Method of Consistent

Deformation
Structural Analysis
By
R. C. Hibbeler

Structural Analysis‐II
Engr. Sardar umer sial
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Management & Technology
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Force Method of Analysis/Method of Consistent

D f
Deformation
ti

Consider the following beam

P

A B
Actual Beam

Number of unknown support reactions =4

Equations of equilibrium available =3
Degree of indeterminacy = first

So we need one more equation for solution

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For this we will use principle of superposition and

consider
id the
th compatibility
tibilit off displacement
di l t att one off its
it
support.

This is done by choosing one of its support reactions as

Redundant and temporarily removing its effect on the
beam to make it statically determinate and stable.

This beam is referred to as the Primary Structure.

P P

A B A B
ΔB

Actual Beam Primary Structure 3

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By superposition , the unknown reaction at B, i.e., By,

causes the
th beam
b att B to
t be
b displaced
di l d Δ’BB upward.
d
P

A B
Actual Beam

=
P
A B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
+
ΔB B
Primary Structure Redundant By applied By

First letter in subscript notation refers to point B where

deflection is specified and second letter refers to point B
where unknown reaction acts.
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Assuming positive displacements act upward, then we

can write
it necessary compatibility
tibilit equation
ti att the
th roller
ll
as
0 = − ∆ B + ∆' BB +↑ ( )

A B
Actual Beam

=
P
A B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
+
ΔB B
Primary Structure Redundant By applied By
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The displacement at B caused by unit load acting in the

di ti off By is
direction i Linear
Li fl ibilit coefficient
flexibility ffi i t fBB.

A fBB
B
1

fBB is the deflection at B caused by a unit load at B

The material behaves in a linear elastic manner, a force of

By acting at B, instead of unit load, will cause a
proportionate increase in fBB.

∆' BB = B y f BB 6
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We can say that Linear Flexibility Coefficient fBB is a

measure off the
th deflection
d fl ti per unit
it force,
f and
d its
it units
it are
m/N, ft/lb, etc.

The compatibility equation above can be written in terms

of the unknown By as

0 = −∆ B + B y f BB

∆B
By =
f BB
Once By is found, the three reactions at A can be found
f
from equations
ti off equilibrium.
ilib i
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As stated previously, the choice of redundant is arbitrary.

For example, the moment at A can be determined

directly by removing the capacity of beam to support a
moment at A, by replacing the fixed support by a pin.
P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 8

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The rotation at A, caused by the load P is θA, and the

rotation at A cause by the redundant MA at A is θ’AA.

P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 9

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If we denote an angular flexibility coefficient αAA as the

angular
l displacement
di l t att A cause by b a unit it couple
l
moment applied at A, then

θ AA
'
= M Aα AA

P
A B
Actual Beam

P
A B MA A B
+
θA θ'AA=MAαAA

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 10

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The angular flexibility coefficient measures the angular

di l
displacementt per unitit couple
l momentt and
d has
h the
th units
it
of rad/N.m or rad/lb.ft, etc.

1 A B

αAA

The compatibility equation for rotation at A requires

0 = θ A + M Aα AA
θA
In this case, MA = −
α AA
‐ve value means that MA acts in opposite direction
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Second Order Indeterminate Structures

The figure is showing a beam of second order

indeterminacy.

Two compatibility equations will be necessary for

solution.

P1 P2
B C
A D

Actual Beam
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We will choose the vertical forces at the roller supports B

and
d C,
C as redundants.
d d t
P1 P2
B C
A D Actual Beam

The resultant primary structure deflects as shown, when

the redundants are removed
P1 P2
B C
A D Primary
Structure
ΔB ΔC

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Each redundant force which is assumed to act downward,

d fl t this
deflects thi beam
b as shown
h
By

B C Redundant
A D By Applied

Δ’’BB=ByfBB Δ’CB=B
ByfCB

Cy

B C Redundant
A D Cy Applied

Δ’BC=CyfBC Δ’CC=CyfCC

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P1 P2
B C
A D A t lB
Actual Beam

P1 P2 =
B C
A D Primary
Structure
ΔB ΔC
+
By

B C Redundant
d d
A D By Applied

Δ’BB=B
Δ ByfBB Δ’CB=B
Δ ByfCB
+
Cy

B C Redundant
A D Cy Applied

Δ’CC=CyfCC 15
Δ’BC=ByfBC
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B C
A D

fBB fCB

B C
A D

fBC fCC

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By superposition, the compatibility equations for the

d fl ti att B and
deflection d C,
C respectively
ti l are

0 = ∆ B + B y f BB + C y f BC (+ ↓)
0 = ∆ C + B y f CB + C y f CC (+ ↓)
These equations may be solved simultaneously for the
two unknown forces By and Cy.

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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Following procedure provides a general method for
determining the reactions or internal loadings of S.I.S
using
sing the force method.
method

P i i l off Superposition
Principle S ii
• Determine the number of degree of indeterminacy.
• Specify the number of redundant forces or moments
which must be removed to make the structure
determinate.
• Draw S.I.S and show it to be equal to a sequence of
corresponding S.D.S.
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Principle of Superposition
• The primary structure supports the same external loads
as the S.I.S., and each of other structures added to the
primary structure shows
h the
h structure loaded
l d d withh a
separate redundant force or moment.
• Sketch the elastic curve on each structure and indicate
symbolically the displacement or rotation at the point of
each redundant force or moment.
moment

C
Compatibility
tibilit Equations
E ti
• Write compatibility equation for the displacement or
rotation
t ti att each
h point
i t where
h th
there i a redundant
is d d t force
f
or moment. 19
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Compatibility Equations
• These equations should be expressed in terms of the
unknown redundants and their corresponding flexibility
coefficients.
ff
• Determine all the deflections and their corresponding
flexibility coefficients using the table on inside front
cover.
• Substitute these into the compatibility equations and
solve for the unknown redundants.
• If the numerical value for a redundant is negative, it
indicates the redundant acts opposite to its
corresponding
di unitit force
f or unit
it couple
l moment.
t
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Equilibrium Equations
• Draw a free body diagram of the structure.
• As the redundant forces have been calculated,, now
calculate the remaining unknown reactions using
equations of equilibrium.
• Now draw the shear and moment diagrams.
• Also the deflection at any point can be determined using
the previous methods.

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Example 1
Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the
beam in Fig. EI is constant.

50 KN

A C
B

6m 6m

Actual Beam

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Solution

50 KN

A C
B Actual Beam

6m 6m

• The
Th bbeam iis first
fi t ddegree statically
t ti ll iindeterminate
d t i t

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Principle of Superposition
• By is taken as redundant
• Removal of redundant By requires that the roller support
in the direction of By be removed
• By is assumed to act upward
50 KN
A C
B Actual Beam

6m 6m
=
50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 24
Redundant By applied
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Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive displacement as upward, we have

0 = − ∆ B + B y f BB (1)

• ΔB and fBB are obtained using tables on inside front cover

of book
• Note that
∆ B = ∆ C + θ C (6m )

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 25
Redundant By applied
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Compatibility Equation
• Thus ∆ B = ∆ C + θ C (6m )

P( L 2) 3 P( L 2) 2  L 
∆B = +  
3EI 2 EI  2 

(50kN )(6m) 3 (50kN )(6m) 2

∆B = + (6m )
3EI 2 EI
9000 kN .m 3
∆B = ↓
EI
50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 26
Redundant By applied
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Compatibility Equation
PL3 (1)(12 m ) 576 m 3
3
f BB = = = ↑
3EI 3EI EI
Substituting these results into Eq. (1) yields
9000  576 
0=− + By 
EI  EI 
B y = 15.6 kN ANS

50 KN

A C B A Δ’BB=ByfBB
ΔB +
ΔC
θC
By
Primary Structure 27
Redundant By applied
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If this reaction is placed on free body diagram of the

b
beam, th
the reactions
ti att A can be
b obtained
bt i d ffrom th
the th
three
equations of equilibrium.

50 kN
34.4 KN
112 kN . m

15.6 kN
k

6m 6m

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Having determined all the reactions, the moment

di
diagram can b
be constructed.
t t d

50 kN
34.4 KN
112 kN . m

15.6 kN

6m 6m

M (kN.m)
93.8

3.27 x (m)
6 12

‐112
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Example 2
Determine the moment at the fixed wall for the beam in
Fig. EI is constant.

A B
20 k . ft

10 ft

Actual Beam

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Solution

A B
20 k . ft
f A t lB
Actual Beam

10 ft
f

• The beam is first degree

g staticallyy indeterminate

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Principle of Superposition
• MA is taken as redundant
• The capacity of the beam to support a moment at A has
been removed
• Fixed support at A is substituted by a pin
• MA is assumed to act counterclockwise
A B
20 k . ft Actual Beam

10 ft

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 32

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Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive rotation as counterclockwise, we have

0 = θ A + M Aα AA (1)

• θA and αAA can be determined using tables on inside front

cover of book, we have

ML 20 k . ft
f (10 ft f2
f ) 33.3 k . ft
θA = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 33

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Compatibility Equation
• Taking positive rotation as counterclockwise, we have

0 = θ A + M Aα AA (1)

• θA and αAA can be determined using tables on inside front

cover of book, we have

ML 1(10 ft ) 3.33
33 ft
α AA = = =
3EI 3EI EI

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 34

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Compatibility Equation
Substituting these results into Eq.(1) yields

0 = θ A + M Aα AA (1)

33.3  3.33 
0= + M A 
EI  EI 

M A = −10 k . ft ANS

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 35

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The negative sign indicates that MA acts opposite to that

shown in figure.

θA θ'AA=MAαAA
A B MA A B
20 k . ft +

Primary structure Redundant MA applied 36

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When this reaction is placed on the beam, other

reactions
ti can b
be d
determined.
t i d

A B
10 k . ft 20 k . ft

3k
3k

10 ft

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The moment diagram is shown below

A B
10 k . ft 20 k . ft

3k
3k
10 ft

M (k.ft)
(k ft)

10
x (ft)

‐20

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