PHILOSOPHY 5 GENERAL TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Thematic Types – topic of the issues being
 Empirical truth – established by means of
sense experience (posteriori)
 Rational truth – established by means of reason
(priori)
 Synthetic truth – extends our knowledge (the
information provided by the predicate is not
contained in the info provided by the subject).
 Analytic truth – does not extends our
knowledge.
 Contingent truth – not true in all possible
situations.
 Necessary truth – always true
 Private truth – can only be known by the
person who has the belief or makes the statement
considered to be the true
 Public truth – in principle, be known by
everyone.
 Subjective truth – dependent on the attitudes,
preferences, or interests of a person or a group of
persons’ value judgements such as aesthetic
judgements.
 Objective truth – independent; factual
judgements
 Universal truth – if its truth is acknowledged
by everyone.
 Relative truth – if its truth is only
acknowledged by some people.
 General method of correspondence –
examining whether the statement belief
corresponds to, or represents, a fact in the world.
 General method of coherence – coheres with
the rules of the relevant system
 General method of pragmatism –
consequences of holding or accepting the
statement/belief to be true.
 Observation – method used to check if an
empirical statement, a statement about an
observable fact in the word, correctly represents
a fact in the world. (Internal & External
Observation)
 Reasoning – process of knowing or establishing
truth by means of our reason, can be done in a
variety of ways.
 Appeal to authority – may take the form of a
testimony of a reliable eyewitness, information
provided by an appropriate expert, and reliable
documents, among others.
 RODOLF CARNAP – internal & external
questions
 LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN – “philosophy is
not a body of doctrine but an activity”
 BERTRAND-RUSSELL – “philosophy is a
futile activity”
 ALAN TURING – computing machine
discussed.
2. Positional Types – solution that is being
proposed for a certain issue.
3. Methodological Types – method used to resolve
a certain issue.
4. Regional/Geographical Types – geographical
location in which philosophizing transpires or
flourishes.
5. Historical Types – historical period in which
philosophizing occurred.
THEMATIC TYPES
1. Logic
2. Epistemology – knowing about knowing
 Knowledge – justified true beliefs
 Empiricism – using a sensory (through
sensory perceptions)
 Rationalists – they try to give
knowledge through reason.
3. Metaphysics – study the nature of reality
Meta – “after” “beyond”
Physics – study of material thing
4. Ethics – morality
Altruistic morality – conscience
5. Aesthetic – the beautiful
6. Social & Political Philosophy
 Reasoning – logical steps through argument that
leads you to the truth.
- process enables us to justify or prove
the truth of a statement or belief on the basis of
the truth of another statement or belief.
 Premise – provides a justification for the
conclusion
 Deductive Argument – truth of the premises is
supposed to prove that the truth of the
conclusion is certain.
>valid or invalid
>Argument that is general specific
 Inductive Argument – truth of the premises is
supposed to prove that the truth of the
conclusion is probable; either or strong or weak.
 Cogent – if all of its premises happen to be true
 Uncogent – if even just one of its premises
happens to be false.
 Fallacies – errors or mistakes in reasoning
 Fallacy of composition – when one reasons
from the qualities of the parts of a whole to the
qualities of the whole itself. (hindi dapat
nakaaapekto ang parte sa buo)
 Fallacy of appeal to pity – when one appeals to
pity to cause the acceptance of a conclusion.
 Fallacy of appeal to force – often with subtlety,
to cause the acceptance of a conclusion.
 Fallacy of complex question – when one asks a
question that contains unproved assumptions.
-when one argues that these assumptions
are true just because an answer is given to the
question.
 Fallacy of hasty generalization – (converse
accident) when one makes a generalization from
a special or accidental case or simply form
insufficient number of cases; case of weak
inductive reasoning.
 Metaphysical Approach – focuses on the kinds
of substances (or materials) and capacities that
uniquely make up a human person; examines the
essential components of a human person.
 Existential Approach – focuses on the kind of
life, or mode of existence; examines the essential
features of the human way of life.
 MARTIN HEIDEGGER – describes the
metaphysical approach as dealing with the
‘what’ of a human person and while the
existential approach as dealing with the ‘who’ of
a human person.
-analysis of the human person (he prefers
to call by the German Term “Dasein”) as a
being-in-the-world.
 Unspirited body view – belief that humans do
not have a spiritual component.
-there is no such thing as a spirit, then a
human person is essentially just his/her body.
 Disembodied spirit view – human person is
essentially just his/her spirit.
-belief that while the body is dependent
on the spirit, the spirit is not dependent on the
body.
-body will die if there’s no spirit, but the
spirit will survive even if there’s no body.
 Embodied spirit view – human person is
essentially the unity of his/her body and spirit.
-belief that the body and the spirit cannot
exist independently of one another.
-each will not survive with the absence
of the other.
 JEAN PAUL-SARTRE – analysis of the
possibility and limitations of human
transcendence.
-“Human person is condemned to be
free”
 Facticity – a human person’s past (Heidegger)
-refers to everything about the existence
of a human person that can no longer be
changed.
 Existentiality – refers to all the possibilities that
a human person has and can choose to have.
 Falleness – Heidegger refers to the present of
the human person.
-state a human person is when he/she
lives an inauthentic existence, referring to the
kind of existence in which a human person is not
the one making decisions for himself/herself.
 Transcendence – capacity to go beyond their
current situation in life.
 Determinism – view that all events that happen
in the world are caused by previous events or
conditions along with the laws of nature.
 Libertarianism – rejects determinism; accepts
that while certain events in the world are caused
and thus are determined, there are also some
events that are not--- referring precisely to
human choices.
 Compatibilism – rejects the premise that
determinism and freedom are incompatible;
neutral to truth of determinism as it defines
freedom not in terms of the absence of
determinism.
 Social Freedom – assumed by compatibilism
that human freedom is the absence of force,
constraints, or anything that makes a person act
against his/her will or desire.
 PLATO – “Soul is immortal”
 Real name of Plato: ARISTOCLES
 Aristotle’s Son: Nichomachus
BONUS PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference of Alone & Lonely?
2. What is the meaning of “Man was born free but
he is everywhere in chains” by Jean-Jacques
Rousseau?
3. How does it even possible to feel lonely in the
crowd?
4. What is freedom?
NOTE: This reviewer is not complete compared to the
lectures of this subject. You can only use this as a basis
during the study. To be honest, this is my favorite
subject even though we can’t understand those thoughts
from the first sight. Just enjoy the topic. Study hard!