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Architecture 8051 Microcontroller and Block

Diagram with Applicarions

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The 8051 Microcontroller is one of the basic type of 

microcontroller, designed by Intel in 1980’s. This
microcontroller  was based on Harvard Architecture
and developed primarily for use in embedded
systems technology. Normally, this microcontroller
was developed using NMOS technology, which
requires more power to operate. Therefore,  Intel
redesigned Microcontroller 8051 using CMOS
technology and  their updated versions came with a
8051 Microcontroller Architecture
 letter C in their name, for instance an 80C51 it is an 8
bit microcontroller. These latest  Microcontrollers requires less power to operate as compared to their
previous versions. The 8051 Microcontroller  has two buses and two memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for
program and data units. It has an 8 bit processing unit and 8 bit accumulator units.

8051 Microcontroller Architecture

Following diagram is  8051 Microcontroller  architecture . Let us have a look at each part or block of this
Architecture of microcontroller.

8051 Microcontroller Architecture

Central Processor Unit (CPU)

As we know that the CPU is the brain of any processing device of the
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microcontroller. It monitors and controls all operations that are performed
8051 Microcontroller
on the Microcontroller units. The  User has no control over the work of the
Electronic Circuit CPU directly . It reads program written in ROM memory and executes them
and do the expected task of that application.

Interrupts

As its name suggests, Interrupt is a subroutine call that interrupts of the microcontrollers main operations
or work and causes it to execute any other  program, which is more important at the time of operation. The
feature of Interrupt is very useful as it helps in case of emergency operations. An Interrupts gives us a
mechanism to put on hold the ongoing operations, execute a subroutine and then again resumes to another
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type of operations.

TheANDROID
Microcontroller 8051 can beBUY
OTHERS conPROJECTS
gured in such a way that it temporarily terminates or pause the main
program at the occurrence of interrupts. When a subroutine is completed, Then the execution of main
program starts. Generally ve interrupt sources are there in 8051 Microcontroller. There are 5 vectored
interrupts are shown in below
 INTO
TFO
INT1
TF1
R1/T1

Out of these,  (INT0) ̅ and (INT1) ̅ are external interrupts that could be negative edge triggered or low level
triggered. When All these interrupts are activated, set the corresponding ogs  except for serial
interrupt,.The interrupt ags are cleared when the processor branches to the interrupt service routine (ISR).
The external interrupt ags are cleared when the processor branches to the interrupt service routine,
 provides the interrupt is a negative edge triggered whereas the timers and serial port interrupts  two of
them are  external interrupts, two of them are timer interrupts and one serial port interrupt terminal in
general.

Memory

Microcontroller requires a program which is a collection of instructions. This program tells microcontroller
to do speci c tasks. These programs require a memory on which these can be saved and read by
Microcontroller to perform speci c operations of a particular task. The memory which is used to store the
program of the microcontroller is known as code memory or Program memory of applications. It is known
as ROM memory of  microcontroller also requires a memory to store data or operands temporarily of the
micro controller. The data memory of the 8051 is used to store data temporarily for operation is known
RAM memory. 8051 microcontroller  has 4K of code memory or program memory,that  has 4KB ROM and
also 128 bytes of data memory of RAM.

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BUS
Basically Bus is a collection of wires which work as a communication channel or medium for transfer of
Data. These buses consists of 8, 16 or more wires of the microcontroller. Thus, these can carry 8 bits,16
bits simultaneously. Hire two types of buses that are shown in below

Address Bus
Data Bus

Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has a 16 bit address bus for transferring the data. It is used to address
memory locations and to transfer the address from CPU to Memory of the microcontroller. It has  four
addressing modes that are

Immediate addressing modes.

Bank address (or) Register addressing mode.
Direct Addressing mode.
Register indirect addressing mode.

Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has 8 bits of  the data bus, which is used to carry data of particular
applications.

Oscillator

Generally, we know that  the microcontroller is a device, therefore it requires clock pulses for its operation of
microcontroller applications. For this purpose, microcontroller 8051 has an on-chip oscillator which works
as a clock source for Central Processing Unit of the microcontroller. The output pulses of oscillator are
stable. Therefore, it enables synchronized work of all parts of the 8051 Microcontroller.

Input/Output Port

Normally microcontroller is used in embedded systems to control the operation of machines in the
microcontroller. Therefore, to connect  it to other machines, devices or peripherals we require I/O interfacing
ports in  the microcontroller interface. For this purpose microcontroller 8051 has 4 input, output ports to
connect it to the other peripherals

Timers/Counters

8051 microcontroller has two 16 bit timers and counters. These counters are again divided into a 8 bit
register. The timers are used for measurement of intervals to determine the pulse width of pulses.

Applications of 8051 Microcontroller

Some of the applications of 8051 is mainly used in daily life & industrial applications also some of that
applications are shown below
 Light sensing and controlling devices
Temperature sensing and controlling  devices
Fire detections and safety devices
Automobile applications
Defense applications

Some industrial applications of micro controller and its applications

Industrial instrumentation devices

Process control devices

Some of 8051 microcontroller devices are used in measurement applications

Voltmeter applications
Measuring and revolving objects
Current meter objects
Hand held metering system

8051 Microcontroller Applications in Embedded Systems

The applications of 8051 microcontroller involves in 8051 based projects. The list of 8051 projects is listed
below.

Arduino Managed High Sensitive LDR based Power Saver for Street Light Control Systemcheap rolex
replica
The Temperature Humidity Monitoring System of Soil Based on Wireless Sensor Networks using
Arduino
RFID based Electronic Passport System for Easy Governance using Arduino
Arduino based RFID Sensed Device Access
Arduino based DC Motor Speed Control
Arduino Based Line Following Robot
Zigbee based Automatic Meter Reading System
GSM based Electricity Energy Meter Billing with Onsite Display
Android Phone Speech Recognition Sensed Voice Command based Notice Board Display
Parking Availability Indication System
Voice Controlled Home Appliances
Remote Control Home Appliances
PC Mouse operated Electrical Load Control Using VB Application
Solar Highway Lighting System with Auto Turn Off in Daytime
8051 Microcontroller based Wireless Energy Meter
Farmer Friendly Solar Based Electric Fence for Deterring Cattles
Vehicle Movement Sensed Streetlight with Daytime auto off Features
Do you have any innovative ideas to implement the 8051 microcontroller based electronics projects? Then,
feel free to share your ideas for getting your project solutions from us and also other readers, by posting in
the comments section below.

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 About Tarun Agarwal
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Comments

Pawan Tomar says

March 19, 2016 at 9:31 pm

Sir i want a microcontroller software & hardware circuit as —–

1- action low& high volt stops relay
2- current (amps) low & high stops relay 3 .- real time & running time.
4- set time for stop relay.
5. Missing from RYB than stop
6.. Start time set
7. Star-delta time set

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

March 21, 2016 at 5:23 pm
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MOSES KIGOZI says

March 30, 2016 at 7:55 pm

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Reply

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April 1, 2016 at 10:30 am

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AthRaj says
May 12, 2016 at 9:31 pm

I’m a student of mechanical engineering at national institute of transport(NIT) school of aviation.

My project title is DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER THEFT
DETECTION in this project I choose to use 8051 microcontroller but I don’t have well knowledge
on it please help me.

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

May 16, 2016 at 9:35 am

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Anderson Mae says

June 25, 2016 at 2:59 pm

am student and my project is about TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN am using an arduino

microcontroller and a sensor of Dhi 1 kindly help me on how to program it

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

June 29, 2016 at 12:26 pm

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We are very sorry to inform you that
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Reply

MILAN MAHETA says

November 18, 2016 at 7:10 pm

good evening sir,

please give me links of how to easily learn programs. in microcontroler and microprocessor,,,,8085
and 8051

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

November 26, 2016 at 4:18 pm

Hi Milan Mahetha
As per your query please follow the below link
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Reply

ANANDHITHA MANJU ANZAR says

January 2, 2017 at 2:16 pm

em a electrical engineering student…i would like to do mi project on the topic PARKING

AVAILABILITY INDICATION SYSTEM using 8051 microcontroller…..but em not thorugh in this
subject….can u pls help mee….

Reply
 Tarun Agarwal says
July 8, 2017 at 3:55 pm

Hi ANANDHITHA MANJU ANZAR

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Reply

mahmood jan says

January 29, 2017 at 11:14 am

This is very clear information and knowledge about microcontroller 8051 s0 thanks of and God
bless you.

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

July 8, 2017 at 3:34 pm

Hi mahmood jan
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Reply
 NAREN SRIVATSAV says
March 25, 2017 at 2:11 am

hi sir,
very crisp and understandable…gave me a clear picture of 8051.

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

July 6, 2017 at 6:16 pm

Hi NAREN SRIVATSAV
Thank you very much for telling me how much you have enjoyed reading my column.
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Jayant Isswani says

April 19, 2017 at 8:08 pm

Thank you ‫ ׭‬Wonderful article.

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

July 5, 2017 at 6:41 pm

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 Reply

srikanta maity says

November 5, 2017 at 8:38 pm

Discuss brie y about the interrupts of the mc ic 8051?

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

December 20, 2017 at 6:28 pm

Hi Srikanta
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Pranav Joshi says

December 27, 2017 at 11:51 am

How can we use Microcontroller to detect millivolts? And what will be the voltage range for ADC?

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

December 29, 2017 at 12:59 pm
 Hi Pranav Joshi,
You have to code the microcontroller to detect and measure the millivolts. ADC is just an
analog to digital converter and you have to refer the datasheet of the particular ADC.
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sudhakar reddy says

March 1, 2018 at 10:55 am

hiiiiiiiiii
sar
tell me some mini projects

Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

March 7, 2018 at 3:34 pm

Hi
Thank you so much for your feedback
And once again please visit our domestic website http://www.edgefxkits.com/
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Reply

Allu aravind swamy says

March 29, 2018 at 6:46 pm

It’s good answer sir

 Reply

Tarun Agarwal says

April 13, 2018 at 5:20 pm

HI Allu Aravind
Thank you so much for your feedback
And once again please visit our domestic website http://www.edgefxkits.com/
For more details please contact to Sathish on +91 8885507011 or you can email us on
info@edgefxkits.in

Reply

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