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 Periodic Table

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

BEHIND FORMULATION OF PT
Agenda
• Need for classification of elements
By arvind Arora
• Doberainer’s Law of Triads

• Newlands’ Law of Octaves

• Mendeleev's Periodic Table
 Need for classification of elements
1800 → 31 elements
1865 → 63 elements
2016 → 118 elements
Difficult to individually study the chemistry of each element and its compounds

As per IUPAC there are currently; 2 million inorganic compounds

By arvind Arora
& 18 million Organic compounds

An arrangement in which elements having similar properties were

classified in tabular form which lead to the formation of the periodic table

Formulation of PT provided a way for the study of chemistry in a much

simpler way
Doberainer’s Law of Triads
• First to have tried classifying the elements
• Grouped the elements with similar chemical properties into clusters of three
called 'Triads'.
Statement :
E1 E2 E3 -- Elements in triad
M1 M2 M3 -- Atomic Mass When 3 elements having similar properties are
arranged in an increasing order of their
M1 + M 3 atomic mass, the atomic mass of middle
then M2 = By arvind
2 elementArora
is mean of atomic mass of the
Example: other two elements
Li, Na, K
Li + K 7 + 39 46
Na = = = = 23
2 2 2
 Demerits of Dobereiner’s Law of Triads

• In some of the triads all the three elements possessed nearly the same
atomic masses.

Example:

Fe, Co, Ni Ru, Rh, Pd Os, Ir, Pt

By arvind Arora
• The major drawback of his classification was that
all the known elements could not be arranged as triads.
Newlands’ Law of Octaves

Statement :
When elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
mass, the properties of every eighth element resembles that of the first.

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni
1 2 3 4 5 6
By 7arvind Arora
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca
 Newlands’ Law of Octaves

Demerits :

• Worked only for the lighter elements

(only till Ca)
• Discovery of noble gases failed this law
• Not valid for heavier elements as O and Fe were
By arvind Arora
placed in the same group despite having vastly
different properties
• Couldn’t explain the reason for periodicity
 Lother Meyer’s Curve

Statement :
The physical properties of the elements are a periodic function of
their atomic masses.

• Lother Meyer plotted a curve of

Atomic volume v/s Atomic masses
By arvind Arora
• He observed that the elements with similar
properties occupied similar positions on the curve
 Lother Meyer’s Curve Occupy the largest
Atomic volume and are
At maxima of curve
ATOMIC VOLUME cm3

Alkali metals
×
Ascending positions of curve
× before inert gases
×
By arvind Arora Halogens
ATOMIC WEIGHT

Mid position on descending Minima of Curve

portion of curve
Transition elements
× Alkaline earth metals
Drawbacks of Lother Meyer’s Curve

• It was an ideal classification but it was not easy to keep in mind the
various positions of the curve.

• He could not determine the position of all

the known elements.
By
• Could not provide a reason forarvind Arora
the periodicity.
 Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Statement :
Physical and chemical properties of an element are periodic functions
of their atomic masses.
Mendeleev's Periodic Table

7 Rows 9 Columns
Periods By
Groups arvind Arora

I to VII VIII Zero

A B A B C
 Mendeleev's Periodic Table Groups
VIII
I II III IV V VI VII Zero
Li Be B C N O F Ne
A B C
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Periods

Fe Co Ni
Ru Rh Pd A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Os Ir Pt
By arvind Arora
Group zero is not further classified

Transition Triads Further it is divided into 2 subgroups A and B

1st and 2nd periods are short and remaining are long
Zero group elements were later introduced by
Ramsay and Rayleigh
 Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Classification of elements was based on the properties of elements.

By arvind Arora
 Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Classification of elements was based on the properties of elements.
• Left gaps in his periodic table, for
elements yet to be discovered.

Eka Boron Scandium

Eka Silicon
By arvind Arora
Germanium

Eka Aluminium Gallium

 Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Determination & Correction of doubtful Atomic weights
Atomic
Beryllium Valency
Weight
Earlier 13.5 3

Corrected 9.01 2
By arvind Arora
 Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Position of Hydrogen element was not justified.
• Anomalous/ Inverted pair
• Position of Isotopes
• Position of Lanthanides & Actinides
• Anomalous placement of the transition &
coinage metals
i) Transition elements were placed along with
By arvind
representative elements under the same group
Arora
ii) Coinage metals mere placed with alkali metals
• There was no explanation for the periodicity
of elements.
• No place for Noble or Inert gases.
Atomic Number
• Henry Moseley performed X – rays spectroscopy Obtained the relationship
with Frequency
Y
√ν = a (Z – b)

√ν where Z is equal to the number

of protons in the element
By arvind Arora
Z X
Instrument of X-ray spectroscopy
He later called Z as atomic no.
Modern Periodic Table formation
• Discovery of Z as atomic number which is equal to number of protons, forms
a more precise way for classification of elements as no elements could be placed
between two consecutive atomic numbers whereas that wasn’t true for atomic mass
As per Bohr Bury scheme which includes the following 3 rules
1) Aufbau ((n+l) rule) 2) Pauli Exclusion 3) Hund's rule
• Energy order of orbitals for filling an electron is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 5s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4dBy
10 6
6s2 4f14 5dArora
5parvind 10
6p6 7s14 6d10 7p2

It consist of 7 horizontal rows called periods and

18 vertical columns called groups known as “ Modern Periodic Table’’

Using this, the long form of periodic table was formulated

 Electronic Configuration of Elements
Li 1s2 2s1 Outer shell configuration of all these
2 2 6 1
Na 1s 2s 2p 3s element is same and that’s why they are
grouped together.
K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 4s1
Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1
Cs 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10By
4p6arvind
5s2 4d10 Arora
14 10 6 1
Fr 5p6 6s2 4f 5d 6p 7s

Modern periodic table given reason for periodicity of elements

This implies that elements are showing similar properties after regular internal
because of similar outer shell configuration
How many elements in a period?
According to Bohr Bury theory, orbital energy order for filling an electron is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
2 8 8 18 18 32 32
According to MPT,
Each period starts with new principle quantum No. ∴ There are 7 periods
Period No. No. of element (no. of electrons)
1 2 Shortest period
2 By8 arvind Arora
3 8
4 18
5 18
6 32
7 32 Longest periods
How many elements in a period?

2
n+1
Number of elements in a period = × 2 For n is odd
2
2
n
= + 1 × 2 For n is even
2
By arvind Arora
Merits of Modern Periodic Table
• Gives reason for periodicity of elements
• Simplifies the arrangement of PT by dividing it into 4–blocks

Demerits of Modern Periodic Table

• Position of hydrogen
By arvind Arora
• Position of Lanthanides and Actinides
Classification based on blocks
• MPT is classified into 4-blocks named as s-block, p-block, d-block & f-block
• The names of blocks are derived from the name of orbital which receives the last
electron.

For
s – orbital – max 2 electron – 2 – groups

p – orbital – max 6 electron –By arvind

6 – groups Arora
d – orbital – max 10 electron – 10 – groups

f – orbital – max 14 electron – 14 – groups

s-block
Group 1 (alkali metals) Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
(1) H = 1s1 (4) Be = 1s2 2s2
(3) Li = 1s2 2s1 (12) Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
(11) Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 (20) Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

General configuration for group 1 ns1

General configuration for groupBy
2 arvind
ns2 Arora
General configuration for s-block ns1-2
p-block
Group 13 Group 14
(5) B = 1s2 2s2 2p1 (6) C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
(13) Al = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 (14) Si = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
(31) Ga = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 (32) Ge = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2

General configuration for group 13 ns2 np1

General configuration for groupBy
14 arvind
ns2 np2 Arora
p-block
Group 15 Group 16
(7) N = 1s2 2s2 2p3 (8) O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
(15) P = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 (16) S = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
(33) As = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3 (34) Se = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4

General configuration for group 15 ns2 np3

General configuration for groupBy
16 arvind
ns2 np4 Arora
p-block
Group 17 Group 18
(9) F = 1s2 2s2 2p5 (2) He = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
(17) CI = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 (10) Ne = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
(35) Br = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 (18) Ar = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6

General configuration for group 17 ns2 np5

General configuration for groupBy
18 arvind
ns2 np6 Arora
General configuration for p-block ns2 np1-6
d-block
Group 3 Group 4
(21) Sc = [Ar] 3d1 4s2 (22) Ti = [Ar] 3d2 4s2

(39) Y = [Kr] 4d1 5s2 (40) Zr = [Kr] 4d2 5s2

(71) Lu = [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 (72) Hf = [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
By arvind
1 2
Arora
General configuration for group 3 (n-1)d ns

General configuration for group 4 (n-1)d2 ns2

d-block
Group 5 Group 6

(23) V = [Ar] 3d3 4s2 (24) Cr = [Ar] 3d5 4s1

(41) Nb = [Kr] 4d3 5s2 (42) Mo = [Kr] 4d5 5s1

(73) Ta = [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 (74) W = [Ar] 4f14 5d4 6s2

By arvind
3 2Arora
General configuration for group 5 (n-1)d ns

General configuration for group 6 (n-1)d4 ns2

d-block
Group 7 Group 8
(25) Mn = [Ar] 3d5 4s2 (26) Fe = [Ar] 3d6 4s2

(43) Tc = [Kr] 4d5 5s2 (44) Ru = [Ar] 4d6 5s2

(75) Re = [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 (76) Os = [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2

By arvind
5 2Arora
General configuration for group 7 (n-1)d ns

General configuration for group 8 (n-1)d6 ns2

d-block
Group 9 Group 10
(27) Co = [Ar] 3d7 4s2 (28) Ni = [Ar] 3d8 4s2

(45) Rh = [Kr] 4d7 5s2 (46) Pd = [Kr] 4d8 5s2

(77) Ir = [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 (78) Pt = [Xe] 4f14 5d8 6s2
By arvind Arora
General configuration for group 9 (n-1)d7 ns2

General configuration for group 10 (n-1)d8 ns2

d-block
Group 11 Group 12

(29) Cu = [Ar] 3d10 4s1 (30) Zn = [Ar] 3d10 4s2

(47) Ag = [Kr] 4d10 5s1 (48) Cd = [Kr] 4d10 5s2

(79) Au = [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 (80) Hg = [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
By arvind Arora
General configuration for group 11 (n-1)d9 ns2
General configuration for group 12 (n-1)d10 ns2

General configuration for d-block (n-1)d1-10 ns2

 Recap

General configuration for s-block ns1-2

General configuration for p-block ns2 np1-6

General configuration for d-block (n-1)d1-10 ns2

By arvind Arora
Similarly

General configuration for f-block (n-2)f1-14 ns2

 Prediction of Group, Period and Block from Atomic Number
The period, group and block of an element can be easily predicted from
its Electronic Configuration
The Period no. of an element corresponds to the Principle Quantum Number
Period
of Valence Shell.
Na (11) – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
3 s1
By arvind
Principal quantum Arora
number
3rd period
Block The block of an element corresponds to the
type of orbital which receives the last electron.
2 2 6 1
Na (11) – 1s 2s 2p 3s
3 s1 s – orbital
 Prediction of Group, Period and Block from Atomic Number
Group The group of an element is predicted from number of electrons in the
valence shell or/and penultimate shell [last but one i.e., (n–1)] as follows

a) For s-block elements

No. of the group = no. of valence electrons

b) For p-block elements By arvind Arora

No. of the group = 2 + 10 + number of valence p electrons

c) For d-block elements

No. of the group = 2 + number of (n – 1)d electrons
 IUPAC Nomenclature system for atomic number greater than 100
• The roots are strung together in the order of digits which make up atomic no &
‘ium’ is added at the end
Digits present in atomic No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Numerical Root nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
Abbreviation n u b t q p h s o e

By arvind Arora
Example (1) Atomic no. 106
(2) Atomic no. 113
(3) Atomic no. 109
 IUPAC Nomenclature system for atomic number greater than 100

Digits present in atomic No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Numerical Root nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
Abbreviation n u b t q p h s o e

Atomic no. 106 Example Atomic no. 113

Example
1 0 6 1 1
By arvind Arora 3

Then add suffix “ium” Then add suffix “ium”

∴ Name = Unnilhexium Symbol = Unh ∴ Name = Ununtrium
Symbol = Uut
IUPAC Nomenclature system for atomic number greater than 100

ATOMIC
IUPAC NAME SYMBOL
NUMBER
111 Unununium Uuu

105 Unnilpentium Unp

115 Ununpentium Uup

By arvind Arora
583 Pentocttrium Pot

385 Trioctpentium Top

Key Features of Modern Periodic Table

• Typical elements – Period 2 and 3

• Bridge Elements – Period 3

• Representative elements – s and p block

(They represent the metals and non-metals;
except noble gases) By arvind Arora

• Z > 92 (Uranium) – Transuranic elements

• Most abundant inert gas on earth - Argon

Key Features of Modern Periodic Table Very low reactivity
• Most abundant inert gas in universe - Helium

• Most abundant gas in atmosphere - Nitrogen

• Most abundant element in the earth’s crust - Oxygen

• By
Most abundant metal in the arvind
earth’s crust -Arora
Aluminum

• Noble metals – Gold Au and Platinum Pt

• Highest – M.P. among Non – metals - Carbon

Key Features of Modern Periodic Table

• Highest – M.P. among metals – Tungsten

• Highest Density – Os and Ir

• Lightest Density – H

• Liquid Elements – Hg, Br2

By arvind Arora
• Most poisonous elements – Plutonium Z = 94

• Metal present in Hemoglobin – Fe Iron

• Metal present in chlorophyll – Magnesium Mg

Key Features of Modern Periodic Table

• Best conductor of heat and electricity –

Silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu)

• Worst conductor of heat and electricity –

S – Sulphur (Non – metals)

By
• Coinage metals – Cu, Ag, Au, Pb arvind Arora
By arvind Arora
Similarity b/w Li and Mg
Reasons
Atomic Radii Li = 152 pm
Mg = 160 pm
Similarity in ionic sizes

charge Ionic Radii Li + = 76 pm

Similar ratio Mg++ = 72 pm
radius By arvind Arora
Electronegativity Li 1.00
Mg 1.20
 Points of similarity between Li and Mg

No Parameters Li Mg

1) Basicity LiOH is a WEAK base Mg (OH)2 WEAK base

Reaction with
2) Nitrogen Li3N Nitride Mg3N2 Nitride

3) Hardness Lithium is HARD Even Magnesium is HARD

4) Hydration LiCl By arvindLiCl.
deliquescent Arora
2H2O Even MgCl is deliquescent
MgCl2 .28H2O

5) Heating carbonates Li2CO3 → Decomposes MgCO3 also Decomposes

Hydrogen Carbonates Lithium hydrogen Magnesium hydrogen
6)
carbonate(cannot be carbonate (cannot be
obtained in solid form) obtained in solid form)
Points of similarity between Be and Al

No Parameters Be Al

1) Covalency tendency to form covalent compounds

2) Reaction with Acid does not show reactions with acids
Be(OH)2 Al(OH)3
3) Hydroxide in presence
of alkali By alkali
arvind Arora alkali
2–
[Be(OH)4] [Al(OH)4]–

4) Hydrolysis of Be2C + 4H2O Al4C3 + 12H2O

Carbides
2Be(OH)2 + CH4 4 Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
Similarity b/w Be and Al
Reasons

Same polarizing powers

Ionic Radii : Be ++ = 31 pm
Al+++ = 53.5pm
By arvind Arora

charge Be = 0.064
Ratio :
radius Al = 0.060
 Arvind Arora

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