1.

0 Introduction
Nowadays there are many used pumps in resident application and industries. Centrifugal pump
was a mud lifting machine in late 1400’’s by Italian engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
Centrifugal pump is a mechanical device that can transport fluids by rotational kinetic energy to
hydrodynamic energy of fluid flow. It is a most popular pump used in class of kinetic pumps. The
application that usually sector use the pump is such as domestic purposes, industries and power
plant generation. It consists of two major parts that called impeller and circular pump. Actually,
the pump function is to converts mechanical energy from a motor to energy moving fluid. Shaft
driven impeller is rotating inside a casing and that’s how the pump is work. After that, the energy
conversion makes the impeller rotate and the fluid surrounding is also rotate. It makes the water
moves out because the pressure and kinetic energy of the fluid rises due to rotational mechanical
energy transferred to the fluid. As we know there is many types of centrifugal pumps such as
mechanically actuated, hydraulically actuated and solenoid. Many industries use the pump because
it is simple principle and can move at high speeds with minimal maintenance. In additional, we
know impeller is a major part that make velocity became higher and discharged by centrifugal
force in case. Not forget about the kinds of loss of centrifugal pump can be differentiate into major
loss and minor loss. Power of pump can also be calculated using formula and then efficiency of
pump can be obtained. So, we can know that there is many types of pump and it will give the
different outcome during the experiment. In this experiment we need to design a new pump that
used to flow the water to empty tank. We need to know that some of energy can push the fluid in
circular motion and it also convey some energy and increase the pressure at outlet. So, we need to
design properly the pump and know about the major and minor loss to achieve the good result.

Figure 1: Example of pump

1
2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Design of Centrifugal Pump

The design pump is one centrifugal pump that consist of flexible smooth pipe with the diameter
and length are 50 cm, 20 m respectively. Impeller is designed on the basic of design flow rate,
pump head and pump specific speed. So, the design data are required to design the centrifugal
pump. For design calculation, the design parameters taken will be explained in this subchapter.

The design of centrifugal pump involves a large number of interdependent variables so there
are several possible designs for the same duty. One of the most difficult design problems is to
predict the impeller head slip. The difference between the theoretical head for a number of impeller
vanes and the theoretical head deduced from the net horsepower given to the fluid passing through
the impeller. Before pump design or selection can be got, specifications is needed to be established
which express several requirements

The operating pressure of the system a function of the flow through the system. Another that
the arrangement of the system in terms of pipe length, diameter pipe, pressure on the liquid, size
of impeller. Pump use basic force of nature to move a liquid. The moving pump part like impeller,
vane, shaft, piston, diaphragm pumps, etc. begins to move air is pushed out of the way. We find
one specification from the real pump as reference for our calculation. Many formulas that we use
to provide the suitable pump with our situation. We estimate many variables to do the calculation.

2.2 Previous Design Study

According Khin Cho Thin et. al (2008), they show some loses of centrifugal pump with the
values Q and H are determined for the various operating points. Centrifugal pumps are fluid-kinetic
machines designed for power increase within a rotating impeller. In centrifugal pumps, the delivery
head depends on the flow rate. This relationship, also called pump performance, is illustrated by
curves. To get characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump, values of theoretical head, slip, shock
losses, recirculation losses and other friction losses are calculated by varying volume flow rate.

In a today competitive and sophisticated technology, centrifugal pump is more widely used
than any other applications because the advantages of following factors are effect on the centrifugal
pump.

2
1. Its initial cost is low

2. Efficiency is high

3. Discharge is uniform and continuous flow

4. Installation and maintenance is easy.

5. It can run at high speeds without the risk of separation of flow.

The performance analysis of centrifugal pump is also predicted in this paper. The impeller
friction losses, volute friction losses and disk friction losses are considered to less the friction effect
on centrifugal pump. Moreover, recirculation losses are also considered. And then, the actual
performance curve of centrifugal pump is predicted obtained.

2.3 Theory on Centrifugal Pump

Pump is machine that use to move the water or fluid from tank to tank, reservoir to tank or
reservoir to reservoir. Simple flow pump is work like this; the movement of air creates a vacuum
space which mean low pressure that can be fill up by more water. The main component of
centrifugal pump are the impeller and diffuser. The function of impeller is the impeller takes the
power from the rotating shaft and accelerates the fluid. Furthermore, the function of diffuser is
transforming the high fluid velocity into pressure. Component for centrifugal pump was divide
into two-part wet end and mechanical end. Wet end has two primary component such as impeller
and casing. Mechanical end of the pump including pump shaft, sealing, bearings and shaft sleeve.

Figure 2: The component of the centrifugal pump.

3
2.4 Head, H

Assuming steady, incompressible flow the net head can be expressed in terms of the Bernoulli
equation as follow:

… (2.1)

Where = pressure head

=kinetic head

=elevation head

= pump head

=losses

V1 ≈ V2 and ≈ , so that net pump head is equal to pressure head

… (2.2)

2.5 Power, P

Power delivered by the pump (to the fluid) is given as

… (2.3)

Where

= volume flow rate

H = net pump head

4
Power required to drive the pump

… (2.4)

Where = angular velocity of shaft ( =

= torque of shaft

2.6 Fluid Velocity

Fluid velocity increases from inlet to outlet due to energy addition to fluid. The power required for
changing inlet velocity condition to outlet is given by using following condition

…. (2.5)

Where:

p = density

Q = flow rate

= rotor tip velocity at exit

= absolute exit velocity

rotor tip velocity at exit

= absolute inlet velocity

represents tangential velocity component of flow. From here we can find what the head rise in
meters of fluid is. Please note that this is energy head rise. It comprises of both pressure head and
velocity head.

5
For a centrifugal pump, normal radial velocity at inlet and outlet are calculated by using vector

diagram

₁=Q/(2ꙥr₁b₁) ₂=Q/(2ꙥr₂b₂)……(2.6)

Outlet and inlet blade angle beta can be derived in terms of velocities.β is angle between relative
velocity and blade tip velocity

tanβ=V /(u-V )

Rearranging we can obtain tangential (circumferential) velocity at exit

V ₂=U₂-V ₂/tanβ₂…. (2.7)

V ₁=U₁-V ₁/tanβ₁…. (2.8)

Rotor tip velocity at inlet and outlet, u₁ and u₂ can be obtained through formula u=rω

u₁=r₁ω…. (2.9)

u₂=r₂ω…. (2.10)

Velocity component tangential, w₁ and w₂ to the blade angle β can be calculated

w₁=Vn₁/sinβ₁…. (2.11)

w₂=Vn₂/sinβ₂…. (2.12)

6
Hence, we can obtain absolute inlet velocity,V₁ and absolute outlet velocity ,V₂ by using
parallelogram rule.

V₁²=u₁²+w₁²-2u₁w₁cosβ₁…. (2.13)

V₂²=u₂²+w₂²-2U₂w₂cosβ₂.…. (2.14)

Also flow rate through impeller is given as flow area times radial velocity.r

So head rise,H in a centrifugal pump, can be derived in terms of flow rate.

H=P /(pgQ)=1/(u₂Vt₂-u₁Vt₁)g….(2.15)

Using this equation, we can predict what’s the head rise, as we change the flow rate for particular
pump geometry and for a particular impeller angular velocity. Most important parameter in this
equation is, blade outlet angle, beta.

Figure 3 shows diagram and velocity vector

7
2.7 Efficiency,

The efficiency of the pump is how much the output power you get from the input power you give

Output power is power delivered by pump (

Input power is power required by pump (

So, efficiency is

… (2.16)

There are three parts of efficiency (volumetric efficiency, hydraulic efficiency and mechanical
efficiency)

Volumetric Efficiency … (2.17)

Where QL is the loss of fluid volume through leakage

Hydraulic Efficiency … (2.18)

Where hf consist of shock loss, friction loss and circulation loss

Mechanical Efficiency … (2.19)

Where Pf is the mechanical losses due to mechanical friction, bearings and others moving parts
within the machinery.

Total efficiency …..(2.20)

2.8 Head loss, H

In order to achieve this performance, an input power is required which involves efficiency of
energy transfer. The efficiency of a pump is the ratio of the pump’s fluid power to the pump shaft

8
horsepower. An important characteristic of the head/flow curve is the best efficiency point. At the
best efficiency point, the pump operates most cost-effectively both in terms of energy efficiency
and maintenance considerations. The efficiency of a centrifugal pump depends upon the hydraulic
losses, disk friction mechanical losses and leakage losses.

The head loss of a pipe, tube or duct system, is the same s that produced in a straight pipe or
duct whose length is equal to the pipes of the original system plus the sum of equivalent length of
all the components. This can be expressed by

H =Σh +Σh minor

= (f /D+ΣKւ)V²/2g…..(2.21)

Where head loss=total head loss in the pipe or duct system

 Major head loss=major loss due to friction in the pipe or duct system
 Minor head loss=head loss or pressure loss due to components as valves, bends, tees in the
pipe or duct system

Major loss is caused by friction at walls and due to resistance of fluid particles as they roll, rub
and slide each other.

h = ²/2gD….. (2.22)

Where f = friction factor

= length

v = velocity

g = gravity acceleration

D=diameter of pipe

9
Reynold number, Re is expressed as

Friction factor, f can be obtained by refer to Moody Chart.

Minor loss is caused by geometry of pipes such as the presence of valves and fittings such as
elbows, tees, bends and etc.

h minor=ΣKւV²/2g….(2.23)

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3.0 Design Specification

The design for a new centrifugal pump to pump water from river into an empty tank require certain
parameter that suitable to the situation. Based on the situation, condition that require need to fulfill
such as the water level from river to the tank, the length and diameter of the pipe are 20m and
50cm and the volume flowrate is 0.573m³/s. the method of selection to find the parameter of
centrifugal pump design are imitative and comparison method. The parameter selection is made
by equality or similarity of function as well as situation applied to the centrifugal pump. Based on
the research that have been done for the case study, the range of parameter applicable for the design
obtain show below.

Pump Specification Range of Parameters

Rotational Speed 750rpm - 1720rpm
Inlet radius impeller r1 45mm - 120mm
Outlet radius impeller r2 125mm - 250mm
Inlet blade angle β1 23.8° - 50°
Outlet blade angle β2 14.7° - 70°
Inlet blade width b1 15mm - 180mm
Outer blade width b2 15mm - 120mm

For this design structure, the pipe was used is PVC material from plastic component. This design
involves four elbows at certain location and places needed. Also, open valve to control water flow
from river to water tank. As the design of centrifugal pump that pump water from river to water
tank have been drawn, the factor of component that were used also as a part of our consideration.
For example, coefficient friction that will affect the flowrate of the water flow that comes from
elbow, pipe, valve and also surrounding factors. The friction coefficient at each part shows below.

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 Pipe Component Friction
Coefficient
Long radius 90° threaded elbow 0.7
Open valve 0.25-0.30
Inlet pipe 0.8
Outlet pipe 1.0

Figure 4:The design of whole picture for centrifugal pump from river to water tank

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4.0 Design Analysis

From the design that have been done, there are some calculation need to be done to determine the
head pump of system and head pump required by centrifugal pump to produced. Besides that, in
this case it will assume of 20% pump tolerance.
Given:
 Volume flowrate, Q = 0.573𝑚3 /𝑠
 Pipe length, L = 20m
 Pipe diameter, D = 0.5m
 Height difference, (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = 10m

4.1. Head Pump System

By using Energy Equation:

𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝑃 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝑇
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃1 𝑣1 2 𝑃2 𝑣2 2
+ + 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑝 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝐿 + ℎ𝑇
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

From the design, the value of 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 can be neglected since their value were too small
which is almost equal to zero. Besides that, the value of 𝐻𝑇 = 0 since there is no turbine in the
case study.

𝐻𝑝 = (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + 𝐻𝐿

∑𝐾𝑙 𝑉 2 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
𝐻𝐿 = 𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 + 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 = +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝐷
Assumption for the river water:
 Density of water,𝜌 = 1000𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 Dynamic viscosity of water, 𝜇 at 25°𝐶 =8.9 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚𝑠

13
4.1.1 Velocity
Q = VA
𝑄 (0.573)
𝑉= = = 2.92 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 𝜋(0.25)2

4.1.2 Reynold Number, Re

𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
1000(2.92)(0.5)
𝑅𝑒 =
8.9 × 10−4
= 1640449.438 > 4000 𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
4.1.3 Head Loss Major
𝑓𝑙𝑉 2
𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝐻𝐿 =
2𝑔𝐷
1 6.9 ∈ 1.1
= −1.8 log [ −( ) ], ∈= 0.0000197(𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑣𝑐 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7𝐷

1 6.9 0.0000197 1.1

= −1.8 log [ −( ) ]
√𝑓 1640449.438 3.7(0.5)

𝑓 = 0.008328715

(0.008328715)(20)(2.92)2
𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝐻𝐿 = = 0.144778706𝑚
2(9.81)(0.5)

4.1.4 Head loss Minor

∑𝐾𝑙 𝑉 2
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝐻𝐿 =
2𝑔
[4(0.7) + (0.30) + (0.8) + (1.0)](2.92)2
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝐻𝐿 = = 2.129427115𝑚
2(9.81)

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Total head Loss:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝐻𝐿 = 0.144778706 + 2.1299427115 𝑚 = 2.274205821𝑚

4.1.5 Head Pump

𝐻𝑝 = (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + 𝐻𝐿

𝑯𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟐𝒎

Assuming 20% of pump tolerance,

120
𝑋 12.2842058 = 14.729𝑚
100
A centrifugal pump with pump head, 𝐻𝑃 = 14.728𝑚 is required to fulfil the task
For the purpose of obtaining the suitable pump specification to fulfil the pump head required, trial
and error method is used. To obtain the most suitable pump to use, the parameter such as inlet and
outlet radius of impeller, inlet and outlet blade angle, inner and outer blade width and rotational
need to be determined for calculation.

4.2 Head Pump for Centrifugal Pump Analysis

4.2.1 Head Pump Equation;

1
𝐻𝑝 = (𝑢 𝑣 − 𝑢1 𝑣𝑡1 )
𝑔 2 𝑡2
4.2.2 At point 1, Inlet
The angle and velocity at the impeller will be representing by the velocity triangle in the figure
below.

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 𝑤1 𝑣1

𝑣𝑛1
𝛼1 𝛽1
𝑢1 = 𝜔𝑟1
𝑣𝑡1

Rotor tip velocity at inlet, 𝑢1 can be calculate by;

𝑢1 = 𝑟1 𝜔
2𝜋(1700)
𝑢1 = (0.1)( )
60
𝑢1 = 17.80235837 𝑚/𝑠

Normal velocity at inlet,𝑣𝑛1 can be calculate using this equation;

𝑄
𝑣𝑛1 =
2𝜋𝑟1 𝑏1
0.573 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑣𝑛1 =
2𝜋(0.1 𝑚)(0.06 𝑚)
𝑣𝑛1 = 15.19929707𝑚/𝑠
Using trigonometry, we can get the 𝑥 in 𝑢1 = 𝑣𝑡1 + 𝑥1
𝑣𝑛1
tan(47°) =
𝑥1
𝑥1 = 14.173574 𝑚/𝑠
Tangential (circumferential) velocity at inlet, 𝑣𝑡1
𝑣𝑡1 = 17.80235837 − 14.173574
𝑣𝑡1 = 3.628784558 𝑚/𝑠

4.2.3 At point 2, Outlet

16
The angle and velocity at the impeller will be representing by the velocity triangle in the figure
below.

𝑣2 𝑢2 =𝜔𝑟2
𝛽2
𝑣𝑛2

𝛼2
𝑣𝑡2
𝑤2

Rotor tip velocity at exit, 𝑢2 can be calculate by;

𝑢2 = 𝑟2 𝜔
2𝜋(1700)
𝑢2 = (0.25 𝑚)( )
60

𝑢2 = 44.505896 𝑚/𝑠
Normal (radial) velocity at exit,𝑣𝑛2 can be calculate using this equation;
𝑄
𝑣𝑛2 =
2𝜋𝑟2 𝑏2
0.573 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑣𝑛2 =
2𝜋(0.25𝑚)(0.03 𝑚)
𝑣𝑛2 = 12.159438 𝑚/𝑠

Using trigonometry, we can get the 𝑥 in 𝑢2 = 𝑣𝑡2 + 𝑥2 ;

𝑣𝑛2
tan(17°) =
𝑥2
𝑥2 = 39.77173 𝑚/𝑠
Tangential (circumferential) velocity at exit, 𝑣𝑡2 can be find using the equation below;
𝑢2 = 𝑣𝑡2 + 𝑥2
𝑣𝑡2 = 44.505896 − 39.77173
𝑣𝑡2 = 4.734166 𝑚/𝑠

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4.2.4 Head Pump Equation;
1
𝐻𝑝 = (𝑢 𝑣 − 𝑢1 𝑣𝑡1 )
𝑔 2 𝑡2
1
𝐻𝑝 = ((44.505896)(4.734166) − (17.80235837)(3.628784558))
9.81
𝑯𝒑 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟕𝒎

4.2.5 Percentage Error

14.8927−14.729
So it can shows that error only: 𝑋100% = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟗%
14.8927

4.3 Power Required by the Pump

𝑃 = 𝑝𝑄(𝑢2 𝑣𝑡2 − 𝑢1 𝑣𝑡1 )

𝑷 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑)[(44.505896)(4.734166) − (17.80235837)(3.628784558))

= 𝟖𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝑲𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕

18
5.0 Discussion

In order to design an efficient system of transporting fluid especially for this case study is
water, there are some consideration or requirement that must be meet. The design of pump can be
considered from two points of view, the mathematical and the engineering.

For the mathematical view, the pump in the system are given as 20% tolerance, this is because
in real world application there might some external major and minor factor such as whether,
changes of temperature, that can reduce the performance of transporting water to the tank. Then to
find the type of flow, the Reynold Number must be considered. So, the formulas need to be use:-

The Reynold number that get is 1,640,440.438 which is higher than 4,000.As from the
calculation that have been made, the water flow in 0.5m diameter pipe is turbulent flow. The
turbulent flow are happened because of friction between water flow and pipe wall. Therefore, there
are some major and minor losses occur in the pipe. To calculate major and minor losses the formula
needs to use:-

Where

K= friction coefficient minor losses

f= friction coefficient major losses

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 The head loss major is 0.144778706m, when the coefficient of friction is 0.008328715. Then
the total head loss minor is about 2.274205821m toward the coefficient of friction inlet pipe 0.8,
outlet pipe 0.1 and long radius 90’ threaded elbow 0.7.

The head pump can get from the equation;-

Where

(z2-z1)= height different

HL=total head losses

Head pump for the pipeline is the total head losses and the height different which is 12.27420582m
and because of the tolerance of 20%, therefore the head pump become 14.729m

After that, the calculation for the real head pump (engineering approached) which is using by
“try and error” method that produce by pump by the existing specification. The range for the
rotation speed is 750rpm-1720rpm but for the calculation 1700rpm is used. For each range inlet
radius impeller and outlet radius impeller is 45mm-120mm and 125mm-240mm. Thus, the size of
radius that used for this problem is 0.1m for inlet radius and 0.25m for outlet radius. To find the
head pump, the formula must be used is:-

Where

Vt1=Tangential (circumferential) velocity at inlet

Vt2=Tangential (circumferential) velocity at outlet

U1=Rotor tip velocity at inlet

U2=Rotor tip velocity at outlet

The head pump that get from the equation is 14.8927m.

20
 The engineering and mathematical approach usually must meet at least below 3% error so that
the system are works efficiently and non-energy waste system. The power for pump is 83.714kW
which is more than enough to transport the water into the tank. For this case study, the percentage
error is 1.099%, so the system meets the requirement.

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6.0 Conclusion

The designation for the pump system in this case study are applicable as the it low cost and energy
efficient. We can say that because of the design are not too complex and easy to build and energy
that pump required to deliver the water from the river are logically accepted.

The theory that learn in classroom can finally apply into real world engineering problem
which in this case study is to transport water from river to an empty tank. To solve the problem,
firstly need to design the system and calculate how much the power that needed to deliver it, then
selecting the pump with existing specifications. If the calculation meets with the real pump
requirement, then the design is wisely to use and if not, then the design must be reconstructed with
existing parameters.

However, in real world problem, there so much more that need to consider in designation
a system such as whether changes, temperature, humidity, lifespan and many more. In this case
study, we just design a system to deliver the water only and not its lifespan and maintenance. A
successful design must consider all factor that can affecting the performance and the cost.

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7.0 Reference

 Shepard, Dennis G. (1956). Principles of Turbomachinery. McMillan. ISBN 0-471-

85546-4. LCCN 56002849
 Gülich, Johann Friedrich (2010). Centrifugal Pumps (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-3-642-12823-3
 Munson, B.R. (2006). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (5 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley &
Sons.
 Abhilash Guruji (2017), “What is the working principle of centrifugal pump?”,Quora.
Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-working-principle-of-the-
centrifugal-pump

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