 Genes of excavated materials are processes that produce minerals, form, volume and

composition of minerals.
 In general, classification of minerals is based more on the genesis of reserves or mineral
deposits that occur because genesis will affect the precipitation model of minerals. For example,
in a reserve that is in the form of coating, the process occurs is sedimentation
 Deposition of excavated material is accumulation or the result of deposition of materials on the
earth's crust can be economically utilized by humans. Formation of deposits is classified into
two, namely endogenous and exogenic
 Endogenic deposits are deposits that form together with the formation of igneous rocks in the
process of differentiation of magma in the earth.
 Exogenic deposits are deposits that form above the earth's surface and have process of
displacement, sedimentation and weathering
 Magmatic rocks or igneous rocks are rocks formed by the freezing of magma under the surface
(intrusive rock) or above the surface (extrusive rock). Examples of igneous rocks are andesite
and granite
 The composition of minerals in igneous rocks depends on the composition of the magma
forming and the decrease in temperature. This process can be explained by the bowen reaction,
where the igneous rock-forming minerals are divided into 2 parts :
 Discontinuous series. On the left side, minerals are derived from Ferromagnesian Silicate
minerals. Minerals formed at high temperatures are olivine and at low temperatures, namely
biotite
 The right hand side is called continuous series. Called continous because the initial minerals
will participate in further mineral formation. The minerals formed are composed by plagioclase
groups.
 Minerals on the right and left will meet and form mineral potassium feldspar and end in quartz.
 Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed by the process of rising temperature and pressure that take
place under the earth's crust. Examples of metamorphic rocks of economic value are
 Metamorphic rocks contact, these rocks are formed due to contact with magma intrusion which
results a rising temperature and changes in chemical composition. For example is Marble rocks
are formed by limestone
 Dynamo metamorphic rock is a rock formed from a process of very high pressure rise,
temperature increase, and the process of collision of the earth's plates. An example is coal.
 Thermal metamorphic rocks are rocks that are entered by substances from outside the rock
during the formation process. For example gemstones
 Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are composed of other rocks that undergo release,
sedimentation and compaction processes
 the characteristics of sedimentary rocks are :
- Layered, as a result of the sedimentation process
- There are fragments which show that they are loose
- There are traces of fossil life
- Monomineralistik or consists of one type of mineral
 (Types of sedimentary rocks:)
1. (clastic sedimentary rocks)
Rocks formed from the process of re-compaction of the original rock fragments. This process
starts with physical weathering of the rock which then undergoes a process of transportation to
the basin to be deposited and undergoes a diagnostic process into hard rock. Deposition
environment can occur on land or in water. Examples of this type of rock are breccia.
2. non-clastic sedimentery rock
sedimentary rock that is formed due to the sedimentation of material in situ or the process of
evaporation from a solution. In the process of occurrence of rocks there is a chemical process
 as an example of limestone producing a reaction of Ca) + CO = CaCO3 or an organic process
as an example of coal accumulated in wood.
 According to R. P. Koesomadinata non-clastic sedimentary rocks can be categorized into 6
groups, namely :
- The Rough Detritus Group is the deposition of relatively large sized sedimentary rocks
through mechanical processes in the area of rivers, lakes or the sea. An example is
sandstone.
Fine Detritus Group is the deposition of fine-grained sedimentary rocks which are
mechanically deposited in shallow marine environments to the deep sea. For example clay
stone