ANALOGY

Lesson One - Creating a sentence using the words in the correct order from left to right.

1. ANIMAL : BIRD :: DOG : ______

a. puppy
b. dachshund
c. mammal
d. cat
e. canary
 Dachshund - a small type of dog that has a long body, very short legs, and long ears.

Lesson Two - Creating a sentence that is specific enough to find the correct answer.

1. FOOT: SOCK :: HAND:_____

A. shake
B. ring
C. mitten
D. shoe
E. fingers
 On your foot you wear a sock
 On your hand you wear a____
 The clothing you put on a foot is a sock
 The clothing you put on a hand is a___
2. GRASS: MOWER :: HAIR: ____
a. ribbons
b. comb
c. brush
d. shampoo
e. scissors
 A tool you use on your grass is a mower
 A tool you use on your hair is a _______
 A tool you use to cut a grass is a mower
 A tool you use to cut your hair is______

Lesson Three – Solving analogies when are only given the first pair

1. HERD : COWS ::
a. Orchestra : musicians
b. Pupils : class
c. birthday party : children
d. parking lot : cars
e. theater : audience
 A herd is made up of many cows
Herd – a group of animals tha
1. PAINTER : PAINT :: t lives or are kept together.
a. doctor : stethoscope
b. cook : eggs
c. writer : paper
d. photographer : camera
e. architect : ruler
 A painter uses paint
Painter – one that paints: such as an artist who paint, one who applies paint especially as an occupation.
Lesson Four – Using parts of speech and context clues to solve analogies.
1. SMOKE : TOXIC ::
a. water : pure
b. snake : poisonous
c. blade of grass : wispy
d. cloud : gray
e. shell : hollow
 Smoke is a noun and toxic is a common adjective used to describe the noun.
2. SHORT : HEIGT :: LIGHT : ______
a. dark
b. weight
c. heavy
d. little
e. bright
 Short is an adjective that can describe the noun height.
3. HOP : RABBIT :: LUMBER : ______
a. Kangaroo
b. Squirrel
c. Bear
d. Crocodile
e. Snail
 To hop is a common way for a rabbit to move.
4. VISIT : CONCLUDE
a. invitation : send
b. movie : watch
c. book : finish
d. voyage : begin
e. journey : depart
 when a visit is over, it will conclude.
Lesson Five – four common types of word relationships
Synonyms and Antonyms
Words that are synonyms have the same meaning.
Words that are antonyms have the opposite meaning.

1. TRUE : REAL : FALSE :_________

a. happy
b. non-fictional
c. angry
d. fake
e. weak
 True is real have the same meaning. They are synonyms.
 False and ______have the same meaning. They are synonyms.
Part to whole and Whole to Part

Words that have a part to whole relationship show a piece or part of a larger thing and that thing.

2. CHAPTER : NOVEL :: SENTENCE : _______

a. question
b. paragraph
c. adverb
d. book
e. phrase
 A chapter is a part of a whole novel.
 A sentence is a part of a whole.
Cause to Effect and Effect to Cause
Word that have a cause to effect relationship show an event or happening and a resulting change or outcome or vice
versa.
3. JOKE : LAUGHTER :: TRAGEDY : ______
a. tears
b. giggles
c. gurgles
d. smiles
e. tissues
 A joke is a cause that leads to the effect of laughter.
 A tragedy is a cause that leads to the effect of ______
Degree: Increasing or Decreasing
Word that have a degree relationship show an object or concept and the increasing or decreasing value of that
concept or idea.
4. DRIZZLE : DOWNPOUR :: FLURRY : _________
a. Wind
b. Snowflake
c. Flood
d. Raindrop
e. Blizzard
 A drizzle is a very light rain. A downpour is an extremely heavy rain. This is an example of a concept increasing
in value.
 A flurry is a very light snowfall. A _____ is an extremely heavy snowfall. This is an example of a concept
increasing in value.
 Let’s try out! In the next four problems, identify the type of relationship the first two words have to one
another to help you solve the analogy.

1. BUTTERFLY : WING :: FLOWER :_______

a. petal
b. seed
c. food
d. plant
e. color
 A butterfly is a whole living thing and its wing is a part of the whole living thing.
This is an example of whole to part.
A flower is a whole living thing and its ______is a part of the whole living thing.

2. BROWN : BEIGNE :: BLACK : _____

a. White
b. Gray
c. Green
d. Brown
e. Blue
 The color brown is a darker or stronger version of the color beige.
This is an example of decreasing degree.
The color black is a darker or stronger version of the color_______

3. ITCH : SCRATCH :: HUNGER : ______

f. Walk
g. Drink
h. Food
i. Sleep
j. eat
ITCH is the cause that leads to someone wanting to scratch, the effect.
This is an example of cause to effect.
Hunger is the cause that leads to someone wanting to ___, the effect.

4. SUNRICE : SUNSET :: NOON : _____

f. twilight
g. moon
h. midnight
i. night
j. dawn
 Sunrise and sunset are opposites or antonyms. We are looking for the words that is the opposite of noon.
Lesson Six
A fun series with sewing and painting.

1. SEW : NEEDLE :: PAINT : ______

a. brush
b. easel
c. paper
d. watercolors
2. SEW : CLOTH :: PAINT : _______
a. Brush
b. Easel
c. Paper
d. Painter
e. Watercolors
3. SEW : THREAD :: PAINT : ________
a. Brush
b. Easel
c. Paper
d. Painter
e. Watercolors

ANALOGY quiz (words, letters, numbers) a. Tonga

b. Ride
1. Brick : Wall : : cell : ? c. Race
a. DNA d. Plough
b. Organs 5. Yard : Inch : : Quart :?
c. Chlorophyll a. Gallon
d. Tissue b. Ounce
2. Motor : Coil :: ? c. Milk
a. Table : Chair d. Liquid
b. Regiment : Soldier 6. Pesticide : Crop :: Antiseptic :?
c. Wheel : Car a. Wound
d. Wheel : Bearing b. Clothing
3. Blacksmith : Hammer : :? c. Bandage
a. Cloth : tailor d. Bleeding
b. Surgeon : Forceps 7. Optimist : cheerful :: Pessimist :?.
c. Carpenter : Wood a. Gloomy
d. Pen : Writer b. Mean
4. Bullock : Cart : : Horse: ? c. Petty
d. Helpful
English Grammar: Should, Would, Could
“Grammar Rules”
COULD
 remember ‘can’ – past tense
 capacity or kakayanan – kaya mong gawin
 possibility – posibling mang yari pero hindi ka sure

I _______ make a better drawing than that if I had more time.

WOULD
 remember ‘will’ – ikaw ay nag desisyon, pag will ang sagot would ang tanong, Gagawin. Kagustohan.
 intention
 choice
 make requests

I _______ love to have more of the cake, please.

SHOULD
 remember
‘shall’ – “I shall return”- ibig sabihn babalik ako. I shall - stronger than could and would.
 obligation
 requirements
 highly possible
If you want better grades, you _____ study harder.
Translate mo sya sa tagalog – kung gusto mo ng magandang grade kailangan mong mag aral ng mabuti.
Kung ang translation niyo ay kailangan or dapat then it’s become should.

Example
I ____be mean, but I ____because I know that I ____take the higher road.
a. would ; couldn’t ; should
b. would ; shouldn’t ; could
c. should ; couldn’t ; would
d. could ; wouldn’t ; should

English Grammar: Had Been, Has Been, or Have Been

+ ‘verb’ ing

Part 1: Perfect Progressive

 HAS been or HAVE been – Present Perfect Progressive
Nagsimula noon ang action at nangyayari pa hanggang ngayon.
Present – nangyayari ngayon
Progressive – ing form
 FORM; has/have been “verb” -ing for “length of time” (or)
Has/have been “verb” -ing since “date”
EXAMPLE: have been work ing for three years.
has been work ing since 2012.

HAS HAVE
S is singular & if the subject is He, She, or IT S is plural & if the subject is We, You, or I
She has been working for three years. I have been working for three years.

 HAD been - Past Perfect Progressive

Nagsimula noon, nagpatuloy, at natapos din noon.

There are 2 actions.

Form: had been ‘verb” -ing for “length of time” + “2nd event”
Example: had been working for three years
when I decided to quit my job.

EXAMPLE:
I had been teaching for three years when I decided to quit my job.

Try this.
1. I _______training for the New York marathon for three years.
a. Is
b. have been
c. has been
d. had been
2. Daniel ______training for New York marathon for three years.
a. is
b. have been
c. has been
d. had been
3. Daniel ______training for New York marathon for three years when he got injured.
a. is
b. have been
c. has been
d. had been
4. Daniel ______training for New York marathon for three years when he got injured.
a. is
b. have been
c. has been
d. had been
English Grammar: WHO or WHOM
 WHO
- Refers to the subject
- “Sino”
 _______knew that you had to dance to get the prize?
 WHOM
- Me =Whom
- After a preposition
- Refers to the object
- “Kanino”
 _______did you mail the package?
 _______knew which wish belonged to_______?
Quick Quiz
1. (Who, Whom) called you? I heard your phone ring.
2. Do you know (who, whom) owns this cute puppy?
3. The man (who, whom) I asked for help made sure I had the right directions.

English Grammar: WHO’S or Whose

 WHO’s
- Who is or
Who has
- Refers to the subject
- “Sino ang”
 Who’s ready to go home?
 WHOSE
- Ownership
- “Kaninong”
 Whose car did you use to get here?
 _______going to ____house again?
Quick Quiz
1. (Who’s, Whose) to say what you can and can’t do?
2. No one can really know for sure (who’s, whose) dreams can come true.
3. It all depend on (who’s, whose) willing to put in the work it takes to succeed.
English Grammar: All ready or Already – Homonym Horrors

 All ready
- Phrase
- “fully prepared”
Example: We can go. We are all ready.

 Already
- Adverb
- Something that happed
- In the past
- Before a specified time
- So soon
Example: If he asks, tell him we already left.
Quick Quiz
1. You got home way too late. Mom and Dad are (all ready, already) gone.
2. I’m sure we’re (all ready, already) gone.
3. I told you not to call a cab unit you’re 100% sure we are (all ready, already).
4. Hurry up! The cab’s (all ready, already) here.
5. The rest of us are (all ready, already).

English Grammar: Alumna, Alumnae, Alumnus Alumni- Homonym Horrors

 Alumna
- 1 female graduate
Example: She is an alumna of Messiah College.

 Alumnus
- 1 male graduate
Example: He is a honorary alumnus of the local college.

 Alumnae
- Group of female graduates
Example: All three Maravilla sisters are alumnae of Quezon City Science High School.

 Alumni
- Group of male graduates or a group of female and male graduates.
Quick Quiz
1. It’s been a long-standing belief that only the ___ of the Big four universities get the best jobs.
2. However, recent changes in the industry made it possible for any man, an ____ of any university to get his dream
job.
3. Our own boss, Dr. Christine Cruz, proved that an ___of a small college can be successful.
English Grammar: Assume and Presume

 Assume
- verb
- take on Example: Don’t assume that he likes you just because
- suppose he’s nice.
without
Evidence

 Presume
- verb
Example: if he’s looking for a ring, it’s safe to presume
- suppose
that a wedding’s happening soon.
with little
evidence
English Grammar: Loath or Loathe

 Loath
- Adjective
- “unwilling”
Example: She was loath to admit that it was partly her fault.
 Loathe
- Verb
- “hate”
Example: it was constant disrespect that made him loathe her.
Quick Quiz
1. Matt used to loathe Math and anything involving numbers.
2. It was mainly because he was loath to sit still and answer what he deemed as repetitive questions.
3. If you think about it, Math doesn’t loathe.
Matt nearly as much as Matt loathes Math.

English Grammar: Eminent and Imminent

 Eminent – prominent, accomplished, successful.

Eminent = Excellent
Example: She met a lot of eminent people last night.

 Imminent – something, happening, very soon.

Example: They had to prepare for the imminent danger.
Quick Quiz
1. The imminent storm forced the people living near the bay to move inland.
2. He was the eminent leader in his field. Everyone looked up to him.
3. The Kalayaan islands are part of the Philippines eminent.
English Grammar: Especially and Specially

 Especially
- very or extremely
- particularly
Example: it was especially hot and humid that day.

 Specially
- in a special way
Example: the kind philanthropist refused to be treated specially.
Especially or Specially
Specifically
Example: Those shoes were designed ______for him.

Sentence Correction:
Luke wouldn’t let anyone else win, specially when it comes to a game of chess. No Error
A B C E

English Grammar: Adverse and Averse

 Adverse
- something bad
“BADverse”
Example: The treatment could work, but it has many adverse effects.

 Averse
- Having a strong dislike or distrust
“AVerse”
Example: That’s why I’m averse to modern medicine.
Quick Quiz
1. Like many other people in the word, you may be averse to spending hours studying.
2. However, laziness is bound to have many adverse effects.
3. In orders to succeed in life, you must not be averse to hard work.
English Grammar: Loose, Lose, Loss, Lost

 Loose – Maluwang o Nakawala

 Lose – Mawala o Matalo
 Loss – Kawalan
 Lost – Nawawala, Nawala, o Natalo
 Example:
1. I told him, “Keep your grip loose and you won’t lose me.”
It was his loss when he lost me.
2. Make sure the leash isn’t __ if you don’t want to ___your puppy.
Not all ___dogs are found.
A. loose, lose, loss
B. loose, lose, lost
C. lose, loose, loss
D. lose, loose, lost

English Grammar: Fill Out, UP, or IN

 Fill UP - “punuin”
Example: fill up that bucket.
 Fill OUT - for forms or questionnaires.
Example: You have to fill out the form before the program starts.
 Fill IN - A specific part of a form (a black or shape)
Example: try to fill in the circles completely.
Numerical Reasoning
1. A B C D

For example
Sentence correction: I was told to fill up the form. No error
A B C D E

English Grammar: Despite, In Spite, Respite

Homonym Horrors
 Despite – without being affected by He won the race despite the bad weather.
 In spite He won the race in spite of the bad weather
 Respite – a short period of rest from The unexpected holiday gave her a bit of respite.
something unpleasant.
RULES:
1. No “despite of” Despite of being born
 Despite A
X Despite of poor, Mary was able
 In spite of B C
X in spite to succeed with hard
D
work. No Error.
E

2. That “that” She went on a month-long vacation ____

 Add “the fact” with a that-clause that she owed me money.
“THAT” A. despite
B. in spite of
C. despite of the fact
D. in spite of the fact
English Grammar: COME or GO
Direction

 COME
Speaker - COME - listener

When to use it: Example:

-Towards the speaker (L to S)
MONEY PROBLEMS
Part 1: Kinds of Coins
The essentials
Penny 1-cent $0.01 - Pinaka maliit na value
Nickel 5-cents $0.05
Dime 10-cents $0.01 - Pinaka Malaki na value
Example:
1. If Bill had 10 nickels, 5 dimes, and 20 pennies, how much money did he have in total?

Coin Pieces Value

N- 0.05 / 5 * 10 50
D- 0.10 / 10 * 5 50

P-0.01 / 1 * 20 20
120 =$1.20
2. If Pedro has twice as many pennies as dimes, eight more nickels as pennies, and 12 dimes, how much money does he
have?
Coin Pieces Value
D - 10 * 12*2 120
P-1 * 24+8 24
N- 5 * 32 160
= $3.04
Ang binigay lang ay dimes, twice ung kanyang pennies sa dimes.
3. If Petra had 20 pennies, 8 dimes, and 16 nickels, how much money did she have in total?
Coin Pieces Value
P–1 * 20 20
D – 10 * 8 80
N-5 * 16 80
= 180, $1.8
4. If Eddie has ten more nickels as dimes, half as many dimes than he did pennies, and 20 pennies, how much money
does he have?
Coin Pieces Value
P–1 * 20/2 20
D – 10 * 10+10 100
N–5 * 20 100
=220, $2.20
5. If Rudy has five more nickels as dimes, half as many pennies than he did dimes, and 20 pennies, how much money
does he have?
Coin Pieces Value
P– 1 * 20*2 20
D – 10 * 40 400
N-5 * 45 225
½ of X $5 ½ x $5 x/2 5 X=5% =645, $6.45
 X= 10

CIVIL SERVICE GRAMMAR PRACTICE TEST

Which of the following sentences is not grammatically correct?

A You may not leave the table.

B Can I have some pizza?

C You can swim in this lake.

D May I have some pizza?

SOLUTION
Use can when referring to ability. Use may when referring to permission.
Which of the following sentences is not grammatically correct?

A I'm not available on Tuesday however, I can make it on Wednesday.

B Consequently, he went forward unaware of what the afternoon would bring.

C I'm not available on Tuesday, however, I can make it on Wednesday.

D I'm not available on Tuesday; however, I can make it on Wednesday.

SOLUTION
Words like however, consequently and therefore are transitional phrases that links the current sentence
to an idea in the previous sentence. A transitional phrase is followed by a comma but is never preceded
by a comma. However, a transitional phrase can be preceded by a semicolon.

Which one of these sentences is not grammatically correct?

A Does this apartment accept tenants with cats?

B I except your excuse but I don't like it.

C I accept this trophy on behalf of the entire team.

D I would go to the concert, except I have to work that night.

SOLUTION
Accept and except are often confused because they sound similar. However, their meanings are
nearly opposite each other. Accept is a verb that generally means to receive willingly while except
is commonly used as a preposition and means apart from or excluding.