS Machine
Learning platform.
• Key Advantages: Amazon’s ecommerce user and customer base is a strong channel
for the distribution of A.I. technologies. Additionally, AWS’s dominance in the cloud
platform space should also help to uniquely position this type of technology.
• Monetization Models: Amazon is likely to monetize A.I. technologies via its large
consumer base as well as enterprise deals via AWS.
• Network Effects: The AWS developer and partner communities is a strong network
effect to consider when evaluating Amazon’s A.I. technologies. Additionally, Amazon’s
consumer base has proven to be an extremely strong distribution mechanism.

• Apple
• Main A.I. Technologies: Siri remains Apple’s main investment in A.I. technologies
today.
• Key Advantages: Apple’s iOS, iPhone, and iPad customer base could be a unique
distribution model for A.I. technologies. Other media properties like Apple Music can
also be relevant in this area.
• Monetization Models: Apple is likely to monetize A.I. technologies leveraging its large
iPhone and iPad customer base.
• Network Effects: Siri, the Apple Store app, and the viral effects built into iOS apps can
result in strong network effects when commercializing Apple’s A.I. technologies.

• Google
• Main A.I. Technologies: Google has made significant investments in A.I. across its
technology portfolio. DeepMind, open A.I. platforms like TensorFlow, smart devices
like Google Home, mobile apps like Google Assistant, hardware components like the
TPU Chip and, of course, the Google Self-Driving Car are some examples.
• Existing Assets: Google’s dominance in search and advertisement as well as its
ownership of the Android mobile OS are unique assets that can be used when
monetizing A.I. technologies.
• Monetization Models: Google is likely to monetize A.I. technologies using its strong
consumer and enterprise customer base.
• Network Effects: Google’s online assets like Search, and AdWords, as well as its
presence in the mobile space are strong network effects that can play a role in the
monetization of A.I. technologies.
Are High Stress Decisions Best Made by Bots?
• Nigel Duffy, CTO of Sentient, an AI enterprise platform, is concerned with the actual
actions and behaviors of these “intelligent systems” in the world.
• One area that’s particularly hot, Duffy says, is in industries dependent on rapid
decision-making in closed feedback loops—like high-frequency trading in finance.
• High frequency trading, a form of algorithmic buying and selling of assets, accounts
for a big portion of daily trades in some financial markets. Based on instructions
coded in software, computers can complete large trades in fractions of a second.
Singularity Hub, 1/6/2016, http://singularityhub.com/2016/06/01/are-high-stress-decisions-best-made-by-bots/

How Salesforce Is Betting on Artificial Intelligence
• Salesforce, the cloud company, said that it wants to be an AI-first company.

• Early this year, it released SalesforceIQ Inbox that uses artificial intelligence and
machine learning to work with users, emails, calendars, and CRM data to
recommend actions to be more efficient in the sales, service, and marketing
processes of their companies. This product was created using its $390 million
acquisition of RelateIQ in 2014.
• There is however stiff competition in the space with IBM, Google, and Microsoft trying
to provide AI as various cloud services that can be used within apps.
Inc., 21/5/2016, http://www.inc.com/linkedin/sramana-mitra/salesforce-focusing-ai-sramana-mitra.html

Meet Zenbo, the Asus robot that costs no more than a
smartphone
• Zenbo will remind older people of doctor’s appointments or medication schedules,
and will monitor the home for emergency situations such as falls. If it detects a
problem, it will notify carers and allow them to pilot the robot remotely, using the
camera to inspect the area.
• Asus hopes that children will take to the robot, which can sing, dance, tell stories and
play games, while controlling the surrounding environment, including the lights, for a
bit more novelty.
• For adults, Asus is pitching Zenbo as a moving Amazon Echo or Google Home
competitor, capable of taking control of various internet of things devices, from
televisions to thermostats.
The Guardian, 31/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/31/asus-zenbo-robot-price-smartphone-voice-face

The Guardian, 31/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/31/asus-zenbo-robot-price-smartphone-voice-face
In the future we’re going to have robot butlers and it’s
going to be so lame
• Zenbo is essentially an Amazon Echo on wheels. It can tell you a recipe, but it can’t
cook dinner. It can tell you when someone’s hurt, but can’t do anything about it. It can
help you buy things, but can’t pick them up for you. If this sounds appealing,
TechCrunch reports Zenbo will cost $599 when it goes on sale—about $400 more
than an Echo.
Quartz, 31/5/2016, http://qz.com/696188/in-future-were-going-to-have-robot-butlers-and-its-going-to-be-so-lame/

A quarter of Brits believe their jobs will be replaced by
robots in 10 years
• 42 per cent of Brits believe that their job could be replaced by a robot by the year
2066.
• A quarter (25 per cent) of respondents think that this could happen much sooner and
may even occur with the next 10 years.
• The survey highlighted the different opinions on the subject held by the younger and
older generation of those in the UK: Younger workers held a strong belief that their
jobs would be replaced by robot technology with 1 in 5 (19 per cent) 18-24 year olds
stating that they sometimes or frequently worry about this issue.
• The older generation on the other hand rarely, if ever, worries about robots taking
their jobs.
IT Pro Portal, 31/5/2016, http://www.itproportal.com/2016/05/31/quarter-brits-believe-jobs-will-replaced-robots-10-years/

Computers will outperform doctors
• Computers will soon outperform even the best doctors at diagnosing illnesses,
because of the rapid growth of processing power, a government technology adviser
has said.
• Richard Susskind said that in the coming years, patients would be able to take
pictures of their ailments and receive an accurate, computer-generated diagnosis.
The Telegraph, 31/5/2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/computers-will-outperform-doctors-at-diagnosing-illnesses-says-g/

Artificial Intelligence Makes the Phone a Personal
Assistant
• The Roll, for instance, is a new intelligent app that can help organize the thousands of
photos that you take with your phone. The app scans a photo library, analyzing each
image and trying to spot which ones are similar. It then groups pictures together so
copies can be deleted.
• EasilyDo offers similar A.I.-based organization and tries to do some of the jobs a real-
life personal assistant would do. It works by connecting directly to email accounts,
such as Gmail and Exchange, and to other services and apps like Facebook,
Evernote and LinkedIn.
• 24Me is a personal digital assistant that, much like EasilyDo, connects to different
online accounts and manages your affairs. It is styled more like a standard to-do list
app or calendar app, which may suit those who like to organize their days as a
timeline.
NYT, 18/5/2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/19/technology/personaltech/artificial-intelligence-makes-the-phone-a-personal-

assistant.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0
Inside Vicarious, the Secretive AI Startup Bringing
Imagination to Computers
• Vicarious has introduced a new kind of neural-network algorithm designed to take into
account more of the features that appear in biology. An important one is the ability to
picture what the information it’s learned should look like in different scenarios—a kind
of artificial imagination.
• Its mathematical innovations will more faithfully mimic the information processing
found in the human brain.
• The founders of Vicarious also say that their approach extends to other, much more
complex areas of intelligence, including language and logical reasoning.
MIT Technology Review, 19/5/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601496/inside-vicarious-the-secretive-ai-startup-bringing-imagination-to-

computers/
Affectiva raises $14 million to bring apps, robots
emotional intelligence
• Affectiva is a startup developing “emotion recognition technology” that can read
people’s moods from their facial expressions captured in digital videos.
• The company’s technology ingests digital images—including video in chat
applications, live-streamed or recorded videos, or even GIFs—through simple web
cams typically. Its system first categorizes then maps the facial expressions to a
number of emotional states, like happy, sad, nervous, interested or surprised.
• Over time, the company’s systems can learn to identify more complex emotions. The
startup hopes to be able to accurately parse expressions of hope, inspiration and
frustration from non-verbal cues in the future
Tech Crunch, 25/5/2016, http://techcrunch.com/2016/05/25/affectiva-raises-14-million-to-bring-apps-robots-emotional-intelligence/

Digital Assistants Get Women's Names—Unless
They're 'Lawyers'
• Ross is a regular name for a human, except that it stands out when compared to
other AI.
• Siri, Cortana, Alexa, Ross: one of these things is not like the other. Siri, Cortana and
Alexa are digital assistants—they help you find your coffee meeting, manage your
calendar, play your music. Ross is a lawyer.
• People are accustomed to women occupying administrative roles, the roles that these
AI are meant to augment or replace. And so they get women’s names and voices. Yet
some writers argue that naming assistants this way fortifies the idea that women who
aren’t algorithms exist to assist, not lead or make decisions.
• The Ross CTO said they considered some gender neutral names, and that in their
mind Ross is gender neutral.
Motherboard, 17/5/2016, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/digital-assistants-get-womens-namesunless-theyre-lawyers

AI robot called ‘Emma’ writes articles
• Emma, an AI from a start-up called Stealth, is an “autonomous artificial intelligence”

designed to deliver professional services such as research and analysis, including
journalists.
• Imagine a scenario where an entity like Emma could do rudimentary reports on
repetitive data releases, then send them to a human editor to newsify and beautify.
• The Associated Press already uses a program called Automated Insights to write
simple corporate results stories.
• Humans have the advantage: machines not obliterating them but taking over the
boring bits of their jobs so they can spend more time on the creative or valuable
parts.
• Some of the new chatbot and AI services also have people hiding inside: these
people often review and edit AI-generated responses before they are sent.
• Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyc9mUs_9Xc
Financial Times, 4/5/2016, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/92583120-0ae0-11e6-b0f1-61f222853ff3.html#axzz48f1Awbvd
Teaching Robots to Feel Pain to Protect Themselves
• The reason for giving robots pain sensors is the same as for existing biological
adaptations—to ensure a reaction that will lessen the damage incurred by our bodies,
and perhaps, even more importantly, to help us to remember to avoid similar
situations in the future.
• In the case of the robots, the researchers have built an electric network behind the
fingertip sensor meant to mimic nerve pathways below the skin in animals, allowing
the robot to "feel" what has been programmed to describe various types, or degrees
of pain.
• If a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate, are we to
believe it is truly experiencing pain?
• And if so, will lawmakers find the need to enact laws to prevent cruelty to robots, as is
the case with animals?
• As robotics technology advances, researchers are more often forced to make hard
decisions, some of which may fall entirely outside the domain of engineers.
R&D Magazine, 27/5/2016, http://www.rdmag.com/news/2016/05/teaching-robots-feel-pain-protect-themselves

Magic Leap’s Latest Surprise: It’s Working on Robots
• The company has said it’s creating a new optical chip that relies on silicon photonics
in order to make its augmented-reality images work, so the idea that it’s also poking
around in robotics, or at least robotics-related AI, would fit in with its efforts to explore
a range of technologies.
• Magic Leap spokeswoman Julia Gaynor had no comment on what the company may
be doing in the AI robotics space.
MIT Technology Review, 27/5/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601598/magic-leaps-latest-surprise-its-working-on-robots/

American Enterprise Institute, 27/5/2016, https://www.aei.org/publication/how-many-jobs-robots-take-maybe-fewer/
Disney's working on robots that mimic people's
movements
• A "hybrid hydrostatic transmission and human-safe haptic telepresence robot"
essentially mimics the moves of its puppet master, an operator viewing everything
through the eyes (i.e. cameras) of the robot.
• The operator's motions are mimicked by the robot, and the haptics feedback, which is
sort of like the iPhone's 3D Touch, allows the operator to almost feel what the robot is
feeling. This lets the robot handle delicate objects, carry out precise motion and
interact with humans.
• A video released by Disney shows the robot playing a xylophone, picking up and then
cracking an egg, threading string through the eye of a needle, patting a girl's cheeks
and playing catch with a balloon.
CNET, 12/5/2016, http://www.cnet.com/news/disneys-working-on-robots-that-mimic-peoples-movements-disney-research/

The FBI Can Neither Confirm Nor Deny Wiretapping
Your Amazon Echo
• We live in a world awash in microphones. They’re in our smartphones, they’re in our
computers, and they’re in our TVs. We used to expect that they were only listening
when we asked them to listen.
• Increasingly we’ve invited our internet-connected gadgets to be “always listening.”
• There’s no better example of this than the Amazon Echo.
• In many ways the Echo is a law enforcement dream.
Gizmodo, 11/5/2016, http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/the-fbi-can-neither-confirm-nor-deny-wiretapping-your-a-1776092971

The Humans Hiding Behind the Chatbots
• A handful of companies employ humans pretending to be robots pretending to be

humans.
• Concierges (Magic, Facebook’s M, GoButler); shopping assistants (Operator, Mezi);
and e-mail schedulers (X.ai, Clara) have all sprung up.
• The goal for most of these businesses is to require as few humans as possible.
• But for now, the companies are largely powered by people, clicking behind the curtain
and making it look like magic.
Bloomberg, 18/5/2016, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-18/the-humans-hiding-behind-the-chatbots

Service robots to spearhead Chinese AI boom
• Room service robots, robot bank tellers, and voice-controlled personal assistants
were the hot topics at an AI forum in Beijing.
• Participants said they were expecting a boom in sales of service robots in the next
five years in China, as the country's AI revolution accelerates.
• The Chinese market for service robots will be worth 30 billion yuan (4.6 billion U.S.
dollars) by 2020.
Xinhua, 29/4/2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-04/29/c_135323878.htm

Your.MD Launches AI-Powered Doctor Diagnosis on
Facebook Messenger Via Chatbot
• The AI-powered service that enables people to get answers:
1. What’s wrong with me? AI understands what the user is suffering from
2. What’s the most likely solution? AI will find the most relevant condition and offer a
solution
3. What services are available to help me get better?
• In response to these questions if needed, AI will propose the best free and premium
3rd party services from OneStop Health focusing initially on five key areas:
1. prescription medicines
2. mental health
3. telemedicine
4. specialist services from the NHS
5. integration with other self-care apps
HIT, 29/4/2016, http://hitconsultant.net/2016/04/29/md-launches-ai-powered-doctor-diagnosis-facebook-messenger-via-chatbot/
What are the careers of the next 20 years?
• Consultants: Consultants are not going away anywhere soon. As businesses and
governments reduce cost by scaling down permanent employees, there will be a
growing market for management consultants to provide need-based services. There
will also be a huge market for specialists to provide on-demand scientific and
technology consulting. You can spread your business net far and wide providing
inputs remotely through the Internet or video calls as required.
Economic Times, 9/5/2016, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/earn/what-are-the-careers-of-the-next-20-years-find-

out/articleshow/52161998.cms
MIT is now helping companies educate their workers
instead of hiring consultants
• MIT will launch a certificate program in innovation and technology this summer.
• What makes this program unique is that it’s geared toward educating working
professionals on how to become innovators, and helping their companies not hire
third-party consultants instead.
• Employees in industries ranging from technology, healthcare, education, and finance
can take four courses of their choice, then bring an innovative spirit—and new
certificate—back to help move their company forward.
• The program will help companies think outside-the-box without the help of external
consultants.
• The courses address how innovation and technology can be combined to find
solutions for society’s problems in healthcare, finance, or agriculture. Some of the
core courses offered include Radical Innovation, Innovative Precision Product
Design, and The Invention Process.
Boston.com, 19/4/2016, https://www.boston.com/jobs/jobs-news/2016/04/19/mit-has-a-new-program-to-help-companies-educate-their-workers-
rather-than-hire-consultants
Is There a Future for the Professions? An Interim
Verdict
• Nothing in the digital revolution itself disables professional practice.
• In practice, however, when it comes to the lives of professionals, the digital
technologies have been at least as disruptive as the market mentality.
• Traditionally, professionals have been able to present themselves as highly and in
fact uniquely knowledgeable individuals. Such experts not only have detailed
technical knowledge; they are also able to provide services and solutions that take
into account the full complexity of the client’s needs and to do so in a highly
personalized fashion.
• But over the last two or three decades, this consensus has disintegrated.
The Good Project, 2/12/2015, http://www.thegoodproject.org/is-there-a-future-for-the-professions-an-interim-verdict/

Is There a Future for the Professions? An Interim
Verdict
• Due to increasingly powerful services and precise search engines, potential clients
can be in touch readily with peers around the globe. These pursuers can approach
the table manned by a professional as well informed as and sometimes more
knowledgeable and more up-to-date than the professional herself.
• At the least, client and professional are coming to look at one another as equals.
• In a parallel set of developments, the kinds of broad services traditionally provided by
professionals have been broken down into far finer sets of skills and services.
• Instead of having trained journalists fashion a comprehensive account suitable for all
readers, online reporting systems can customize various linguistic and illustrated
versions—often drawing on already posted sources, for example.
The Good Project, 2/12/2015, http://www.thegoodproject.org/is-there-a-future-for-the-professions-an-interim-verdict/

Could robots with artificial intelligence could ultimately
provide the expertise and multiple intelligences that we
need from human experts?
• Howard Gardner breaks it into three separate issues:
• Firstly does the system reach its ‘answers’ in the same way that human beings do?
This is the difference between ‘artificial intelligence’ and ‘human simulation.
• Secondly does the system manifest its intelligence? For many of us, there’s a big
difference between typing a question on our pad, as opposed to conversing with a
robot or avatar. The more that the robot resembles a human being, the more
satisfying it will be to many individuals.
• Thirdly can the computational system provide a recommended course of action that is
as solid, or even more solid, than a well-trained professional? In a way that the client
finds satisfying? For the foreseeable future (say a decade or two), I think that the
answer is no. But I would add that for individuals who cannot afford to consult a
professional, or for whom no professional is available, an artificial system will typically
be much better than the recommendations of a friend or than common sense – which
is all too often common non-sense.
CM Rubin World, 4/4/2016, http://www.cmrubinworld.com/the-global-search-for-education-in-search-of-professional-ethicists
AI in the UK: Risks and Rewards
• This briefing introduces Artificial Intelligence (A.I) as it is applied in industry today, and
outlines what the United Kingdom can do to take full advantage of the technology.
The briefing covers four areas the Implications of robotics and artificial intelligence for
the UK, gaining and maintaining primacy in A.I technologies, the social and economic
opportunities afforded by A.I technologies and issues in developing robotic and
artificial intelligence technologies.
• A.I, robotics and automated processes are highly likely to displace vast amounts of
the labour force within the next two decades, potentially 15 million jobs are amenable
to automation, by either robotics or software, and cover an ever-broadening range of
occupations.
• Changes in the distribution of the capital-labour ratio will lead to a hollowing out of
low, mid and high skill workers.
IEET, 12/5/2016, http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/Karran20160512

A new paper explores "How to Create a Malevolent
Artificial Intelligence”
• Here are a handful of groups, according to the paper, that might be interested:
• Military whose aim is to develop cyber-weapons and robot soldiers.
• Governments who would like to establish hegemony, control people, or take down
other governments.
• Corporations who want a monopoly, destroying competition through illegal means.
• Black hats attempting to steal information or resources or destroy cyber-infrastructure
targets.
• Doomsday cults attempting to bring the end of the world by any means.
• The list goes on and includes depressed people who want to commit suicide,
psychopaths who want to earn fame, and even AI researchers who need to secure
funding.
Tech Republic, 13/5/2016, http://www.techrepublic.com/article/creating-malevolent-ai-a-manual/

A new paper explores "How to Create a Malevolent
Artificial Intelligence”
• There are two specific ways that malevolent AI can be created. The first is by failing
to create an oversight board that can review the ethics of the research.
• The second is by creating closed-source code. This type of closed-source code or
proprietary software is much more vulnerable to attacks, and has been manipulated
by intelligence agencies in previous cases.
Tech Republic, 13/5/2016, http://www.techrepublic.com/article/creating-malevolent-ai-a-manual/

Dr. Droid: New Robot Surgeon Works on Its Own
• For the first time, an unmanned robot has successfully performed surgery on pigskin
as a replacement for soft tissue.
• Welcome to the age of autonomous surgery. The robot’s programming directs its
suture placement based on choices made during technically ideal (human-performed)
surgeries.
• The robot didn’t operate alone – a consultant had to show it where to stitch – but on
occasion, it worked faster and more accurately than a human.
• The robot’s computer developed and adapted its suturing approach as it received
information from the imaging system.
Info-Europa, 13/5/2016, http://info-europa.com/health/dr-droid-new-robot-surgeon-works-on-its-own/179820

Robots won’t just take jobs, they’ll create them
• New jobs will be created in science, technology, engineering and mathematics

(STEM) fields like nanotechnology and robotics.
• A 2011 study found that one million industrial robots directly created nearly three
million jobs. Of the six countries examined in the study, five saw their unemployment
rates go down as the number of robots used went up.
• This study showed job creation will extend beyond the STEM fields. There are six
industries where employment was likely to increase directly because of robots:
automotive, electronics, renewable energy, skilled systems, robotics and food and
beverage.
Tech Crunch, 15/5/2016, http://techcrunch.com/2016/05/13/robots-wont-just-take-jobs-theyll-create-them/

Machine learning, A.I to follow on the priority list for
businesses
• SAP CEO Bill McDermott has predicted over the next five to 10 years the hype will be
around machine learning, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality.
• He went on to say it's no longer viable for businesses to just automate internal
processes, rather the future needs to focus on using automated systems to make
intelligent predictions.
• At the same time, McDermott said the appeal of using machine learning as part of
business processes is that it will "liberate workers".
ZDNet, 17/5/2016, http://www.zdnet.com/article/machine-learning-a-i-to-follow-on-the-priority-list-for-businesses-sap/

When to Trust Robots with Decisions, and When Not To
• The Decision Automation Map can be used by managers, investors, regulators, and
policy makers to answer questions regarding automated decision making. It can help
people prioritize automation initiatives, and it can highlight problems for which the
required expertise is learnable by machines from data with minimal preprogramming
and for which error costs are low.
• The DA-MAP also shows examples of movements for the various problems, along
with possible “automation frontiers” between human- and machine-appropriate
decision problems.
• An automation frontier (represented by the dotted lines) is an upward sloping line that
represents the existing boundary between acceptable predictability and error. A
higher cost per error requires a higher level of predictability for automation. The
convex frontier in the figure represents a more stringent automation barrier than the
linear one.
Harvard Business Review, 17/5/2016, https://hbr.org/2016/05/when-to-trust-robots-with-decisions-and-when-not-to

When to Trust Robots with Decisions, and When Not To

AI will create 'useless class' of human, predicts
bestselling historian
• A new book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, by Yuval Harari is not out until
September but early copies have begun to circulate.
• Its cover states simply: “What made us sapiens will make us gods”.
• In a nutshell, as artificial intelligence gets smarter, more humans are pushed out of
the job market.
• Harari calls it “the rise of the useless class” and ranks it as one of the most dire
threats of the 21st century.
• And while new types of jobs will certainly emerge, we cannot be sure that humans will
do them better than AIs, computers and robots.
• AIs do not need more intelligence than humans to transform the job market. They
need only enough to do the task well.
The Guardian, 20/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/20/silicon-assassins-condemn-humans-life-useless-artificial-

intelligence
AI will create 'useless class' of human, predicts
bestselling historian
• Harari says. “Children alive today will face the consequences. Most of what people
learn in school or in college will probably be irrelevant by the time they are 40 or 50. If
they want to continue to have a job, and to understand the world, and be relevant to
what is happening, people will have to reinvent themselves again and again, and
faster and faster.”
The Guardian, 23/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/20/silicon-assassins-condemn-humans-life-useless-artificial-

intelligence
Ethics bots could soothe fears about AI taking control
of humanity
• Ethics bots are needed to inform the operational AI systems of the values that owners
and operators want to honor.
• These can instruct cars whether they should drive at whatever speed the law allows
or in ways that conserve fuel, or if they should stay in the slower lanes when children
are in the car.
• They can also signal when it’s time to alert humans to a problem—such as, say,
waking up a sleeping passenger if the car passes a traffic accident.
• We are now calling upon the AI community to develop a whole new slew of AI
oversight programs that can hold accountable AI operations programs.
• This effort is known as AI Guardians.
Quartz, 24/5/2016, http://qz.com/691286/ethics-bots-could-soothe-fears-about-ai-taking-control-of-humanity/

Australia urged to consider robot lawyers for DIY
divorce
• The Dutch government-operated Rechtwijzer (Roadmap to Justice, pronounced
wrecked-visor) which has been online since 2007 and costs a nominal €100 to use.
• It could help reduce the cost of and duration of over 45,000 divorces that happen in
Australia every year, according to data from the ABS.
• Though it allows for mediation, legal review and adjudication if needed, the system
enables couples to comprehensively deal with their legal problem via a mediated
settlement process.
• The service – developed in cooperation with various companies including those who
made the dispute resolution system at eBay which deals with about 60 million
disputes every year – is seen as a tool to bridge what’s being called the “justice gap”.
Australasian Lawyer, 7/7/2016, http://www.australasianlawyer.com.au/news/australia-urged-to-consider-robot-lawyers-for-diy-divorce-219220.aspx

Say Hello to Casetext's CARA - Case Analysis
Research Assistant
• New CARA platform is a 'brief-as-query' legal research tool, in which instead of using
a keyword query you drop an entire brief in as the input.
• Users can input a brief in either Word or PDF format. CARA is a tool to analyse your
brief (or the other side's brief) to find potential missing points of law, or alternative
arguments not cited within the brief.
• CARA data mines the inputted brief and uses the gathered information to form a sort
of 'mega-query' that runs against Casetext's database of case law.
• CARA takes a look at the brief and analyzes how much cited cases are discussed
within the brief as well as the other text within the brief.
• CARA outputs a list of cases, all linked to the full text on Casetext. The results are
displayed along side. CARA is designed to supplement traditional research systems.
• In these modern days of "efficiency" in legal practice, getting to the answer, faster, is
a competitive advantage, and that is what CARA sets out to do.
3 Geeks and a Law Blog, 1/8/2016, http://www.geeklawblog.com/
Clifford Chance latest to partner with tech firm Kira as
major players make AI push
• Clifford Chance (CC) has become the latest firm to increase its investment in
technology initiatives, announcing this morning (5 July) that it has entered into
partnership with artificial intelligence (AI) provider, Kira Systems.
• The Magic Circle firm said it selected Kira as it works 'out of the box' with little set up
time and because it can be easily trained by lawyers to learn specialist expertise.
• The firm aims to reduce the time spent on traditional due diligence methods and
potentially expand qualitative analysis. Examples include having the ability to review
a higher number of documents.
• The deal came just three months after Kira Systems secured a similar deal with Big
Four accountant Deloitte.
Legal Business, 5/7/2016, http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/6877-clifford-chance-latest-to-partner-with-tech-firm-kira-as-

major-players-make-ai-push
DLA Piper makes major AI play with Kira software deal
• DLA Piper has partnered with Canadian tech firm Kira Systems to launch an artificial
intelligence tool for document review during M&A transactions.
• Kira Systems has developed machine-learning software, which will be available for
DLA Piper lawyers across the global firm, to search and analyse text in contracts.
• Billed as something of a Summly, but for legal contracts rather than shortening news
for people in a rush, the software can handle standard and non-standard forms and
provisions, including documents in more than 60 formats, by automating the
extraction and analysis of key contract provisions and creating summaries in seconds
and analysis in just a few minutes.
Legal Business, 14/6/2016, http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/6663-the-robots-keep-coming-dla-piper-makes-major-ai-play-

with-kira-software-deal
Cheetah: Banking And Consumer Finance Law By
Wolters Kluwer
• Online tool Cheetah, a new product being rolled out by Wolters Kluwer is focused on
banking and consumer finance law.
• Cheetah is an easy way to quickly find the most relevant laws, with google-like
searching and topical news feeds.
• Cheetah is not just for corporate lawyers; there are sections for Bank Directors’,
Officers’, and Lawyers’ Civil Liabilities, which is a collection of recent cases, with a
one-paragraph analysis of each case and what that case might mean for participants
in the field.
Above the Law, 1/8/2016, http://abovethelaw.com/2016/08/cheetah-banking-and-consumer-finance-law-by-wolters-kluwer/?rf=1

NextAngles AI Suite to Help Financial Institutions
Facing Greater Regulatory Pressures
• NextAngles’ compliance regulatory suite. A subsidiary of India-based IT services
company Mphasis, NextAngles provides technology for financial institutions to meet
regulation compliance requirements, and its suite uses cognitive computing and data
analytics to determine what regulations are applicable to a transaction, learning from
data usage patterns along the way.
• Among the regulatory issues addressed by the tool are money laundering, liquidity
risk and financial crimes.
• A NextAngles statement claims that the automation enabled by its technology can
reduce compliance costs “by at least one-third,” increase response speed to
regulatory changes “by a factor of three,” and reduce “instances of costly false-
positive alerts.”
Law.com, 27/7/2016, http://www.law.com/sites/articles/2016/07/27/can-nextangles-ai-suite-help-financial-institutions-facing-greater-regulatory-

pressures/?slreturn=20160705093618
Content Search for e-discovery: CAAT
• Content Analyst’s primary product is CAAT (Content Analyst Analytical Technology),

it’s the analytics engine.
• The core of CAAT’s offering is conceptual search—searching by topic or concept as
opposed to keywords. It supports investigative workflows, like technology-assisted
review in the legal market and advanced analytics in other markets.
• In terms of e-discovery, concept searching has a very strong role in investigative-type
work, organizing documents and content in order to get through all of it more quickly.
• CAAT is not intended to completely replace keyword searching exact phrases. To find
every document that says the words “Laura Webster,” keyword searching is best.
• Another area related to legal is in contract management. Many enterprises have
thousands of contracts with expirations, services tied to them, renewal dates, and
we’re back to findability—a lot of enterprises are just trying to figure out what
contracts they have. This is another opportunity ripe for CAAT.
Above the Law, 27/1/2016, http://abovethelaw.com/2016/01/alt-legal-i-still-havent-found-what-im-looking-for/
Law.com, 27/7/2016, http://www.law.com/sites/articles/2016/07/27/can-nextangles-ai-suite-help-financial-institutions-facing-greater-regulatory-
pressures/?slreturn=20160705093618
Nextlaw partners with AI firm for Brexit contracts
system
• Nextlaw Labs has developed an artificial intelligence (AI) programme with London IT
firm RAVN Systems to assess the impact of the Brexit vote on companies' contracts.
• Dentons and Nextlaw worked with AI software developers RAVN to create a
programme which uses RAVN's 'Applied Cognitive Engine' and uses a bespoke
algorithm to produce a report highlighting areas requiring legal attention.
• The firm is piloting the technology in the US and the UK, applying it to real legal
problems, with Brexit contract issues a key starting point.
• Berwin Leighton Paisner was first to strike a deal to use RAVN, bringing its AI
software into its real estate practice in 2015, while Linklaters was the first Magic
Circle to sign up with the IT provider earlier this year.
Legal Business, 29/7/2016, http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/7135-cut-through-the-noise-nextlaw-partners-with-ai-firm-for-

brexit-contracts-system
Dentons Enlists Robots to Help Clients with Brexit
• In the race to be the go-to authority on Brexit, Dentons’ approach is apparently tech-
heavy.
• In addition to RAVN’s artificial intelligence tool, the firm, together with Nextlaw, is also
developing a software application that takes stock of a company’s risk exposures and
automatically creates a ”Brexit Action Plan.”
• According to the firm’s statement, clients will be able to log into a website, select the
key issues their businesses are concerned with, and based on this information the
website will produce the action plan.
• The firm’s rollout of the ACE robot and the action plan software provides more fodder
for an ongoing conversation about the rise of artificial intelligence in law practice:
including whether AI lawyers are “enablers” or “disrupters,” and whether the term is a
marketing buzzword or a reality.
Bloomberg, 1/8/2016, https://bol.bna.com/dentons-enlists-robots-to-help-clients-with-brexit/

Dentons developing AI solutions for Brexit clients
• Dentons also highlighted its “Brexit Connect” tool is a secure online portal featuring
useful information from the firm.
• “Brexit Connect” features briefing notes on the impact of Brexit across different
sectors; materials from the Firm's internal "Brexit Bootcamp" fee-earner training
sessions; recordings of webinars that have been delivered to clients across North
America, Europe, Asia and the UK; third party source material; an events calendar;
and an "Expert Locator" of key partner contacts.
Australasian Lawyer, 3/8/2016, http://www.australasianlawyer.com.au/news/dentons-developing-ai-solutions-for-brexit-clients-220776.aspx

Meet ‘ROSS,’ the bankruptcy robo-lawyer employed by
some of the world’s largest law firms
• ROSS is now being used by a range of law firms who pay monthly subscription fees
to use the system.
• It’s used by solo practitioners who don’t have the time or resources to hire human
research staff.
• For big firms, it provides a competitive edge by churning out research around the
clock.
• Current users include mega firms Dentons, Latham & Watkins and BakerHostetler.
• The system’s output goes beyond merely locating the names of helpful cases. It
instead draws the lawyer’s attention to the key passages in the case that might best
answer the lawyer’s question. The system also asks lawyers to “vote up” or “vote
down” the search results so ROSS can learn how to better answer future questions.
Financial Post, 9/8/2016, http://business.financialpost.com/executive/smart-shift/meet-ross-the-bankruptcy-robo-lawyer-employed-by-some-of-the-

worlds-largest-law-firms
Chatbot explores frontiers of legal service
• Chatbots are the next chapter for businesses wanting to improve their automated
legal document services.
• LawPath recently released a chatbot, or ‘bot’, to test how it could better service
clients looking for customised legal privacy solutions. ‘Lexi’ is a privacy policy bot and
an experiment in the automated delivery of legal documents. The conversational
instant-messaging interface is able to provide consumers with privacy law information
and generate a real-time compliance policy specific to a client’s needs.
• LawPath’s trial is an example of how the “static” nature of completing online forms
can shift to become a more engaging experience.
• Lexi may be the beginning of what will be a proliferation of bots in the delivery of legal
services.
• The future game-changer will be integrating bot-type platforms with more complex AI
and machine-learning systems.
Australasian Lawyer, 10/8/2016, http://www.australasianlawyer.com.au/news/international-law-firm-joins-effort-to-create-online-legal-ai-apps-
221228.aspx
Law firms of the future will be filled with robot lawyers
• They are creating a future in which a costly and inefficient legal system actually
becomes an attractive way for the average citizen to protect his or her civil liberties.
• One of the first places to use ROSS was the law firm BakerHostetler, where the
software handles bankruptcy cases. Employees enter commands into the software in
everyday language, like when they need to find examples of precedence for specific
cases. ROSS then searches through its legal database to produce the relevant
information.
• By using AI lawyers like ROSS, law firms can charge lower fees since they won't be
paying humans (who generally prefer to get paid for their work) to handle clients'
cases. In addition, out-of-work lawyers can use AI services like ROSS, which offer a
lower barrier of entry into the market, to create more affordable options for clients.
• ExpectsAI to start drafting its own documents, building arguments, and comparing
and contrasting past cases with the one at hand.
Tech Insider, 7/7/2016, http://www.techinsider.io/law-firms-are-starting-to-use-robot-lawyers-2016-7

Time to Regulate AI in the Legal Profession?
• In using technology, lawyers must understand the technology that they are using to
assure themselves they are doing so in a way that complies with their ethical
obligations — and that the advice the client receives is the result of the lawyer’s
independent judgment.
• What if the lawyer using AI, in his or her unintentional lack of knowledge of how to
use the technology, feeds the wrong data, and asks the wrong question? What is the
effect? The wrong answer will result. But will anyone know it is wrong? It looks and
feels the same at the end point.
• A lawyer, at least, is ethically required not to blindly accept the answer, and is trained
to perhaps spot mistakes. Lay people accessing AI legal services directly without a
lawyer have no such advantage, and might not know that something is wrong until
they have relied on the wrong answer and taken a legal step, and it is too late.
Bloomberg, 12/7/2016, https://bol.bna.com/time-to-regulate-ai-in-the-legal-profession-perspective/

Time to Regulate AI in the Legal Profession?
• Right now, there is no regulatory scheme. This creates significant uncertainty for both
the legal profession and the AI legal technology industry itself, which do not know
what they can and cannot do with any commercial certainty.
• At least for now, there is also significant danger to the public at large. Stepping into
this regulatory void is a necessary step, but the opportunity to do so does not exist
indefinitely.
Bloomberg, 12/7/2016, https://bol.bna.com/time-to-regulate-ai-in-the-legal-profession-perspective/

‘Tidal wave’ of law start-ups to come
• Lawyers are increasingly breaking away from law firms that fail to keep up with
technology.
• The slow uptake of technology in traditional law firms is going to spark a “tidal wave”
of legal start-ups as lawyers branch out on their own.
• This rise of legal start-ups will in turn inspire a faster uptake of technology within
firms.
• George Beaton of Beaton Capital: “Our view is that there’s going to be exponential
growth, rapidly escalating, as firms begin to realise others are coming along and
bypassing them, disintermediating them, and providing services directly to clients,
and that is happening.”
• Firms are divided into three groups when it comes to technology and innovation:
those that are active, those that are observing and those that are oblivious.
• Those that are active are already responding to the increase in legal start-ups.
Lawyers Weekly, 20/7/2016, http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/19169-tidal-wave-of-law-start-ups-to-come
Bring on the litigation bots!
• Artificial intelligence is already proving to be highly successful in winning traffic

violation cases in London via robot lawyer chatbot, developed by a 19-year-old
Stanford University student, Joshua Browder, called “DoNotPay”.
• DoNotPay has taken on over a quarter million cases. The success rate is 64%, and
so far the lawyer bot has appealed over $4 million dollars in parking tickets.
• Plans to launch the DoNotPay bot in Seattle are underway.
• Plus, Browder wants to make a developer platform so it’s easy for others to program
future lawyer bots.
• This new platform would only require legal knowledge, not coding expertise, which
means other types of legal chatbots in other areas of law could be easily developed.
Equities, 1/8/2016, https://www.equities.com/news/four-professions-being-replaced-by-technology-that-we-re-glad-to-see-go

The law firm of the future
• Why should anything happen in the next five years, that hasn’t in the last 100?
• Innovative technology is the reason. Technology power continues to advance at an

exponential rate. Processing power is still doubling every two years, Internet speeds
are approaching 100mps in some areas and every year doubles the storage you can
get for the same price. Agile and transferrable software is now being generated at
break-neck speeds.
• Technology is no longer a major investment that turns into a disappointment.
• Technology is now cost effective and an essential commodity for any firm that wants
to be competitive in 2020.
Legal Futures, 1/8/2016, http://www.legalfutures.co.uk/blog/law-firm-future

• The challenges to firms will be that:
– Legal knowledge will be increasingly available at low or no cost;

– Expert experience will be available online, as also will be the experience of those
who’ve been through the process themselves;
– Cost will drive people who want legal advice to sidestep the traditional law firm
unless they are providing the service they want; and
– The huge latent demand for legal services will be satisfied through online means
and will bypass any interaction with firms.

• Against those challenges, firms must look for ways to become more visible online by:
– Becoming part of specialist collaborative online platforms for legal services;

– Contributing to the latent demand solution, by offering some advice and support
without fee;
– Establishing specialist fee-paying activities;
– Undertaking a radical review of processes and decide the best/cheapest person
to do parts of it;
– Using online software, central storage and ‘pay as you go’ services for all the
firm’s technology needs;
– Not buying technology the traditional way – use the technology of the future; and
– Looking to outsource the mundane and routine into processing centres.

Here come the robot lawyers
• Legal work is already being computerized by some firms, including the drafting of
simple contracts and the search for evidence in reams of documents.
• Winston & Strawn is among the law firms that have adopted legal review technology
known as predictive coding. Lawyers mark up relevant information in a subset of
documents and feed that to a computer program that uses it as a basis for analyzing
the entire data set. The software then surfaces potentially relevant evidence for
review by lawyers.
• In a recent study, the firm found that its software was more effective than human
reviewers in surfacing relevant documents, and helped it complete the review process
in about a third of the time.
• Industry experts say computers will soon be able to perform even more advanced
legal functions than document reviews.
CNN, 28/3/2015, http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/28/technology/innovation/robot-lawyers/

Software could kill lawyers
• New York Supreme Court censured law firm Cohen & Slamowitz for relying on
technology to automatically send collection letters and file tens of thousands of
lawsuits each year without reviewing the case files.
• In addition, the Electronic Frontier Foundation has accused Warner Bros. of using
software algorithms to file mounds of erroneous copyright-infringement notices for
online video sites like YouTube without actually reviewing the files in question.
• Daniel Katz, an assistant professor at the Michigan State University College of Law is
among the vanguard of legal researchers working to bring empiricism and artificial
intelligence into law.
• Katz’s focus is "quantitative legal prediction“ with which "Lawyers will be able to say
to their clients, 'Here's what we think your chances are—and based on 10,000 cases
that are just like yours, here's what the computer thinks your chances are,‘”
Slate, 29/9/2011, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/robot_invasion/2011/09/will_robots_steal_your_job_5.html

• Many law firms now use "e-discovery" tools that can scan large caches of evidence in
search of interesting facts and figures.
• Firms also have software to draft legal documents in a fraction of the time a human
would take.
• A few services on the horizon might do even more—negotiate the terms of a contract,
for instance, or determine whether or not you should sue.
• Automation will bring legal services to the masses.
• Software could potentially step in when to fight your mortgage lender, draw up
contracts to start a small business, or sue for child-support payments.
• Several legal tech companies have created programs that build these documents
automatically.
• Silicon Valley law firm Fenwick & West developed a system that automatically creates
the documents that startups need when incorporating.
• Katz and other researchers are working on ways to extract and interpret historical
data—one project, called RECAP, aims to build a free mirror of PACER the federal
courts' database system, which charges a fee for access.
• In 2008, a group of attorneys and technologists at Stanford created the Intellectual
Property Litigation Clearinghouse, a project that tracks more than 100,000 patent and
trademark lawsuits. The database—which Stanford spun off into a start-up called Lex
Machina—is the most comprehensive collection of patent suits ever assembled.
• As Daniel Katz sees it, attorneys will be able to outsource the worst of the jobs to
machines, while they'll increasingly focus on managing client relationships and
ensuring the computers are doing their jobs.

Using data to predict supreme court’s decisions
• Katz and his colleagues have created an algorithm that has accurately predicted 70
percent of the Supreme Court’s overall decisions, and 71 percent of the votes of
individual justices -- more robust results than any other predictive study done to date.
• Applying various techniques from machine learning, the algorithm takes into account
dozens of variables before it makes a prediction.
• Katz believes the results represent a major advance in how science and data can be
used to help predict legal outcomes. But that the best approach to predictive models
is a combination of his analytics-based prediction and human expertise.
Michigan State University, 4/11/2014, http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2014/using-data-to-predict-supreme-courts-

decisions/
Using data to predict supreme court’s decisions
• In a tournament aptly named “FantasySCOTUS”, sponsored by Thomson Reuters,

legal scholars, predictive experts and everyone were pitted against the algorithm to
predict outcomes before they occur.
• “It’s like Fantasy Football for law geeks,” Katz said. “We expect that the combined
predictions of the computer and the crowd will produce the most accurate outcomes.”
Michigan State University, 4/11/2014, http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2014/using-data-to-predict-supreme-courts-

decisions/
Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the
United States: A General Approach
• Abstract: A model was designed to predict the voting behavior of the Supreme Court
of the United States. Using the extremely randomized tree method, a method similar
to the random forest approach, as well as novel feature engineering, we predict more
than sixty years of decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States (1953-2013).
• The model is distinctive as it is the first robust, generalized, and fully predictive model
of Supreme Court voting behavior offered to date.
• With a more sound methodological foundation, results represent a major advance for
the science of quantitative legal prediction and portend a range of other potential
applications,
Social Science Research Network, 21/7/2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2463244

The future of the legal system: Artificial intelligence
• Andrew Arruda, co-founder of Ross Intelligence, believes artificial intelligence is the

future of the legal system and aims to incorporate AI into "the legal team of every
lawyer in the world,“
• Ross claims its language processing capabilities allow it to respond to questions
posed by lawyers about specific laws or cases. The computing system then gathers
evidence, reads through laws and draws inferences about the material it has
collected.
• The AI program also aims to keep lawyers up to date on new court decisions that
could impact their own ongoing cases. Similar to Watson, Ross learns from it
interactions and reportedly provides better results after each use.
CNBC, 12/5/2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/12/the-future-of-the-legal-system-artificial-intelligence.html

Lawyer, Meet Robot: The future of lawyers and
technology
• Interview with Ed Walters, adjunct law professor at Georgetown and co-founder of
Fastcase.
• Fastcase software is an example of disruptive legal technology: “We’re trying to
replace very expensive editorial operations with very intelligent algorithmic
ones…Things that used to be done by lawyers and paralegals, like summarizing
cases or categorizing cases into key number systems or taxonomies, we can now
replace with things like citation analysis and data visualization.”
• One of the main benefits of machines is their ability to assist lawyers in making data-
driven decisions, which could open up more opportunities for lawyers and clients.
Scholastica, 15/3/2015, http://blog.scholasticahq.com/post/113450564493/lawyer-meet-robot-the-future-of-lawyers-

and#.VX2VYvm4Ric
technology
• One of the promises of computers is that lawyers will have more data at their
fingertips than ever, with machines capable of analyzing it quickly from multiple
logical angles.
• As computers continue to enter nearly every aspect of our day-to-day lives, we can
also expect to see legal practices devoted solely to machine matters.

and#.VX2VYvm4Ric
technology
• “There will be people with robotics practices.”
• Robots will force legal practitioners and scholars to enter serious legal and ethical
debates, for example, at present there is limited legality around new technology, such
as drones, and laws for self-driving cars also remain to be determined.
• “The important skill is for lawyers to be able to think about how to apply existing law
to new facts… and how to figure out when you need new laws altogether.”

and#.VX2VYvm4Ric
Legal Futures, 12/1/2014, http://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/report-ai-will-transform-legal-world#
Robot doctors, online lawyers and automated
architects: the future of the professions?
• Law careers of the future “... will be people working in the legal sector but offering
legal services and legal help in new ways.“
• The "latent legal market", a disenfranchised sector of potential customers estimated
to be worth as much as £27bn, representing an unmet demand for legal services.
The Guardian, 15/6/2014, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/15/robot-doctors-online-lawyers-automated-

architects-future-professions-jobs-technology
Report Claims Robots Will Replace Lawyers By 2030
• These changes would bring about a very different looking law firm, structurally, with
virtually no place for lower level associates or assistants. Practices would have to
shift their business model to focus on advisory work and the knowhow of high level
employees.
• While the upheaval in career paths and implied “structural collapse” of law firms can
seem troubling, the idea of leaving the grunt work to robots – in the law world as well
as other data driven businesses – thus leaving the critical/creative thinking and
empathizing to humans, could be a more fulfilling professional future for all.
GOOD, 3/1/2015, http://magazine.good.is/articles/robot-lawyer

AI will create more lawyers, not less
• Rocket Lawyer UK head Mark Edwards says legal professionals have nothing to fear
from technological developments in the legal services sector.
• Mr Edwards challenges the commonly held view that as a growing number of legal
functions become automated or performed by 'smart' machines, there will be an
inevitable downturn in lawyer headcount.
• On the contrary, he believes that modernising the legal industry is key to ensuring the
sustainability, and even growth, of jobs in the sector.
Global Legal Post, 1/4/2016, http://www.globallegalpost.com/big-stories/ai-will-create-more-lawyers-not-less-73529709/

Chrissy Lightfoot: From AlphaGo to AlphaLaw?
• 1) Become speedy algorithmic angels: The time has come where the legal eco-
system requires algorithmic angels. It needs lawyers who can interpret that the AI is
right about the law (be an algorithmic advisor) and also who are willing to productise
their legal expertise. That is, lawyers who are willing to place their high-end
intellectual capital into algorithmic software to enable the end-user/client to help
themselves with their legal conundrums.
• 2) Help clients to help themselves more: the raison d’etre of KIM, Riverview Law’s
virtual assistant and AI platform is helping clients to help themselves. And monetising
it effectively. Profitably.
3) Focus on relationship intelligence: We’re now in the business of technology,
where the primary role of the lawyer going forward will be to provide an emotionally
intelligent, supportive relationship to clients and GCs.
LinkedIn, 23/3/2016, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/from-alphago-alphalaw-chrissie-lightfoot?trk=prof-post

Chrissie Lightfoot: Legally AIconfused.com?
• The current technology players with a small foothold in the CC, AI, and robot legal
field range from established blue-chip tech providers to new start-ups, and they deal
with different aspects of the lawyer’s role.
• If we break down a lawyer’s tasks in a legal project from beginning to end, we will find
that there is a technology that can handle the majority of these tasks far more quickly
and accurately than a human lawyer.
• A lot has been written about IBM Watson, KIM (the AI platform) of Riverview Law and
even RAVN Systems being deployed in a handful of law firms in relation to
commoditisation, research and reasoning.
• But I wanted to hear of a smart technology that could provide the final element:
judgement.
• If I am correct, Neota Logic is the tool with the potential to augment a human lawyer’s
intelligence to a level not exploited before.
LinkedIn, 17/2/2016, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/legally-aiconfusedcom-chrissie-lightfoot?trk=mp-author-card

Chrissie Lighfoot: AI is underdeployed in legal
• AI has the potential to be a real boon for the legal-ecosystem in a very positive way. It
will help improve the quality of lawyering with regard to accuracy, advice, time
savings and cost savings for lawyers and firms.
• The challenge for small firms is to consider current AI system options (such as Kira,
Ravn, IBM Watson, Neota logic) for the purpose to suit their business models and
realise that the cost does not need to be beyond their reach.
• They can embrace AI and cognitive computing by simply beginning the conversations
with the providers and understanding what exactly is possible from solo lawyer to
international behemoth.
• All of these AI systems handle large (and smaller) quantities of structured and
unstructured data, and can assist with advocacy and advisory related legal issues.
Linked In, 5/1/2016, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lack-ai-deployment-legal-i-say-chrissie-lightfoot?trk=hp-feed-article-title-publish

Susskind: ‘you have five years to reinvent the legal
profession’
• Susskind said artificial intelligence will move forward at such a pace in the coming
years that systems will be able to diagnose and respond to clients’ legal problems.
• But the author of The End of Lawyers? said that rather than regarding this as a threat
to the profession, this is now an opportunity for graduates to become knowledge
engineers, designers and process analysts.
Law Gazette, 31/5/2016, http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/law/susskind-you-have-five-years-to-reinvent-the-legal-profession/5054990.article

Robot doctors, online lawyers and automated
architects: the future of the professions?
• The book Tomorrow's Lawyers (2013) predicts the creation of eight new legal roles at
the intersection of software and law such as : legal knowledge engineer, legal
technologist, project manager, risk manager, process analyst.
• Whether we call these new positions lawyers or not, the legal sector will survive.
The Guardian, 15/6/2014, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/15/robot-doctors-online-lawyers-automated-

architects-future-professions-jobs-technology
Tomorrow's Lawyers: a virtual judiciary
Richard Susskind
• If the advantages of IT seen in other sectors were enjoyed by the courts, the labour-
intensive, cumbersome, and paper-based systems for court administration could be
replaced by an automated, streamlined, and largely paper-free set of systems that
would be less costly, less prone to error, more efficient, and more accessible.
• If England seriously aspires to being a leading global centre for the resolution of
disputes, then there should be state-of-the-art, leading-edge systems, processes, and
infrastructure in place to support this.
The Guardian, 29/1/2013, http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/jan/29/tomorrows-lawyers-virtual-judiciary-richard-susskind

Tomorrow's Lawyers: a virtual judiciary
Richard Susskind
• Looking ahead to the long-term future of courts and dispute resolution, one
fundamental question sets the agenda: is court a service or a place?
• To resolve disputes, do parties and their advisers need to congregate together in one
physical space, in order to present arguments to a judge?
• The growing use of video-calling and video-conferencing suggests there is enormous
scope for virtual courts, if not for trials then for earlier hearings, when judges could sit
in their chambers and all participants could attend remotely.
• For tomorrow's lawyers, appearance in physical courtrooms may become a rarity.
Virtual appearances will become the norm, and new presentational and advocacy
skills will be required.
The Guardian, 29/1/2013, http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/jan/29/tomorrows-lawyers-virtual-judiciary-richard-susskind

Richard Susskind - Future of the Legal Profession
Bloomberg BNA, 8/3/2016, https://bol.bna.com/video-qa-everything-you-ever-wanted-to-ask-richard-susskind-about-the-future-of-the-legal-profession/

Lawyers of the Future
Canadian Bar Association, 2013, http://www.cba.org/CBA-Legal-Futures-Initiative/Reports/The-Future-of-the-Legal-Profession-Report-on-the-S

Lawyers of the Future

Future of the Profession

Supercharging Patent Lawyers With AI
• Lex Machina is in the vanguard of an emerging field known as legal analytics,

• Practitioners of legal analytics statistically parse the practice of law in search of data
that can be used to augment, or in some cases replace, the more qualitative
judgment of human lawyers.
• “We’re the moneyball of IP litigation,” says Josh Becker, Lex Machina’s CEO.
• The machine needs to understand phrases and strings of commonly used legal
language as well as context.
• To help parse the legalese, Lex Machina has developed a set of rules—a sort of legal
grammar for the machine. The company does this through an iterative process: A
legal analyst reviews the algorithms’ results and, if necessary, corrects them, and
then an engineer tweaks the algorithms
IEEE, 30/10/2013, http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/profiles/supercharging-patent-lawyers-with-ai

AI is the future of law—and lawyers know it
• Once AI can be designed to employ proper legal reasoning, there is little reason to
turn back.
• The IAAIL (International Association for Artificial Intelligence and Law), a nonprofit
association working in the field, started off in the early eighties, and slowly gained
traction as people recognized the possibilities.
• The ICAIL (International Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Law) conference
became a staple in 1987.
• JURIX (Foundation for Knowledge Based Systems) conferences have been occurring
regularly in Europe since 1988. Students, experts, scientists and lawyers have been
gathering, writing and reading about the topic for decades, now.
Dataconomy, 17/3/2016, http://dataconomy.com/ai-future-law-lawyers-know/

• The German institute of “elterngeld,” or “parent money,” or child benefits claims, is a

clear case for AI usage.
• Tom Gordon of the Fraunhofer Institute in Munich, together with German company
Init have already begun developing an AI application to pass decisions on claims
using software that catches trigger phrases and words, like “government assistant”
and “child.”
• AI is also famed for never tiring. Onomatics in Finland is building a tool based entirely
on this principle.
• By mining databases of US and European trademark registers, their AI can catch any
similarities. No matter how hard hard-working a human is, they can’t compare to that
kind of thoroughness.
• But several people must spend several hours preparing each piece of text for the German or
Finnish examples to work.

• Companies and firms are focusing on very specific AI usages, at the moment.
• Companies looking to use AI extensively will more likely have a completely different
structure than typical, established firms.
• Real pioneers will emerge as alternative firms, new entrants to the legal scene, and
third party options.
• External companies offering AI applications are already growing. They are able to
automate small tasks for firms.
• The Agent Applications, Research and Technology (Agent ART) Group at Liverpool
University has already partnered with UK firm Riverview Law.
• They have set up a “knowledge transfer partnership” to help the university team
develop AI specifically for the field of law. The end goal is established several
different areas of expertise, including text processing, network analysis,
computational argumentation and data mining.
Deep Blue sky thinking: The cutting edge of legal AI
• Special report on the prospects of AI in the law:

– Is AI, and, more broadly, advanced automation, about to transform the legal
market?
– Will we see systems that not only automate work according to a predefined task,
but that learn and improve as they go along?
– And will this really lead to the sea-change in the legal profession that many are
predicting?
• Dr Roland Vogl, director of the Center for Legal Informatics (CodeX) at Stanford
University: ‘There is some fantastic research in AI and law, but most of this is not
what’s being offered to firms right now. People speak of theoretical developments in
AI and then jump to the rise of new technology in law firms and conclude that the
really cutting-edge AI stuff is changing the legal market, but that’s not the case. Law
firms might be talking about disruptors and trying to reposition themselves, but most
of the computer science behind these systems is not new at all.’
Legal Business, 15/11/2015, http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/analysis/4868-deep-blue-sky-thinking-the-cutting-edge-of-legal-ai

• Technological advances in law are likely to come from the productisation or

systemisation of legal services.
• Machine-learning technologies will play an important role in delivering these services,
but technologically less-sophisticated systems will be just as important.
• A number of universities are offering courses in legal technology and incorporating
more software into their programmes.
• For example, students at Georgetown University use software provided by Neota
Logic to build and test legal delivery apps as part of the university’s acclaimed Iron
Tech Lawyer competition. Neota Logic, a no-code delivery platform that can be
configured to deliver substantive legal advice by those with no background in
programming, now offers its software free to a number of universities in the US and
Australia.

• Total venture capital investment in the US legal tech industry rose from around $66m
in 2012 to around $465m in 2013
• Legal Zoom, Rocket Lawyer and Axiom were the top three beneficiaries, between
them raising over $250m that year.
• Though reliable statistics are hard to come by, the figure is estimated at over $400m
for 2014.
• According to Professor Oliver Goodenough, director of the Centre for Legal
Innovation at Vermont Law School, the legal tech industry is now worth up to $30bn
(around 10% of the annual value of the US legal industry).
• While the legal tech market has traditionally been dominated by e-discovery providers
or suppliers of software to large firms, tradeshows are increasingly attended by
companies that are looking to offer services directly to clients.

• While it may be some time before automated legal reasoning is fully incorporated into
practical systems, the ‘weak’ or ‘soft’ AI incorporated in these and many more start-
ups’ offerings is thought by many to be the most likely means of producing a seismic
shift in the legal market, realistically within the next five to ten years.
• If computers struggle to comprehend legal language, what if humans instead wrote
laws in a language that computers can understand?
• The Computable Contracts Initiative at Stanford is working on developing a universal
Contract Definition Language (CDL) – a rules-based logic programming language
designed for expressing contracts – that will allow terms and conditions to be
represented in a machine-understandable way. An automated contracting system
would, at least in principle, be able to check a contract’s validity with respect to the
laws as well as calculate the utility of a contract for achieving certain aims.

• While computable contracts would only be used within an established supply chain or
institutional trading network, smart contracts are designed for any type of commercial
transaction.
• The term smart contract was first proposed by the cryptographer and legal scholar
Nick Szabo in 1993, but serious attempts to create such a platform have only just
begun.
• One notable development in this field is Ethereum, a programming platform that helps
distribute smart contracts among users.

• What looks most likely to impact on law in the foreseeable future is a change in mind-
set and a growing demand that firms approach more legal problems via tech-backed
systems rather than as a guild of high-status professionals.
• In law, this looks to be the prime suspect to deliver the ‘disruptive innovation’ whereby
new entrants up-end the business model of leading industry players.
• In the short-to-medium term, the most fertile ground for such disruption is the routine-
heavy areas of law involving large groups of contracts and huge amounts of data,
such as litigation discovery and compliance work.
• More powerful forms of AI may be the fuel that dramatically accelerates this process,
but the productisation of law is where the real progress is currently being made.

Robots Will Need To Able To Do More In Order To
Replace Human Lawyers
• Here are a few things that Robo-Lawyer will need to know how to do before it has a
chance of replacing a human lawyer:
– Write briefs, motions, documents and letters in a way that will meet court rules
and a judge’s specific idiosyncracies.
– Investigate and find facts, and know how to analyze evidence and determine
whether it is relevant.
– Go to court and to trial: it is amusing to think about two robots arguing their
clients’ case in a courtroom.
– Interact with people: people usually turn to attorneys because they are scared,
upset, or confused. In these situations, the potential client does not want to hear
just an objective opinion about their case (especially if they are wrong). They
want to talk to someone who will listen, calm them down, and provide hope.
Above the Law, 25/5/2016, http://abovethelaw.com/2016/05/back-in-the-race-ny-to-190gb-robots-will-need-to-able-to-do-more-in-order-to-replace-

human-lawyers/?rf=1
What to Do When a Robot Is the Guilty Party
• Several academics support the idea of an “information fiduciary”: giving people who
collect big data and use AI the legal duties of good faith and trustworthiness.
• For example, technologists might be held responsible if they use poor quality data to
train AI systems, or fossilize prejudices based on race, age, or gender into the
algorithms they design.
• As government institutions increasingly rely on AI systems for decision making, those
institutions will need personnel who understand the limitations and biases inherent in
data and AI technology, including teaching students ethics alongside programming
skills.
MIT Technology Review, 25/5/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601563/what-to-do-when-a-robot-is-the-guilty-party/

Lawyers given lesson in how to show their soft side as
they face robot competition
• Fifty solicitors from Vario, the legal resourcing branch of international law firm Pinsent
Masons, tonight completed emotional intelligence training in a bid to “polish up their
human skills”.
• The one-hour course, held in London, included information on how to create the right
impression, build relationships and fit in, as well as interactive workshops on how to
build a “personal brand”.
The Telegraph, 18/5/2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/18/lawyers-given-lesson-in-how-to-show-their-soft-side-as-they-face/

‘Robot Lawyer’ Gives Free Legal Aid To Homeless
People
• 1-The “World’s First Robot Lawyer” DoNotPay (for parking tickets) expanded its legal
services to people facing homelessness in the U.K. and now planning to bring the
service to the U.S.
• In the meantime, the company is working on a bot to provide free legal aid to Syrians
seeking asylum, to launch in September.
• 2-Bots are seen as one way to level the playing field for low-income and
disenfranchised groups. Since 2014, DoNotPay has helped to overturn $4 million
worth of parking tickets.
• The founder has been courted by bankruptcy firms to use his technology to find and
assess potential clients and to automate the filing process. Many have told him they
could profit from these cost savings.
• “Ironically, these sorts of ‘partnership requests’ have made me realize just how much
I need to replace these lawyers for free,” he said.
1-Huffington Post, 12/8/2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/robot-lawyer-helps-homeless-people-secure-housing-for-free_us_57ace943e4b007c36e4dd7c9
2-Washington Post, 9/8/2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/08/09/legal-robot-helps-newly-evicted-file-for-housing-free-of-charge/
International law firm to create online legal AI social
justice apps
• Allens, the Faculty of Law at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) and software
company Neota Logic are working together on a project that supports students to
create online artificial intelligence applications that help people address their legal
problems.
• Called the Allens Neota UTS Law Tech Challenge for Social Justice, the program
which will commence in March 2017 gives 20 UTS law students support to create
web apps that promote access to justice and make tailored legal information more
reachable.
• The project is inspired by a same project developed by Georgetown University Law
School and Neota Logic in the US.
• The students who will develop their applications under the project will vie against
each other for the Best Social Justice Application award in a competition similar to the
traditional moot court competition.
Australasian Lawyer, 10/8/2016, http://www.australasianlawyer.com.au/news/international-law-firm-joins-effort-to-create-online-legal-ai-apps-

221228.aspx
Law school launches tech program
• 20 UTS law students will create artificial intelligence applications that promote access
to justice and make tailored legal information more reachable.
• Melbourne Law School also has a tech-based program called Law Apps through a
partnership with Neota Logic and law firm Slater and Gordon.
• Law Apps students design and build legal help websites to provide the public with
fast, accurate and cost-effective information about common legal problems, including
inaccurate credit reports, handling and managing fines, and assessing employment
rights.
Lawyers Weekly, 17/8/2016, http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/19368-law-school-launches-tech-program

Robots predicted to make major savings for legal
departments
• The next decade will see robots and artificial intelligence become key drivers in the
delivery of legal services.
• Corporate law departments spend $1.5 billion annually in the US on 11 types of
software—from matter management to compliance to legal analytics – in a market
with a $6.5 billion potential.
• Corporations are handling more legal matters without significant growth in their law
departments, while at the same time, they are reducing spend on outside counsel. As
a result, each lawyer is taking on a greater workload.
• The GC (General Counsel) Futures conference in London Nov 1 will address this
topic http://www.gcfuturessummit.com/
Global Legal Post, 18/8/2016, http://www.globallegalpost.com/corporate-counsel/robots-predicted-to-make-major-savings-for-legal-departments-

44923215/
Will your next Lawyer be a Machine?
• Artificial Intelligence and the Law Conference was held April 13-14, 2016 at Vanderbilt
Law School.
• Richard Susskind address/Q&A: “The Future of the Professions: How technology is
changing the way professionals work and provide services”
• Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs0iQSyBoDE
• Susskind addressed the ways in which advances in artificial intelligence, virtual
reality, machine learning and collaboration tools in the Internet age are fundamentally
altering the legal landscape and all professions. New commercial models of sharing
expertise are replacing the traditional professional bargain. Serious ethical issues are
being raised about who should control and manage this professional shift. Decisions
being made today are forming the platform for a radically new professional
environment.
Artificial Brain XYZ, 7/5/2016, http://www.artificialbrain.xyz/314/will-your-next-lawyer-be-a-machine.html

Will your next Lawyer be a Machine?
• Andrew Arruda discusses how ROSS can be integrated into the work of any firm or
practice.
• Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LF08X5_T3Oc

Why Lawyers Need Not Fear The Onset of the Robot
Lawyer
• The new technology, even the robots, will help create more work – new work. As Ned
Gannon, CEO of artificial intelligence company eBrevia wrote, the new technology
could create a new era of “creative work:”
– “Machine learning-based software reduces the amount of time lawyers must
spend on rote, mechanical tasks like extracting data from contracts, leases, and
other documents, allowing them instead to focus on distilling data into
meaningful, actionable form.”
LawFuel.com, 31/5/2016, http://www.lawfuel.com/blog/lawyers-need-not-fear-onset-robot-lawyer/

City law firm brings in emotional intelligence training to
ward off threat from robots
• The freelance arm of international law firm Pinsent Masons has introduced emotional
intelligence training in a bid to mitigate the threat posed by the growing use of artificial
intelligence (AI) in the legal profession.
• It is hoped that the training will not only boost lawyers’ immunity to robot competition
but make it easier to assign them to work that best suits their personality.
• The EQ training itself will focus on two broad areas, “people and relationships” and
“drivers and emotions”.
Legal Cheek, 18/5/2016, http://www.legalcheek.com/2016/05/city-law-firm-brings-in-emotional-intelligence-training-to-ward-off-threat-from-robots/

How AI And Crowdsourcing Are Remaking The Legal
Profession
• Though companies like Ravel and Lex Machina employ sophisticated AI, they don't
claim to provide a robolawyer. "What we're hopefully doing is finding cases that you
need to understand," says Nik Reed of Ravel. "Professional lawyers have to use their
intuition and their best judgment to understand the law."
Fast Company, 11/5/2016, http://www.fastcompany.com/3059725/how-ai-and-crowdsourcing-are-remaking-the-legal-profession

Report: artificial intelligence will cause “structural
collapse” of law firms by 2030
• Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) will dominate legal practice within 15 years,
perhaps leading to the “structural collapse” of law firms.
• Civilisation 2030: The near future for law firms, by Jomati Consultants, foresees a
world in which population growth is actually slowing, with “peak humanity” occurring
as early as 2055, and ageing populations bringing a growth in demand for legal work
on issues affecting older people.

• Aging societies means
– more advice needed by healthcare and specialist construction companies on the
building and financing of hospitals
– Advising pension investment businesses
– Financial and regulatory work around the demographic changes to come
– more age-related litigation
– IP battles between pharmaceutical companies, and around so-called “geriatric-
tech” related IP.
• The human part of lawyering would shrink.

• The managing partners of 2030 are in their 30s today and will embrace the
advantages of AI.
• Alternative business structures (ABSs) in particular will be receptive.
• For associate lawyers, the rise of AI will be a disaster.
• Small, specialist advisory firms and those focused on process matters might not be
affected by AI.
• While some global firms already have more than 50% of their revenues and staff
based outside the ‘home nation’, by 2030 this will become standard for nearly all
major commercial firms.

How IBM’s Watson will impact the legal profession
• As part of its thoughtful launch to deliver Watson’s cognitive computing capabilities

through services, IBM has begun to partner with different companies in different
fields, including law.
• This is an interesting go-to-market approach for IBM, to create an ecosystem around
a nascent technology, with analogues to Google search or Apple’s iTunes (or for the
true aficionados, to Salesforce’s Appforce).
• Systems like Watson are very unlikely to displace the reasoning processes of
lawyers.
ABA Journal, 10/2/2014,

http://www.abajournal.com/legalrebels/article/10_predictions_about_how_ibms_watson_will_impact
How IBM’s Watson will impact the legal profession: 10
Predictions
1. Watson is almost certainly the most significant technology ever to come to law, and it
will give lawyers permission to think innovatively and open up the conversation about
what is possible in a field that has been somewhat “stuck.” IBM and Sloan-Kettering
have collaborated on a video talking about how Watson can help treat cancer patients
better. We have no videos like that anywhere in law—maybe we should. (strategic
opportunity?)
2. Watson will force a much more rigorous conversation about the actual structure of
legal knowledge. Statutes, regulations, how-to-guides, policies, contracts and of
course case law don’t work together especially well, making it challenging for systems
like Watson to interpret them.
ABA Journal, 10/2/2014, http://www.abajournal.com/legalrebels/article/10_predictions_about_how_ibms_watson_will_impact

Predictions
3. Watson will open up new possibilities (and challenges) for teaching. Within a few
years, many or most of the Socratic method questions that get posed in a first-year
contracts class will likely be answerable by students referencing their
ContractsWatson at their desk. Many professors will hate this; most will recognize it
as no different from the introduction of the calculator to algebra class in 1973.
4. Watson will lead at least a few enlightened law schools to walk down the block to
engineering schools to try to integrate other disciplines into the practice of law.
(“The MIT School of Law.”)
5. Watson should make complexity more manageable, reducing the cost of law.

Predictions
6. Watson will empower younger lawyers—who are traditionally at the bottom of the
hierarchy and have now been dislocated by today’s job market—since they will
likely be the first to embrace it.
7. Watson will catalyze better organization of legal information and legal data, forcing
organizations to better manage their current data and delivering substantial returns
from this information management step alone. It will also help clarify what lawyers
do and how they add value, and it will focus attention on the regulatory model for
lawyers.

Predictions
8. Watson may be used as a dedicated or embedded service for specific legal workflows
as much as it is as general purpose tool. Think how “smart” email programs now
suggest possible addressees based on prior group emails
9. Watson (or something like it) will likely become a standard authoring/query model.
Just as most companies today write their Web information to optimize for Google’s
search, professional knowledge (which is published in a multi-tier structure) will want
to be better synthesized through a system like Watson and will adopt new authoring
and publishing norms.
10. Watson won’t displace lawyers—it will make law more accessible and transparent, as
it should be.

How IBM’s Watson will impact the legal profession
• Going forward, expertise in analytics intersected with substantive legal knowledge is

the source of significant value creation.
• But it’s equally true Watson may illuminate how rare it is that lawyers have to solve
“bespoke” reasoning problems, and how common it is to apply “proven” approaches
in slightly different contexts.
• Watson doesn’t have to displace legal reasoning to have an impact.

IBM Watson Is Now Offering AI-Powered Digital Ads
That Answer Consumers' Questions
• Watson Ads will let consumers ask questions by voice or text and receive answers.
• Campbell Soup Company, Unilever and GSK Consumer Healthcare are some of the
brands that will run the ads in the coming days. Watson Ads' pricing details were not
disclosed.
• Watson Ads incorporate artificial intelligence with a more traditional form of paid
advertising—digital display, for instance—than Echo.
Ad Week, 2/6/2016, http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/ibm-watson-now-offering-ai-powered-digital-ads-answer-consumers-questions-

171783
Legaltech set to bail out legal services
• Compared to fintech, why have such leaps in innovation not been observed in the
legal services industry?
• Though recently we have seen an uprise in B2C businesses within legaltech.
• Modria is an e-commerce dispute-resolution platform enabling consumers to avoid
the tedious bureaucracy involved in settling a dispute.
• Remedying a similar need is Fixed, an app that appeals parking fines on your behalf.
Fixed is becoming increasingly popular after appearing on Shark Tank and receiving
a $700,000 investment from Mark Cuban.
• Another very interesting consumer business is SupportPay, a platform that enables
separated parents to divide childcare costs in a simple, yet effective manner.
Tech Crunch, 17/3/2016, http://techcrunch.com/2016/03/17/is-legal-tech-catching-up-to-fintech/

Legaltech set to bail out legal services
• The legaltech industry is still in its early years. The industry is only about five years
old, and many legaltech startups are not older than this.
• The delay in the development of the legaltech industry is partly because lawyers
present a formidable challenge to change due to their knowledge of the law and
proximity to policy makers.
• Now is the opportune moment for legaltech to take-off.

Law Firm Management in 2020: The Right Mix of
People, Process, and Technology
• Important to have law firm management software designed to ensure that important
information is easy to find, work is not duplicated unnecessarily, and collaboration can
take place even if employees work remotely.
• Implementing an easy-to-use intranet system can make a huge difference, but only if
the people, process, and technology are aligned. Services such as Yammer can help
employees share Facebook-like status messages such as letting colleagues know
where they are, what they are working on, or if they’ve got the day off. And they’re
great for quick questions and chats that need immediate answers or are not important
enough to warrant a full email.
• Why re-invent the pitch book wheel every time you pitch, when law firm management
software solutions like proposal automation exist? Use tools will access your content
library and pull together an up-to-date, accurate, and consistent first draft, enabling
you to respond to last-minute requests for proposals and giving partners more time to
focus on personalizing the content for each client, rather than wasting time looking for
information or trying to fix layout issues.
Law Technology Today, 13/4/2015, http://www.lawtechnologytoday.org/2015/04/law-firm-management/

How innovative law firms are already embracing the
digital future
• Businesses such as Axiom, Riverview, Lawpivot and Clearspire are all using technology as
a platform to reinvent how they deliver legal services to clients.
• Clearspire has created a ‘virtual’ law firm in which lawyers work mostly from home, but
collaborate and communicate with one another through a central technology platform.
Clients, too, have access to the platform to update files and documents.
• Another example of reinvention comes from Axiom, a firm that has changed the basis of
billing from the billable hour to a flat fee negotiated for performing a specific legal function
or to second a team of lawyers to work with a client on-premise. It keeps its expenses low
by moving out of central business districts and setting up shop in less costly locations, such
as SoHo in New York, Houston or Hyderabad.
• The PwC Law Firms Survey highlights that 80% of firms see a clear digital strategy as
critical for the future. However, there is a substantial gap between the recognition of
digital’s strategic importance and the practical actions required to take it forward. Just 23%
of the survey’s respondents say that they have to date made operational changes to deliver
new digitally-driven strategic developments.
PWC, 20/11/2015, http://pwc.blogs.com/industry_perspectives/2015/11/how-innovative-law-firms-are-already-embracing-the-digital-future.html

How cutting edge is the UK's legal sector?
• Linklaters is pushing ahead with artificial intelligence (AI), document automation,

delivery of services through web portals and bringing in external project managers
who can help the client interface with large deals in the way the accounting firms
have done for years.
• Flexible working schemes are still new and emerging in law.
• Open plan offices, too, are becoming increasingly popular.
• The approach towards data and privacy law is being completely revolutionised as a
result of the sheer volume of data generated, continuous evolution in the way data is
used, and increasing concerns about security.
• Although AI is ultimately the future, data analytics is probably going to be the
fundamental shift for the legal sector.
• Law firms hold huge quantities of data. Accessing this data in a way which allows
fast, accurate outcomes for clients is already happening but will deepen and spread.
Legal Week, 21/3/2016, http://www.legalweek.com/legal-week/news/2451672/innovation-means-putting-your-neck-on-the-line-how-cutting-edge-is-the-uks-legal-
sector
Pinsent Masons: TermFrame
• Pinsent Masons has developed a program that reads and analyses clauses in loan
agreements.
• The TermFrame system also helps guide lawyers through transactions and point
them towards the correct precedents at each stage of a process.
Financial Times, 16/5/2016, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/19807d3e-1765-11e6-9d98-

00386a18e39d.html#axzz499p3CoEv
Denton’s: ROSS
• ROSS Intelligence, a voice recognition app powered by IBM’s Watson, the AI that
doles out legal assistance.
• Ross focuses on bankruptcy and insolvency law, though ultimately could move into
other areas.
• Ross could curb research time: attorneys devote nearly a fifth of their working hours
to legal research and law firms spend $9.6 billion on research annually.
• The app could also help unburden much of the basic legal gruntwork outsourced to
places like India and the Philippines.
• They’ve tested the system in small-scale pilot programs inside law firms since June,
and they’re confident in the results they’re seeing so far.
• A subsidiary of global law firm Dentons, NextLaw Labs, has signed ROSS Intelligence
as its first portfolio company.
Wired, 7/8/2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/08/voice-powered-app-lawyers-can-ask-legal-help/

Denton's: ROSS
• Dentons, has set up NextLaw Labs, a virtual company which looks at the application
of technology with the law.
• It has invested in ROSS, an IBM Watson-powered legal adviser app that streamlines
legal research, saving lawyers’ time and clients’ money.
• ROSS is currently being pilot-tested at Dentons and approximately 20 other law firms.

ROSS
• Andrew Arruda, co-founder of Ross Intelligence, believes artificial intelligence is the

future of the legal system and aims to incorporate AI into "the legal team of every
lawyer in the world,“
• Ross claims its language processing capabilities allow it to respond to questions
posed by lawyers about specific laws or cases. The computing system then gathers
evidence, reads through laws and draws inferences about the material it has
collected.
• The AI program also aims to keep lawyers up to date on new court decisions that
could impact their own ongoing cases. Similar to Watson, Ross learns from it
interactions and reportedly provides better results after each use.
CNBC, 12/5/2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/12/the-future-of-the-legal-system-artificial-intelligence.html

ROSS
• Andrew Arruda discusses how ROSS can be integrated into the work of any firm or
practice.
• Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LF08X5_T3Oc

BakerHostetler: ROSS
• BakerHostetler has formally hired its first “digital attorney,” ROSS, as an artificially
intelligent legal researcher.
• ROSS is working with BakerHostetler’s bankruptcy team as part of a partnership first
announced last month, at Vanderbilt Law School’s “Watson, Esq.” conference on law
and artificial intelligence. Andrew Arruda, co-founder of ROSS Intelligence, the
company behind the AI lawyer, said in an email that other law firms are also planning
to sign licenses with ROSS.
Quartz, 12/5/2016, http://qz.com/683005/a-law-firm-has-hired-an-ai-lawyer-to-cut-through-the-drudgery-of-corporate-law/

Ravn
• Ravn's Applied Cognitive Engine, or Ravn 'ACE' can search, read, interpret and
summarise vast amounts of unstructured data, 10 million times faster than its human
counterparts.
• Founded in 2010, Ravn Systems specialised in next generation enterprise search,
moving into artificial intelligence in March 2015. Impressively, Ravn has built a brand
without any investment, growing entirely organically.
• Ravn ACE retrieves specific information by sifting through folders, files and
documents, essentially producing meaningful information from unstructured and
disorganised data. This process mimics what a human would do to extract important
information from a document, but at a much faster rate and more accurately.
• Ravn ACE is a relatively generic software model, lending itself to index any manner of
documents over countless sectors. So within this there are domain-specific
configurations
Tech World, 25/4/2016, http://www.techworld.com/startups/heres-how-ravn-systems-is-harnessing-power-of-ai-3638980/
Berwin Leighton Paisner: Ravn
• Berwin Leighton Paisner (BLP) has successfully implemented Ravn ACE to speed up
mass data processing.
• This has resulted in a lighter workload for employees, more accurate data readings
and an all round boost in efficiency.
Tech World, 25/4/2016, http://www.techworld.com/startups/heres-how-ravn-systems-is-harnessing-power-of-ai-3638980/

Berwin Leighton Paisner: Ravn
• Developed in conjunction with tech start-up RAVN, BLP's 'contract robot' can
complete legal work which would take a team of paralegals and associates months to
do within seconds.
• It is currently assisting the firm's real estate team.
• Called LONald, the robot extracts data from Land Registry documents and enters it
into a spreadsheet in the same way staff would do.
• It cross-checks data points to remove duplicates and then uses the spreadsheet to
send queries out.
Sky News, 17/5/2016, http://news.sky.com/story/1697589/legal-firms-hire-ai-robotic-assistants

Linklaters: RAVN
• Linklaters has become the first magic circle firm to sign up to an artificial intelligence
provider.
• The firm has signed a deal to take on AI service provider RAVN as its provider for a
number of automated tasks.
• According to its website, RAVN offers a wide variety of services with its AI engine.
These include electronic discovery, various data search tools and contract
governance process automation.
Legal Week, 16/5/2016, http://www.legalweek.com/legal-week/news/2458285/linklaters-signs-up-to-ai-service

Linklaters: Verifi
• Linklaters has developed Verifi, a computer program that can sift through 14 UK and
European regulatory registers to check client names for banks. The company said it
could process thousands of names overnight.

Hodge, Jones & Allen
• Hodge, Jones & Allen, a law firm, has worked with academics from University College
London to create software that assesses the merits of personal injury cases.

Fenwick & West
• Silicon Valley law firm Fenwick & West developed a system that automatically creates
the documents that startups need when incorporating.
• The software asks a series of questions and using branching logic to delve deeper
into specific areas, saving clients time and money.

Riverview Law: Kim
• Riverview’s army of virtual paralegals are named “Kim”, which stands for “Knowledge,
Intelligence, Meaning.”
Legal Cheek, 25/4/2016, http://www.legalcheek.com/2016/04/kim-is-here-are-you/

Riverview Law: Kim
• Available in all English speaking countries, the firm has seen interest from both law
firms and in-house legal teams in Australia, Canada, US, NZ, Spain and the UK. A
Spanish version will be rolled out later this year.
Australasian Lawyer, 29/4/2016, http://www.australasianlawyer.com.au/news/firm-launches-virtual-lawyer-software-

215199.aspx
Riverview Law: Kim
• Riverview is setting-up a separate technology business to exploit its software and the
intellectual property that it has and is creating.
• It has launched a virtual assistant Kim designed to help legal teams make quicker
and better decisions.
• Kim has three varying levels of complexity including one level where a lawyer can ask
it to suggest the best order to renegotiate a series of corporate contracts.

Riverview Law: Kim
• The Riverview Law Virtual Assistants are designed to help legal teams make quicker
and better decisions.
• They will be able to take on many tasks for lawyers, combining Riverview Law’s legal
domain expertise with automation, expert systems, reporting, visualisations and
artificial intelligence.
• Following extensive R&D, beta-testing and planning, the first Virtual Assistants
launched at a London press conference in Q1 2016, with more released throughout
2016.
• They are aimed at all businesses that have an in-house function and will be available
globally, including to other law firms.
Riverview Law, 7/12/2015, http://www.riverviewlaw.com/meet-kim-the-power-behind-riverview-laws-legal-virtual-

assistant-plans/
Winston & Strawn: Predictive coding
• Winston & Strawn is among the law firms that have adopted legal review technology
known as predictive coding.
• Lawyers mark up relevant information in a subset of documents and feed that to a
computer program that uses it as a basis for analyzing the entire data set.
• The software then surfaces potentially relevant evidence for review by lawyers.
• In a recent study, the firm found that its software was more effective than human
reviewers in surfacing relevant documents, and helped it complete the review process
in about a third of the time.
CNN, 28/3/2015, http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/28/technology/innovation/robot-lawyers/

Robot Robot & Hwang
• Hwang set up his own law firm that would use technology to automate as much
paperwork as possible, freeing up lawyers to concentrate on more complex matters.
• The name of the firm, Robot Robot & Hwang, was originally a joke (Hwang lists his
two senior partners as Apollo Cluster, a supercomputer that graduated from Harvard
Law School, and Daria, an XR-1029 computer that has a JD from Boalt Hall and an
LLM from Stanford), and Hwang says he’ll probably change it at some point.
• He says law firms will eventually be mostly automated, freeing up humans to handle
complex matters as well as establishing large R&D divisions.
• Hwang has assembled a group of programmers to work on a free software package
to automate the document review and IPO-form-filling work that’s assigned to a first-
year law firm associate.
• “I was in it to kill it. I want to replace lawyers with code,” says Hwang.
ABA Journal, 9/9/2014,

http://www.abajournal.com/legalrebels/article/seeing_the_possibilities_of_automation_tim_hwang_is_working_toward/?utm_source=maestro&utm
_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily_email
Robot Robot & Hwang
• Currently, Hwang is proposing an idea called The Legal Innovation Defense (LID)
Fund.
• The idea is simple: the LID Fund will create a collective insurance program that
provides a defense system against the low probability, high impact possibility that a
new technology in the legal space will be later discovered to have engaged in UPL,
“The Uncertainty Loop”
Robot and Hwang Blog, 16/10/2014, http://www.robotandhwang.com/2014/10/the-legal-innovation-defense-lid-fund/

Robot Robot & Hwang
• “The Uncertainty Loop” is a simple idea – it works like this:

– legal uncertainty in the doctrine around unauthorized practice of law (UPL)
exists, mostly as a result of unclear regulations and sometimes even less clear
judicial decisions,
– this uncertainty creates risks for would-be entrepreneurs in the space, and also
hinders the ability for those entrepreneurs to acquire capital to pursue innovative
ideas,
– this creates a relatively weak field of underdeveloped tools, which hinders
adoption within the legal industry,
– lack of adoption prevents momentum from gathering within the profession to
clarify UPL rules and permit increased innovation activity, which starts the
Uncertainty Loop again
Robot and Hwang Blog, 16/10/2014, http://www.robotandhwang.com/2014/10/the-legal-innovation-defense-lid-fund/

Allens CIO bets on legal sector AI boom
• Most major Australian law firms will begin adopting cognitive computing technologies
within the next year, Allens CIO Philip Scorgie predicts.
IT News, 31/5/2016, http://www.itnews.com.au/news/allens-cio-bets-on-legal-sector-ai-boom-420028

Artificial Intelligence Makes its Debut in Korean Legal
Services
• Korean legal service providers are trying to implement AI technology into their
offerings.
• Help-Me, a legal counseling platform, revealed that it is presenting a new service
called ‘Help-Me Order of Payment’ in June. Order of Payment is a demand procedure
and a court order in which a borrower of money is ordered to pay back his/her debt
on behalf of the lender.
• The service will automatically complete the forms on behalf of the applicants, who will
only have to answer a few simple questions.
• For an extra fee, the service will even submit the forms for the suppliant.
• Korea’s Civil Procedure Act allows the court to give such orders upon a creditor’s
request.
Korea Biz Wire, 17/5/2016, http://koreabizwire.com/artificial-intelligence/54773

Law firm bosses envision Watson-type computers
replacing young lawyers
ArsTechnica, 26/10/2015, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/10/law-firm-bosses-envision-watson-type-computers-replacing-young-lawyers/

Timeline for the future structure of the legal services
industry
• Based on Types of Legal Services Provider, building on the taxonomy in ‘Fresh thinking on
the evolving BigLaw–NewLaw taxonomy‘ (January 2015) and Remaking Law Firms (March
2016) we examined these five types of legal services provider:
1. Traditional law firms based on partnership, lawyer-centricty, leverage, and input-based

pricing (known as BigLaw numbering at least 100,000 in the five regions) .
2. Remade law firms (probably better expressed as BigLaw firms in the process of being
remade such as Allen & Overy and Seyfarth Shaw – both of which are featured in Remaking
Law Firms).
3. NewLaw firms based on a quite different business model to BigLaw (read these posts for a
deeper understanding of the range of NewLaw providers such Elevate, Conduit (recently
acquired by Deloitte), and LOD).
4. Standalone automated legal services (based on information technology and artificial
intelligence such as Lex Machina and KIM).
5. Legal departments rendering a wide range of legal services to their owner corporation.
Ross Dawson Blog, 16/5/2016, http://rossdawsonblog.com/weblog/archives/2016/05/a-timeline-for-the-future-structure-of-the-legal-services-industry.html

industry

industry

industry

RAVN Wins Awards
• RAVN Systems, experts in Artificial Intelligence, Enterprise Search and Knowledge

Management solutions, is pleased to announce they have won the 'Supplier
Innovation - Technology Award' at Legal Week's Innovation Awards.
• RAVN won this award due to their revolutionary Artificial Intelligence robot, RAVN
ACE, a cutting edge Artificial Intelligence solution which reads, interprets and extracts
specific information from documents. It converts unstructured data into a structured
output, in a fraction of time it takes a human - and with a higher degree of accuracy.
• This technology has already proved successful as international law firm Berwin
Leighton Paisner (BLP), won the award for 'Best Use of Technology' at the British
Legal Awards 2015 as well as the 'Modernising Legacy Systems' award at the Ovum
Industry Awards.
• RAVN Systems also won 'Best Enterprise Start-up 2016' at the Techies Awards for
their success with the ACE robot.
PR Newswire, 31/5/2016, http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/ravn-systems-wins-the-supplier-innovation-technology-award-for-ai-

technology-at-legal-weeks-innovation-awards-581370741.html
Hive Legal
• Hive Legal recently partnered with artificial intelligence provider Neota Logic to launch
the Hive Legal Super App, which assists regulated superannuation funds to
streamline and bring greater consistency to their breach assessment process.
• Repetitive issues often arise in highly regulated industries and lawyers can improve
their efficiency, as well as their clients’, by embracing artificial intelligence.
Lawyer’s Weekly, 2/5/2016, http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/18487-legal-ai-targets-repetitive-client-issues

Neota Logic
Neota Logic, 2016, http://www.neotalogic.com/platform/

“do not pay,” Crowdjustice and Casehub
• There has been a blossoming of online initiatives designed to stick up for individuals
in the face of daunting, expensive litigation against companies or the government.
• There’s the ‘robot lawyer’, which features on the donotpay.co.uk website, and which
facilitates disgruntled members of the public appealing against parking fines. It was
set up by a computer student.
• There’s also Crowdjustice, a new online forum that allows members of the public at
large to offer financial support to specific public interest legal cases set up by a
former Linklaters associate.
• And then there’s CaseHub. Created by Michael Green, a recent Cambridge law
graduate, the website has been thrust into the media spotlight in recent days because
of a newly-featured case involving air-travel giant, Ryanair. The website, Green
hopes, is going to be suing Ryanair on disgruntled passengers’ behalf.
Legal Cheek, 23/5/2016, http://www.legalcheek.com/2016/05/interview-the-23-year-old-cambridge-law-grad-behind-the-

315m-ryanair-legal-battle/
British teenager creates robot lawyer to help people
with their legal queries
• Basically, the robot works by asking the user a series of questions about their
situation. When it has enough information — and assuming the person does have
legal grounds for an appeal — the robot will generate a letter that the person can use.
• The robot uses a text comparison which includes keywords, word order and
pronouns.
• The more people use the robot, the more the algorithm improves.
• Like the companion DoNotPay website, the information in the appeals generated by
the robot is backed up by Freedom of Information data and legal advice gathered by
the programmer.
Mashable, 13/1/2016, http://mashable.com/2016/01/13/british-teenager-creates-robot-lawyer/#_.xzNMAfYOqa

Mashable, 13/1/2016, http://mashable.com/2016/01/13/british-teenager-creates-robot-lawyer/#_.xzNMAfYOqa
Modria and Fixed
• Modria is an e-commerce dispute-resolution platform enabling consumers to avoid

the tedious bureaucracy involved in settling a dispute.
• Fixed is an app that appeals parking fines on your behalf. Fixed is becoming
increasingly popular after appearing on Shark Tank and receiving a $700,000
investment from Mark Cuban.

Mindmeld
• Artificial intelligence and voice recognition technology.

• A law firm could use Mindmeld so that people could ask its website questions, rather
than clicking on banners or typing in search terms.
• It’ll be possible to build a system so that as someone is giving a deposition, there’s
not only a real transcript, but it’ll also search through and review the testimony
someone is giving and possibly give relevant information about it or context.
• Law office conference rooms will have smart walls that can answer questions.
• No one will bother typing on their phone because it will be easier and faster to talk to
your phone.
• Desks will be less relevant because you won’t need a keyboard.
Bloomberg, 27/3/2015, https://bol.bna.com/the-law-office-will-look-totally-different-in-five-years/

Fastcase
• Interview with Ed Walters, adjunct law professor at Georgetown and co-founder of

Fastcase: “We’re trying to replace very expensive editorial operations with very
intelligent algorithmic ones…Things that used to be done by lawyers and paralegals,
like summarizing cases or categorizing cases into key number systems or
taxonomies, we can now replace with things like citation analysis and data
visualization.”
• One of the main benefits of machines is their ability to assist lawyers in making data-
driven decisions, which could open up more opportunities for lawyers and clients.

and#.VX2VYvm4Ric
Stanford University: Contract Definition Language
• The Computable Contracts Initiative at Stanford is working on developing a universal

Contract Definition Language (CDL) – a rules-based logic programming language
designed for expressing contracts – that will allow terms and conditions to be
represented in a machine-understandable way. An automated contracting system
would, at least in principle, be able to check a contract’s validity with respect to the
laws as well as calculate the utility of a contract for achieving certain aims.

Ravel
• Started in 2012, Ravel ingests the corpus of current and historical U.S. legal data,
using NLP and machine learning to map how cases interrelate, and how judges tend
to rule.
Fast Company, 11/5/2016, http://www.fastcompany.com/3059725/how-ai-and-crowdsourcing-are-remaking-the-legal-profession

Ravel
• Ravel is a company focused on easier, data-driven legal research

• Daniel Lewis, co-founder and CEO of Ravel Law, and a Stanford law graduate,
explained: “We’re layering analytics on top of archives of case law data.”
• At the heart of Ravel is how the system is trained. “The magic really happened when
our team of lawyers worked hand-in-hand with engineers to give training to the
system, what we call supervised learning.”
• By analyzing cases, Ravel could find “that certain judges are re-using the same
language over and over again, or according themselves to patterns, like focusing on
the third factor in a four-factor test.”
• Ravel then leverages those insights to help lawyers anticipate how their motions will
be decided before a specific judge and what language and arguments might be most
persuasive.
Above the Law, 16/5/2016, http://abovethelaw.com/2016/05/alt-legal-the-forecast-for-legal-analytics-is-mostly-sunny/

Premonition
• Toby Unwin, co-founder of Premonition:

• “At Premonition, we don’t analyze the facts or the law. We focus on people. We know
which lawyers win with which case types and which judges. And the special sauce of
Premonition is that we’ve figured out how to do that by machine.”
• “Users include law firms that want to do marketing, proving that their firm’s lawyers
win more than others. Or even attorney recruitment, to identify lateral hires that win.
Some firms want to use our data to select good local counsel that wins
disproportionately more in front of a specific judge.”

Etro
• Drew Winship, co-founder and CEO of Juristat, a startup focused on patent analytics.
• Juristat has launched Etro, a new tool that analyzes the language in a patent
application and forecasts important outcomes.
• Etro predicts which tech center the application will be routed to, the likelihood of its
rejection, whether the patent will be allowed, and the chance of an office action.
• “We’ve put a tank in the arsenal of a patent attorney.”

Lex Machina
CodeX, the Stanford Center for Legal Informatics, 2016, http://tech.law.stanford.edu/

Lex Machina
• In 2008, a group of attorneys and technologists at Stanford created the Intellectual

Property Litigation Clearinghouse, a project that tracks more than 100,000 patent and
trademark lawsuits. The database—which Stanford spun off into a start-up called Lex
Machina—is the most comprehensive collection of patent suits ever assembled.
• As Daniel Katz sees it, attorneys will be able to outsource the worst of the jobs to
machines, while they'll increasingly focus on managing client relationships and
ensuring the computers are doing their jobs.

Lex Machina
• Lex Machina is in the vanguard of an emerging field known as legal analytics

• Practitioners of legal analytics statistically parse the practice of law in search of data
that can be used to augment, or in some cases replace, the more qualitative
judgment of human lawyers.
• “We’re the moneyball of IP litigation,” says Josh Becker, Lex Machina’s CEO.
• The machine needs to understand phrases and strings of commonly used legal
language as well as context.
• To help parse the legalese, Lex Machina has developed a set of rules—a sort of legal
grammar for the machine. The company does this through an iterative process: A
legal analyst reviews the algorithms’ results and, if necessary, corrects them, and
then an engineer tweaks the algorithms

How the Lex Machina, the “law machine,” works







Lex Machina
• The American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) selected Legal Analytics, a first-of-
its-kind software platform from Lex Machina, as its New Product of the Year for 2015.
• Lex Machina stands out from its predecessors as being the only start-up and legal
analytics company to receive this prestigious award (which is not bestowed every
year).
Lex Machina Press Release, 13/5/2015, https://lexmachina.com/media/press/legal-analytics-named-2015-new-product-

of-the-year/
Lex Machina Study: Patent law changes, high-volume
plaintiffs make for more litigation
• California-based Lex Machina, a now-private company initially set up by experts at
Stanford University’s computer science department and law school, released its first
Patent Litigation Year in Review report in May 2014.
• The first annual report, which mostly focused on 2013, provides insights about
judges, districts, parties, law firms and patents, and highlights trends and
developments in patent litigation — something, the company contends, is needed
because of the lack of reliable, unbiased data.
Legal News Line, 25/8/2014, http://legalnewsline.com/news/251344-study-patent-law-changes-high-volume-plaintiffs-

make-for-more-litigation
Lex Machina Study: Patent law changes, high-volume
plaintiffs make for more litigation
• Lex Machina mined the data for its report by “crawling,” or indexing, cases on
PACER, an online service that provides access to federal court documents, and
EDIS, the repository for all documents filed in relation to an investigation conducted
by the U.S. International Trade Commission.
Legal News Line, 25/8/2014, http://legalnewsline.com/news/251344-study-patent-law-changes-high-volume-plaintiffs-

make-for-more-litigation
New Lex Machina study shows ‘dynamic’ patent
litigation environment
• Lex Machina’s second annual Patent Litigation Year in Review said in 2014 not only
did district court filings start to wane, but also Patent Trial and Appeal Board activity
swung upward.
• Beth Provenzano, of the United for Patent Reform coalition, argues that the report
paints a picture of a patent litigation system “urgently in need of legislative reform.”
Legal News Line, 4/2/2015, http://legalnewsline.com/news/255623-new-study-shows-dynamic-patent-litigation-

environment
Lex Machina’s Legal Analytics Named 2015 New
Product of the Year
• The American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) announced today that it has
selected Legal Analytics, a first-of-its-kind software platform from Lex Machina, as its
New Product of the Year for 2015.
• Lex Machina stands out from its predecessors as being the only start-up and legal
analytics company to receive this prestigious award (which is not bestowed every
year). Legal Analytics is revolutionizing the business and practice of law through the
integration of the law and big data.
Lex Machina Press Release, 13/5/2015, https://lexmachina.com/media/press/legal-analytics-named-2015-new-product-

of-the-year/
Lex Machina’s Trademark Litigation Report
• The first comprehensive Trademark Litigation Report analyzed key metrics including
filings, findings, remedies, and damages in trademark cases pending from 2009
through the first quarter of 2015.
• The report reveals insights to the timing of the 6,900+ cases where permanent
injunctions were granted, and the over $9 billion in cumulative damages awarded in
trademark cases since 2009.
• Drawing on data from Lex Machina’s proprietary intellectual property litigation
database, these quantified insights into time-to-injunction, findings of infringement or
fair use, and damages won can be used to help attorneys budget cases and craft
winning strategies for trademark litigation.
Lex Machina Press Release, 1/5/2015, https://lexmachina.com/media/press/accurate-insights-on-trademark-litigation-

data/
Knomos

Knomos
Knomos, 2016, http://knomos.ca/

Kira

Kira
Kira, 2016, https://kirasystems.com/

Kira
Kira, 2016, https://kirasystems.com/

Blue J Legal

Blue J Legal
BlueJ Legal, 2016, http://www.bluejlegal.com/

detavue
Detavue, 2016, http://detavue.com/

counselytics

counselytics
Counselytics, 2016, http://counselytics.com/

Jurispect

Juristat

Juristat
Juristat, 2016, https://www.juristat.com/

LegalSifter

LegalSifter
Legalsifter, 2016, https://www.legalsifter.com/

Trademark Now

TrademarkNow
TrademarkNow, 2016, https://www.trademarknow.com/

AI Patents

AI Patents
AI Patents, 2016, http://www.aipatents.com/

Legal Robot

Legal Robot
Legal Robot, 2016, https://www.legalrobot.com/

Brightleaf

Brightleaf
Brightleaf, 2016, http://www.brightleaf.com/

Counterfeit.Technology

Counterfeit.Technology
Counterfeit Technology, 2016, http://counterfeit.technology/AL#how

eBrevia

eBrevia
eBrevia, 2016, http://ebrevia.com/#overview

DataNovo

DataNovo
DataNovo, 2016, http://datanovo.com/

JEugene

jEugene
jEugene, 2016, https://www.jeugene.com/

Beagle
Beagle, 2016, http://beagle.ai/

Clever banking with artificial intelligence
• In Sweden, Swedbank’s Nina Web assistant achieved an average of 30,000

conversations per month and first-contact resolution of 78% in its first three months.
Nina can handle over 350 different customer questions and answers.
• Mizuho Financial Group Inc bank in Japan introduced Pepper to its flagship branch in
Tokyo in summer 2015 to deal with customer enquiries,
• Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group trialled “Nao”, a humanoid robot to interact with
customers.
• Robotics are already being used for back office tasks, but Pepper and Nao are
pushing the boundaries of what an autonomous, artificially intelligent robot can do
within a banking setting, and we envisage a time when robots will work side-by-side
with humans.
Banking Tech, 1/6/2016, http://www.bankingtech.com/474852/clever-banking-with-artificial-intelligence/

Indian banks seek artificial intelligence
• In April 2016, Singapore-headquartered DBS Bank Ltd launched a banking app in

India with in-built artificial intelligence (AI).
• Large banks such as ICICI Bank Ltd and HDFC Bank Ltd have also been looking at
introducing AI technology in various services, including retail banking.
• NextAngles is an Indian startup that uses AI to help banks in compliance monitoring.
• Banks may look at using AI for transactions, security and assistance. “
Live Mint, 31/5/2016, http://www.livemint.com/Money/jQEQNXyfLkW1kY5FihFBHM/Indian-banks-seek-artificial-intelligence.html

Nasdaq Testing AI Systems to Track Rogue Traders
• Nasdaq Inc. is trying to identify would-be white-collar criminals by using artificial

intelligence systems originally built to track terrorists and sex traffickers.
• The exchange is testing systems that analyze data in an effort to spot potential
insider trading, market manipulation and other crimes faster and more accurately
than current surveillance systems can.
• The chat data comes from cooperating brokerage firms and big banks. Financial firms
must record and store the electronic communications of their traders and other
employees to comply with industry regulations.
• The AI technology that Nasdaq is testing comes out of a financial and development
partnership with Digital Reasoning, a cognitive computing company.
• The new system will combine Nasdaq’s platforms for analyzing trading data with
Digital Reasoning’s machine-learning technology for analyzing language used in
electronic conversations.
WSJ, 1/6/2016, http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2016/06/01/nasdaq-testing-ai-systems-to-track-rogue-traders/

Conventional Firms
• Quantitative hedge funds, including Bridgewater Associates, Renaissance
Technologies, D.E. Shaw, and Two Sigma, have been using advanced algorithmic
approaches for some years. Many of the methods employed by these businesses are
found in areas of artificial intelligence research.
• Another is the large British investment firm MAN AHL, which for years has been
focused on using statistical approaches to devise investment strategies. The
company is exploring whether techniques like deep learning might lend themselves to
finance.
MIT Technology Review, 4/2/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600695/will-ai-powered-hedge-funds-outsmart-the-market/

AI Hedge Funds
• Data-centric hedge funds like Two Sigma and Renaissance Technologies have said
they rely on AI.
• Bridgewater Associates and Point72 Asset Management are moving in the same
direction.
Wired, 25/1/2016, http://www.wired.com/2016/01/the-rise-of-the-artificially-intelligent-hedge-fund/

Sentient
• Sentient also focuses its attention on non-financial areas — it has worked with the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology on early identification of sepsis — but its
hedge fund arm utilises an exotic form of artificial intelligence known as “evolutionary
computation” inspired by how species develop over time.
• Artificial intelligence-focused Numerai raises $1.5m
• Simply put, Sentient “breeds” investing algorithms and splices the more successful
ones into new ones, and repeats the process continually. Occasionally it injects
randomness into its data to weed out weak algos. The algos analyse data to find the
best indicators, turn those into trading rules, and trading rules into full-blown trading
strategies with the sped-up computational evolution continually refining the outcome.

Sentient
• In Sentient, the system grabs unused computer power from “millions” of computer
processors inside data centers, Internet cafes, and computer gaming centers
operated by various companies in Asia and elsewhere. Its software engine,
meanwhile, is based on evolutionary computation.
• In the simplest terms, this means it creates a large and random collection of digital
stock traders and tests their performance on historical stock data. After picking the
best performers, it then uses their “genes” to create a new set of superior traders.
And the process repeats. Eventually, the system homes in on a digital trader that can
successfully operate on its own.
Wired, 25/1/2016, http://www.wired.com/2016/01/the-rise-of-the-artificially-intelligent-hedge-fund/

Aidyia
• Hong Kong–based investment company called Aidyia was founded by a well-known
artificial intelligence researcher, Ben Goertzel, who is also the founder of Hanson
Robotics and the chairman of an open-source AI project called OpenCog.
• Aidyia began trading last year, and Goertzel says his company’s approach is far more
ambitious than the techniques used by most hedge funds today, taking inspiration
from evolutionary programming, probabilistic logic, and chaotic dynamics.

E&Y’s FDA
(Forensic Data Analysis)
• Service provides artificial intelligence analysis using model-based analysis automate
the investigative process by combining evidence from various methods and data
sources.
• FDA’s artificial intelligence analytics rules-based methodology applies business rules
logic and or regulatory or litigation requirements to identify and understand data
populations.
Ernst & Young, 2013, “Forensic data analytics: Globally integrated compliance review, litigation support and investigative services,”
http://www.ey.com/
Kasisto
• Digibank, it’s staffed by chatbots intelligent enough to answer thousands of questions

submitted via chat.
• Via a chat box, users can ask the KAI-generated banking bots a customer-service-
related question. Or they can give the bot a command and it will respond with
requests for more instructions.
• One of KAI’s strengths is its ability to entertain multiple channels of conversation at
once. If a user holds a conversation with a bot and then in the middle asks a question
about something totally unrelated, the bot knows to answer the question and then
return to the original topic of discussion.
• KAI can recognize different intents and separate them without becoming confused,
just like a human.
• Using text instead of voice also means the bot can accomplish far more sophisticated
actions
MIT Technology Review, 17/5/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601418/do-your-banking-with-a-chatbot/
Kasisto
• Kasisto (a spin-off venture of SRI International—the creator of Siri) is testing a voice-

recognition add-on for mobile banking apps that lets customers ask questions about
their accounts. It’s a voice-activated assistant that, unlike Siri, isn’t a generalist.
Wired, 15/4/15: http://www.wired.com/2015/04/kasisto-and-moneystream/

Kasisto
• Kasisto plans to adapt KAI to banking-related industries such as wealth management

and workplace benefits. It could also see a wider rollout, as the software is built to
adapt to any space—as long as the AI is trained on related questions.

RBS: Luvo
• RBS is preparing to use an AI called “Luvo” to help customers with basic requests,
though complex customer-service questions will be passed along to a human.

BofA/Facebook
• Bank of America allows customers to interact with a bot on Facebook’s Messenger

platform.

Filethis.com
• Technology products that are successful at the consumer level can sometimes find a
place within CPA firms to make them more productive.
• For example, File this.com uses uses artificial intelligence tools to organize the data
so it is ready for the CPA to provide guidance or prepare returns.
American Institute of CPAs, n.d.:

http://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/privatecompaniespracticesection/qualityservicesdelivery/informationtechnology/pages/accounting-products.aspx
MoneyStream
• MoneyStream, a new service from a Silicon Valley startup of the same name, links
your bank account to a range of services that together deliver personal finance
predictions
Wired, 15/4/15: http://www.wired.com/2015/04/kasisto-and-moneystream/

Digit
• Digit claims to find money in your budget and save it automatically.

• Online at Digit.co, the service promises to use artificial intelligence to examine your
spending patterns. It automatically withdraws money from your checking account
when you can afford it, usually $5 to $50 every few days, and stashes it in an FDIC-
insured savings account.
• It will pay overdraft fees if you get hit with them as a result of the auto-savings
service. You can withdraw money from the savings account with a phone text
message, which transfers money back to your checking account on the next business
day.
Chicago Tribune, 28/3/15: http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-cons-0402-karpspend-20150328-column.html#page=1

Are robo-advisers as disruptive or sustaining
innovations for investment management?
• First, do robo-advisers target non-consumers or over-served consumers? Disruption
can only begin when the new product becomes good enough for a subset of typically
less demanding customers.
• Second, do robo-advisers leverage a technological core that allows them to improve
so that they can target the higher tiers of the market? We imagine the quality of a
relationship with a human will appeal to the more demanding customers but not as
much to the younger, less affluent customers. The question of robots being able to
climb all strata of performance remains to be answered.
• Third, are robo-advisers sufficiently asymmetric to avoid incumbent response? An
illustrative example could be Vanguard, which launched its own symmetric competitor
to robo-advisory firms, garnering the highest assets under management of any robo-
adviser services.
Enterprising Inventor, 28/4/2016, https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2016/04/28/fintechs-disruptive-potential/

Banks turn to software to ease stress as regulations
tighten around the globe
• Experts believe banks will increasingly turn to external technology providers to help
them comply with a mounting regulatory burden.
• In the UK, more than 80 per cent of banks’ technology budgets for the past five years
have been spent on addressing regulatory requirements, mitigating litigation and
streamlining.
• Increasingly sophisticated programmes are being developed. One type used by
various banks is voice surveillance.
• Some consultancies have developed a technology that can capture voices across the
trading floor, take recordings and match conversations against lexicons to highlight
anomalous words or patterns.
• This can send an alert to prompt human intervention.
Financial Times, 1/6/2016, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/7bfd4794-0095-11e6-99cb-83242733f755.html

AI Monetary Policy
• The AI market is projected to expand to USD 5.05 billion by 2020 (from USD 419.7
million in 2014), at a CAGR of 53.65% from 2015 to 2020.
• Machine learning technology, a key component of the overall AI market, is estimated
to gain traction over the next five years, on account of higher anticipated demand in
media & advertising and finance sectors, as well as retail, healthcare, law, and oil &
gas.
• China has unveiled plans to inject more than CNY 100 billion (USD 15.26 billion) to
expand its artificial intelligence products market over the next three years.
• China aims to speed up manufacturing of products such as robots, home appliances
and mobile phones in order to develop new technologies and boost its sluggish
economy, as well as build platforms for fundamental AI resources and innovation and
undertake research and development to make breakthrough on basic core
technology
Nerds Magazine, 26/5/2016, http://nerdsmagazine.com/artificial-intelligence-roundup-google-art-ai-chinas-expansion-ai-monetary-policy/
AI Monetary Policy
• There is a strong possibility that AI may very well set the monetary policy of our
country one day.
• Key economic indicators, such as unemployment figures, GDP and federal fund rates
could be predicted by AI technology in the future, making thousands of banking and
trading professionals antiquated.
• So how exactly is AI going to define the fiscal policy in the future?
• AI will bridge the gap through machine learning, which already find applications in
various complex processes such as classifying DNA sequences, detecting credit-card
fraud, information retrieval, marketing, online advertising and stock market analysis.
• AI technology will have a significant impact on economic policy definitely within five
years. AI would be used to make more accurate predictions and would not seek to
replace the role of human economists.

AI Monetary Policy
• Hal Varian, chief economist at Google, remain skeptical of the technology and data
available to make a reliable forecast.
• According to Varian, the data sets are minuscule (since GDP is released on a
quarterly basis, 50 years of data make only 200 observations and only seven
recessions) and the technology needs to significantly improve before there is a
marked change in the economic calculations done by an AI, as compared to
traditional economists.

Time for Fintech to Stop Thinking Small
• We should set up an industry think tank that includes behavioral economists,

policymakers, marketing researchers and others. The think tank doesn't have to
identify the how, only the what. The how — actually creating a solution — is open to
all competitors.
• If the fintech industry truly wants to stay relevant, it needs to win at identifying hard
problems, solving them and then scaling them.
• Fintech loses if it creates a simple widget or app that is scooped up by the
megabanks.
American Banker, 16/5/2016, http://www.americanbanker.com/bankthink/time-for-fintech-to-stop-thinking-small-1081005-1.html

Bankers are now facing their Uber moment
• Now banks will be required to implement so-called “open banking application program
interfaces”.
• The terminology is opaque, but if we fast forward ten years, this kind of technology,
which would allow different banking computer systems to interact, will be as
commonplace a way of managing our money as the internet is for shopping today.
• It also promises to be just as transformational. Think what file-sharing did to music,
gaming and movie delivery. This could just as big.
• Big Brother arrived a long time ago. He’s your bank manager.
• Banking consumer data is extraordinarily valuable and, subject to privacy constraints,
the technology is already there to allow it to be easily shared with third parties.
• The moment this happens, it completely cracks open the banking cartel, allowing
smart technology - applied through a mobile phone app - to hugely enhance the
efficiency of finance.
The Telegraph, 26/5/2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/05/26/bankers-are-now-facing-their-uber-moment/
A bot walks into a bank …
• As banks compete in the arena of apps, they also need to compete in the arena of
bots.
• Responding to natural language requests will become another facet of the customer
experience.
• Institutions like Capital One are already on Alexa, and Bank of America is building a
bot on Facebook Messenger.
• All banks are searching for ways to deliver new value and digital banking experiences
to this generation.
Venture Beat, 28/5/2016, http://venturebeat.com/2016/05/28/a-bot-walks-into-a-bank/

• There are two key ways a bank might squeeze value out of a bot:
1. Real-time recommendations: Despite sitting on a mountain of personal data, banking

doesn’t feel personal at all. Institutions are missing out on an opportunity to provide
personalized recommendations at scale, especially when it comes to helping a
person manage cash and grow into a financially secure customer.
– Banks might consider building a bot that can lead a guided conversation to help
a customer see the pros and cons of a personal finance decision, for example.
Having an honest dialogue around a person’s financial state is precious — and
without a bot, many banks are missing this valuable opportunity.

2. Reduce friction to new products

• Banks, with a contextual understanding of user data, might consider a bot an
interesting channel for offering timely and well-designed products directly to users.
• Bots have landed and brought with them a new way for people to engage with their
money — something new in the world of financial product design.

Bots and Banking : The Imminence of Smarts in Online
Banking
• Let’s imagine what it might be like if the banks prioritized the delivery of an AI-based
service for ordinary customers that would enable them to access the quality of
guidance and hands on assistance that only high net worth individuals get today.
• Independent companies like Personetics are picking up the torch and mining
customer behavioral data on behalf of banks.
• FinTech entrants such as Digit are offering plug-ins that use smarts to make small,
helpful interventions.
• These are the first breaths of the winds of profound change in retail banking.
• It’s understood that the banks have cumbersome technology legacies that prevent
them from moving quickly, but if they don’t give customers smart systems to help
them behave smarter with their money, others will get in between the banks and us,
and do it.
UX Magazine, 19/5/2016, http://uxmag.com/articles/bots-and-banking

Bots and Banking : The Imminence of Smarts in Online
Banking
• We are on the cusp of a legislative change in Europe in 2016 called PSD2 that will
deliver that change, and in Britain, the Treasury are pushing forward the Open
Banking Standard that aims to deliver the promise of PSD2 early (and a few other
things, too).
• These initiatives will require banks to allow customers to give permission to third
parties that can authenticate them (like Google, Apple, Paypal, Facebook and many
others) to circumvent the banks’ systems and pull data directly from customers’
accounts through APIs to execute transactions (like payments).
• These third parties will be able to build experiences that can aggregate information
from all of a customers’ accounts across all their providers, track and interpret their
behaviors.
UX Magazine, 19/5/2016, http://uxmag.com/articles/bots-and-banking

Money managers seek AI’s ‘deep learning’
• Big, established asset managers and hedge funds like BlackRock, Bridgewater and
Schroders are pouring money into technology and data management, snapping up
computer scientists to help them build and develop next-generation investment
systems that can outperform any human.
• For money managers attempting to navigate the chaos of financial markets, this
sounds enticing. AHL, the quantitative arm of Man Group, the hedge fund manager, is
among those now exploring whether deep learning can be applied to investing.
• Euclidean, a New York money manager, said in a recent note that it is also intrigued
by the possibilities.
Financial Times, 20/5/2016, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9278d1b6-1e02-11e6-b286-cddde55ca122.html#axzz49WEOOIoX

Where does Artificial Intelligence leave humans in IM?
• Thirty years from now will there still be a role for humans in Investment
Management?
• Vivienne Ming, co-founder and Managing Partner of Socos, a cutting-edge EdTech
company which applies cognitive modeling to align education with life outcomes, says
Big Data plus AI would essentially put all human level investors out of business and
create a dynamic in the investment world where artificial intelligence is outpacing
what individual humans can do.
• Do we allow Artificial Intelligence to simply distribute our money around for us and
reap the benefits or do we try actually leverage a roll into this future?
• What’s the preference of the investors themselves will not be a role for people in that
process they really enjoyed being able to go into a website answer a couple of
questions and if they get superior returns…there won’t be much else to do.
Artificial Brain XYZ, 20/5/2016, http://www.artificialbrain.xyz/338/vivienne-ming-where-does-artificial-intelligence-leave-humans-in-im.html

Artificial Intelligence can advise customers and
mortgage brokers
• IPsoft and Accenture partner to launch a dedicated Amelia practice to develop
artificial intelligence (AI) strategies, solutions, and consulting services for clients in
banking, insurance and travel.
• Applications could include using IPsoft's Amelia - a cognitive agent which works in a
similar way to Apple's Siri virtual assistant but with a much broader understanding of
business - to answer customer queries for banks and oil and gas firms, or advising
mortgage brokers on policy, both of which it does already for businesses.
• The practice will also focus on creating new products and services.
Artificial Brain XYZ, 16/5/2016, http://www.artificialbrain.xyz/330/artificial-intelligence-can-advise-customers-and-mortgage-brokers.html

Will AI spark a wave of job losses in banking?
• A technology company, Numerai, which has an artificial intelligence tournament to

predict the stock market, raised $1.5 million in venture capital funds.
• The predictions are used by a hedge fund the company created to trade in the
market.
• Low-skilled finance jobs, such as basic analytics and number crunching, could soon
be done by AI.
• If much of the trading in the stock market was done based on sentiments that were
generated by AI, it would be easy to game the price of a stock by suggesting the
company was going to perform poorly, even if its finances were sound, which would
automatically push the stock price lower.
• When it comes to providing personal banking services, AI was suited to perform only
certain tasks, while others still required the presence of people.
CNBC, 20/5/2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/20/as-facebook-google-microsoft-invest-in-ai-this-is-the-outlook-for-banking.html

Will AI spark a wave of job losses in banking?
• Even for jobs that could be outsourced to an AI system, it was important to know how
to reverse engineer the process in the event of a malfunction or a system glitch that
could make customers lose money.
• On the other hand, AI systems could sub in for times when a personal banker was not
available to tend to customers
CNBC, 20/5/2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/20/as-facebook-google-microsoft-invest-in-ai-this-is-the-outlook-for-banking.html

The Big Four professional services firms are expected
to cut jobs as they automate auditing
• Big Four professional services firms — among the largest employers of graduates
globally — are drastically rethinking their hiring practices as technology transforms
the way companies are audited.
• EY says the rate at which technology is speeding up audits means it could be hiring
50 per cent fewer graduates by 2020.
• However, staff needs will grow in other areas. Jim Peterson, a US-based accounting
specialist, says: “Firms will no longer need armies of junior staff but instead will need
the best algorithm design geeks in the world. They will audit large companies with a
team that can fit into a conference room, rather than occupying an entire office
tower.”
Financial Times, 12/5/2016, http://blogs.ft.com/tech-blog/2016/05/techft-neither-an-auditor-nor-a-lender-be/

Do Your Banking With a Chatbot
• Digibank, it’s staffed by chatbots intelligent enough to answer thousands of questions

submitted via chat.
• Via a chat box, users can ask the KAI-generated banking bots a customer-service-
related question. Or they can give the bot a command and it will respond with
requests for more instructions.
• One of KAI’s strengths is its ability to entertain multiple channels of conversation at
once. If a user holds a conversation with a bot and then in the middle asks a question
about something totally unrelated, the bot knows to answer the question and then
return to the original topic of discussion.
• KAI can recognize different intents and separate them without becoming confused,
just like a human.
• Using text instead of voice also means the bot can accomplish far more sophisticated
actions
Do Your Banking With a Chatbot
• Kasisto plans to adapt KAI to banking-related industries such as wealth management

and workplace benefits. It could also see a wider rollout, as the software is built to
adapt to any space—as long as the AI is trained on related questions.
• RBS is preparing to use an AI called “Luvo” to help customers with basic requests,
though complex customer-service questions will be passed along to a human.
• Bank of America also allows customers to interact with a bot on Facebook’s
Messenger platform.

Third Key Solutions: Decentralized Arbitration and
Mediation Network (DAMN)
• Smart contracts need a decentralized legal system, and therefore so would any legal
process using smart contracts.
• Along this line of thought, the duo penned a proposal for the Decentralized Arbitration
and Mediation Network, or DAMN, for short.
• The as-yet unfunded project is “about creating an open source, dispute resolution
framework, designed specifically for smart contracts….One that recognizes that
smart contracts are inherently borderless and identity-optional, and builds upon that
premise.”
• The project is restricted to only dispute resolution and mediation for now. It doesn't
mention nor include any other type of law like criminal law, but they are possible
'upgrades' for the future.
Brave New Coin, 25/5/2016, http://bravenewcoin.com/news/third-key-solutions-decentralized-arbitration-and-mediation-

network-to-bridge-law-and-smart-contracts/
• The DAMN application itself will be a design unlike any other program before it: it
must connect in a decentralized manner like Bitcoin does while behaving like a
decentralized network of contract users that customizes and spits out those contracts
for individual use.
• If successful, The DAMN project would be on the path to one day completely
decentralize the state's most central and basic of services; law itself.
Brave New Coin, 25/5/2016, http://bravenewcoin.com/news/third-key-solutions-decentralized-arbitration-and-mediation-

network-to-bridge-law-and-smart-contracts/
• A decentralized arbitration and mediation network, or DAMN, would be built on top of
the New York Convention legal structure.
• Passed by the UN in 1958, the New York Convention is an agreement between more
than 65 countries establishing that any decision made by a recognized arbitrator will
not only be recognized by the courts of those nations, but enforced by them.
• The resulting legal structure lets businesses and individuals alike resolve their
problems in a legally enforceable way that, instead of being recognized in just one
jurisdiction, is enforced across borders in some of the largest countries in the world,
including the US.
• If successful, DAMN would give its users access to a new form of dispute resolution
that is almost borderless.
• DAMN will be a sort of "opt-in justice system for commercial transactions".
Coin Desk, 26/5/2016, http://www.coindesk.com/damned-dao-andreas-antonopoulos-third-key/

• Third Key intends for the DAMN to provide users with layers of choices regarding
whether a dispute will be resolved by a person, an algorithm, pools of random jurors,
pools of experts, through collaboration of the parties involved or even another DAO
specially set up for mediation.
• Those who opt into the system will also be given a choice if the decision will be made
public or not.
• The proposal does not promise any return on investment to the DAO itself for the
work; revenue will be generated through charging fees that undercut the traditional
fee schedule published by the American Arbitration Association, which range from
$750 for a filling fee and up to $65,000 for a claim fee of $10m or more.
Coin Desk, 26/5/2016, http://www.coindesk.com/damned-dao-andreas-antonopoulos-third-key/

• Strategic Vision: With this project, we hope to decentralize and uncouple the
functions of dispute resolution from national borders. We hope to offer solutions that
provide real value to contract parties, making for more efficient, effective, accessible,
inexpensive applications of justice in commerce.
• Design a suite of simple dispute resolution smart contracts that can be easily and
quickly incorporated into other types of smart contracts
• Bridge smart contracts and traditional commercial/contract law relating to dispute
resolution
• Bring the unique capabilities of smart contracts to the broader ADR community
• Expand the scope of ADR smart contracts to include and automate more and more of
the mediation, arbitration, resolution and award functions
• Design decentralized, identity-optional decision-making options for dispute resolution
Git Hub, 23/5/2016, https://github.com/thirdkey-solutions/damn/blob/master/proposal.asciidoc

Common Accord
Common Accord, 2016, http://www.commonaccord.org/

Common Accord
• In the spirit of Larry Lessig's declaration that "law is code," Jim Hazard has been
working for years to translate some of the best practices and tools of programmers
(like code re-use, version control systems, and hierarchies of variables) to the field of
law, in particular to contract formation.
• He calls his endeavor Common Accord, and he'd like to see it bring the benefits of
open source to both lawyers and their clients.
SlashDot, 25/7/2013, https://news.slashdot.org/story/13/07/25/1814255/attorney-jim-hazard-is-working-to-open-source-

law-video
Common Accord
• CommonAccord is an initiative to create global codes of legal transacting by codifying

and automating legal documents, including contracts, permits, organizational
documents, and consents.
• For international dealings and coordination, there will be at least one "global" code.
• The legal code is part of a "distributed data model" for transacting.
• Each participant has their own files stating their legal relationships and transaction
histories with each of their partners. The files are private, under their control, shared
and handled exactly as they want. In this respect, it is like conventional, custom legal
documents done in word-processing by lawyers.
• Participants transact by synchronizing files with partners. Synchronization can be
done by git, blockchain, or any other method that the parties find satisfactory (even
email).
• Blockchain is a particularly important fit.
Common Accord

Common Accord
• If legal code, like contracts, is an intellectual product created by the government for
public benefit. Yet, it can only be distributed in the form of a product owned by private
law firms.
• Then law is much like proprietary software.
• But what if legal were like an operating system? What if it was open-sourced, and
transparent. What if anyone could navigate legal systems? What if the operating
system worked in most every language?
• This is the goal of Common Accord.
P2P Foundation, 11/5/2016, https://blog.p2pfoundation.net/project-day-common-accord/2016/05/11

Common Accord
Bitcoin Precipitates a Revolution in Governance and Law (outline):

1. Bitcoin proved P2P payments, triggered a tsuanami of activity, including competing
P2P solutions.
2. P2P forces friction-light transacting. Intermediaries will be reduced to their value add,
which might be nothing.
3. Payments are the core of transacting - but there is more. The "more" is often
intermediated by legal documents.
4. Legal document sourcing, can also be reduced to its value proposition. Documents are
text - software engineers know how to handle text.
Bitcoin Conference, 2015, https://bitcoinference.com/2015/Programming-Law.html

Common Accord
5. CommonAccord is source code for legal docs. On GitHub. Forkable.

5.1. Form docs to legal objects.
5.2. Open, commented, rated, interoperable, in all jurisdictions and languages.
5.3. A network of "Civil Codes 3.0"
5.4. Signature, identity, proof, payment, normal consequences all supplied by blockchain
and "smart contracts" - or otherwise.
6. Pulling the vast community of legal document "miners" - lawyers, managers,

regulators, legislators, citizens - into the P2P ecosystem.
7. Giving "us" - the edge - more leverage the against the centers.
Bitcoin Conference, 2015, https://bitcoinference.com/2015/Programming-Law.html

DAO.LINK: the bridge between blockchain and brick-
and-mortar companies
• DAO.LINK (http://daolink.io/), an initiative which makes brick-and-mortar business
interactions with blockchain-based organizations a practical reality.
• DAOs only speak ETH — the ‘fuel’ that powers the Ethereum network.
• DAO.LINK has set up the legal framework to give real world companies the ability to
work for DAOs while still being able to fill out the necessary documentation required
to stay compliant.
Slock.it, 26/4/2016, https://blog.slock.it/announcing-dao-link-the-bridge-between-blockchain-and-brick-and-mortar-companies-

9510ba04d236#.4kdirkn1a
Blockchain 'smart contracts' to disrupt lawyers
• Banks are interested in blockchain because distributed ledgers can remove

intermediaries and speed up transactions, thereby reducing costs.
• Goldman Sachs quantified the big savings for global capital markets and the legal
industry from employing blockchains: the investment bank predicted $US11 to
$US12 billion per year could be saved from streamlining clearing and settlement of
cash securities, while $US2 to $US4 billion a year could be saved from moving real
estate titles to distributed ledgers.
• But if banks move business to blockchains in the future, financial services lawyers will
need to begin re-drafting into digital form the banking contracts that underpin the
capital markets.
Australian Financial Review, 30/5/2016, http://www.afr.com/technology/blockchain-smart-contracts-to-disrupt-lawyers-20160529-gp6f5e

• Commercial lawyers are watching the arrival of Ethereum closely given the potential
for smart contracts in the future to disintermediate their highly lucrative role in
drafting and exchanging paper contracts.
• Smart contracts are currently being used to digitise business rules, but may soon
move to codify legal agreements.
• The innovation has been made possible because Ethereum provides developers with
a more liberal "scripting language" than bitcoin, allowing companies to create their
own private blockchains and build applications.
• Already, apps for music distribution, sports betting and a new type of financial
auditing are being tested.

• Lawyers might be interested to know one of the first startups to apply for funding is
DAMN, or the Decentralised Arbitration and Mediation Network.
• DAMN also operates as a network of smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. It
is creating an "opt-in justice system for commercial transactions" to provide a new
form of cross border dispute resolution.
• Other companies and collectives are also pushing forward with the digitisation of legal
agreements, for example CommonAccord is creating global codes of legal
transactions, automating legal documents such as master service agreements.

• The pace of adaptation in the legal profession may be driven by the pace of
blockchain innovation in major clients such as the big banks.
• Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank and Westpac Banking
Corp were part of a global group of banks part of the R3 CEV consortium that
executed "smart contracts" on five test blockchains, including Ethereum.
• The smart contracts were programmed to facilitate issuance, secondary trading and
redemption of commercial paper.
• Barclays is using R3's Corda technology to build smart contracts; it is experimenting
with new versions of the standard derivative documentation issued by the
International Swaps and Derivatives Association.

Bitproof

Bitproof
Bitproof, 2016, https://bitproof.io/

Stampery

Stampery
Stampery, 2016, https://stampery.com/

Blockchain tech to impact financial services sector
• Norton Rose Fulbright’s Unlocking the Blockchain event suggested that “Blockchain
will radically impact the financial services sector” during a panel discussion about
blockchain technology and regulation at the event.
• The session focused on the potential applications, and emphasised the importance of
identifying how blockchain will help to remove client’s pain points in end-to-end
processes.
• Key issues remain in establishing appropriate regulatory settings, both domestically
and internationally, but there are promising signs of collaboration between the various
regulators.
Lawyer’s Weekly, 2/5/2016, http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/18474-blockchain-tech-to-impact-financial-services-sector

Nasdaq's blockchain pilot
• Nasdaq OMX group has announced that it will use bitcoin's blockchain technology to
facilitate the trading of shares in its stock market, signalling the most significant show
of interest from Wall Street in the cryptocurrency and its underlying technology.
• The pilot project, launched in Nasdaq Private Market, has the potential to transform
the way private companies conduct pre-IPO trading
• If successful, could mean the end to lawyers and other middlemen traditionally used
to verify the sales and transfers of shares of private companies.
• Nasdaq chief executive Robert Griefield said: "Utilising the blockchain is a natural
digital evolution for managing physical securities."
International Business Times, 11/5/2015, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nasdaqs-blockchain-pilot-spells-beginning-end-

lawyers-1500656
DApps' Disruption of Payments Is Inevitable
• By cutting costs and removing friction, decentralised applications are the foundation
of a true international peer-to-peer economy and possibly a truly free market.
• Over the next few years, structuring a business model on the blockchain technology
is going to be more common.
• As a result, an overlap between the traditional finance and blockchain will be
unavoidable.
• The most startling innovation we will witness is consumers using the technology on a
daily basis without being aware of it. However, in the context of commerce and e-
commerce, it is clear that blockchain technology is still a brave new world, and many
of the most significant use-cases have not yet been discovered.
Payment Source, 2/6/2016, http://www.paymentssource.com/news/paythink/dapps-disruption-of-payments-is-inevitable-3024251-1.html

Blockchain tech to impact financial services sector
• Norton Rose Fulbright’s Unlocking the Blockchain event suggested that “Blockchain
will radically impact the financial services sector” during a panel discussion about
blockchain technology and regulation at the event.
• The session focused on the potential applications, and emphasised the importance of
identifying how blockchain will help to remove client’s pain points in end-to-end
processes.
• Key issues remain in establishing appropriate regulatory settings, both domestically
and internationally, but there are promising signs of collaboration between the various
regulators.
Lawyer’s Weekly, 2/5/2016, http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/18474-blockchain-tech-to-impact-financial-services-sector

Santander uses blockchain for international payments
• Santander bank is using blockchain technology to underpin a new application for

making international payments.
• The app is currently being tested by staff in a pilot, with a public launch to come.
• The app, which connects to Apple Pay, uses blockchain technology from Ripple, a
firm in which Santander has invested through Santander Innoventures.
• Through the app, international payments of between £10 and £10,000 can be made
24 hours a day, with funds appearing in the recipient’s account the next working day.
Computer Weekly, 27/5/2016, http://www.computerweekly.com/news/450297194/Santander-uses-blockchain-for-international-payments

How Blockchain Technology Will Disrupt Financial
Services Firms
• For the massive financial services sector, blockchain technology offers an opportunity
to overhaul its existing business model, including its banking infrastructure, approach
to settlements and customer interactions.
• But acting on this opportunity, and making the most of the blockchain, is no easy task
given the core beliefs and reinforcing systems that are embedded in the industry.
• It looks like the blockchain will replace the current centralized business model of the
financial services industry and it is easy to see how it could revolutionize all of Wall
Street.
• Or, another scenario: A slew of startups identifies the possibilities and pulls the rug
out from under big institutions. Traditional perceptions about the roles of financial
players are already under attack — as it seems that the code can perform better than
a real middleman in most cases. The network is about to do its magic: Grow and
evolve without central control.
Wharton, 24/5/2016, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/blockchain-technology-will-disrupt-financial-services-firms/
Deloitte launches financial services blockchain lab
• The company will focus on developing proof-of-concepts into functioning prototypes

that can become 'ready to integrate' offerings for financial services clients.
• Deloitte has bet big on distributed ledger technology: it is working with five prominent
blockchain companies - BlockCypher, Bloq, ConsenSys, Loyyal and the Stellar
Development Foundation - to provide new technological capabilities to its global
financial institution clientbase.
• It is already developing 20 blockchain-related prototypes that cover a multitude of
uses such as digital identity, digital banking, cross-border payments, and loyalty and
rewards, as well as in the investment management and insurance sectors.
Finextra, 25/5/2016, https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/28942/deloitte-launches-financial-services-blockchain-lab

Blockchain-Based Venture Capital Fund Raises $100 M
• The DAO, created using the Bitcoin-inspired financial platform Ethereum, has
collected more than $100 million worth of cryptocurrency.
• The DAO is basically one big, complex smart contract comparable to a venture
capital fund.
• Its own voting shares—called DAO tokens—are exchanged for a cryptocurrency
called Ether, though for regulatory reasons, The DAO states its tokens are not a form
of equity.
• Ether is the financial component of the Ethereum blockchain. One Ether is currently
worth around ten dollars, and the currency’s total market value as of this writing is
over $800 million.
Fortune, 15/5/2016, http://fortune.com/2016/05/15/leaderless-blockchain-vc-fund/

DAO Trading Launches - What Should We Expect?
• How The DAO, the first Decentralized Autonomous Organization, performs on the
Ethereum blockchain after its launch will go a long way to affect other aspects of the
digital currency world.
• Clients can deposit their DAO tokens at launch and start trading by navigating in their
account to Funding > Deposit > DAO and creating a DAO deposit address.
• The DAO is considered to be just one of many DAOs. Lessons learned from it will be
applied to future iterations.
Coin Telegraph, 28/5/2016, http://cointelegraph.com/news/dao-trading-launches-today-what-should-we-expect

The DAO/Ethereum
• The DAO, created using the Bitcoin-inspired financial platform Ethereum, has
collected more than $100 million worth of cryptocurrency.
• The DAO is basically one big, complex smart contract comparable to a venture
capital fund.
• Its own voting shares—called DAO tokens—are exchanged for a cryptocurrency
called Ether, though for regulatory reasons, The DAO states its tokens are not a form
of equity.
• Ether is the financial component of the Ethereum blockchain. One Ether is currently
worth around ten dollars, and the currency’s total market value as of this writing is
over $800 million.
Fortune, 15/5/2016, http://fortune.com/2016/05/15/leaderless-blockchain-vc-fund/

The DAO: How the Employeeless Company Has
Already Made a Boatload of Money
• On April 29, one Ether cost about $7.70. It now costs about $14.40.
• It’s already making money, and it hasn’t done anything, but profit misses the point.
• Whether or not the DAO invests its money well, the model is already guaranteed to
inspire imitators. The very fact that it has managed to organize this much money into
one organization will make other people want to set up other software-based
corporations that work a bit differently. The buzz around the DAO will make others
online feel they missed out, and look to invest in those followers. If the government
doesn’t like the model, it will have a hard time stopping these companies because
they won’t be able to find the people that invested.
The Observer, 20/5/2016, http://observer.com/2016/05/dao-decenteralized-autonomous-organizatons/

Paper Points Up Flaws in Venture Fund Based on
Virtual Money
• The D.A.O. is a sort of venture capital fund that will pick investments based on direct
voting from investors. The entire operation is computerized, with no humans in
charge.
• Money that has been put into the project known as the Decentralized Autonomous
Organization could be frozen or stolen by attackers as a result of flaws in the way that
the venture was set up.
• The money is all in Ether, which exists entirely online.
• The authors of the new paper are calling for the D.A.O.’s investors to hold off on
considering any potential investments until the vulnerabilities are fixed.
• The D.A.O. is motivated in large part by a broader desire to find more decentralized
ways to make decisions and financial transactions, with fewer middlemen involved.
New York Times, 27/5/2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/business/dealbook/paper-points-up-flaws-in-venture-fund-based-on-virtual-

money.html?_r=0
Is the future of business a company without workers,
managers or a CEO?
• The DAO, designed to serve as a kind of venture capital fund for the cryptocurrency
community, is the first of a new breed of business. It has no CEO and no staff;
indeed, it has no human management at all. The company itself is simply software
that runs on a blockchain.
• Analysts have questioned whether The DAO is legal or viable.
• The DAO’s debut is a watershed moment in the history of financial services.
• It demonstrates that autonomous entities can raise huge sums of money without
traditional intermediaries.
• How will venture capitalists and investment banks respond to these blockchain IPOs
that crowd-source hundreds of millions of dollars from a global investor base?
Quartz, 31/5/2016, http://qz.com/695499/is-the-future-of-business-a-company-without-workers-managers-or-a-ceo/

managers or a CEO?
• A DAO could act like a regular corporation in many other ways. It could invest in new
businesses, support social causes, or back political candidates. It could hire lobbyists
and a legal team to represent its interests and advocate on its behalf. Using smart
contracts.
• A DAO also offers perfect financial transparency.
• The software could also be used as a platform for integrity, a trust protocol of sorts,
within traditional corporations. Stakeholders could participate in organizational
governance directly and regularly, rather than by proxy or once a year at shareholder
meetings.
• Such an entity could also hire any human being or group via a smart contract on the
blockchain, not through an HR department or procurement.

managers or a CEO?
• Imagine a global IPO with 100 million shareholders, each contributing a few pennies
and voting their shares. That’s governance on a massive scale. At last, investors at
the bottom of the pyramid could participate and own shares of a wealth-creating
venture anywhere in the world. Anyone could design a corporation without
executives—just stakeholders, money, and software.

Ethereum, explained
• Ethereum is a new kind of virtual computing platform

• The hope is that the same characteristics of decentralization and flexibility will allow
people to build entirely new classes of applications that can't be built on top of
conventional financial and legal infrastructure.
• Ethereum represents a technological breakthrough, allowing people to do things
purely in software that weren't possible before.
• Not only can you use Ethereum to make ether-denominated electronic payments, you
can also spend ether to run programs on the Ethereum network itself.
• Ethereum could also prove particularly useful in countries with dysfunctional legal
systems.
Vox, 24/5/2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/5/24/11718436/ethereum-the-dao-bitcoin

Ethereum, explained
• As with Bitcoin, some of the early uses of Ethereum are likely to involve illegal
activity; if you want to hedge against changes in the street price of cocaine, a smart
contract might be your only option.
• Ethereum could become a platform for online betting. Smart contracts could allow the
creation of complex, provably fair online games. Ethereum could also allow people to
bet on events (like elections) in countries (like the United States) where such
gambling is restricted by law.
• The hope is that the same characteristics of decentralization and flexibility will allow
people to build entirely new classes of applications that can't be built on top of
conventional financial and legal infrastructure.

Ethereum, explained
• Technically speaking, the DAO is just a specific Ethereum address controlled by a

computer program running on the Ethereum blockchain. People send ether to this
address and get back shares in the organization.
• Once the fundraising phase is complete, these shareholders will be able to vote on
what to do with the money. The idea is that the DAO will act as a kind of venture
capital fund for the Ethereum community.
• Programmers and companies will submit detailed project proposals to the DAO abd
DAO shareholders will then vote on which proposals to fund.
• No one directly controls the DAO, but 10 prominent members of the Ethereum
community — including Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin — serve an oversight role as
"curators" for the DAO. They could conceivably face unwelcome attention from
investment regulators.

A Venture Fund With Plenty of Virtual Capital, but No
Capitalist
• The D.A.O., on the other hand, returns to the more radical ambitions of virtual
currencies. It is set up according to computer code, with no human executives. All
decisions will be made by votes of the people who buy in — using software — making
it a sort of technology-enabled leaderless collective.
• The D.A.O. has also faced difficult questions from virtual currency aficionados, who
worry that the organization’s code was put together relatively hastily without the sort
of security testing that has preceded previous projects based on Ethereum, the
technology platform that underpins Ether.
• So far, two projects have applied to the D.A.O. for funding.
• One of them is a company creating a new kind of physical lock that can be controlled
remotely through the Ethereum network, according to contracts written into the
network.
NYT, 21/5/2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/business/dealbook/crypto-ether-bitcoin-currency.html?_r=0

DAO.LINK: the bridge between blockchain and brick-
and-mortar companies
• DAO.LINK (http://daolink.io/), an initiative which makes brick-and-mortar business
interactions with blockchain-based organizations a practical reality.
• DAOs only speak ETH — the ‘fuel’ that powers the Ethereum network.
• DAO.LINK has set up the legal framework to give real world companies the ability to
work for DAOs while still being able to fill out the necessary documentation required
to stay compliant.
Slock.it, 26/4/2016, https://blog.slock.it/announcing-dao-link-the-bridge-between-blockchain-and-brick-and-mortar-companies-

9510ba04d236#.4kdirkn1a
Gnosis to Reshape DAO Governance
• Gnosis is a tech company building both a prediction market to help DAOs make
decisions and and an oracle to help generate the data. "The blockchain itself doesn’t
know anything."
• A $15k grant from the Ethereum Foundation will fund three separate experiments on
Futarchy –a new form of governance that uses data from prediction markets to
provide input– using Gnosis technology.
• Ultimately, Gnosis intends to seek to do business with distributed organizations,
including The DAO, as it seeks to bring these governance concepts to fruition.
Coindesk, 23/5/2016, http://www.coindesk.com/futarchy-dao-governance/

Paper Points Up Flaws in Venture Fund Based on
Virtual Money
• The D.A.O. is a sort of venture capital fund that will pick investments based on direct
voting from investors. The entire operation is computerized, with no humans in
charge.
• Money that has been put into the project known as the Decentralized Autonomous
Organization could be frozen or stolen by attackers as a result of flaws in the way that
the venture was set up.
• The money is all in Ether, which exists entirely online.
• The authors of the new paper are calling for the D.A.O.’s investors to hold off on
considering any potential investments until the vulnerabilities are fixed.
• The D.A.O. is motivated in large part by a broader desire to find more decentralized
ways to make decisions and financial transactions, with fewer middlemen involved.
New York Times, 27/5/2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/business/dealbook/paper-points-up-flaws-in-venture-fund-based-on-virtual-

money.html?_r=0
How Will Legal Technology Impact The Move To
Biglaw’s New $180K Starting Salary?
• The growth of legal technology and start ups, while not all perfect or fully baked just
yet, are actively developing and marketing new products utilizing cloud, open source
and artificial intelligence, that will automate and cut down on many of the tasks
traditionally delegated to first year attorneys.
• That means that, in five years, when these technologies are exponentially better and
more highly commercialized, Biglaw partners will have a much harder time asking in-
house counsel to sign off on an increase in hourly rates, especially for first year
associates.
• What’s the solution? Stop hiring as many attorneys directly out of school? Give first
year associates real work?
• It is already the case that “clients have significant leverage,” and technology will only
increase that leverage.
Above the Law, 20/6/2016, http://abovethelaw.com/2016/06/how-will-legal-technology-impact-the-move-to-180k/?rf=1

Why Lawyer Salaries Are Skyrocketing
• Average hourly rate charged by major law firm partners nearly doubled since 2000,
while average hourly wages for both blue-collar and white-collar workers have
increased less than 20%.
• Lawyer pay has also outpaced economic growth, which has averaged less than 1%
per year in real terms over this period.
• Manhattan law firm, Cravath, Swaine & Moore, announced it was raising the average
salary for newly minted law graduates by nearly 13% to $180,000 per year.
• Washington, D.C.-based Kellogg Huber increased starting pay to as much as
$225,000.
• That 25-year-old lawyers with no experience can immediately be in the top 5% of
U.S. earners (and within ten years in the top 1%) has generated some outrage, as
well as claims that such salaries are needed to help overcome the high cost of law
school.
Forbes, 7/7/2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/07/07/why-lawyer-salaries-are-skyrocketing/#6c79abca5f60
American Lawyer’s Top 10 firms of the 2015 Global 100
(ranked by 2014 revenue)
1. Latham & Watkins: $2,612,000,000
2. DLA Piper: $2,480,500,000 (verein)
3. Baker & McKenzie: $2,430,000,000 (verein)
4. Skadden: $2,315,000,000
5. Clifford Chance: $2,225,500,000
6. Kirkland & Ellis: $2,150,000,000
7. Allen & Overy: $2,112,000,000
8. Linklaters: $2,088,000,000
9. Freshfields: $2,052,500,000
10. Jones Day: $1,850,000,000
(Verein is a legal structure which basically allows separate profit pools to share a brand.)
Above the Law, 28/9/2015, http://abovethelaw.com/2015/09/the-global-100-the-worlds-top-law-firms-ranked-by-revenue-profit-and-headcount/
American Lawyer’s Top 10 firms of the 2015 Global 100
(ranked by 2014 revenue)
• Total Global 100 revenue rose 4.5 percent, to $92.7 billion
• At current growth rates, Global 100 revenues will top $100 billion within the next two
years.
Above the Law, 28/9/2015, http://abovethelaw.com/2015/09/the-global-100-the-worlds-top-law-firms-ranked-by-revenue-profit-and-headcount/

The Flawed Methodology of The American Lawyer
• In March 2014, Dentons publicly announced that it would no longer release average
global profits per partner/lawyer data, explaining our view that, "in the age of global
law firms, which span multiple economies, cost structures and earnings practices, it is
impossible for a single global number to reflect accurately the diverse standards of
living and operational expense in all of the countries in which we operate” and that
“unless each global firm has a similar footprint and headcount in each region, which
they clearly do not, the comparisons of profit per partner are meaningless.”
Denton’s, 2016, http://accuracy100.com/

Most innovative law firms 2015: Growth & business
development
• Exponential Growth:
– Signature Litigation: A litigation-focused boutique that has doubled its revenues
in the past year.
– CMS: Grew in the UK by 35 per cent in revenue terms last year.
– LOD (Lawyers On Demand): The pioneer of the flexible working contract lawyer
service, LOD posted a 48 per cent growth in revenues between 2014 to 2015.
Now offers “managed teams” of in-house lawyers for big corporate clients,
remotely or on site.
– Cooley: Overnight expansion in London saw 20 partners join.
Financial Times,2016, http://rankings.ft.com/innovativelawyers/most-innovative-law-firms-2015-growth-business-development

Most innovative law firms 2015: Growth & business
development
Financial Times, 2/10/2015, http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/cb7809b4-7808-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.pdf

Innovative Lawyers 2015
• Exponential growth:
– Allen & Overy: The firm has opened 18 offices in the past five years, taking its
total to 45 globally. Its commitment to expansion has paid off: its rate of growth in
that period in revenue terms has been double that of other magic circle firms.
Over the past 10 years revenues have almost doubled, from £666m to £1,281m.
– Axiom has achieved 1,216 per cent growth in revenues over the past 10 years.
– LOD has developed a model that sends in teams of lawyers who use technology
and data analytics to support in-house legal departments. This new avenue
accounted for more than half of the 40 per cent growth LOD posted last year.
Financial Times, 2/10/2015, http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/cb7809b4-7808-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.pdf

Thompson Reuters Westlaw Technology to deliver
better answers faster (exponentially?)
• Thomson Reuters Legal has applied elements of artificial intelligence (AI) with
increasing sophistication since the 1990s.
• When launched in 2010, Westlaw’s search engine, WestSearch, represented a
significant leap in complexity in applications of natural language processing, machine
learning, and information retrieval.
• The introduction of WestSearch was really a milestone event in advancement of legal
technology.
• The enhancements, Research Recommendations and Folder Analysis, are also
powered by technologies that are at the core of AI: machine learning and natural
language processing.
• We’re fast approaching a point where legal technology is going to make huge leaps
forward. The amount of raw processing power has grown dramatically, and at the
same time, the cost of storage has seen a dramatic reduction.
Thompson Reuters, 25/7/2016, http://blog.legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/legal-research/must-see-cutting-edge-legal-technology-to-deliver-
better-answers-faster/
AI GLOSSARY
Glossary
• Artificial: not occurring in nature or not occurring in the same form in

nature. The alternative given after the "or" allows for the possible future use
of modified biological materials.
• Intelligence measures an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of

environments.
– Proposed by Marcus Hutter ( ANU) and Shane Legg (Google DeepMind).
The Conversation, 2/9/2015, https://theconversation.com/why-we-need-a-legal-definition-of-artificial-intelligence-46796

Glossary
• Artificial Intelligence Systems are computer systems that can mimic, to

some extent, the cognitive functions of a human brain.
• Machine Learning is a subset of the intellectual domain of Artificial

Intelligence, which comprises the study of various sorts of intelligent, self-
learning machines.
Forbes, 1/12/2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/12/01/reasons-why-googles-latest-ai-tensorflow-is-open-

sourced/#5da99fb35243
Glossary
• Deep Learning: “a learning technology that works by loosely simulating

the brain. Your brain and mine work by having massive amounts of neurons,
jam-packed, talking to each other. And deep learning works by having a
loose simulation of neurons — hundreds of thousands of millions of neurons
— simulating the computer, talking to each other.”
– Andrew Ng, the Stanford computer scientist behind Google’s deep learning “Brain” team and
now Baidu’s chief scientist
Re/Code, 15/7/2015, http://recode.net/2015/07/15/deep-learning-ai-is-taking-over-tech-what-is-it/

Glossary
• A Robot is a container for AI, sometimes mimicking the human form,

sometimes not.
• AI is the computer inside the robot.
– AI is the brain, and the robot is its body, if it even has a body. For example, the
software and data behind Siri is AI, the woman's voice we hear is a
personification of that AI, and there's no robot involved at all.
Huffington Post, 10/2/2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wait-but-why/the-ai-revolution-the-road-to-superintelligence_b_6648480.html

Glossary
• Singularity or Technological Singularity:

– The moment in the future when our technology's intelligence exceeds
our own -- a moment when life as we know it will be forever changed
and normal rules will no longer apply. (Vernor Vinge, 1993)
– The time when the law of accelerating returns has reached such an
extreme pace that technological progress is happening at a seemingly
infinite pace, and after which we'll be living in a whole new world. (Ray
Kurzweil)
– In math, describes an asymptote-like situation where normal rules no
longer apply.
– In physics, describes a phenomenon like an infinitely small, dense black
hole or the point we were all squished into right before the Big Bang.
Glossary
• Educational Psychology Professor Linda Gottfredson describes

Intelligence as "a very general mental capability that, among other things,
involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.“
• Superintelligence: “an intellect that is much smarter than the best human
brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom
and social skills.”
– Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom

Glossary
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): Sometimes referred to as "weak AI,"

artificial narrow intelligence is AI that specializes in one area.
• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Sometimes referred to as "strong AI,"

or "human-level AI," "artificial general intelligence" refers to a computer that
is as smart as a human across the board -- a machine that can perform any
intellectual task that a human being can.
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): Artificial superintelligence ranges from a

computer that's just a little smarter than a human to one that's trillions of
times smarter.

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Building the Exponential Law Firm

Unleashing Artificial Intelligence’s True Potential

About Fast Future p 83

Slide Sources p 410

Intelligent Assistants and Digital Twins

Source: The Millennium Project

3. Creation of new product and service offerings

• Berwin Leighton Paisner using

• Fastcase – Case summarization,

• Automated generation of process

• Riverview Law Kim – lawyer advisory

 Blockchain was created

• Widespread and accelerating deployment of AI on core law firm processes

• Meaningful penetration of AI into in-house legal

• First truly AI-centric law firms

• Significant range of AI-based solutions offered direct to consumers and

• Widespread adoption of Blockhain smart contracts in newer firms

• Rise of DAOs in both the private and public sectors.

Brain Healthcare Synthetic Blockchain

Download this presentation at

Find Fast Future Publishing on

developments and trends

Our current charitable campaigns:

CIO Magazine, 30/5/2016, http://www.cio.com/article/3076154/internet-of-things/the-race-to-monetize-artificial-intelligence-is-on.html#tk.rss_all

CIO Magazine, 30/5/2016, http://www.cio.com/article/3076154/internet-of-things/the-race-to-monetize-artificial-intelligence-is-on.html#tk.rss_all

CIO Magazine, 30/5/2016, http://www.cio.com/article/3076154/internet-of-things/the-race-to-monetize-artificial-intelligence-is-on.html#tk.rss_all

CIO Magazine, 30/5/2016, http://www.cio.com/article/3076154/internet-of-things/the-race-to-monetize-artificial-intelligence-is-on.html#tk.rss_all

CIO Magazine, 30/5/2016, http://www.cio.com/article/3076154/internet-of-things/the-race-to-monetize-artificial-intelligence-is-on.html#tk.rss_all

Singularity Hub, 1/6/2016, http://singularityhub.com/2016/06/01/are-high-stress-decisions-best-made-by-bots/

• Salesforce, the cloud company, said that it wants to be an AI-first company.

Inc., 21/5/2016, http://www.inc.com/linkedin/sramana-mitra/salesforce-focusing-ai-sramana-mitra.html

The Guardian, 31/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/31/asus-zenbo-robot-price-smartphone-voice-face

Quartz, 31/5/2016, http://qz.com/696188/in-future-were-going-to-have-robot-butlers-and-its-going-to-be-so-lame/

IT Pro Portal, 31/5/2016, http://www.itproportal.com/2016/05/31/quarter-brits-believe-jobs-will-replaced-robots-10-years/

The Telegraph, 31/5/2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/computers-will-outperform-doctors-at-diagnosing-illnesses-says-g/

NYT, 18/5/2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/19/technology/personaltech/artificial-intelligence-makes-the-phone-a-personal-

MIT Technology Review, 19/5/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601496/inside-vicarious-the-secretive-ai-startup-bringing-imagination-to-

Tech Crunch, 25/5/2016, http://techcrunch.com/2016/05/25/affectiva-raises-14-million-to-bring-apps-robots-emotional-intelligence/

Motherboard, 17/5/2016, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/digital-assistants-get-womens-namesunless-theyre-lawyers

• Emma, an AI from a start-up called Stealth, is an “autonomous artificial intelligence”

R&D Magazine, 27/5/2016, http://www.rdmag.com/news/2016/05/teaching-robots-feel-pain-protect-themselves

MIT Technology Review, 27/5/2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601598/magic-leaps-latest-surprise-its-working-on-robots/

CNET, 12/5/2016, http://www.cnet.com/news/disneys-working-on-robots-that-mimic-peoples-movements-disney-research/

Gizmodo, 11/5/2016, http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/the-fbi-can-neither-confirm-nor-deny-wiretapping-your-a-1776092971

• A handful of companies employ humans pretending to be robots pretending to be

Bloomberg, 18/5/2016, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-18/the-humans-hiding-behind-the-chatbots

Xinhua, 29/4/2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-04/29/c_135323878.htm

Economic Times, 9/5/2016, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/earn/what-are-the-careers-of-the-next-20-years-find-

The Good Project, 2/12/2015, http://www.thegoodproject.org/is-there-a-future-for-the-professions-an-interim-verdict/

The Good Project, 2/12/2015, http://www.thegoodproject.org/is-there-a-future-for-the-professions-an-interim-verdict/

IEET, 12/5/2016, http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/Karran20160512

Tech Republic, 13/5/2016, http://www.techrepublic.com/article/creating-malevolent-ai-a-manual/

Tech Republic, 13/5/2016, http://www.techrepublic.com/article/creating-malevolent-ai-a-manual/

Info-Europa, 13/5/2016, http://info-europa.com/health/dr-droid-new-robot-surgeon-works-on-its-own/179820

• New jobs will be created in science, technology, engineering and mathematics

Tech Crunch, 15/5/2016, http://techcrunch.com/2016/05/13/robots-wont-just-take-jobs-theyll-create-them/

ZDNet, 17/5/2016, http://www.zdnet.com/article/machine-learning-a-i-to-follow-on-the-priority-list-for-businesses-sap/

Harvard Business Review, 17/5/2016, https://hbr.org/2016/05/when-to-trust-robots-with-decisions-and-when-not-to

Harvard Business Review, 17/5/2016, https://hbr.org/2016/05/when-to-trust-robots-with-decisions-and-when-not-to

The Guardian, 20/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/20/silicon-assassins-condemn-humans-life-useless-artificial-

The Guardian, 23/5/2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/20/silicon-assassins-condemn-humans-life-useless-artificial-

Quartz, 24/5/2016, http://qz.com/691286/ethics-bots-could-soothe-fears-about-ai-taking-control-of-humanity/

Australasian Lawyer, 7/7/2016, http://www.australasianlawyer.com.au/news/australia-urged-to-consider-robot-lawyers-for-diy-divorce-219220.aspx