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Design Modelling and Development of Electric Walking Bike
CHAPTER 1
Introduction:
Renewable energy is reliable and plentiful and will potentially be very cheap. Renewable energy
can be locally produced and therefore is not vulnerable to distant political upheavals. Many of
the safety concerns surrounding fossil fuels, such as explosions on oil platforms and collapsing
coal mines do not exist with renewable energy. Renewable energy produces only minute levels
of carbon emissions and therefore helps combat climate change caused by fossil fuel usage. Most
renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can
be used directly for heating and, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar
cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses. Treadmill cycle”-combination of
treadmill and cycle. Exercise is a bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and
overall health and wellness. In order to stay fit and healthy people often perform various
exercise, one of the most important type of exercise is jogging or running on a treadmill.
Treadmill in gym is stationary. Using treadmill on same place without any exposure to natural
atmosphere is getting bored. Also for travelling for small distances use of fueled vehicles will
cause unnecessary fuel consumption and pollution. The main objective of this project is to bring
an alternative for such problems. This can be done by modifying a bicycle with placing a
treadmill between two wheels. Human effort is the basic fundamental source through which the
cycle runs and alternative power is provided to wheel through motor. Solar panels convert the
sun's light in to usable solar energy using N-type and P-type semiconductor material. When
sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms,
allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process of
converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic (PV)
effect. Currently solar panels convert most of the visible light spectrum and about half of the
ultraviolet and infrared light spectrum to usable solar energy.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1

1.1. Importance of Treadmill and Treadmill Bike:
1. The treadmill is a relatively easy piece of exercise equipment to use
2. The treadmill has a predictable surface that is much easier to negotiate than sidewalks, curbs
or trails and the risk of tripping is reduced.
3. All aspects of the workout can be controlled by the user: speed, incline, warm up period, cool
down period, and energy spend
4. Generally, users can design custom programs to fit the time they have to exercise
5. Multiple users can use the same equipment without adjusting the structure
6. Some treadmills have special features such as step counters and heart rate monitors so fitness
progress can be tracked
7. Running on a treadmill generally burns calories faster than most other forms of in-home
exercise, such as biking
There are many health benefits to regular exercise, including an increase in the strength of the
heart, weight loss, and decreased insulin resistance. Walking or running on a treadmill is great
exercise and puts less stress on the body than walking or running on a flat outdoor surface.
Treadmills also offer the option for careful monitoring of the heart rate and blood pressure for
patients that are in poor health or have heart problems. This information helps the patient
determine how much exercise they can do and when it’s time to stop. Here is some information
about the health benefits of exercising on the treadmill.
The treadmill bicycle is a totally new way of moving. With the electric assist it takes less effort
to walk then “a walk in the park”. It is the combination of the DC motor, Hall Effect Sensor and
amplifier boosting your walking pace up to the higher speed. Increased use of fuel has resulted in
increase of pollution and degradation of natural resources. With increasing population and their
need, it has become necessary to control the use of fuel and decrease the pollution; so as to make
it avail it’s important to our coming generation. Due to heavy busy schedule people are not able
to give attention to their health and physical fitness. As it uses no fuel so it saves energy
simultaneously it can be used as treadmill and Bicycle. No need to use it as conventional
treadmill in closed room; you can roam on roads also.

1.2 Literature Survey
There has been great deal of research on this treadmill bicycle fabrication. The origin and use
of the treadmill bicycle system began from several years ago and develop throughout the new
concept revolution. At the late first century AD Roman Empire introduce first treadmill, as
they need to lift heavy weight they incorporate this new invention. The workers walk within
the treadmill having large diameter they could lift double the weight with half the crew.
Nicholas potter also work in this field and invented a treadmill which is powered by animal
and reduce human effort with more output. In 18’s new concept of treadmill for prisoners as
a punishment, this idea was brought in goal by Sir William Cubit. Before the development of
Bruce protocol there was no safe, standardized protocol that could be used to monitor cardiac
function in exercising patients. To address these problems Dr. Robert Bruce and Dr. Paul Yu
began work on developing exercise test. [1]
Nicholas potter He also worked on this field and invented

a treadmill which is powered by animal
and reduced human effort with more
output. He invented “Dog power
treadmill” to tackle domestic work and
produce rotary and reciprocating motion
for use with light machinery. To run the
treadmill animals like horses and dog’s
energy were used. Nicholas Potter, of
Troy PA noted as the father of the first
dog treadmill this machine is then
marketed as a practical device for dogs.
The first patent issued in 1871 and the
final patent in 1881. [1]
Dr. Robert Bruce He also known as “The father of exercise

cardiology”, invented a first modern

medical treadmill in 1952.He invented

this to monitor and diagnose various heart
conditions and diseases. He gives the idea
of treadmill for exercise. First experiment
involved a single stage test in which
person walked for 10 minutes on
treadmill with a constant speed. Dr.
Bruce published his first paper on
treadmill in 1949 “analyzed minute by
minute change in respiratory and
circulatory function of normal adult and
patients with heart problems. [2]
William Staub (1968) A Mechanical Engineering William

Staub and Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper
brought the first household exercise
treadmill to market. He called his first
treadmill “The Pace Master 600” at his
plant in Clifton, New Jersey. [3]
Dr Swapnali Ravikiran Kisan MD, Dr Treadmill Bicycle is one type of bicycle

Anita OR MD & Dr Chandrakala SP MD in which a man walks on the treadmill
and then treadmill moves backward. This
motion of treadmill actuates the electric
motor and motor rotates the shaft of rare
wheel using chain drive and battery. The
motion of treadmill bicycle depends upon
the human efforts so it is also called as
walking bicycle. In multipurpose
treadmill bicycle we are going to attach a
reciprocating pump for pumping the

water. Reciprocating pump pressurize

water. Multi-purpose treadmill bicycle
consists the parts like wheels, treadmill,
battery, DC motor, chain drive,
reciprocating pump. [4]
Bruin bergmeester The idea of walking bicycle was

developed by Dutch inventor. He
invented a bike called walking bike
which is an electric assisted walking bike.
[5]
One of the most popular types of home exercise equipment is the treadmill, which provides a
straight forward, efficient aerobic workout. For many, treadmills are a good choice to begin a
new exercise routine because walking is well tolerated by most individuals regardless of
fitness level and for most back conditions. As strength and endurance are developed, the
treadmill can be used for jogging and/or for interval training. Treadmill cycle is a tread mill
commuting vehicle. Treadmill cycle is a three-wheeled transportation device. It is used
similarly to a bicycle and is just as easy to ride. And it is a global product, addressing the
need for compact personal transportation for all markets around the world. The walking cycle
has a simple mechanism, operated with free wheels, gear, chain, bearing shaft and links
arrangement. As by the linear walking motion is converted into rotary motion which indeed
done by the gear chain and free wheel mechanism of the linkages, which takes very simple
movement. The rotary motion is again converted in to linear motion of the cycle through
mechanical linkages (gear-chain and free wheels) arrangement. The walking bicycle is the
one, which combines walking and cycling into one activity. The walking bicycle combines
the two activities into a linear motion, allowing you to propel yourself forward at desired
speed, simply by walking on the belt provided. Usually, the operation of the walking cycle
machine is controlled by the user itself by simply walking on the treadmill belt and also

balancing the cycle. The operating speed of the walking cycle differs on the amount of force
applied by the user. This project work modifying a treadmill to better fit the needs of users.
Treadmill bike is design for those persons who love to run outside. Treadmill fitted on
bicycle frame and constructs a big innovation named 'TREADMILL CYCLE'. This bicycle
runs entirely on human momentum. As the rider walks on the treadmill, the belt butts up
against the rear wheel propelling the bike forward.
1.3 Objective:
While working out in gym people use treadmill for jogging and running. The main
disadvantage of this treadmill is, it is stationary at particular place so some times people get
bored by jogging at same place without any exposure to natural atmosphere. For travelling
over short distances people often use a commercial vehicle which causes pollution and
unnecessary wastage of fuel. So, we came to a solution for this type of problem by providing
wheels to the treadmill and the concept is termed as treadmill electric bicycle. The main
objectives of the treadmill electric bicycle are
1. Pollution control.
2. Useful for exercise purpose.
3. To reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources.
4. The electric powered health cycle is totally new gateway in transportation.
5. The electrical assistance it take a very minimal effort to walk than a walk in park.
6. By this the rise in pollution can be greatly minimized and also make people exercise
while they travelling to various destinations.
Treadmill cycle is the new way of locomotion. It makes workout more interesting and
competitive. There is no need to get stuck in the gym at a corner when you can roam while
you workout. Secondly, looking from the ever-growing problem of pollution, this cycle turns
out to be eco-friendly without emission of harmful pollutants. Moreover it saves fuel thus
helping in saving the natural resources. Lastly, in this metropolitan world, people are
ignoring their health and fitness. This cycle would be a boon for such fitness deprived people
having hectic schedule.

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
SURVEY OF LITERATURE
SELECTION OF MECHANISM
DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
FABRICATION PROCESS
ASSEMBLY OF UNIT
FINALIZING THE PROJECT
In our attempt to design a walking bike, we have adopted a very careful approach. Total design
work has been divided into two parts mainly,
1. System Design.
2. Mechanical Design
System design mainly concern with the various physical concern and ergonomics, space
requirements, arrangement of various components on the main frame of treadmill, arrangement
of tread belt and rollers, position of braking system, arrangement of motor, sprockets, ease of

maintenance, scope of further improvements, ground clearance etc. In mechanical design, the
components are categorized into two parts.
1. Design Parts
2. Parts to be purchased.
For design parts, detailed design is done and dimensions thus obtained are compared to next
highest dimensions which are readily available in the market. This simplifies the assembly as
well as post production servicing work. The various tolerances on work pieces are specified in
the manufacturing drawing. The process sheets are prepared and passed on to the manufacturing
drawing. The process sheets are prepared and pass on to the manufacturing stage. The parts are
to be purchased directly are specified and selected from standard catalogue.
Millions of people used bicycle everyday although very little modification has been done till
now, very little research has been done in order to modify the basic structure of bicycle into the
most effective design which is the best for human comfort. Modification has been tested on the
racing track where many uncontrollable factors may affect the result. It is important to identify
the energy output while riding different types of bicycles. Design change in the model should not
make the cycle look bulky.
Cycling is considered as one of the best exercise to eliminate the disease such as blood pressure
and obesity. The Dutch has deep love affair with the bicycle which it was probably deemed a
good idea to mixing concepts of treadmill with that of bike. We know treadmill is one of the
modern equipment for excising in modern era. So it was new idea to merge the treadmill and
cycle in order to exercise as well as to move from one place to another.
Treadmill bike is a combination of bicycle and treadmill, it help us to perform two works at a
time firstly transport ,which is the most essential activity of a person in day to day life. Secondly
since the treadmill bike works on human efforts it saves time for exercising. The main feature of
the treadmill bike which makes it different from cycle is that it contains gear motor and battery
which helps to travel at a faster rate than the cycle with less human efforts as compared to cycle.
It is also cheaper than a normal motor bike which also makes it economic. No fuel is consumed.
by it because of this reason it is economic and environment friendly.

The working of the treadmill cycle is majorly based on the principle of conversion of the linear
motion applied by the human being on the treadmill into the rotary motion of the wheels with
the help of gear system and motor mechanism. In addition to the liner motion applied by the
human being. The main chassis of the treadmill consist of square pipes welded together to for the
outer portion of the chassis. The big rollers are present at the front and rear part of the chassis
provide a tightening effect on the belt due to which a proper grip is maintained between
the belt and the rollers.
As the human being moves straight ahead on the treadmill it causes the belt to move in the
anticlockwise direction when seen form the left. The rollers will also move in the same direction
as the belt. The big end roller also consists of gear mechanism at its either ends. On the shaft of
the big end roller are mounted the small gears on the either side of the roller. Bearing present on
the inner of the small gear makes the rotation of the same smooth and frictionless. With the help
of the pedestal bearings on the either side of the chassis near the end roller causes a smooth and
easy mounting of the big gear mounted on the shaft above it. With proper measurement the big
gear can be kept in mesh with the smaller gear for the smooth operation of the gear system. Since
the gear system are in mesh it causes the big gear to rotate in the anti-clockwise direction, which
is the desired motion required for the cycle to move ahead. There is also a small chassis
extending from the main chassis to the wheels. This chassis also consists of the sub assembly for
mounting of the pedestal bearings, and similarly on this bearings is mounted a hollow shaft
which is connected to the hub of the two rear wheels.
The rotation of the hollow shaft causes the wheel to move in the direction of motion. To this
shaft is mounted the sprockets as well at the center of the shaft, these sprockets are also grub
screwed to the shaft and, also welded to the shaft so that the position of the sprockets do not
change on the shaft and remain at the same place. Also these sprockets are connected with the
sprockets on the shaft of the big gear with the help of chains. This mechanism is called as the
chain sprocket mechanism. Hence as the big gear shaft rotate in the anticlockwise direction, it
causes the sprockets too to rotate in the same direction, and with help of the chain drive
mechanism it causes the sprockets on the hollow shaft also to rotate in the same direction and
hence causes the wheels to move ahead in the desired direction of the motion.

CHAPTER 3
ANALYTICAL WORK

 In our day to day life we see that many people’s use bikes cars as a source of
transportation. This results in environmental pollution and fuel consumption.
 In manual treadmill the motion of the treadmill is rough to overcome this we use a motor
to rotate the rotors.
 Batteries which are widely used in automobile sector is not rechargeable thus when they
disposed create pollution.
 To improve all above phenomenon, we take initiative by designing something which

would help to reduce these harmful phenomena.
 While working out in the gym people use treadmill for the purpose of jogging and
running. The main drawback of tread mill is that it is stationary. That becomes boring for
user to run in a still surrounding without natural exposure to environment. Similarly
cycling in the conventional way is common and not possible for all age groups as old
people prefer walking. Even for travelling short distance people prefer vehicles that cause
pollution and wastage of energy in terms of fuel.
 The fuels which are used to run these vehicles are non-renewable and are depleting day
by day. And also, the prices of these fuels are touching new heights day by day.
CHAPTER 4
4.1. Design of main frame components:

4.1.1. Treadmill Frame design :
Material- Mild Steel.
As the standard available tread belt size is (980*340) mm. Frame design is done according to the
tread belt size. As per space availability and clearance for reduction of friction, frame size is
(1090*410) mm. Frame consists of a 21 rollers, in which first and last roller is for movement of
belt and other are supportive rollers. Rollers are fitted in frame by means of bush.
CHAPTER 5
Working:
User will jog or run on treadmill, accordingly due to this effort the treadmill belt will actuate
which will rotate the rollers. Through solar powered electrical assistance it takes a very minimal
effort to walk than "a walk in park". RPM sensor is placed on one of the rollers, which senses the
rotation and generates the necessary signals and acts as input to Arduino board. The Arduino
board is programmed, which converts the necessary signals into electric signals. Thus the

generated electric signals are amplified and then fed to the brushless DC motor. The DC motor is
actuated using lead acid battery. The battery is charged eventually using the solar panels. By this
the rise in pollution can be greatly minimized and also make people exercise while they travel to
various destinations. It totally works on the non-conventional energy source. All over the main
objective of this project is to build a vehicle that is faster than walking and easier to ride than a
bicycle.
Fig 5.1
3-D model of the electric walking bike
Table 5.1: Components used in treadmill electric bicycle
Designed Components Standard Components

Chassis Brake
Fork Treadmill belt
Axle of Bicycle Roller Bearing
Axle of treadmill Dc brushless motor
Bicycle handle Wheels
Treadmill roller Arduino UNO R3

Treadmill side frame Lead acid battery
5.1. Components:
5.1.1. Bearings:
Single row deep groove ball bearings are the most widely used roller bearing type in the world
due to their versatility and overall performance. They are characterized by having deep raceway
grooves in which the inner and outer rings have circular arcs of slightly larger radius than that of
the balls.
Fig 5.2
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation
between the bearing races.
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It
achieves this by using at least three races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the
balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating
assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as
well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat
surfaces were sliding against each other.
Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-element
bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate
some misalignment of the inner and outer races.

The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its operating speed. The
industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely proportional to the bearing load
cubed.[citation needed] Nominal maximum load of a bearing, is for a lifespan of 1 million
rotations, which at 50 Hz (i.e., 3000 RPM) is a lifespan of 5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of
that type have at least that lifespan, and 50% of bearings have a lifespan at least 5 times as long.
The industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of Lundberg and Palmgren
performed in 1947. The formula assumes the life to be limited by metal fatigue and that the life
distribution can be described by a Weibull distribution. Many variations of the formula exist that
include factors for material properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be
viewed as a tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between
load and life than Lundberg and Palmgren determined
5.1.2. Arduino UNO R3:

Arduino is the heart of electronics circuit. A program is stored in Arduino which controls the
current. It also controls the speed of DC motor.
Fig 5.3
Figure 5.3
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-inline-package

(DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs). Programs can be loaded on to it from
the easy-to-use Arduino computer program. The Arduino has an extensive support community,
which makes it a very easy way to get started working with embedded electronics. The R3 is the
third, and latest, revision of the Arduino Uno.
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-inline-package

(DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be

used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs). Programs can be loaded on to it from
the easy-to-use Arduino computer program. The Arduino has an extensive support community,
which makes it a very easy way to get started working with embedded electronics. The R3 is the
third, and latest, revision of the Arduino Uno.
Technical specifications
Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P
Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM: 2 KB
EEPROM: 1 KB
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Length: 68.6 mm
Width: 53.4 mm
Weight: 25 g
5.1.3. Brushless DC motor:
Brushless DC electric motor also known as electronically commutated motor ECM. Brushless
DC motors are powered by a DC electric source by an integrated inverter or switching power
supply, which produces an AC electric signal to drive the motor. In brushless motors, permanent

magnets rotate around a fixed armature. Commutation with electronics has large scope of
capabilities and flexibility. BLDC motor known for smooth operation, and holding torque when
stationary. Additional sensors and electronics control the inverter output amplitude and
waveform. Therefore percent of DC bus usage/efficiency and frequency i.e. rotor speed.
Fig 5.4
These types of motors are highly efficient in producing a large amount of torque over a vast
speed range. In brushless motors, permanent magnets rotate around a fixed armature and
overcome the problem of connecting current to the armature. Commutation with electronics has a
large scope of capabilities and flexibility. They are known for smooth operation and holding
torque when stationary.
In brushes motors, there are permanent magnets on the outside and a spinning armature which
contains electromagnet is inside. These electromagnets create a magnetic field in the armature
when the power is switched on and help to rotate the armature.
The brushes change the polarity of the pole to keep the rotation on of the armature. The basic
working principle for the brushed DC motor and for brushless DC motor are same i.e. internal
shaft position feedback.

Brushless DC motor has only two basic parts: rotor and the stator. The rotor is the rotating part
and has rotor magnets whereas stator is the stationary part and contains stator windings. In
BLDC permanent magnets are attached in the rotor and move the electromagnets to the stator.
The high power transistors are used to activate electromagnets for the shaft turns. The controller
performs power distribution by using a solid-state circuit.
5.1.4. Treadmill
A treadmill is a device generally for walking or running while staying in the same place.
Treadmills were introduced before the development of powered machines, to harness the power
of animals or humans to do work.
Fig 5.5
More recently, treadmills are not used to harness power, but as exercise machines for running or
walking in one place. Rather than the user powering the mill, the machine provides a moving
platform with a wide conveyor belt driven by an electric motor or a flywheel. The belt moves to
the rear, requiring the user to walk or run at a speed matching that of the belt. The rate at which
the belt moves is the rate of walking or running. Thus, the speed of running may be controlled
and measured. The more expensive, heavy-duty versions are motor-driven (usually by an electric
motor). The simpler, lighter, and less expensive versions passively resist the motion, moving
only when walkers push the belt with their feet. The latter are known as manual treadmills.

5.1.5. Belt
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most
often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track
relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and
the shafts need not be parallel.
In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the
same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is
reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts).
Figure 5.6
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be axially
aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and pulleys. The demands on
a belt-drive transmission system are huge, and this has led to many variations on the theme. They
run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes.
However, improvements in belt engineering allow use of belts in systems that only formerly
allowed chains or gears.
5.1.6. Chain and Sprockets:
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets[ that mesh
with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally
to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished

from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that
sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used
to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used
in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. The power is output by simply rotating the chain,
which can be used to lift or drive the objects with its mechanism. By varying the diameter of the
input and output gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered to its speed
range. For example, when the bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it causes the gear that drives the
wheels to rotate more than one revolution.
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with a chain,
track by radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that
sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have
teeth and pulleys are smooth.
By various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each. Sprockets and chains are
also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible,
sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys.
They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless even
at high speed.
Fig 5.7

5.1.7. Free wheels:
In mechanical or automotive engineering, a freewheel or overrunning clutch is a device in a

transmission that disengages the driveshaft from the driven shaft when the driven shaft rotates
faster than the driveshaft. An overdrive is sometimes mistakenly called a freewheel.
Fig 5.7
Rotating in one direction, the saw teeth of the drive disc lock with the teeth of the driven disc,
making it rotate at the same speed.
The Saab freewheel can be engaged or disengaged by the driver by respectively pushing or
pulling a lever. This will lock or unlock the main shaft with the freewheel hub.
5.1.8.Solar panels:
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar
Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and
supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

Fig 5.8
5.1.9. Sensor:
Controller: It's a microcomputer that controls the motor, battery, throttle and other parts,
somewhat similar to the ECU (Electronic Control Unit ) of a car.
Fig 5.9
A RPM sensor is a transducer that changes its output voltage corresponding tothe magnetic field.
RPM sensors are used for proximity switching,speed detection, positioning and current sensing
applications.
RPM sensor is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or
other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a calibrated
analogue dial, but digital displays are increasingly common. The word comes from Greek ταχος
(tachos "speed") and metron ("measure"). Essentially the words tachometer and speedometer
have identical meaning: a device that measures speed. It is by arbitrary convention that in the
automotive world one is used for engine and the other for vehicle speed. In formal engineering
nomenclature, more precise terms are used to distinguish the two.
RPM sensors typically use a rotating target attached to a wheel, gearbox or motor. This target
may contain magnets, or it may be a toothed wheel. The teeth on the wheel vary the flux density
of a magnet inside the sensor head. The probe is mounted with its head a precise distance from
the target wheel and detects the teeth or magnets passing its face. One problem with this system
is that the necessary air gap between the target wheel and the sensor allows ferrous dust from the
vehicle's underframe to build up on the probe or target, inhibiting its function
5.1.10. Throttles:
We have two types (thumb & twist split) for your preferential option. The function of both types
is to control the driving speed.
Fig 5.10
An engine's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases (by the use of a
throttle), but usually decreased. The term throttle has come to refer, informally, to any
mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated, such as a car's accelerator
pedal. What is often termed a throttle (in an aviation context) is also called a thrust lever,

particularly for jet engine powered aircraft. For a steam engine, the steam valve that sets the
engine speed/power is often known as a regulator.
In fuel injected engines, the throttle body is the part of the air intake system that controls the
amount of air flowing into the engine, in response to driver accelerator pedal input in the main.
The throttle body is usually located between the air filter box and the intake manifold, and it is
usually attached to, or near, the mass airflow sensor. Often, an engine coolant line also runs
through it in order for the engine to draw intake air at a certain temperature (the engine's current
coolant temperature, which the ECU senses through the relevant sensor) and therefore with a
known density.
5.1.10. Brake Handles:

It's specialized to brake and cut off the current transmission to the motor. A brake is a
mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for
slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often
accomplished by means of friction.
Fig 5.11
Most brakes commonly use friction between two surfaces pressed together to convert the kinetic
energy of the moving object into heat, though other methods of energy conversion may be
employed. For example, regenerative braking converts much of the energy to electrical energy,
which may be stored for later use. Other methods convert kinetic energy into potential energy in

such stored forms as pressurized air or pressurized oil. Eddy current brakes use magnetic fields
to convert kinetic energy into electric current in the brake disc, fin, or rail, which is converted
into heat. Still other braking methods even transform kinetic energy into different forms, for
example by transferring the energy to a rotating flywheel.
Brakes are generally applied to rotating axles or wheels, but may also take other forms such as
the surface of a moving fluid (flaps deployed into water or air). Some vehicles use a combination
of braking mechanisms, such as drag racing cars with both wheel brakes and a parachute, or
airplanes with both wheel brakes and drag flaps raised into the air during landing.
5.1.11. Battery:
It's the key component, also the most expensive one in the kits. A good battery can upgrade an
electric bike to a higher level. A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights,
smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal
is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.The terminal marked negative is the source
of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a
battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants
to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as
electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of
multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.
Fig 5.12
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery
used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable)
batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the
original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the
lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as
laptops and smartphones.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion
batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
5.1.12. Rollers:
Front and Rear Roller width of the frame is 410 mm. So we choose length of rollers as 400mm.
To reduce the friction of belt with Frame 5 mm clearance is provided on both sides. Front roller
is of diameter 58mm and that of rear one have diameter 49mm. For easy and fast movement of
belt Some taper should be provided to belt that’s why front roller is large in diameter and rear is
in small diameter. Rollers are connected to frame by using MS rod of diameter 10 mm. PVC
bush are placed in front roller and deep groove ball bearing 6000, which is use for light weight
operation is used. Rear roller is directly welded to 10mm MS rod.
Figure 5.13
This roller serves the purpose of support to the tread belt. 19 supportive rollers are fitted in frame
structure. They are made up of a PVC material. The PVC pipes will be having a diameter of ¾

inch that is 19.05 mm and length is 390mm.All the design calculation of frame and rollers is
done on the basis of load carrying capacity of walking bike and Space availability. Load carrying
capacity of walking bike is 150kg.
5.1.13. Frame
A frame is the main component of any kind of cycle, onto which wheels and other components
are fitted. The modern and most common frame design for an upright cycle is based on the safety
cycle, and consists a rectangular frame, Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light,
which they do by combining different materials and shapes.
A frameset consists of the frame and front fork of a cycle and sometimes includes the headset
and seat post. Frame builders will often produce the frame and fork together as a paired set.
Figure 5.14
5.2. Materials used:

The materials used in this project are detailed as follows:
1. Mild Steel.
2. Nylon rubber fabric.

3. PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
5.2.1. Mild Steel:
The frame of treadmill and front & rear rollers are made up of mild steel.
Reasons:
1. Mild steel is readily available in market.
2. It is economical to use.
3. It is available in standard size.
4. It has good mechanical properties i.e. It is easily machine able.
5. It has moderate factor of safety, because factor of safety results in unnecessary wastage of
material and Heavy selection.
6. It has high tensile strength.
7. Low co-efficient of thermal expansion.
5.1.3. Properties of Mild Steel:
M.S. has carbon content from 0.15% to 0.30%. They are easily wieldable thus can be hardened
only. They are similar to wrought in properties. Both ultimate tensile and compressive strength
of these steel increases with increasing carbon content. They can be easily gas welded or electric
or arc welded. With increase in the carbon percentage weld ability decreases. Mild steel serves
the purpose and hence selected because of above purpose.
5.1.4. Nylon Rubber Fabric:

Standard material available for tread belt is nylon fabric. So we use this material for treadmill
belt. Nylon rubber fabric is cheap and easily available, less in cost & having property of wear
resistance.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
 We will be developing a branch and bound approach which is coupled with quick,
effective bounds to optimize the “Treadmill Electric Bicycle” which serves the
purpose of exercise and travelling and also reduce the use of non- renewable energy
resources.
 By using this model, we can not only save energy but also create a new idea of energy
distribution in electrical field which is a common need to everyone in future.

REFERENCES
[1] A review paper on concept and utility of treadmill by V.R. Gandhewar, Priyanka H.
kakade, Himani.s. Lonkar from international journal of innovative research in science and
engineering.
[2] Dr. Ravikiran Kisan MD, Dr. Swapnali Ravikiran Kisan MD, Dr. Anita OR MD & Dr.
Chandrakala SPMD “Treadmill and Bicycle Ergometer Exercise: Cardiovascular Response
comparison” Global Journal Of Medical Research, vol. 12.
[3] Internet source, google, Wikipedia on William Staub.
[4] International journal on research innovation in engineering science and technology

(IJRIEST).
[5] Bruin bergmeester, inventor lopifit, internet source, google


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Design Modelling and Development of Electric Walking Bike

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1

1.1. Importance of Treadmill and Treadmill Bike:

1. The treadmill is a relatively easy piece of exercise equipment to use

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 2

1.2 Literature Survey

Nicholas potter He also worked on this field and invented

Dr. Robert Bruce He also known as “The father of exercise

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 3

medical treadmill in 1952.He invented

William Staub (1968) A Mechanical Engineering William

Dr Swapnali Ravikiran Kisan MD, Dr Treadmill Bicycle is one type of bicycle

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 4

water. Reciprocating pump pressurize

Bruin bergmeester The idea of walking bicycle was

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IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

FINALIZING THE PROJECT

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 To improve all above phenomenon, we take initiative by designing something which

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4.1.1. Treadmill Frame design :

Material- Mild Steel.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 12

3-D model of the electric walking bike

Table 5.1: Components used in treadmill electric bicycle

Designed Components Standard Components

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 13

Treadmill side frame Lead acid battery

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5.1.2. Arduino UNO R3:

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-inline-package

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-inline-package

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 15

Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P

Operating Voltage: 5 Volts

Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts

Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins: 6

DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

Clock Speed: 16 MHz

5.1.3. Brushless DC motor:

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 16

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5.1.6. Chain and Sprockets:

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5.1.7. Free wheels:

In mechanical or automotive engineering, a freewheel or overrunning clutch is a device in a

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5.1.10. Brake Handles:

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5.2. Materials used: