SECOND QUARTER LESSONS means

MATHEMATICS VI
A:B = C:D
Ratio
extremes
Concept of Ratio Extremes are the first and the last terms.
1. Ratio is a comparison of two numbers. Means are the second and the third terms.
2. Ratio is used to express rate Double colon can be used instead of equal sign n
3. Ratio is related to concept of fraction proportion.
4. Ratio is related to percent Ex. 3:4::9:12
5. Order is important when working with ratio In a proportion, the product of he means is equal to the
6. The colon sign is equivalent to division sign. product of the extremes.
Ex. 2:3 = 6:9
Phrase Form Fraction Form Colon Form (3)(6) = (2)(9)
7 is to 12 7/12 7:12 18 = 18
24 is to 9 24/9 24:9
Formulas to find the missing number:
The comparison of two numbers may be: 1. ____:b = c:d
𝐶 (𝑏)(𝑐)
a. Part to part =𝐷 a= 𝑑
𝐵
b. Part to whole 2. a: ___ = c:d
c. Whole to part 𝐴 𝐶 (𝑎)(𝑑)
Example: =𝐷 b= 𝑐
There are 20 boys and 30 girls in the room. 3. a:b = ___:d
1. Part to part comparison 𝐴
=𝐷
(𝑎)(𝑑)
c= 𝑏
a. What is the ratio of boys to girls? 𝐵
4. a:b = c: ___
b. What is the ratio of girls to boys? 𝐴 𝐶 (𝑏)(𝑐)
2. Part to Whole 𝐵
= d= 𝑎
a. What is the ratio of boys to children?
b. What is the ratio of girls to children? Find the missing number.
3. Whole to part 1. What is N in 3:9 = N:27?
a. What is the ratio of children to boys? 2. Find the value of N. 6:N = 36:60
b. What is the ratio of children to girls? 3. If N is to 8 as 24 is to 64, what is N?
4. If 8:15 then __:75?
Comparing Measures 5. 16 is to 25 as ___ is to 100.
If quantities compared are measures, express them in the 6. 9:15 = 54:___. What should be in the blank?
same units. 7. 8/9 = N/63, what is N?
Example:
A house is 10 meters high. A man is 500 centimeters tall. KINDS OF PROPORTION
What is the ratio of the height of the house to the height of Direct Proportion
the man?
Direct Proportion
Ratio expressed as rate When one quantity increases or decreases the other quantity
Ratio is also used to express rate. Rate is a comparison of increases or decreases also.
two quantities which have different units. It is written as
fraction. Example:
Example: Mother uses 2 cans of milk to 5 glasses of water. How many
Mangoes are sold at the rate of 4 for ₱20. cans of milk does she need if she has 15 glasses of water?

Ratio expressed as percent Solve each problem.

Ratio is related to percent. 1. If it takes a carpenter 10 days to make 34 chairs,
Example: how long will it take him to make 136 chairs?
5:100 5% 2. Seven sandwiches can be made from every loaf
28:100 28% of bread. In 12 loaves of bread, how many
3:4 75% sandwiches can be made?
3. Kyla can type 25 words per minute. How long
Proportion will it take her to type a short story of 375
words?
Proportion is two equivalent ratios. 4. A can of milk is mixed to 8 glasses of water.
Proportion is related to the concept of equivalent fractions. How many cans of milk are mixed to 40 glasses
Example: of water?
𝟐 𝟔
= 𝟗 or 2:3 = 6:9 5. If 9 rice cakes were consumed by Fe, Toni,
𝟑
Mary and Ivy, how many rice cakes can be
Format of Proportion: consumed by 12 girls?
𝑨 𝑪 6. ₱43.75 is the cost for 5 notebooks. At this rate,
𝑩
= 𝑫 or A:B = C:D what is the cost of 12 notebooks?
7. Two numbers has a ratio of 9:17. If the smaller
Terms in Proportion is 108, what is the larger number?
 9. Three numbers are in the ratio 2:5:7. If their sum is
Inverse Proportion 504, what the third number?
10. Two numbers are in the ratio of 4:7. If the difference
Inverse/Indirect Proportion between the two numbers is 48, find the sum of the
When quantity increases or decreases the other quantity will numbers.
have an opposite change.
Example: Percentage, Rate and Base
If 10 men can finish painting in 8 days, how many men are
needed to finish the same work in 5 days? Percentage is a part of base.
Rate is always expressed in percent in percent (%)
Solve each problem. Base is a whole number.
1. 12 men can finish repairing a building in 28 days. If
it is desired to finish the job in 16 days, how many Formulas for the P, R and B.
men are needed to do the job? P = percentage
2. 20 volunteers can clean the street in an hour. If 10 R = rate
more volunteers are added to them, how long can B = base
they finish the job?
3. An orphanage has enough bread to feed 30 P=RxB
orphans for 12 days. If 10 more orphans are added, R=P÷B
how many days will the same amount of bread last? B=P÷R
4. If 4 farmers can plow a 3-hectare land in 6 days,
how long will 8 farmers do it? Examples:
5. Twelve painters can paint a building in ten days. 1. What is 30% of 140?
How many painters are needed to paint it in 6 days? 2. What percent of 80 is 32?
6. A house contractor has enough money to pay 8 3. 18% of a number is 60. What is the number?
workers for 15 days. If he adds 4 more workers, for
how many days can he pay them at the same rate? Solve for the unknown.
7. Four equal pumps can fill a tank in 42 minutes. How 1. What is 13% of 540?
long will 6 pumps of the same kind fill the tank? 2. What percent of 45 is 20?
8. Five sewers can finish 200 children’s dresses in 8 3. 16% of what number is 420?
days. How many days will it take 10 sewers to finish 4. 1/4% is 3/5 of what number?
the same number of children’s dresses? 5. 200 is what percent of 356?
9. A stock of food is enough to feed 50 persons for 14 6. 63% of 500 is what number?
days. How many days will the food last if 20 more 7. What is 18% of 125?
persons will be added? 8. 150% of what number is 225?
9. 18 is what percent of 80?
10. 12 ½% of 9 600 is what number?
Partitive Proportion 11. There are 40 pupils in a class. 75% of them are
present. How many are present?
Partitive Proportion 12. Rosa got 20% of an 80 item test incorrectly. How
A number is divided into parts proportional to the ratio of the many items did she get correctly?
other numbers. 13. Of 40 pupils only 30 pupils passed their project on
Example: time. What percent passed their project on time?
I have 50 marbles. I will give my marbles to Marlon, Robert 14. In a Math class, 8 pupils receive a grade of 90. If
and Gerald in the ratio of 2:3:5. How many marbles will each 16% of the class got 90, how many pupils are there
of my friends get? in a class?
15. Jane answered correctly 18 out of 26 questions in
Solve each problem. the test. What percent was her wrong answers?
1. Gloria, Luz and Maria were given ₱2 500 by their
uncle in the ratio of 2:3:5 respectively. How much Discount
did each girl get?
2. Three boys shared ₱375 in the ratio 4:5:6. How A discount is a percentage deducted from the price of an
much was the bigger share? item.
3. Three numbers have a ratio 1/3:1/4:1:6. If their sum  The terms such as original price, list price, marked
is 45, what are the numbers? price and tag price mean the same. They refer to
4. The ratio of the angles of a triangle is 3:4:5. Find the the price charged for an item.
measure of each angle.  The terms such as net price, selling price and sale
5. Two numbers are in the ratio 5:3. If the sum is 88, price refer to the price of an item after a discount is
find the 2 numbers. deducted
6. The sum of two numbers is 215. If the ratio is 2:3,
find the larger number. The following formulas may be used to solve that
7. The ratio of a string divided in 3 parts is 1 ½: 2 ½: 3. involve discount.
How long is the smallest piece if their sum is 28? Discount = Rate of Discount x Original Price
8. The ratio of doors to windows is 1:5. There are 186 Rate of Discount =Discount ÷ Original Price
doors and windows in a building. How many doors Original Price =Discount ÷ Rate of Discount
are there? Original Price = Sale Price ÷ (100% - Rate of Discount)
Sale Price or Selling Price = Original Price – Discount

Examples:
In a mallwide sale, Liza carefully chose items to buy at 30%
discount. How much discount did she avail for an item worth
₱1 350? How much did she pay for the item?
Solve for the unknown in the following word problems.
1. During a sale an item marked ₱45 was bought for
₱31.50. What was the rate of discount?
2. If a merchant sells an item for ₱4 000, he loses
₱400 cost price, what is the cost price?
3. If the original price is ₱125 and the rate of discount
is 25%, what is the sale price?
4. Mrs. Santos bought a barong with 15% discount.
How much did she pay if the tag price was 1 575?
5. Laura bought an RTW dress for ₱575 at 20%
discount. What was the original price?
6. A television set is sold on a promo price of 10%
discount. How much was the discount if the tag
price was ₱98 995.50?
7. Melba bought an RTW dress for ₱179 at a 20%
discount. What was the marked price of the dress?
Mark-Up
A mark-up is a percentage added to the price of an item.
 The terms such as net price, selling price and sale
price refer to the price of an item after a mark-up is
added.
The following formulas may be used to solve that
involve mark-up.
Mark-up = Rate of Mark-Up x Original Price
Rate of Mark-up = Mark-up ÷ Original Price
Original Price = Mark-up ÷ Rate of Mark-up
Original Price = Sale Price ÷ (100% + Rate of Mark-up)
Sale Price or Selling Price = Original Price + Mark-up
Example:
Robert bought a lot for ₱250 000. After 5 years, he sold it at
80% mark-up. How much did he sell the lot?
Solve each problem.
1. Maricar bought school supplies in volume for her
variety store. She marked-up the items at 20%.
a. How much does she sell a ream of bond paper
which she bought for ₱162.00?
b. What was the marked price of a box of folders
which she sold for ₱114.00?
2. A mark-up of 12% was made on a cabinet that cost
₱4 800.00. What was the selling price of the
cabinet?
3. A fish vendor buys bangus at ₱85.00 per kilo and
sells them at ₱97.75 per kilo. What is the mark-up
rate per kilo?
4. A mark-up of 10% was made on a TV set that cost
₱8 500.00. What was the selling price of a TV set?
5. A fruit vendor buys apples at ₱8.00 per piece and
sells them at ₱10.00. What is the mark-up rate per
kilo?
Commission
Commission is typically used in sales. It refers to the
percentage which a salesperson receives for his service. It
provides an incentive to sell more.
The following terms are related to commission:
Rate of Commission
This refers to how many percent of the gross proceeds the
salesperson receives.
Gross Proceeds
This refers to the amount of sales made by a salesperson.
Net Proceeds
This refers to the amount left after the commission is
deducted from the gross proceeds
The following formulas may be used to solve word
problems that involve commission:
Commission = Rate of commission x Gross Proceeds
Rate of Commission = Commission ÷ Gross
Proceeds
Gross Proceeds = Commission ÷ Rate of Commission
Or
Gross Proceeds = Net Proceeds ÷ (100% - Rate of
Commission)
Net Proceeds = Gross Proceeds –
Commission
Examples:
1. A medical representative receives a commission of
11% of her total sales. Last month, she earned ₱10
560. How much sales did she make?
2. Mrs. Alba earned ₱12 500 basic pay and 13%
commission for all her sales. How much was her
take home pay for the month when her sales
amounted to ₱42 800?
Solve each problem.
1. Tony receives a basic salary of ₱14 400 a month
besides 6% of his total sales. How much is his take
home pay if his sales for the month is ₱112 000?
2. A dealer of export quality products received ₱3
812.50 for a ₱15 250 sales. What rate of
commission was given to her?
3. Lucy aims to earn ₱9 000 a month. How much
sales should she make if her rate is 18% of the total
sales?
4. Rina remitted net proceeds of ₱8 775. This is 90%
of the total sales of tickets for the fair. How much
was the total sales?
5. A salesman has a basic salary of ₱4 000 a month
and a 6% commission on all sales above ₱50 000.
How much did he earned in a month if his total
sales amounted to ₱240 000?
6. A car sells ₱560 000 and the dealer gets a 15%
commission. How much will be the dealer receive
as a commission?
7. Jim, a sales agent, has an income of ₱30 000 and
receives a commission of 5% on all sales beyond
₱75 000. If his basic salary is ₱13 500, what is his
total sales?
Simple Interest
Interest is the amount paid for the use of money.
Interest is computed base on the following:
Principal
This refers to the amount of money deposited, invested or In 23, 2 is the base and 3 is the exponent.
borrowed. 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
Rate of Interest
This tells how much interest the principal per hundred earns Laws of Exponents
in a year. 1. x1 = x
Any number raised to the first power is equal to
Time the number itself.
This refers to the period the principal earns interest. Example: 31 = 3
The following formulas may be used to solve word
problems that involve simple interest: 2. x0 = 1
Interest = Principal x Rate x Time Any number raised to the zero power is equal to
Principal = Interest ÷(Rate x Time) 1.
Rate =Interest ÷ (Principal x Time) Example: 1230 = 1
Time = Interest ÷ (Principal x Rate)
𝟏
3. x-1 = 𝒙
Solve each problem.
Any number raised to the negative power is
1. Aling Nena borrowed₱5 000 from a friend at 12%
equal to one over any number.
simple interest a year. If she returned ₱5 450 to her
Example: 2-3 = 1/23 = 1/8
friend, how long did she use she money?
2. Nena borrowed ₱75 000 from a credit union. At the
4. xmxn = xm + n
end of 2 years he has to pay back 8% interest. How
Example: 2322 = 23+2 = (2)(2)(2)(2)(2) = 32
much is the interest?
3. Three years ago, Ruby borrowed ₱12 000. If she
5. (xm)n = x(m)(n)
paid back ₱19 200, what was the rate of simple
Example: (32)3 = 3(2)(3) = 36
interest?
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) = 729
4. Laura applied for a loan of ₱8 000 at a yearly
6. (xy)n = xnyn
interest of 10%. If she paid back the credit union ₱9
Example: (ab)3 = a3b3
600, how many years was her loan?
5. Tito borrowed some money from a friend at 14%
simple interest, He paid an interest of ₱1 137.50
after 15 months. How much did Tito borrow?
7. (x/y)n = xn/yn
Example: (x/y)2 = x2/y2
Sales Tax
Sales Tax 𝑥𝑚
A tax imposed by the government at the point of sale on 8. 𝑥𝑛
= 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛
retail goods and services. It is collected by the retailer and 𝑥 10
Example: = 𝑥 10−5 = 𝑥 5
passed on to the state. 𝑥5

Formulas may be used to solve word problems involving
Sales Tax:
Sales Tax = Selling Price x Rate of Sales Tax
Rate of Sales Tax = Sales Tax ÷ Selling Price
Selling Price = Sales Tax ÷ Rate of Sales Tax
Selling Price = Total Cost ÷ (100% + Rate of Sales Tax)
Total Cost = Sales Tax + Selling Price
Order of Operations(GEMDAS RULE)
When an expression involves more than one operation, the
order in which you perform the operation is important.
The order of the operation can be changed by using grouping
symbols such as parenthesis ( ), brackets [ ], and braces { }.

Solve each problem. The orders for performing the operations are as follows:
1. A sofa set marked ₱27 000. A tax of 5% is added. 1. Do all the operations within the grouping
What is the total cost of the sofa set? symbols starting with the innermost grouping
2. Mr. Foronda bought a picture frame marked ₱510. symbols.
A tax of 6% is added. What is the selling price? 2. Take powers and roots, if there are any.
3. A sales tax for an item is ₱420 or 6%. How much is 3. Do all multiplications or divisions as they
the total cost of the item? appear from left to right.
4. A lady’s bag worth ₱1 500 has a sales tax of 6%. 4. Do all additions or subtractions as they appear
How much will a buyer pay for the bag? from left to right.
5. A food item has a sales tax of ₱22.40 or 4%. How
much is the total cost paid by costumer? Example: 7 + 21 ÷ 3 – 2 x 3
7+7–2x3
Exponent and Base 7+7–6
Laws of Exponents 14 – 6
8
The exponent tells how many times the base is used as a
factor. Concept of Integers
Comparing Integers
The base is the factor which is to be multiplied by itself the Ordering Integers
number of times indicated in the exponent. Adding Integers
Subtracting Integers
 Multiplying Integers (-4)(-5) = 20
Dividing Integers (-3)(6) = -18
Concept of Integers (7)(-2) = -14

Dividing Integers
-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 14 ÷ 2 =7
negative integers zero positive integers -15 ÷ -5 = 3
-20 ÷ 4 = -5
Negative Integers are numbers used to name points to the 16 ÷ -4 = -4
left of zero on the number line.

Positive Integers are numbers to name points to the right of

zero n the number line.

Zero is neither positive nor negative.

Additive Inverses
In the number line, a negative integer has a corresponding
positive integer. -2 corresponds to +2, +6 corresponds to -6

The sum of additive inverse is 0

Absolute Value
The distance of a number from 0 is called its absolute value.
The absolute of an integer is always positive.

Examples:
/2/ = 2
/-4/ = 4
-/3/ = -3

Comparing Integers
All numbers to the right of zero are greater than zero.
Numbers greater than zero are positive integers.

All numbers to the left of zero are less than zero. Numbers
less than zero are negative numbers.

Examples:
-12 < -1
6 > -6
-11 < 0

Ordering Integers
Integers can be arranged in descending order (biggest to
smallest) or ascending order (smallest to biggest)

Examples:
Arrange the following in ascending order.
-3, 8, -7, 0 Answer: -7, -3, 0, 8

Adding Integers
9 + 5 = 14
-7 + - 5 = -12
9 + -2 = 7
-12 + 3 = -9

Subtracting Integers
12 – 7 = 12 + -7 = 5
7 – 12 = 7 + -12 = -5
-6 – 7 = -6 + -7 = -13
-8 - -2 = -8 + +2 = -6
9 - 2 = 9 + 2 = 11
-

Multiplying Integers
(2)(3) =6