Tuesday 18/9/2018

Giant Ionic Giant metallic Simple covalent Giant covalent

Allotropes of carbon
of the same element
but different
arrangement
Diamond
Sea of delocalised
electrons
High melting point High melting point
 Low melting and
 Requires a huge
Have strong boiling points
amount of heat to  They do not
electrostatic break the strong
attraction that conduct
electrostatic force electricity. This is
requires huge conductivity due to because they do  High melting
amounts of energy the presence of free point because
to break all the not have any free
floating electrons requires lots of
bonds floating electrons
heat because of
giant covalent
Soluble in water  bond
Ionic compounds  Can not conduct
dissolve in water electricity no free
because they are floating electrons
charged. Water Graphite
molecules are polar
thus able to cause
ionic compounds to
dissociate.

Conducts electricity
 conducts as a
liquid or when
classified in water
because of the
presence of free
floating IONS
 Tuesday 25th September 2018
Chemistry

The mole concept is a way to counting particles in matter

1 mole of any substance is equal to 6.02x1023 particles (atoms /molecules)

Which is the same number of particles found in 12g of carbon

The molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 mol of that substance

1mol H= 1g = 6.02x1023H atoms

1mol Na= 23g =6.02x1023 Na atoms
1mol H2o= 18=6.02x1023 H2o atoms

X6.02x10 Xm.m
Particles 23 Mole Mass
÷6.02x10 ÷m.m
23

÷24dm3 X24dm3

Volume

1mol = mass/molar mass

1mol=volume/24dm3

1mol=particles/6.02x1023

Avogadro’s no. 6.02x1023

 Tuesday 23rd October 2018
Neutral Chemistry
Acid, Base &salt
PH scale
0 3 7 10 14

Strong Weak Weak Strong

acid acid base base

Acid Base
Proton donor (H+) Proton accepter (OH-/O-2)
HCl (aq)  H++Cl- NaOH (Na++OH-)
Completely dissociates strong acid Completely dissociates strong base
CH3COOH H++CH3OO- NH+H-OH NA+OH+
Incompletely dissociates weak acid Incompletely dissociates weak base
Phenolphthalein – colourless Phenolphthalein – pink
Methyl orange – red Methyl orange – orange
Litmus paper – blue to red Litmus paper – red to blue

HCL – Hydrochloric acid NaOH – sodium hydroxide

H2SO4 – sulphuric acid KOH – potassium hydroxide
HNO3 – nitric acid CA (OH) 2 – Calcium dihydroxide
H3PO4 – phosphoric acid Mg (OH) 2 – magnesium dihydroxide
CH3OOH – acetic acid NH3 – nitrogen trihydride

Acid reaction
Acid + Metal = Salt + H2
Acid + Base = Salt + H20
Acid + carbonate = Salt +H2O+CO2
Rates of reaction – is the change in concentration of a reactant on product per unit time at
a specific temperature

Salt
-Formed from reactions of acid contains a metal (cation) and acid
(non-metal polyatomic)

- two types of salt ; Normal salt e.g. NaSO4

; Acid salt e.g. NaHSO4
 Ionic precipitation
 Dissolve each in water to
make two solutions
 Mix the solution to form
a precipitate
 Filter precipitate
 Wash the precipitate
 Dry residue
HCl = monobasic
H2SO4= dibasic
H3PO4= tribasic
Titration Reactions of acid with
metal base carbonate
 Place the acid in a  Add the M/B/C to the acid
burette and find the and warn if necessary. Keep
vol. needed to adding effervescence steps
neutralise a fixed of (M/C)
vol. of alkali  Dip a piece of blue litmus
carbonate using a into the solution (It should
suitable indicator remain blue)
 Repeat the first step  Filter to remove the areas
without the M/B/C and collect the
indicator filtrate
 Evaporate the water  Evaporate the water or leave
of leave to to crystallise
crystallise  Dry crystallise
 Dry the crystals