Chapter 17

2019/6/16 Print Campbell Biology 10th edition Chapter 17 flashcards | Easy Notecards
Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as

front 1 back 1
alkaptonuria occur because _____.
A) metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals

have significant nutritional deficiencies
D) genes dictate the production of specific
B) enzymes are made of DNA, and affected individuals lack DNA
polymerase enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic
C) certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected
defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes
individuals lack key splicing factors
D) genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected

individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes
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A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5'
AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
_____.
A) UCA
B) UGA
A) UCA
C) TCA
D) ACU
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The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From
this, one can logically assume which of the following?
A) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any

other organism.
A) A gene from an organism can theoretically
B) DNA was the first genetic material. be expressed by any other organism.
C) The same codons in different organisms translate into different
amino acids.
D) Different organisms have different types of amino acids.
The figure above shows a simple

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metabolic pathway. According to
Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how
many genes are necessary for this
pathway?
A) 1
B) 2
B) 2
C) 3
D) It cannot be determined from the

pathway.
https://www.easynotecards.com/print_cards/39647 1/15
Refer to the metabolic pathway

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illustrated above. If A, B, and C are all
required for growth, a strain that is
mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme A
would be able to grow on medium
supplemented with _____.
A) nutrient A only B) nutrient B only

B) nutrient B only
C) nutrient C only
D) nutrients A and C
Refer to the metabolic pathway
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illustrated above. If A, B, and C are all
required for growth, a strain mutant for
the gene-encoding enzyme B would be
able to grow on medium supplemented
with _____.
A) nutrient A only C) nutrient C only

B) nutrient B only
C) nutrient C only
D) nutrients A and C
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A possible sequence of nucleotides in
the template strand of DNA that would
code for the polypeptide sequence phe-
leu-ile-val would be _____.
A) TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG
B) AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT
D) AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA
C) AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA
D) AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA
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What amino acid sequence will be
generated, based on the following
mRNA codon sequence?
5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG
A) met-arg-glu-arg-glu-arg D) met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
B) met-glu-arg-arg-glu-leu
C) met-ser-leu-ser-leu-ser
D) met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
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Refer to the figure above. What would
the anticodon be for a tRNA that
transports phenylalanine to a ribosome?
B) AAA
A) UUU
B) AAA
C) TTT
D) CCC
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Which of the following contradicts the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis?
A) A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.
B) Alkaptonuria results when individuals lack a single enzyme involved in D) A single antibody gene can code for
the catalysis of homogentisic acid. different related proteins, depending on the
C) Sickle-cell anemia results in defective hemoglobin. splicing that takes place post-transcriptionally.
D) A single antibody gene can code for different related proteins,
depending on the splicing that takes place post-transcriptionally.
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Which of the following is directly related to a single amino acid?
A) the base sequence of the tRNA
B) the amino acetyl tRNA synthase C) the three-base sequence of mRNA

C) the three-base sequence of mRNA
D) the complementarity of DNA and RNA
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In the process of transcription, _____.
A) DNA is replicated
B) RNA is synthesized B) RNA is synthesized

C) proteins are synthesized
D) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
Codons are part of the molecular structure of13

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_____.
A) a protein
B) mRNA B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) rRNA
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What does it mean when we say the genetic code is redundant?
A) A single codon can specify the addition of more than one amino
acid.
B) The genetic code is different for different domains of organisms.

D) More than one codon can specify the
addition of the same amino acid.
C) The genetic code is universal (the same for all organisms).
D) More than one codon can specify the addition of the same
amino acid.
Once researchers identified DNA as the unit of inheritance, theyfront

asked15 back 15
how information was transferred from the DNA in the nucleus to the site
of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. What is the mechanism of
information transfer in eukarotes?
A) DNA from a single gene is replicated and transferred to the cytoplasm, B) Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers
where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where
B) Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers protein synthesis takes place.
information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein
synthesis takes place.
C) Proteins transfer information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where

protein synthesis takes place.
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According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the
blank?
DNA → _____ → Proteins
A) mtDNA
C) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) mRNA
D) tRNA
Codons are three-base sequences that specify the addition of a single

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amino acid. How do eukaryotic codons and prokaryotic codons compare?
A) Prokaryotic codons usually contain different bases than those of

eukaryotes.
B) Prokaryotic codons usually specify different amino acids than those of D) Codons are a nearly universal language
eukaryotes. among all organisms.
C) The translation of codons is mediated by tRNAs in eukaryotes, but
translation requires no intermediate molecules such as tRNAs in
prokaryotes.
D) Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms.
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Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not in

eukaryotes?
A) post-transcriptional splicing
B) concurrent transcription and translation B) concurrent transcription and translation

C) translation in the absence of a ribosome
D) gene regulation
Which of the following statements best describes the termination of 19

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transcription in prokaryotes?
A) RNA polymerase transcribes through the polyadenylation signal,

causing proteins to associate with the transcript and cut it free from the B) RNA polymerase transcribes through the
polymerase.
terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to
B) RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing
the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.
separate from the DNA and release the
transcript.
C) Once transcription has initiated, RNA polymerase transcribes until it
reaches the end of the chromosome.
D) RNA polymerase transcribes through a stop codon, causing the

polymerase to stop advancing through the gene and release the mRNA
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In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase.
Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin
protein?
A) RNA polymerase I
B) RNA polymerase II
B) RNA polymerase II
C) RNA polymerase III
D) primase
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Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in

addition to RNA polymerase?
A) start and stop codons
B) ribosomes and tRNA C) several transcription factors

C) several transcription factors
D) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
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Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA

box in eukaryotic promoters?
A) It is the recognition site for a specific transcription factor.

A) It is the recognition site for a specific
B) It sets the reading frame of the mRNA. transcription factor.
C) It is the recognition site for ribosomal binding.
D) Its significance has not yet been determined.
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Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene
expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression?
A) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed.
B) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. C) A cap is added to the end of the mRNA.
C) A cap is added to the end of the mRNA.
D) RNA polymerase requires a primer to elongate the molecule.
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A ribozyme is _____.
A) a catalyst that uses RNA as a substrate
B) an RNA with catalytic activity
C) an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and

B) an RNA with catalytic activity
small ribosomal subunits
D) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription

process
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Alternative RNA splicing _____.
A) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of translation
B) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and B) can allow the production of proteins of
functions from a single mRNA different sizes and functions from a single
C) can allow the production of similar proteins from different mRNA
RNAs
D) increases the rate of transcription
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26) In the structural organization of many eukaryotic genes,
individual exons may be related to which of the following?
A) the sequence of the intron that immediately precedes each exon

C) the various domains of the polypeptide
B) the number of polypeptides making up the functional protein product
C) the various domains of the polypeptide product
D) the number of start sites for transcription
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27) In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA
molecule into a eukaryotic cell after she has removed its cap and poly-A
tail. Which of the following would you expect her to find?
A) The mRNA is quickly converted into a ribosomal subunit.

D) The molecule is digested by enzymes
B) The cell adds a new poly-A tail to the mRNA.
because it is not protected at the end.
C) The mRNA attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly.
D) The molecule is digested by enzymes because it is not protected at the

end.
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28) Which components of the previous
molecule will also be found in mRNA
in the cytosol?
A) UTR I1 I2 I3 UTR
B) E1 E2 E3 E4
C) UTR E1 E2 E3 E4 UTR
C) UTR E1 E2 E3 E4 UTR
D) E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4
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29) Which one of the following statements about RNA processing
is true?
A) Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.
B) Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing. B) Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing.
C) RNA splicing can be catalyzed by tRNA.
D) A primary transcript is often much shorter than the final RNA

molecule that leaves the nucleus.
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30) A primary transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is
_____ the functional mRNA, while a primary transcript in a
prokaryotic cell is _____ the functional mRNA.
A) the same size as; smaller than

B) larger than; the same size as
B) larger than; the same size as
C) larger than; smaller than
D) the same size as; larger than
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31) A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is
AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
_____.
A) TTT
B) UUA
D) AAA
C) UUU
D) AAA
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32) Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure
of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the _____.
A) binding of ribosomes to mRNA
B) binding of the anticodon to small subunit of the ribosome

D) binding of the anticodon to the codon and
the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs
C) attachment of amino acids to rRNAs
D) binding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of

amino acids to tRNAs
33) A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the
normal phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that
_____.
A) none of the proteins in the cell will contain phenylalanine B) proteins in the cell will include lysine
B) proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions
acid positions specified by the codon UUU specified by the codon UUU
C) the cell will compensate for the defect by attaching phenylalanine to
tRNAs with lysine-specifying anticodons
D) the ribosome will skip a codon every time a UUU is encountered

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34) There are sixty-one mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but
only forty-five tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that _____.
A) some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different

codons
B) the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA
B) the rules for base pairing between the third
are flexible base of a codon and tRNA are flexible
C) many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are
dispensable
D) the DNA codes for all sixty-one tRNAs, but some are then destroyed
35) Which of the following is the first event to take place in 35

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translation in eukaryotes?
A) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the

messenger RNA
B) binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal

D) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes
subunits and attaches to the cap of mRNA
C) covalent bonding between the first two amino acids
D) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the

cap of mRNA
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36) A signal peptide _____.
A) directs an mRNA molecule into the cisternal space of the ER
B) terminates translation of messenger RNA C) helps target a protein to the ER

C) helps target a protein to the ER
D) signals the initiation of transcription
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37) The release factor (RF) _____.
A) binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA
B) releases the amino acid from its tRNA to allow the amino acid
to form a peptide bond
A) binds to the stop codon in the A site in place
of a tRNA
C) supplies a source of energy for termination of translation
D) releases the ribosome from the ER to allow polypeptides into

the cytosol
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38) The dipeptide that will form will be

_____.
A) cysteine-alanine
B) proline-threonine B) proline-threonine
C) glycine-cysteine
D) alanine-alanine
39) The anticodon loop of the first tRNAfront

that39 back 39
will complement this mRNA is
A) GGC
B) GGC A) GGC
C) UGC
D) UGC
front 40
40) What type of bonding is responsible back 40
for maintaining the shape of the tRNA
molecule shown in the figure above?
A) ionic bonding between phosphates
B) hydrogen bonding between base

pairs
B) hydrogen bonding between base pairs
C) van der Waals interactions between
hydrogen atoms
D) peptide bonding between amino

acids
41) The figure above representsfront

tRNA41 back 41
that recognizes and binds a particular
amino acid (in this instance,
phenylalanine). Which codon on the
mRNA strand codes for this amino
acid?
A) UGG
D) UUC
B) GUG
C) GUA
D) UUC
42) The tRNA shown in the front
figure42 back 42
above has its end projecting beyond its
end. What will occur at this end?
A) The amino acid binds covalently.
B) The excess nucleotides (ACCA) will

be cleaved off at the ribosome.
A) The amino acid binds covalently.
C) The small and large subunits of the
ribosome will attach to it.
D) The cap of the mRNA will become

covalently bound.
43) What must occur before a newly made polypeptide is secreted
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from a cell?
A) It must be translated by a ribosome that remains free within the

cytosol.
B) Its signal sequence must target it to the ER, after which it goes B) Its signal sequence must target it to the ER,
to the Golgi. after which it goes to the Golgi.
C) Its signal sequence must be cleaved off before the polypeptide
can enter the ER.
D) Its signal sequence must target it to the plasma membrane,

where it causes exocytosis
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44) Translation requires _____.
A) mRNA, tRNA, DNA, and rRNA
B) mRNA, DNA, and rRNA C) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

C) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
D) mRNA, tRNA, and DNA
front 45 back 45
45) During elongation, which site in the ribosome represents the
location where a codon is being read?
A) E site
B) P site C) A site
C) A site
D) the small ribosomal subunit
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46) Once a peptide has been formed between the amino acid
attached to the tRNA in the P site and the amino acid associated
with the tRNA in the A site, what occurs next?
A) translocation
B) reading of the next codon of mRNA A) translocation

C) initiation
D) The codon-anticodon hydrogen bonds holding the tRNA in the

A site are broken.
front 47 back 47
47) Which one of the following, if missing, would usually prevent
translation from starting?
A) exon
B) cap C) AUG codon

C) AUG codon
D) poly-A tail
48) Put the following events of elongation in prokaryotic translation

frontin48 back 48
chronological order.
1. Binding of mRNA with small ribosomal subunit
2. Recognition of initiation codon
3. Complementary base pairing between initiator codon and anticodon of

initiator tRNA
D) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
4. Base pairing of the mRNA codon following the initiator codon with its
complementary tRNA
5. Attachment of the large subunit
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49) How does termination of translation take place?
A) The end of the mRNA molecule is reached.
B) A stop codon is reached. B) A stop codon is reached.

C) The cap is reached.
D) The poly-A tail is reached.
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50) Post-translational modifications of proteins may include the
_____.
A) removal of introns
D) addition of carbohydrates to form a
B) addition of a 5’ cap glycoprotein
C) addition of a poly-A tail
D) addition of carbohydrates to form a glycoprotein
51) Which of the following statements is true about protein

front 51 back 51
synthesis in prokaryotes?
A) Extensive RNA processing is required before prokaryotic

transcripts can be translated.
B) Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress.

B) Translation can begin while transcription is
still in progress.
C) Prokaryotic cells have complicated mechanisms for targeting
proteins to the appropriate cellular organelles.
D) Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes require no initiation or

elongation factors.
front 52 back 52
52) Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error
in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation, is likely to
have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?
A) a deletion of a codon
B) a deletion of two nucleotides
B) a deletion of two nucleotides
C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon
D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon
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53) A nonsense mutation in a gene _____.
A) changes an amino acid in the encoded protein
B) has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein

C) introduces a premature stop codon into the
mRNA
C) introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA
D) alters the reading frame of the mRNA
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54) Which of the following DNA mutations is most likely to
damage the protein it specifies?
A) a base-pair deletion
B) an addition of three nucleotides A) a base-pair deletion

C) a substitution in the last base of a codon
D) a codon deletion
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55) The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic

fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in _____.
A) a base-pair substitution
B) a frameshift mutation C) a polypeptide missing an amino acid

C) a polypeptide missing an amino acid
D) a nonsense mutation
56) Of the following, which is the most current description of a56

front back 56
gene?
A) a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic

characteristic
B) a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein

C) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a
functional product: either RNA or polypeptide
C) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product:
either RNA or polypeptide
D) a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a

sequence of amino acids
57) How might a single base substitution in the sequence of a gene affect
front 57 back 57
the amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by the gene, and why?
A) Only a single amino acid could change, because the reading frame is
unaffected.
B) The amino acid sequence would be substantially altered, because the A) Only a single amino acid could change,
reading frame would change with a single base substitution.
because the reading frame is unaffected.
C) All amino acids following the substitution would be affected, because
the reading frame would be shifted.
D) It is not possible for a single base substitution to affect protein

structure, because each codon is three bases long.
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58) An original section of DNA has the base sequence
AGCGTTACCGT. A mutation in this DNA strand results in the
base sequence AGGCGTTACCGT. This change represents _____.
A) a missense mutation
D) frameshift mutation
B) a point mutation
C) a silent mutation
D) frameshift mutation
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59) A single base substitution mutation is least likely to be
deleterious when the base change results in _____.
A) a stop codon
B) a codon that specifies the same amino acid as the original codon
B) a codon that specifies the same amino acid
as the original codon
C) an amino acid substitution that alters the tertiary structure of the
protein
D) an amino acid substitution at the active site of an enzyme
60) Rank the following one-base point mutations (from most likelyfront to least
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likely) with respect to their likelihood of affecting the structure of the
corresponding polypeptide.
1. insertion mutation deep within an intron
2. substitution mutation at the third position of an exonic codon
3. substitution mutation at the second position of an exonic codon

B) 4, 3, 2, 1
4. deletion mutation within the first exon of the gene
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 4, 3, 2, 1

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2019/6/16 Print Campbell Biology 10th edition Chapter 17 flashcards | Easy Notecards

Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as

A) metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals

D) genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected

A) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any

D) Different organisms have different types of amino acids.

The figure above shows a simple

D) It cannot be determined from the

Refer to the metabolic pathway

A) nutrient A only B) nutrient B only

A) nutrient A only C) nutrient C only

A) A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.

Which of the following is directly related to a single amino acid?

A) the base sequence of the tRNA

B) the amino acetyl tRNA synthase C) the three-base sequence of mRNA

D) the complementarity of DNA and RNA

In the process of transcription, _____.

B) RNA is synthesized B) RNA is synthesized

D) mRNA attaches to ribosomes

Codons are part of the molecular structure of13

B) The genetic code is different for different domains of organisms.

Once researchers identified DNA as the unit of inheritance, theyfront

C) Proteins transfer information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where

DNA → _____ → Proteins

Codons are three-base sequences that specify the addition of a single

A) Prokaryotic codons usually contain different bases than those of

D) Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms.

Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not in

B) concurrent transcription and translation B) concurrent transcription and translation

Which of the following statements best describes the termination of 19

A) RNA polymerase transcribes through the polyadenylation signal,

D) RNA polymerase transcribes through a stop codon, causing the

C) RNA polymerase III

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in

A) start and stop codons

B) ribosomes and tRNA C) several transcription factors

Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA

A) It is the recognition site for a specific transcription factor.

D) Its significance has not yet been determined.

A) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed.

D) RNA polymerase requires a primer to elongate the molecule.

A) a catalyst that uses RNA as a substrate

B) an RNA with catalytic activity

C) an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and

D) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription

A) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of translation

D) increases the rate of transcription

A) the sequence of the intron that immediately precedes each exon

D) the number of start sites for transcription

A) The mRNA is quickly converted into a ribosomal subunit.

D) The molecule is digested by enzymes because it is not protected at the

A) Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

D) A primary transcript is often much shorter than the final RNA

A) the same size as; smaller than

C) larger than; smaller than

D) the same size as; larger than

A) binding of ribosomes to mRNA

B) binding of the anticodon to small subunit of the ribosome

D) binding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of

33) A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

D) the ribosome will skip a codon every time a UUU is encountered

A) some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different

35) Which of the following is the first event to take place in 35

A) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the