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Ninth Standard
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Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)

100 Feet Ring Road,
Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru- 85
 Preface
The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in
producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which in
turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks
are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media
of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS,

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mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely
mathematics, science and social science.

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NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:
•

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Connecting knowledge to life activities
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• Learning to shift from rote methods
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• Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks
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Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge
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• Making examinations flexible and integrating them with

classroom experiences
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• Caring concerns within the democratic policy of the

country.
• Make education relevant to the present and future needs.
• Softening the subject boundaries, integrated knowledge
and the joy of learning.
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• The child is the constructor of knowledge.

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The new books are produced based on three fundamental

approaches namely -
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Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Integrated

approach.
The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities,
master skills and competencies. The materials presented in
these books are integrated with values. The new books are not
examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they

ii
 help the learner in the total development of his/her personality,
thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy
society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.
The most important objectives of teaching language are
listening, speaking, reading, writing and reference work. These
skills have been given a lot of importance in all the language
textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills,

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fundamental grammar, opportunities for learners to appreciate
beauty and imbibe universal life values have been integrated in

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language textbooks. When learners master these competencies,
they would stop studying textbooks for the sake of passing
examinations. In order to help learners master these

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competencies, a number of paired and group activities,
assignments and project work have been included in the
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textbooks. It is expected that these activities would help learner
master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that
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students master the art of learning to learn and make use of
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these competencies in real life.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the
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chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and

CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in
helping the Text Book Society in producing these text books. A
few works of some writers and poets have been included in
these textbooks. The textbook society is extremely grateful to
them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces
in the textbooks.
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G. S. Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar

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Coordinator Managing Director

Curriculum Revision and Karnataka Textbook Society®
Textbook Preparation Bengaluru, Karnataka
Karnataka Textbook Society®
Bengaluru, Karnataka

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¥Àj²Ã®£Á ¸À«ÄwAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÄÀ ¸Àg Û £À ÄÀ ß PÀÈvÀdÕv¬ É ÄAzÀ £É£A É iÀÄÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ.É CAvÉAiÉÄÃ
K

¸À«ÄwUÀ¼À PÉ®¸À ¸ÀÄUÀªÄÀ ªÁV £ÀqA É iÀÄĪÀAvÉ ªÀ媸 À ÜÉ ªiÀ ÁqÀ®Ä PÁAiÀÄðPÀª æ ÄÀ
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C¢üPÁjUÀ¼ÁV ¤µÉ׬ÄAzÀ zÀÄrzÀ ¥ÀoåÀ ¥ÄÀ ¸ÀPÛ À ¸ÀAWÀzÀ J¯Áè C¢üPÁjUÀ¼£ À ÆÀ ß

£É£A
É iÀÄÄvÉÃÉÛ ªÉ. ¸ÀºPÀ j
À ¹zÀ ¹§âA¢UÀÆ £ÀªÄÀ ä ªÀAzÀ£U É ¼À ÄÀ . C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄ ¤Ãr
¸ÀºPÀ j
À ¹zÀ ¸Àªð À ¸ÀAWÀl£ÉU¼ À ÄÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÀdÕjUÉ zs£ À åÀ ªÁzÀU¼ À ÄÀ .

£ÀgÀ¹AºÀAiÀÄå ¥ÉÆ.æ §gÀUÆ À gÀÄ gÁªÀÄZÀAzÀ¥

æ àÀ
o

ªÀ媸
À ÁÜ¥PÀ À ¤zÉðñÀPg À ÄÀ ¸ÀªÁðzsåÀ Pg ëÀ ÄÀ
tt

PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀoåÀ ¥ÄÀ ¸ÀPÛ À ¸ÀAWÀ (j) ¥ÀoåÀ ¥ÄÀ ¸ÀPÛ À ¥ÀjµÀÌgt À ¸À«Äw
¨ÉAUÀ¼Æ À gÀÄ-85 PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀoåÀ ¥ÄÀ ¸ÀPÛ À ¸ÀAWÀ (j)
No

¨ÉAUÀ¼Æ À gÀÄ-85

viii
 nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V
gdm©Ü`j :
àmo. ~aJyé am_M§Ðßnm, AÜ`j, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V, ~|Jbyé.
gh`moJ :
lr Zaqghæ`m, à~§Y {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé-560085

d
lr_Vr.. ZmJ_[U, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

he
AÜ`j:
S>m°. E_. {d_bm, àmo\o$ga Ed§ AÜ`jm, {h§Xr {d^mJ, ~|Jbya {díd{dÚmb`, ~|Jbyé-560 056

is
gXñ` :
re S B
bl
S>m°. ~r. Eg. gwã~bú_r, {h§Xr àdŠVm (AdH$me àmá) 558, 7 "E' _w»` amñVm, "E' goŠQ>a,
`bh§H$m Ý`y Q>mD$Z, ~|Jbyé - 560 064.
be T
pu
S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>,
K

H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24

S>m°. gm¡å`m OQ>bm, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m, H«$mB©ñQ> Oy{Z`a H$m°boO, ~|Jbyé - 560 029.
©

lr. e{eYa qgh, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, {haoh{ëb H$moßnbw, hmoboZagrnwa (Vm),
hmgZ ({Obm) 573211.
lr_Vr gr. EZ. gwYm, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, hw>{bH§$w Q>,o XmoS‹ >²S>~ëbmnwa (Vm) ~|Jbyé J«m_m§Va ({Obm)
lr. Or. EM. _§OwZmW, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, H$mobJr, {eH$marnwam (Vm) {ed_mo½Jm ({Obm)
o

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :

tt

S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé
No

S>m°. JUoe ndma, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:
lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma Ho$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.
H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :
lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
ix
 AZwH«$_{UH$m
H«$.g§. nmR boIH$ n¥. g§
goVw~§Y 1
1. O`-O` ^maV _mVm (H${dVm) _¡{WbreaU Jwá 5

d
2. Jwbm~ qgh (H$hmZr) gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ 9

he
3. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X (OrdZr) S>m°. OJXre M§Ð 19
4. AZwemgZ hr emgZ h¡ (H${dVm) S>m°. a_oe {_bZ 27

is
5.
re S_m¡gr (H$hmZr)
B
^rî_ gmhZr 32

bl
6. MoamnyO± r go Am`m h±ÿ (`mÌm d¥ÎmmÝV) àXrn n§V 40
be T
pu
7. n`m©daU ~MmAmo (H${dVm) naewam_ ewŠb 52
K

8. ^r_ Am¡a amjg (EH$m§H$s) {dîUw à^mH$a 57

©

9. Zµ\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| (bmoH$H$Wm) g§H${bV 71

10. MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡ (H${dVm) {ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z' 82
11. Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo ({Z~§Y) g§H${bV 87
12. g‹S>H$ H$s ajm-g~H$s gwajm g§H${bV 95
o

(H$hmZr)
tt

13. gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm (H${dVm) gm{ha bw{Y`mZdr 106

No

14. gm¡a D$Om© (boI) g§H${bV 113

15. dram§JZm MoÞå_m (ì`{ŠV n[aM`) g§H${bV 122
16. nydm©ja H$m nydm©Jh« (ì`§½` aMZm) nr.Eg. am_mZwO_ 131
17. ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho (_Ü`H$mbrZ H${dVm) ahr_ 141

x
 goVw~§Y
I. gX¡d EH$dMZ _| à`wº$ hmoZo dmbo H$moB© nm±M eãX {b{IE&

II. n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ {h§Xr _| {b{IE:

1. ¥ÁjªÁ¼À 2. UÀħâaÑ 3. ºÀzÀÄÝ 4. PÉÆý 5. PÁUÉ

d
he
III. g§km Ho$ ^oX ~VmBE&

IV. gd©Zm_ H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE:

is
re S
1. do gwI-Xþ…I H$m AZw^d Zht H$a gH$Vo&
B
bl
2. _¢ ñHy$b OmVm h±ÿ&
be T
pu
3. CÝhm|Zo H$m°a IarXr&
K

4. Vw_ Š`m| amo ahr hmo?

©

5. Omo H$m_ H$aVm h¡ gmo \$b nmVm h¡&

V. XÿY go ~ZZodmbo nm±M ImÚ nXmWm] H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

VI. AbJ-AbJ AW© XoZodmbo dmŠ` {b{IE:

o

1. hma -
tt

hma -
No

2. na -
na -
3. OmZ -
OmZ -
1
 VII. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE:
1. H$aZm
2. CR>Zm
3. MbZm

d
4. ~ZZm

he
5. {bIZm
$g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE:

is
VIII. re S
1. A{¾ -
B
bl
2. CÎma -
be T
pu
3. H$ZH$-
K

4. IJ -
©

5. Jwé -
6. Vmam -
IX. {XZ Am¡a _hrZm| H$m Zm_ {h§Xr _| {b{IE &
o

X. AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE:

tt

1. gmV - gmW
No

2. _mVm - _mWm
3. ~mby - ^mby
4. {XZ - XrZ
5. H$b - H$mb
2
 XI. _whmdam| H$m AW© {b{IE:
1. AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm -
2. Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm -
3. amB© H$m nhm‹S> ~ZmZm -

d
4. Am_ H$m Am_ JwR>br H$m Xm_ -

he
5. Am±Io§ {XImZm -
ñnï> H$maU ~VmVo hþE AnZo AÜ`mnH$ Ho$ Zm_ EH$ Nw>Å>r nÌ

is
XII. re S
{b{IE&
B
XIII. {h§Xr
bl
_| AZwdmX H$s{OE:
be T
pu
K

1. £Á£ÀÄ ªÀiÁgÀÄPÀmÉÖUÉ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÉÛãÉ.

2. CªÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁqÀ£ÀÄß ºÁqÀĪÀ¼ÀÄ.
©

3. jãÁ ±Á¯ÉUÉ ºÉÆÃzÀ¼ÀÄ.

4. ªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÄ ªÉÄÊzÁ£ÀzÀ°è DlªÁqÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ.
5. vÀAzÉ-vÁ¬ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ UËgÀ«¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
o

XIV. g§dmX H$mo nyam H$s{OE:

tt

1. drUm S>m°ŠQ>a ~ZZm MmhVr h¡ Am¡a _rZy AÜ`m{nH$m ~ZZm MmhVr h¡&
XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM `h g§dmX hmo ahm h¡:
No

_rZy - hm` drUm ! H¡$gr hmo?

drUm - _¢ R>rH$ h±ÿ, Vw_ ~VmAmo&
_rZy - gwZm h¡ {XZ-amV {H$Vm~m| Ho$ nrN>o hmW YmoH$a n‹S>r ahVr hmo&

3
 drUm - H$hm± n‹T> ahr h±ÿ? {nVmOr H$hVo h¢ _oam n‹T>Zm H$m\$s Zht
h¡, Eogo _| _¢ Hw$N> Zht ~Z nmD±$Jr?
_rZy - {nVmOr Eogm Š`m| H$hVo h¢?
drUm - Š`m|{H$ _wPo S>m°ŠQ>a ~ZZo H$s BÀN>m h¡& Vw_ Š`m ~ZZm
MmhVr hmo?

d
_rZy -

he
drUm -

is
re S
_rZy -
B
bl
drUm -
be T
{d{hV Am¡a AmH$me XmoZm| aob H$s `mÌm H$a aho h¢& XmoZm| Ho$
XV.
pu
K

n[admam| H$m n[aM` XoZodmbm g§dmX {b{IE&

o
tt ©
No

4
 1. O`-O` ^maV _mVm
- _¡{WbreaU Jwá
Ame` :

d
H${d Bg H${dVm _| ^maV _mVm H$m JwUJmZ H$a aho h¢Ÿ& H${d àmW©Zm H$a

he
aho h¢ {H$ Bg Xoe Ho$ nmdZ Am±JZ _| A°§Yoam hQ>o Am¡a kmZ {_boŸ& g~ bmoJ
{_bOwb H$a ^maV _mVm Ho$ `e H$s JmWm JmE±Ÿ&

is
re S B
bl
O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&
D±$Mm {h`m {h_mb` Voam
be T
pu
Cg_| {H$VZm ñZoh ^am
K

{Xb _| AnZo AmJ X~mH$a

©

aIVm h_H$mo ham-^am,

gm¡-gm¡ gmoVm| go ~h-~hH$a
h¡ nmZr \y$Q>m AmVm,
O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&
o

H$_b {Ibo Voao nmZr _|

tt

YaVr na h¢ Am_ \$bo,

Bg YmZr Am±Mb _| XoImo
No

{H$VZo gw§Xa ^md nbo,

^mB©-^mB© {_b ah| gXm hr
Qy>Q>o H$^r Z ZmVm,
O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&

5
 Voar bmb {Xem _| hr _m±
M§Ð-gy`© {MaH$mb ah|,
Voao nmdZ Am±JZ _|
A§YH$ma hQ>o Am¡a kmZ {_bo,
{_bOwb H$a hr h_ g~ JmE±
Voao `e H$s JmWm,

d
O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&

he
*****
H${d-n[aM`

is
amï´>H${d _¡{WbreaU Jwá Or (1886-1964) H$m OÝ_ {MaJm±d, Pm±gr
re S
{Obm, CÎma àXoe _| hþAmŸ& BZHo$ {nVm lr goR> am_MaU ^r ~«O^mfm Ho$ H${d
B
bl
WoŸ& AmMm`© _hmdraàgmX {X²ddoXr Or AmnHo$ gm{hpË`H$ Jwé WoŸ& AmnZo à~§Y
be T
H$mì`m| VWm I§S> H$mì`m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ {dH$mg _| Jwá Or H$m
pu
`moJXmZ AZÝ`V_ h¡Ÿ& gm{hpË`H$ godm Ho$ gå_mZmW© gZ²> 1961 B©. _| CÝh|
K

"nX²_ ^yfU' Cnm{Y {_brŸWr& "gmHo$V' _hmH$mì` na AmnH$mo "J§Jm àgmX

©

nm[aVmo{fH$' {_bmŸWm& Amn amÁ`g^m Ho$ _ZmoZrV gXñ` aho&

n§MdQ>r, O`ÐW dY, a§J _| ^§J, ^maV-^maVr, AZK, Zhþf Am{X Amn
H$s _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m± h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s ^mfm gab-gag Am¡a e¡br amoMH$ h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
{h`m - öX` , N>mVr - djñWb, grZm ; gmoV - òmoV, _yb ; Am±Mb
o

- Xm_Z, nëbm, N>moa ; ZmVm - g§~§Y, [aíVm ; `e - H$s{V© ; JmWm -

tt

H$Wm, YmZr - hëH$m ham a§J, _ZmoZrV - MwZm hþAm, Zm_m§{H$V&

No

Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1) "O`-O` ^maV _mVm' H${dVm Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢ ?
2) Jwá Or H$mo H$m¡Z-gr Cnm{Y {_br h¡ ?
3) H${d {H$g Xodr H$s d§XZm H$a aho h¢ ?
6
 4) {h_mb` ê$nr öX` _| Š`m ^am h¡ ?
5) nmZr H¡$go \y$Q>m AmVm h¡ ?
6) nmZr _| Š`m {Ibo h¢ ?
7) gw§Xa ^md H$hm± nbo h¢ ?
II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

d
1) {h_mb` Ho$ ~mao _| H${d H$s ^mdZm Š`m h¡ ?

he
2) ""{Xb _| AmJ X~mH$a'' H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡ ?
3) H${d D±$Mm {h`m Š`m| H$hVo h¢ ?

is
re S
4) h_| {_bOwbH$a H$m¡Z-gm JrV JmZm Mm{hE ?
B
bl
III. Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :
be T
1) ^maV H$m {h`m h¡Ÿ&
pu
K

2) {Xb _| X~mH$a aIVm h_H$mo &

3) {MaH$mb ah|Ÿ&
©

IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãX {b{IE:

CXm : ñZoh-^am - ham-^am
1) AmVm -
2) nbo -
o

3) ZmVm -
tt

V. H${dVm _| "~h-~hH$a nmZr AmVm' H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& Cgr

No

àH$ma {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyU©

H$s{OE:
({Ja-{JaH$a, {_Q>-{_Q>H$a, gwZ-gwZH$a, XoI-XoIH$a)
1) ~mbH$ grIVm h¡&
2) ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡&
7
 3) _oK ~agVo h¢&
4) ~ÀMm MbVm h¡&
VI. Bg H${dVm H$s àW_ AmR> n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE&
VII. AZwê$nVm:
1) gmJa : {demb :: {h_mb` :

d
2) A§YH$ma : A§Yoam :: n{dÌ :

he
3) Am_ : YaVr :: H$_b :
4) gy`© : gyaO :: M§Ð :

is
re S
nmR> go AmJo-
B
bl
be T
1) Xoe-^{ŠV go Ow‹S>r {H$Ýht Xmo H${dVmAm| H$mo gw§Xa Ajam| _| MmQ>© na
pu
{b{IE& Cgo AnZr H$jm _| bJmBE Am¡a JmBE &
K

2) "dra µOmam' {gZo_m H$m `h JrV {_bH$a H$jm _| JmBE &

©

YaVr gwZhar, A§~a Zrbm, ha _m¡g_ a§Jrbm Eogm Xoe h¡ _oam&

~mobo nnrhm, H$mo`b JmE, gmdZ {Ka AmE Eogm Xoe h¡ _oam&
^mobo-^mobo ~ÀMo h¢ O¡go JwS²>S>o Jw{‹S>`m {OÝho§ amoµO gwZmE± XmXr-ZmZr EH$
n[a`m| H$s H$hmZr ........ Eogm Xoe h¡ _oam&&
o

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
tt

{h_mb` nd©V ^maV _mVm H$s MmoQ>r na h¡Ÿ& dh h_mar nhaoXmar

H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H${dVm H$mo n‹T>mVo g_` {h_mb` nd©V H$s OmZH$mar
No

Adí` X|Ÿ&

8
 2. Jwbm~ qgh
- gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ
Ame` :
Bg H$hmZr Ho$ X²dmam Xoe^{ŠV, Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ, ^mB©-~hZ H$m ào_,

d
àOm H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m±, H$V©ì` Am{X H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg nmR> _|

he
"P§S>m' ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ g§Ho$V Ho$ ê$n _| {XIm`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

{XZ Am¡a VmarI H$s µOê$aV ZhtŸ& O~ h_ A_a A§V H$s H$hmZr

is
re S
H$hZodmbo h¢ V~ EH$ {XZ Am¡a EH$ VmarI H$mo nH$‹S>H$a Š`m| Mb|?
B
bl
CgHo$ Ka _| {nVm Wo, _m± Wr Am¡a EH$ Jw{S‹ >`m-gr ~hZ WrŸ& Jwbm~ qgh
be T
pu
gmao Ka H$m Xwbmam WmŸ&
K
o
tt ©
No

EH$ {XZ H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& dh ~r_ma n‹S>mŸ& _m± Zo CgH$m ImZm {~ëHw$b ~§X
H$a {X`m WmŸ& na CgH$m ~ma-~ma Hw$N> ImZo H$mo _m±JZm, N>moQ>r ~hZ go Z
ghm J`mŸ& dh MwnHo$ go Jw‹S> Am¡a MZo Mwam bmB© Am¡a {Ibm {XE AnZo ^¡`m
9
 H$moŸ& CgHo$ ~mX ^¡`m H$m ~wIma ~‹T> J`m na dh Vmo {Ibm hr MwH$s WrŸ&
AnZo ^mB© Ho$ g§Vmof Ho$ {bE dh _m±-~mn H$m Jwñgm ^r ghZo H$mo V¡`ma WrŸ&
na ^mB© Zo Jw‹S>-MZo H$s ~mV {H$gr H$mo Z ~VmB©Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao amoJ CVa J`m na
^mB© Ho$ _Z na ~hZ Ho$ ào_ H$s N>mn n‹S> JB©Ÿ&
Eogr EH$ Zht, AZoH$ ~mV| − ~hZ H$s, _m± H$s, {nVm H$s, CgHo$ _Z

d
na N>nt WtŸ& dh H$^r CZgo b‹S>Vm-PJ‹S>Vm ^r, na Am±Im| Ho$ Am±gy Am¡a _Z

he
Ho$ a§J, CgHo$ _Z na N>nr BZ Vñdram| H$mo Ymo Z gHo$Ÿ&

is
re S
EH$ {XZ Eogr hdm ~hr {H$ _waPmE hþE {Xbm| _| ZB© OmZ Am JB©Ÿ& `h
B
bl
hdm C_§Jm| H$s hdm WrŸ& ~‹S>m ^mar Owbyg {ZH$bZm WmŸ& na ~mXemh H$m
hþŠ_ Wm {H$ Owbyg Z {ZH$boŸ& eha _| AmV§H$ N>m J`mŸ&
be T
pu
K

""~‹S>m Am`m ~mXemh ! Š`m| Z {ZH$bo Owbyg? Š`m| Z {ZH$bo h_mam

P§S>m !'' ^mB© Zo ~hZ go H$hmŸ&
©

~hZ ~mobr, ""H$m¡Z h¡ `h ~mXemh ?''

^¡`m Zo H$hm, ""D±$h, hmoJm H$moB© !''
~hZ Zo nyN>m, ""Š`m| Z {ZH$bo Owbyg? Š`m| Z {ZH$bo P§S>m?''
o

^mB© H$Qw> ñda _| ~mobm, ""h_mam Xoe ~mXemh H$m Jwbm_ Omo h¡Ÿ&''
tt

CÎma Wm − V~ Vmo µOê$a {ZH$bo Owbyg! h_ µOê$a \$hamE±Jo AnZm

No

P§S>m! XoIVo h¢ H$m¡Z amoH$Vm h¡ h_| !

P§S>o H$s V¡`mar hmoZo bJrŸ& ~hZ Zo AnZr nwamZr Amo‹T>Zr \$m‹S>H$a P§S>m
~Zm {b`mŸ& bmb-ham a§J ^r M‹T> J`mŸ& ^mB© Zo Cgo AnZo IobZo Ho$ S>§S>o go
~m±Y {b`mŸ& P§S>m V¡`ma WmŸ&

10
 d
is he
re S
A~ ^mB© P§S>m boH$a MbmŸ& ""Aao ^mB© ! OmVo H$hm± hmo ? h_ ^r gmW
B
bl
Mb|Jo,'' ~hZ AmJ«h go ~mobrŸ&
be T
pu
""na ~hZ, ~‹S>r Xya OmZm h¡Ÿ& Vw_ WH$ OmAmoJrŸ&''
K

""Zht ^¡`m !''

©

""Zht ~hZ !''

""Owbyg H$m¡Z ~ZmEJm? Vw_ P§S>m CR>mZm, h_ Owbyg ~ZmH$a Mb|Jo
nrN>o-nrN>oŸ&''
""Zht amZr, Vw_ Owbyg Zht..., Vw_ EH$ H$m_ H$amoŸ& h_| amobr H$m
{VbH$ bJmH$a {dXm H$amo O¡go amOHw$_mar AnZo ^mB© amOHw$_ma H$mo {dXm
o

H$aVr h¡Ÿ&''
tt

~hZ Zo Iwer H$s {H$bH$mar Ho$ gmW Vmbr ~OmB© Am¡a Xm¡‹S>H$a, Wmo‹S>r-
gr amobr, Wmo‹S>o-go Mmdb gOm bmB©Ÿ& Wmbr _| EH$ Xr`m ^r Ob ahm WmŸ&
No

^mB© H$s AmaVr CVmaZr WrŸ& _w±h Ho$ Mmam| Vaµ\$ Ky_Vr Wmbr EH$ Am^m_§S>b
~ZmZo bJrŸ& CgZo Xodr-XodVmAm| Ho$ {MÌm| _| ^r d¡gm hr Am^m_§S>b XoIm
WmŸ& ^mB© Ho$ Mmam| Vaµ\$ d¡gm hr Am^m_§S>b XoIH$a dh ~hþV Iwe hþB©Ÿ&
~hZ Zo ^mB© Ho$ _mWo na {VbH$ bJm`m, Mmdb {~IamEŸ& V~ ^mB© Zo ~hZ
Ho$ n¡a Nw>E Am¡a {dXm brŸ& ~hZ Zo ^mB© Ho$ {ga na hmW \o$am Am¡a ~b¡`m± btŸ&
11
 A~ dh P§S>m boH$a MbmŸ& ~hZ XadmµOo na I‹S>r XoIVr ah JB©Ÿ&
H$hm{Z`m| H$s amOHw$_mar Bgr Vah {dXm XoVr h¡Ÿ& dh P§S>o H$mo bhamVo hþE bo
OmVo ^mB© H$mo Xya VH$ XoIVr ahrŸ&
Hw$N> Xya OmZo na ~mXemh Ho$ {gnm{h`m| Zo P§S>odmbo H$mo amoH$mŸ& dh Z
éH$mŸ& ~mXemh Ho$ {gnm{h`m| Zo Jmobr Mbm XrŸ& dh {JamŸ& P§S>m Z {JamŸ& dh
CgHo$ hmW _| WmŸ& Jmobr MbVo XoI H$moB© CgHo$ nmg Z Am`mŸ& ~hZ Zo ^mB©

d
H$mo {JaVo XoIm, dh Xm¡‹S> n‹S>rŸ& ^mB© IyZ go bWnW n‹S>m WmŸ& dh nwH$maVr

he
ahr, ""^¡`m ! ^¡`m !''
^mB© Ho$ àmU _mZmo `h A_¥VdmUr gwZH$a bm¡Q> n‹S>oŸ& dh ~mobm, ""Vy Am

is
re S
JB©, `h P§S>m boŸ&''
B
bl
~hZ Zo P§S>m Wm_ {b`mŸ& ^mB© Mbm J`mŸ& ~hþV amoB©, na P§S>m hmW _|
CR>mE ahrŸ& ~mXemh Ho$ {gnmhr _mZm| J‹T> OrVH$a Mbo JEŸ& bmoJ ^mJo AmEŸ&
be T
pu
CÝhm|Zo ^mB© H$s Xoh CR>mB©Ÿ& AmJo-AmJo P§S>m {bE ~hZ MbZo bJrŸ&
K

~mXemh H$m hþŠ_ Wm − "Owbyg Zht {ZH$boJm'Ÿ& Owbyg {ZH$bmŸ& "P§S>m

©

Zht {ZH$boJm'Ÿ& P§S>m {ZH$bm Am¡a ~‹S>r emZ go {ZH$bmŸ&

`h ~mbH$ Wm − Jwbm~ qgh Omo AnZr gwJ§Y {~IoaH$a Mbm J`mŸ&
*****
bo{IH$m n[aM`
o

gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ (1904-1948) H$m OÝ_ à`mJ, `y.nr. _| hþAm

tt

WmŸ& ~më`H$mb go gm{hË` _| BZH$s {deof é{M WrŸ& àW_ H$mì` aMZm 15
df© H$s Am`w _| hr H$s WrŸ& amï´>r` Am§XmobZ _| Amn ^mJ boVr ahtŸ& Amn H$B©
No

~ma Oob J`r WtŸ& gm{hË` Am¡a amOZr{VH$ OrdZ _| g_mZ ê$n go ^mJ bo
H$a, OrdZ Ho$ A§V VH$ Xoe H$s godm H$aVr ahtŸ&
Amn H$s aMZmAm| _| Xoe-ào_, ^maVr` B{Vhmg VWm g§ñH¥${V H$s N>mn
XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& ""Pm±gr H$s amZr'' BZH$s à{gÕ H${dVm h¡Ÿ& H${dVmAm| Ho$
g§H$bZ ""{ÌYmam' d "_wHw$b' Zm_ go àH$m{eV hþE h¢Ÿ&
12
 Amn H$s H$hm{Z`m± gab e¡br, _YwaV_ ^mdZmAm|, AmXe© Am¡a `WmW©
Ho$ __©ñneu g§Kfm] na AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& Amn H$s H$hm{Z`m| na qhXr gm{hË`
gå_obZ H$s Amoa go Xmo ~ma "goŠg[a`m nwañH$ma' {_bm WmŸ& AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m|
Ho$ g§J«hm| Ho$ Zm_ h¢ - "{~Iao _moVr' VWm "CÝ_m{XZr'Ÿ&
eãXmW© :

d
N>mn − Aga, à^md ; Xwbmam − bm‹S>bm , ~wIma − Áda , Vñdra − {MÌ ,

he
Owbyg − OZ`mÌm , ~mXemh − amOm , hþŠ_ − AmXoe, Amkm ; amobr −
{VbH$ bJmZo H$s bmb ~wH$Zr, MyU©; Am^m_§S>b − H$m§{V H$m Koam , ~b¡`m

is
boZm - {H$gr Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s H$m_Zm H$aZm, {~IoaZm − BYa-CYa \¡$bmZm ,
re S
bWnW − ^rJm hþAm, gZm hþAm ; Wm_ − nH$‹S> , emZ − R>mQ>-~mQ> , à{Vð>m;
B
bl
gwJ§Y − gwdmg, Iwe~y>&
be T
pu
K

Aä`mg
©

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {H$g H$maU go ~mbH$ H$m ImZm ~§X H$a {X`m J`m ?
2. ~hZ Zo ^mB© H$mo Š`m {Ibm {X`m ?
3. eha _| Š`m| AmV§H$ N>m J`m ?
o

4. Wmbr _| Š`m Ob ahm Wm ?

tt

5 P§‹S>m {H$ggo ~Zm ?

No

6. ~hZ Zo Š`m Wm_ {b`m ?

II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. ^mB© H$mo ~hZ H¡$go {dXm H$aVr h¡ ?
2. ^mB© H$mo {JaVo XoIH$a ~hZ Zo Š`m {H$`m ?
13
 III. Omo{‹S>E :
1. ~mbH$ gmao Ka H$m Vw_ WH$ OmAmoJrŸ&
2. ^mB© IyZ go Xwbmam WmŸ&
3. ~‹S>r Xya OmZm h¡ bWnW n‹S>m WmŸ&
IV. dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

d
Owbyg, Am^m_§‹S>b, AmV§H$, hþŠ_

he
V. g§km, gd©Zm_ eãXmo§ H$mo AbJ-AbJ {b{IE:
Oybyg, dh, _m±, ~mXemh, Jwbm~qgh

is
re S
~hZ, Cgo, ^¡`m, AnZo, BZ, P§S>m
B
bl
{gnmhr, bmoJ, CÝhm|Zo, Jmobr, IyZ
be T
pu
VI. {deofU eãX N>m±Q>H$a AbJ {b{IE:
K

1. H$mbm Hw$Îmm ^m¢H$ ahm h¡&

©

2. VmoVm hao a§J H$m h¡&

3. dh nrbm nnrVm Im ahm h¡&
4. gw§Xa b‹S>H$s Iy~ JmVr h¡&
VII. AZwê$nVm :
1. {ÌYmam : H${dVm :: {~Iao_moVr :
o

2. amZr : amOm :: ~oJ_ :

tt

3. A§Jya : \$b :: Jwbm~ :

4. Xr`m : Xrn :: nVmH$m :
No

VIII. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE:

1. ~mXemh -
2. amOm -
3. {nVm -
14
 4. boIH$ -
5. Xodr -
6. ~hZ -
IX. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:
1. P§‹S>m -

d
2. XadmOm -

he
3. Amo‹T>Zr -
4. H$hmZr -

is
4.
re S
S>§S>m
B
-

bl
5. Wmbr -
be T
pu
X. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
K
©

1. g_rn
o

2. IyZ
tt

3. P§S>m
No

4. g§Vmof

15
 XI. C{MV eãX go Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. ~‹S>m ^mar Owbyg Wm& ({ZH$mbZm, {ZH$bZm)
2. dh gmao Ka H$m Xþbmam & (Wm, Wr)
3. P§S>o H$s V¡`mar hmoZo & (bJm, bJr)
4. bmoJ ^mJo & (Am`m, AmE)

d
XII. Imbr OJh ^[aE :

he
1. {_bZm {_bmZm
2. XoIZm {XIdmZm

is
re S
3. ImZm
B
{IbdmZm

bl
4. {~R>mZm
be T
pu
5. Ky_Zm Kw_mZm
K

XIII. Z`o eãX ~ZmH$a {b{IE:

©

AZ
~o OmZ
gw
o

Bgr àH$ma "AZ', "~o', "gw' H$mo OmoS‹ >H$a AÝ` nm±M-nm±M Z`o eãX {b{IE:
tt

CXm : AZmJ[aH$
1.
No

2.
3.
4.
5.

16
 ^mfm kmZ
H$maH$ :
g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ Cg ê$n H$mo "H$maH$' H$hVo h¢, {Oggo CgH$m g§~§Y
dmŠ` Ho$ AÝ` eãXm|, {deofV… {H«$`m Ho$ gmW àH$Q> hmoVm h¡& dmñVd _|
"H$maH$' {d^{ŠV {Mh²Zm| go `wŠV g§km `m gd©Zm_ hmoVo h¢&

d
{d^{ŠV`m± ({Mh²Z) H$maH$

he
1. Zo H$Vm© H$maH$
2. H$mo H$_© H$maH$

is
3.
re S
go, Ho$ gmW, Ho$ Ûmam
B
H$aU H$maH$

bl
4. H$mo, Ho$ {bE g§àXmZ H$maH$
be T
pu
5. go, (AbJ hmoZm) AnmXmZ H$maH$
K

6. H$m, Ho$, H$s g§~§Y H$maH$

©

7. _o§, na A{YH$aU H$maH$

8. ho! Aao! g§~moYZ H$maH$
g§km eãX H$m H$maH$ ê$n :
eãX {d^{ŠV àË`` H$maH$ eãX H$maH$ H$m Zm_
1. Jwbm~ qgh Zo Jwbm~ qgh Zo H$Vm© H$maH$
o

2. Jwbm~ qgh H$mo Jwbm~ qgh H$mo H$_© H$maH$

tt

3. Jwbm~ qgh go, Ho$ X²dmam Jwbm~ qgh go H$aU H$maH$

No

4. Jwbm~ qgh H$mo, Ho$ {bE Jwbm~ qgh Ho$ {bE g§àXmZ H$maH$
5. Jwbm~ qgh go Jwbm~ qgh Ho$ Ûmam AnmXmZ H$maH$
6. Jwbm~ qgh H$m/Ho$/H$s Jwbm~ qgh H$m
Jwbm~ qgh Ho$ g§~§YH$maH$
Jwbm~ qgh H$s
17
 7. Jwbm~ qgh _|/na Jwbm~ qgh _| A{YH$aU H$maH$
Jwbm~ qgh na
8. Jwbm~ qgh ho!/Aao! ho Jwbm~ qgh! g§~moYZ H$maH$
gd©Zm_ eãX H$m H$maH$ ê$n :
eãX + {d^{ŠV àË`` = H$maH$ eãX H$maH$ H$m Zm_

d
1. h_ + Zo = h_Zo - H$Vm© H$maH$

he
2. h_ + H$mo = h_H$mo - H$_© H$maH$
3. h_ + go Ho$ Ûmam = h_go / h_mao X²dmam - H$aU H$maH$

is
4. h_
re S
+
B
H$mo/Ho$ {bE = h_H$mo/h_mao {bE - g§àXmZ H$maH$

bl
5. h_ + go = h_go - AnmXmZ H$maH$
be T
pu
6. h_ + H$m/Ho$/H$s = h_mam/h_mao/h_mar - g§~§Y H$maH$
K

7. h_ + _|/na = h__|/h_ na - A{YH$aU H$maH$

©

I. Imbr OJh ^[aE :

CXm: 1. ~hZ + Zo = ~hZ Zo H$Vm© H$maH$
2. + H$s = ~hZ H$s
3. h_ + = h_mao {bE
o

4. h_ + H$m =
tt

5. + H$m = Vwåhmam
6. Vw_ + go =
No

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V : N>mÌm| H$mo ^maV Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ehrX hþE
Xoe^ŠVm| H$m n[aM` H$amE±&

18
 3. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
- S>m°. OJXre M§Ð
Ame` :
^maV Xoe _| OÝ_o AZoH$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| Zo ^maV H$s H$s{V© {dXoem| _|

d
\¡$bm`r& Eogo ì`{ŠV`m| _| go EH$ h¡§ ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X& Bg nmR> _| CZH$s

he
_hmZVm Ho$ n[aM` Ho$ gmW Xoeào_ H$s àoaUm ^r àmá $H$a gH$Vo h¢&

^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X H$m Zm_ A_a h¡& Bg dra

is
re S
gÝ`mgr Zo Xoe-{dXoe _| ^«_U H$a ^maVr` Y_© Am¡a Xe©Z H$m àgma {H$`m
B
bl
VWm g_mO-godm H$m Z`m _mJ© {XIm`m&
be T
pu
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ 12 OZdar 1863 H$mo H$bH$Îmo Ho$ EH$
K

H$m`ñW KamZo _| hþAm Wm& CZHo$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ Za|Ð Xod Wm& CZHo$ {nVm
lr {dídZmW XÎm EH$ à{V{ð>V dH$sb Wo& CZH$s _mVm lr_Vr ^wdZoídar Xodr
©

Y_©nam`U _{hbm Wt&

~mbH$ Za|Ð H$m eara ñdñW, gw‹S>m¡b Am¡a gw§Xa Wm& Hw$íVr b‹S>Zo, Xm¡‹S>
bJmZo, Kw‹S>gdmar H$aZo Am¡a V¡aZo _| CÝh| ~‹S>m AmZ§X {_bVm Wm& do g§JrV Ed§
Iob-Hy$X H$s à{V`mo{JVmAm| _| ^r ^mJ {b`m H$aVo Wo&
o

Za|Ð Ama§^ go hr n‹T>mB©-{bImB© _| ~‹S>o VoO Wo& do AnZo ñHy$b _|

tt

gd©àW_ ahm H$aVo Wo& EÝQ´>Ýg narjm _| ^r do àW_ loUr _o CÎmrU© hþE Wo&
~r.E. H$s narjm nmg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo H$mZyZ H$m AÜ``Z àma§^ {H$`m&
No

Bgr ~rM _| CZHo$ {nVm H$m Xohm§V hmo J`m&

AÜ``Z H$mb _| CZH$s é{M ì`m»`mZ XoZo Am¡a {dMmam| Ho$ AmXmZ-
àXmZ H$aZo _| Wr& Bgr H$maU CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$m°boO _| EH$ ì`m»`mZ-g{_{V
~ZmB© Wr Am¡a H$B© à{V`mo{JVmAm| H$m Am`moOZ ^r {H$`m Wm& nmíMmË` {dkmZ

19
 VWm Xe©Z H$m ^r CÝhm|Zo AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm& {H$emoamdñWm go hr Za|Ð
Xme©{ZH$ Ed§ Ym{_©H$ {dMmam| _| V„rZ ahVo Wo& EH$ {XZ Za|Ð am_H¥$îU
na_h§g Ho$ nmg nhþ±Mo Am¡a AnZr {Okmgm CÝh| H$h gwZmB©& am_H¥$îU na_h§g
Zo Za|Ð H$mo AnZm {eî` ñdrH$ma {H$`m&
ñdm_r na_h§g
Ho$ OrdZ-Xe©Z go

d
{ddo H $mZ§ X BVZo

he
à^m{dV hþE Wo {H$
CÝhm|Zo AnZo Jwé Ho$

is
g§Xe re S
o H$m àgma H$aZm
Mmhm& OZVm H$mo
B
bl
gË` H$s amh {XImZo
be T
pu
Ho$ {bE {gV§~a gZ²
K

1893 H$mo do g§`wŠV

amÁ` A_arH$m J`o& Cg g_` dhm± {eH$mJmo ZJa _| gd©Y_© gå_obZ hmo ahm
©

Wm& Bg _hmg^m _| {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ^maVr` Y_© Am¡a VËdkmZ na ^mfU {X`m&

CZH$m ^mfU ~‹S>m J§^ra Ed§ öX`ñneu Wm& CZH$s dmUr gwZH$a lmoVmJU
_w½Y hmo J`o& Hw$N> g_` VH$ do A_arH$m _| hr aho Am¡a AnZo ^mfUm| X²dmam
bmoJm| H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a g§`_ H$m nmR> n‹T>m`m& BgHo$ ~mX do B§½b¢S> Am¡a
pñdQ²>Oab¢S> ^r J`o Am¡a dhm± CÝhm|Zo gË` Am¡a Y_© H$m àgma H$a ^maV Ho$
o

Jm¡ad H$mo ~‹T>m`m& AZoH$ {dXoer ñdm_rOr Ho$ {eî` ~Z J`o& CZ_| go Hw$_mar
tt

_mJ© aoQ> E{bµO~oW H$m Zm_ CëboIZr` h¡, Omo ñdm_rOr H$s AZw`m{`Zr ~ZH$a
{gñQ>a {Zdo{XVm Ho$ Zm_ go g§gma _| à{gX²Y hþB©&
No

ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ^maV _| ^r ^«_U H$aHo$ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V

Am¡a gä`Vm H$m gXþnXoe {X`m& CÝhm|Zo A§Y{dídmgm| VWm ê${‹T>`m| H$mo hQ>mH$a
Y_© H$m dmñV{dH$ __© g_Pm`m& gmYw-gÝ`mgr dJ© H$mo ^r CÝhm|Zo em§{V
àmá H$aZo H$m Z`m _mJ© OVm`m& dh Wm XrZ-XþIr OZm| H$s godm Am¡a
ghm`Vm H$m _mJ©&
20
 ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo g_mO godm H$mo na_mË_m H$s gÀMr godm ~Vbm`m&
do ñd`§ ^r g_mO godm _| bJ OmVo Wo& gZ² 1897 _| ßboJ Am¡a AH$mb go
nr{‹S>V ^maVdm{g`m| H$s CÝhm|oZo ~‹S>r VÝ_`Vm go godm H$s Wr& g_W© bmoJm| H$mo
CÝhm|Zo Jar~m| H$s Xem gwYmaZo H$m g§Xoe {X`m& Bgr Ü`o` go CÝhm|Zo H$bH$Îmo
_| "am_H¥$îU {_eZ' H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
ñdm_rOr Zo AkmZ, A{ejm,

d
{dXoer AZwH$aU, Xmñ` _Zmo^md

he
Am{X Ho$ ~wao à^mdm| H$m ~moY H$am`m&
CÝhm|Zo AnZo ^mfUm| X²dmam OZVm
Ho$ _Z go hrZVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo Xÿa

is
re S
^JmZo H$m àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ {H$`m&
B
bl
AnZo EH$ ^mfU _| CÝhm|Zo H$hm
Wm- "ß`mao Xoedm{g`mo& dra ~Zmo
be T
pu
Am¡a bbH$ma H$a H$hmo {H$ _¢ ^maVr`
K

h±ÿ& AZn‹T> ^maVr`, {ZY©Z ^maVr`,

D±$Mr Om{V H$m ^maVr`, ZrM Om{V H$m ^maVr`-g~ _oao ^mB© h¢& CZH$s
©

à{Vð>m _oar à{Vð>m h¡& CZH$m Jm¡ad _oam Jm¡ad h¡&''

4 OwbmB© gZ² 1902 H$mo ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X nabmoH$ {gYmao& bo{H$Z AmO
^r CZHo$ H$m`© Am¡a g§Xoe A_a h¢&
*****
o

boIH$ n[aM`
tt

Bg nmR> Ho$ boIH$ S>m°. OJXre M§Ð h¢& BÝhm|Zo ^maV Ho$ {H$emoa ~mbH$-
~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ g_j AmXe© àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ _hmnwéfm| H$s
No

Ord{Z`m± {bIr h¢&

eãXmW© :
KamZm-Hw$b, ^«_U H$aZm - Ky_Zm, à{V{ð>V -à{gX²Y , Y_© nam`U - Y_©
H$m nmbZ H$aZodmbm , gw‹S>m¡b - gw§Xa AmH$madmbm , é{M - Amg{ŠV ,
ì`m»`mZ - ^mfU, AmXmZ-nXmZ - boZm-XoZm , {Okmgm-OmZZo H$s BÀN>m,
21
 VËdkmZ-~«÷kmZ, lmoVmJU-gwZZodmbm| H$m g_yh, _w½Y -_mo{hV, __©-^oX,
ahñ`; OVmZm-~VmZm, bbH$ma-MwZm¡Vr, M¡b|O; nabmoH$ {gYmaZm-_aZm,
Xohm§V hmoZm&
Aä`mg

d
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

he
1. {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?
2. {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ H$~ hþAm Wm?

is
re S
3. Za|Ð n‹T>Zo _| H¡$go Wo?
B
bl
4. {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ Jwé H$m¡Z Wo?
be T
pu
K

5. {ddoH$mZ§X A_arH$m H$~ J`o?

©

6. {ddoH$mZ§X H$s AZw`m{`Zr H$m¡Z Wr?

7. {ddoH$mZ§X H$m Xohm§V H$~ hþAm?

II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo H$m¡Z-gm d«V {b`m?
o

2. {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

tt

3. {ddoH$mZ§X H$s é{M {H$Z-{H$Z {df`m| _| Wr?

No

4. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ^maVdm{g`m| H$mo Š`m CnXoe {X`m?

5. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo {H$Z-{H$Z Xoem| H$s `mÌm H$s?
6. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo OZVm H$mo bbH$ma H$a Š`m H$hZo H$mo H$hm?

22
 III. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:
1. ê$‹T>r -
2. ì`m»`m -
3. godm -
4. Amkm -

d
he
5. Cnm{Y -
6. emIm -

is
IV.
re S
AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:
B
bl
1. _mVm -
be T
2. Kmo‹S>m -
pu
K

3. ñdm_r -
4. AZw`m`r -
©

5. ~mbH$ -
6. {eî` -
V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE:
1. Jm¡ad x
o

2. XþI x
tt

3. gË` x
4. Y_©
No

x
5. ñdXoe x
6. g_W© x
7. g~b x
8. kmZ x

23
 VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:
1. ^wdZoídar Xodr
2. am_H¥$îU {_eZ H$s ñWmnZm
3. {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_
4. A§Y{dídmg H$mo hQ>mH$a
Y_© H$m __© g_Pm`m&
Y_©nam`U _{hbm Wt&
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo H$s&
H$bH$Îmo _| hþAm&

d
he
VII. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE:
1. Kw‹S>gdmar 2. öX`ñneu

is
re S
3. A§Y{dídmg
B 4. AH$mb

bl
5. {Okmgm
be T
pu
VIII. dmŠ` ewÕ H$s{OE:
K

1. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo à`ËZerb ahr&

©

2. CZH$s ^mfU J§^ra Wr&

3. ñdm_rOr H$mo{ee {H$&
4. Hw$_mar _mJ© aoQ> ñdm_rOr H$m AZw`m`r ~Z J`m&
5. CÝhm|Zo Jar~m| Ho$ Xem gwYmaZo Ho$ g§Xoe {X`m&
o
tt

IX. Vm{bH$m Ho$ AmYma na nm±M dmŠ` ~ZmBE:

`h _hoe H$m JwéOr h¡&
No

`o Ho$ ^mB©
H$s ~hZ h¢&
_H$mZ
CXm : `h _hoe H$m ^mB© h¡&
24
 X. [aŠV ñWmZ ^aH$a gmW©H$ eãX ~ZmBE:
CXm : {d {d
g am g do am
H$ H$
1. C 2. g 3. Am 4. Ym 5. ^m

d
A a A V à Z H$m H$ {Z V

he
{Y {V Z H$ V

is
XI. re S
{X`o J`o eãXm| _| {Z{hV Mma Z`o eãX T>±‹yT>H$a {b{IE:
B
bl
CXm : Y_©nam`U Y_© am` nU Yam
be T
1. Kw‹S>gdmar
pu
K

2. na_h§g
©

3. A§Y{dídmg
4. ^maVdmgr
5. {ddoH$mZ§X
XII. ghr H$maH$ {Mh²Zm| go [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
o

1. ZXr VQ> na Am_ H$m no‹S> h¡& (H$s/Ho$)

tt

2. aobJm‹S>r B§OZ go Yw±Am {ZH$bVm h¡& (Ho$/H$m)

No

3. OmZdam| X`m H$aZr Mm{hE& ( _|/na)

4. OdmZ Am¡a ~y‹T>m| A§Va hmoVm h¡& (go/_|)
5. Yyn nÎmo gyI J`o& (H$mo/go)

25
 XIII. AZwê$nVm:
1. am_H¥$îU na_h§g : emaXmXodr :: {dídZmW XÎm :
2. 1863 : {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ :: 1893 :
3. {ddoH$mZ§X : Za|Ð :: {gñQ>a {Zdo{XVm :
4. {eH$mJmo : A_arH$m :: H$bH$Îmm :

d
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :

he
h_mao Xoe Ho$ Hw$N> _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| H$m n[aM` àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm|
go H$h| VWm CZHo$ AmXem] H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {bE CÝh| àmoËgm{hV H$a|& O¡go

is
re S
S>m°.~r.Ama. Aå~oS>H$a, _hmË_m Jm±Yr, ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ Am{X&
B
bl
be T
pu
K
o
tt ©
No

26
 4. AZwemgZ hr emgZ h¡
- S>m°. a_oe {_bZ
Ame` :
""bmb, har, nrbr ~Îmr, `o Q>¡´{\$H$ Ho$ g§Ho$V - Mbmo har na, éH$mo bmb na,

d
nrbr H$ao gMoV, g‹S>H$ nma µOr~am H«$mqgJ na&'' Bg nÚ Ho$ Ûmam {dÚm{W©`m|

he
H$mo g‹S>H$ nma H$aVo g_` Ü`mZ aIZo H$s ~mV| {gIm`r Om gH$Vr h¡&
MbVr ~g _| M‹T>mo Zht Vw_, Am¡a H$^r _V Hy$Xmo

is
H$^r g‹S>H$ na OmH$a ~ÀMmo, Zht IobZo bJZm
re S
gmB{H$b na hmo `m hmo n¡Xb, H$^r Z ~o‹T>~ MbZm....
B
bl
Z OmZo Š`m| hob_oQ> {~Z, g_PXma `o MbVo
be T
pu
{ga Vmo Am{Ia AnZm hr h¡, BVZm Zht g_PVo
K

Ka na OmohVo ~mQ>, Z Xmo CZH$mo J_ H$s gm¡JmV .....

XþK©Q>Zm hmo Om` g‹S>H$ na, H$^r Z Am±I MwamAmo
©

H$amo _XX Km`b H$s, \$m¡aZ AñnVmb nhþ±MmAmo

OrdZ h¡ AZ_mob, H$moB© Z hmoZo nm`o AZmW ......
OJh-OJh na Mm¡amhm| na, Omo g§Ho$V {XE h¢
CZH$m nmbZ H$aZo dmbo, g~Ho$ {à` aho h¢
OrAmo Am¡a OrZo Xmo H$m, do nmb aho {gÕmÝV&
o

*****
tt

H${d n[aM`
No

S>m°. a_oe {_bZ {h§Xr Ho$ gwà{gÕ ~mb gm{hË`H$ma h¢& CZH$m OÝ_ 7
OwbmB© 1946 H$mo J«m_ _m±M‹S>, {Obm ~wb§Xeha, CÎma àXoe _| hþAm& CÝhm|Zo
{h§Xr Ed§ amOZr{V emó _| E_.E. {H$`m h¡& CZH$s hmñ`-ì`§½` Zm{Q>H$m "~mV
BVZr gr h¡' H$m XÿaXe©Z _| Ymamdm{hH$ Ho$ ê$n _| àgmaU hþAm h¡& CZH$m
H${dVm g§J«h "gmoZo H$s _N>br' EZ.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r. Ûmam nwañH¥$V h¡& CZH$s AÝ`
27
 à_wI aMZmE± h¢ _ohZV H$s _hH$, {WaH$Vo n§H$ (H$hm{Z`m±), gag JrV {dkmZ
Ho$ (kmZ), EH$ M_Z Ho$ \y$b (CnÝ`mg) Am{X& àñVwV H${dVm CZHo$ H${dVm
- g§J«h "H$mo{H$b H§$R> gbmoZo JrV' go br JB© h¡&
eãXmW© :
~o‹T>~-A§Ym Yw§Y, ~mQ> OmohZm - àVrjm H$aZm, J_-XþI, emoH$;

d
gm¡JmV - Vmoh\$m, Cnhma, ^|Q> ; Am±I MwamZm - gm_Zo Z AmZm,

he
\$m¡aZ-Vwa§V, OëXr ; AZ_mob - A_yë`, Mm¡amh - Ohm± Mma amñVo {_bVo hmo§&
Aä`mg

is
I. EH$
re S
dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
B
bl
1. ~ÀMm| H$mo g‹S>H$ na OmH$a Š`m Zht H$aZm h¡?
be T
2.
pu
hob_oQ> Ho$ {~Zm H$m¡Z MbVo h¢?
K

3. ~mQ> OmohZo dmbm| H$mo Š`m Zht XooZm Mm{hE?

©

4. Km`b H$mo \$m¡aZ H$hm± nhþ±MmZm Mm{hE?

5. Š`m AZ_mob h¡?
6. Mm¡amhm| na Š`m {XE JE h¢?
II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
o

1. Mm¡amhm| na {XE JE g§Ho$Vm| H$mo {dñVma go ~VmBE&

tt

2. XþK©Q>Zm go ~MZo Ho$ H$moB© Xmo Cnm` {b{IE&

No

III. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:

1. g‹S>H$ - 4. XþK©Q>ZmE± -
2. gmB{H$b - 5. Mm¡amh| -
3. ~ÀMm - 6. {gÕm§V -
28
 IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:
1. Iob - IobZm
2. bJ -
3. Mb -

d
4. éH$ -

he
5. Mwam -

is
6. nhþM±
re S -
B
bl
V. g‹S>H$ na MbVo g_` g~H$mo AZoH$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm
h¡& Bgr Vah Ho$ {H$Ýht nm±M Eogo {Z`_m| H$mo {b{IE {OÝh| Amn
be T
pu
AnZo ñHy$b _| nmbZ H$aVo h¢&
K

O¡go : g_` na ñHy$b nh±þMZm&

©

1.
2.
3.
o

4.
tt

5.
No

VI. AZwê$nVm:
1. MbVr ~g _| : M‹T>mo Zht Vw_ :: g‹S>H$ na OmH$a :
2. H$amo _XX : Km`b H$s :: nmbZ H$amo :

29
 3. bmba§J : éH$Zm :: ham a§J :
4. Mma nW : MVwînW :: Mma amh :

VII. ghr (3) Am¡a JbV (2) {Mh²Z bJmBE:

1. g‹S>H$ na MbVo g_` IobZm h¡¡& ( )

d
2. g_PXma hob_oQ> nhZH$a dmhZ MbmVo h¢& ( )

he
3. Ka na BÝVµOma H$aZo dmbm| H$mo J_ H$m gm¡JmV XoZm h¡& ( )
4. XþK©Q>Zm hmoZo na Z Am±I MwamZm h¡& ( )

is
re S
5. Km`b H$s _XX Zht H$aZr Mm{hE& (
B
)

bl
6. h_o§ MbVr ~g _| M‹T>Zm Zht Mm{hE& ( )
be T
pu
K

VIII. CÎma {bIH$a C{MV a§J ^[aE:

1. bmb ~Îmr ObZo na Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?
©

2. nrbr ~Îmr Š`m ~VmVr h¡?

3. har ~Îmr XoIZo na Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?
4. g‹S>H$ H$m a§J H$m¡Z-gm hmoVm h¡?
o

éH$Zm
aZm
tt

a§J ^

1
bmb
No

2
4
3

30
 IX. Zmam| H$s ñnYm© :
CXm : 1. gwajm OrdZ H$m
AW© h¡,
gwajm Ho$ {~Z
g~ ì`W© h¡&

d
he
2. _V H$amo BVZr _ñVr,
{OÝXJr Zht h¡ gñVr&

is
re S
CXmhaUm| Ho$ AZwgma VrZ Zmao {bIH$a H$jm _| àñVwV H$s{OE&
B
bl
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
be T
pu
1. H$mS>© ~moS>© na g‹S>H$ H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a {d{^Þ g§Ho$Vm| H$m àXe©Z
K

H$admE±&
©

2. Q´>¡{\$H$ nw{bg H$s ^y{_H$m _| `mVm`mV g§~§Yr {Z`_mo§ H$m _yH$

A{^Z` H$admE±&
o
tt
No

31
 5. _m¡gr
- ^rî_ gmhZr
(g§H${bV A§e)
Ame` :

d
àñVwV nmR> _| _m¡gr Ho$ {Z…ñdmW© godm _Zmo^md H$m {MÌU h¡& Bg H$hmZr go

he
~ÀMm| H$mo namonH$ma, ~‹S>o-~wOwJm] Ho$ à{V AmXa Am¡a Aghm`H$m| H$s _XX H$aZo
H$s àoaUm {_bVr h¡&

is
Cg Am¡aV H$mo g^r _m¡gr H$hH$a
re S
nwH$maVo Wo, ~ÀMo ^r Am¡a ~‹S>r C_« Ho$
B
bl
bmoJ ^r& _m¡gr g~H$mo _m± Ho$ O¡go
be T
ß`mar ~Zr Wr& g~Ho$ gwI-Xþ…I Ho$
pu
K

g_` _| gmW XoVr Wr& ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE

Vmo dh godm H$s _y{V© ~Zr Wr&
©

à{V{XZ Xmonha hmoVo-hmoVo _m¡gr

ñHy$b Ho$ \$mQ>H$ na nhþ±M OmVr Wr&
O¡go hr Nw>Å>r H$s K§Q>r ~OVr d¡go hr ~ÀMo ^mJVo hþE ~mha {ZH$bVo Am¡a _m¡gr
Ho$ H§$Ym| na AnZo-AnZo ~ñVm S>mb XoVo& _mohëbo Ho$ g^r ~ÀMo Cgo Koao
ahVo Wo&
o
tt

Xmonha T>bZo na _m¡gr Zr_ Ho$ no‹S> Vbo Om nhþ±MVr, Ohm± g^r ~ÀMo Iobm
H$aVo Wo& _m¡gr H$mo ~ÀMm| Ho$ gmW IobZm, CÝh| H$hm{Z`m±, MwQ>Hw$bo Am¡a nho{b`m±
No

gwZmZm ~hþV ng§X Wm& dh VmoVm-VmoVr H$s H$hmZr, H$mR> Ho$ Kmo‹S>o H$s H$hmZr,
dramo{MV H$hmZr Am{X gwZmVr Wr&
_m¡gr ~ÀMm| H$mo {IbmZo Ho$ {bE AnZo nmg MZo, {Q>{H$`m, _y±J-
\$br Am{X Hw$N> Z Hw$N> aIVr Wr& dh ~ÀMm| go AnZo ~oQ>o-~o{Q>`m| O¡gr ß`ma
H$aVr Wr&
32
 EH$ {XZ O~ ñHy$b H$s Nw>Å>r hþB©, ~ÀMo ~ñVo CR>mH$a ~mha {ZH$bo Vmo
_m¡gr \$mQ>H$ na Zht {_br& em_ H$mo ~ÀMo IobZo Ho$ {bE {ZH$bo, Vmo _m¡gr
no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo ^r Zht Wr& {H$gr H$mo ^r _mby_ Zht Wm {H$ _m¡gr H$hm± JB© h¡?
H$B© {XZ ~rV JE, na _m¡gr H$m Hw$N> nVm Zht Mbm& CgHo$ {~Zm gmam
_mohëbm gyZm-gyZm bJVm Wm& EH$ {XZ ~ÀMo _m¡gr H$s ImoO _| Ky_ aho Wo&

d
V^r EH$ _H$mZ Ho$ A§Xa go D±$Mr-D±$Mr AmdmµO gwZmB© Xr, "h_Zo R>oH$m Vmo

he
Zht bo aIm h¡ _m¡gr! ~rg {XZ go Vw_ `hm± hmo& A~ Vw_ {H$gr Xÿgao Ho$ Ka
Mbr OmAmo&''

is
re S B
_m¡gr H$m Zm_ gwZH$a ~ÀMo {R>R>H$H$a I‹S>o hmo JE& ~ÝX XadmµOo H$s

bl
Xama _| go Pm§H$H$a XoIm Vmo _m¡gr EH$ ImQ> na boQ>r Wr& CgHo$ ~mb CbPo
be T
pu
hþE Am¡a Moham gyIm hþAm Wm& _m¡gr H$mo Eogr pñW{V _| XoIH$a ~ÀMm| H$mo
K

~hþV Xþ…I hþAm Am¡a Jwñgm Am`m&

©

Xÿ g ao {XZ ~ÀMo hm° H $s _¡ M

IobH$a bm¡Q> aho Wo, Vmo amñVo _| nwb
Ho$ nmg _m¡gr ~¡R>r ZµOa AmB©& CgHo$
nmg EH$ N>moQ>r-gr JR>ar Am¡a bmR>r
o

^r Wr& _m¡gr H$mo XoIH$a g~ Cgo

tt

KoaH$a àíZ nyN>Zo bJo&

""Vy BVZo {XZ H$hm± Wr _m¡gr? `hm± Š`m| ~¡R>r hmo?'' EH$ Zo nyN>m& ""_¢
No

`hm± go Om ahr h±ÿ ~oQ>m&'' H$hVo hþE _m¡gr H$s Am±I| ^a AmBª, ""Vy Vmo ~r_ma
Wr _m¡gr? V~r`V H¡$gr h¡?'' ~bXod Zo nyN>m& ""~oQ>m, _¢ R>rH$ hmo J`r h±ÿ&
AnZm Jm±d Om ahr h±ÿ&'' ""h_ VwPo H$ht Zht OmZo X|Jo _m¡gr'', g~Zo EH$
ñda _| H$hm& _m¡gr H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy N>bH$ CR>r&

33
 XþH$mZ Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ ImQ>
{~N>r Wr& Xmo-VrZ b‹S>Ho$ ^mJH$a
ImQ> CR>m bo AmE& Cg na _m¡gr
H$mo µO~aXñVr ~¡R>m {X`m& ImQ>
H$mo grYo Zr_ Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo bo
AmE& H$Ýh¡`m ^mJH$a AnZo Ka go

d
Xar Am¡a V{H$`m bm`m& Cfm Wmbr

he
_| Xmo amo{Q>`m± bm`t& `moJamO EH$
H$Q>moao _| XÿY bm`m& Jmonmb Ka go
b¢n CR>m bm`m& _wÞr nrZo Ho$ {bE nmZr bm`r& ~bXod Ho$ {nVm S>m°ŠQ>a Wo&

is
re S
dh AnZo {nVm H$mo {Šb{ZH$ go ItM bm`m ""_m¡gr ~r_ma h¡& Amn OëXr
B
bl
MbH$a Xo{IE&''
be T
~ÀMo gmoMZo bJo {H$ _m¡gr H$mo H$hm± R>ham`m Om`& CÝhm|Zo {ZU©` {b`m
pu
{H$ do ~mar-~mar go Cgo AnZo Ka _| aI|Jo& ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo hoS>_mñQ>a Or go
K

{~ZVr H$s {H$ _m¡gr H$mo ñHy$b _| H$m_ {X`m Om`& hoS>_mñQ>aOr Zo _mZ {b`m
©

Am¡a _m¡gr H$mo ahZo Ho$ {bE ñHy$b _| EH$ H$moR>ar ^r Xo Xr&
_m¡gr {\$a go ñHy$b Ho$ Am±JZ _|
AmZo bJr& ~ÀMo Cgo Koao ahVo Am¡a
dh CÝh| H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr& H$^r-
H$^r bmR>r Q>oH$Vr hþB© _mohëbo H$m
o

MŠH$a H$mQ>Vr, g^r Kam| _| Pm±H$

tt

CZH$m Hw$eb-jo_ nyN>Vr& gm°§P T>bo

AnZr H$moR>ar _| Mbr AmVr Am¡a M¡Z
No

H$s gm±g boVr&

Bg Vah ~ÀMm| Ho$ ào_ d ñZoh ^md go _m¡gr Ho$ OrdZ _| Iwer Ho$ {XZ
bm¡Q> Am`o&
*****

34
 boIH$ n[aM`
^rî_ gmhZr : gZ² 1915 AJñV 7 H$mo amdbqnS>r _| ^rî_ gmhZr H$m OÝ_
hþAm& E_.E., nrEM.S>r. VH$ BÝhm|Zo {ejm nmB© h¢& gmhZr Or qhXr, A§JOµo« r,
g§ñH¥$V, ê$gr, n§Om~r Am{X ^mfmAm| Ho$ kmVm h¢, BZ ^mfmAm| H$s BZH$s AZoH$
aMZmE± àH$Q> hþB© h¢& {deofH$a Am_ AmX_r H$m OrdZ BZH$s aMZmAm| _| A§{H$V
hþAm h¡& PamoI,o H${‹S>`m±, V_g, ~g§Vr Am{X BZHo$ CnÝ`mg h¢& ^m½`aoIm, ^Q>H$Vr

d
amI, dmL²>M,y emo^m-`mÌm Am{X H$hmZr g§Jh« h¢& ^rî_ gmhZr Or Zo Ord{Z`m±

he
^r {bIr h¢ `Wm ^mB© ~bamO, AnZr ~mV& H$~ram I‹S>m ~mµOma _|, _mYdr,
_wAmdµOo Am{X ZmQ>H$ h¢& gmhZr Or {eamo_{U nwañH$ma, gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma,

is
re S
gmo{d`V b¢S> Zohé nwañH$ma BË`m{X go emo{^V h¢&
B
bl
eãXmW© :
be T
_m¡gr-_mVm H$s ~hZ, C_«-d`, Am`w; gmW XoZm-ghm`Vm H$aZm, \$mQ>H$
pu
-_w»` Ûma ; H§$Ym-^wOm, ~ñVm-W¡bm, _moh„m - eha `m H$ñ~o H$m EH$ ^mJ,
K

KoaZm-{H$grH$mo Mmam| Amoa go ~m±YZm, ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªjÀ AiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ; Xmonha-_Ü`mh²Z, T>bZm

©

- ~rVZm, Zr_ H$m no‹S>, ¨Éë£ÀªÀÄgÀ ; Vbo-ZrMo, MwQ>Hw$bm - _OoXma ~mV,

bVm\$m, £ÀUº À , nho{b`m± - {H$gr ~mV H$mo Kw_m-{\$amH$a H$hZm, MUÀlÄUÀ¼ÄÀ ;
É ¤
_mby_ - OmZH$mar, gyZm-Imbr, ImoOZm - T>±y‹T> Zm, _H$mZ-Ka, R>oH$m-R>haZo H$s
OJh, {R>R>H$H$a-ghgm éH$ OmZm, nwb-goVw, Am§°I| ^a AmZm-Xþ…Ir hmoZm,
~r_ma-amoJr, V~r`V-ñdmñÏ`, ImQ>-MmanmB©, Xar-{~N>mdZ, H$Q>moam-ß`mbm,
o

{~ZVr-àmW©Zm, H$moR>ar-N>moQ>m H$_am, MŠH$a H$mQ>Zm-Ky_Zm&

tt

Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
No

1. _m± Ho$ O¡go ß`mar H$m¡Z Wr?

2. _m¡gr g^r H$mo {H$g g_` _| gmW XoVr Wr?
3. Xmonha hmoZo na _m¡gr H$hm± nhþ±M OmVr Wr?
4. _m¡gr ~ÀMm| H$mo Š`m-Š`m {IbmVr Wr?
5. _m¡gr Ho$ {~Zm gmam _mohëbm H¡$gm bJVm Wm?
35
 6. b‹S>Ho$ ^mJH$a Š`m CR>m bo AmE?
7. ~ÀMm| Zo hoS>_mñQ>a go Š`m {~ZVr H$s?
8. _m¡gr H$o OrdZ _| H¡$go {XZ bm¡Q> AmE?
II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. _m¡gr ~ÀMm| H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr Wr?

d
2. ~ÀMo _m¡gr H$mo H$hm± - H$hm± Ty>‹±T>Vo h¢?

he
3. _H$mZ Ho$ A§Xa go ~ÀMm| H$mo H¡$gr AmdmµO| gwZm`r Xr§?

is
4. ~ÀMm| H$mo Š`m| Jwñgm Am`m?
re S
III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
B
bl
1. _m¡gr Am¡a ~ÀMm| Ho$ ~rM _| Š`m ~mVMrV hþB©?
be T
pu
2. ~ÀMm| Zo {_bH$a _m¡gr H$s godm {H$g àH$ma H$s?
K

3. _m¡gr Ho$ Iwer OrdZ H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

©

IV. [aíVm Om{ZE Am¡a {b{IE:

1. {nVm Ho$ {nVm : XmXm :: _mVm Ho$ {nVm :
2. {nVm H$s ~hZ : ~wAm :: _mVm H$s ~hZ :
3. n{V/nËZr Ho $ {nVm : ggw a :: n{V/nËZr H$s _mVm:
o
tt

4. ~oQ>o H$s nËZr : ~hÿ :: ~oQ>r H$m n{V :

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:
No

CXm : H$hmZr - H$hm{Z`m± _mbm - _mbmE± ~mV - ~mV|

1. b‹S>H$s - _mVm- Am±I-
2. H$moR>ar- {Xem- Xama-
3. nhobr - KQ>Zm- XþH$mZ-

36
 VI. {dbmo_ eãXm| Ho$ Omo‹S>r ~ZmBE : 1. x
CXm : ~mha x A§Xa 2. x
3. x
JbV, gwI, N>moQ>m, Iwer, Q>o‹T>m, 4. x
~hþV, amV, AnZm, Xþ…I, ghr, 5. x
~‹S>m, D$na, J_, {XZ, nam`m, 6. x

d
7. x
ZrMo, grYm, H$_

he
8. x
VII. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE: 9. x

is
1. no‹S>
re S - ,
2. Kmo‹S>m - ,
B
bl
3. XÿY - ,
be T
pu
4. nmZr - ,
K

5. Ka - ,
©

6. Am¡aV - ,
VIII. gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE:
1. g~H$mo O¡go _m¡gr ß`mar _m± Wr Ho$&
2. dramo{MV gwZmVr _m¡gr Wr H$hm{Z`m±&
o

3. {XZ Xÿgao _¡M hm°H$s bm¡Q> IobH$a aho Wo&

tt

4. nrZo nmZr Ho$ {bE _wÞr bm`r&

IX. H$ÞS>> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:
No

1. ~ÀMo Zr_ no‹S> Ho$ Vbo IobVo Wo&

2. Cgo g~ _m¡gr H$hH$a nwH$maVo Wo&
3. ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE Vmo dh godm H$s _y{V© Wr&
4. g~ Ho$ Kam| _| Pm±H$ Hw$eb-jo_ nyN>Vr Wr&
37
 X. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:
CXm : XÿY J _bmB©, _mIZ, Kr, {_R>mB©
1. no‹S> J , , ,
2. gmoZm> J , , ,
3. \y$b> J , , ,

d
4. H$mJµO J , , ,

he
XI. nmR>embm _| Am¡a Ka _| AmnH$mo Š`m-Š`m H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hm
OmVm h¡ Am¡a Š`m H$aZo Ho$ {bE _Zm {H$`m OmVm h¡& Vm{bH$m _|

is
re S
{b{IE:
B
bl
Š`m H$aZm h¡ Š`m Zht H$aZm h¡
be T
1. 1.
pu
K

2. 2.
3. 3.
©

^mfm-kmZ
{H«$`m-{deofU Aì``
{H«$`m H$s {deofVm ~VmZodmbo eãXm| H$mo {H«$`m-{deofU H$hVo h¢&
o

CXm : Kmo‹S>m VoµO Xm¡‹S>Vm h¡&

tt

~y‹T>o bmoJ Yrao-Yrao MbVo h¢&

{H«$`m {deofU Ho$ Mma àH$ma h¢ :
No

1) ar{VdmMH$ {H«$`m {deofU

CXm: do Ü`mZnyd©H$ gwZ aho Wo&
2) H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m-{deofU
CXm: _¢ Vwåhmao Ka H$b AmD±$Jm&
38
 3) ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m-{deofU
CXm: aOZr ~mha ~¡R>r h¡&
4) n[a_mUdmMH$ {H«$`m-{deofU
CXm: gmhZr Or Zo {H$Vm~| ~hþV {bIr h¢&
I. {ZåZ dmŠ`m| _| {H«$`m-{deofU N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE:

d
1. _ram AÀN>m JmVr h¡&

he
2. `moJamO H$Q>moao ^a XÿY bm`m&

is
3. _m¡gr Yrao go ~mobVr h¡&
re S
4. amOYmZr EŠgàog Jm‹S>r A^r Am`r h¡&
B
bl
5. ~ÀMo no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo Iob aho h¢&
be T
pu
n[a`moOZm :
K

* h_mao Xoe _| Iobo OmZodmbo Iobm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE& {H$Ýht Xmo Iobm| H$m {MÌ
©

g{hV dU©Z H$s{OE&

* AnZo Ka Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V-
* N>mÌm| H$mo {deofU Am¡a {H«$`m-{deofU H$m A§Va g_PmE±&
o

* D±$Mr-D±$Mr, gyZm-gyZm O¡go {Ûé{ŠV eãXm| H$s OmZH$mar {XbmE±&

tt
No

39
 6. Moamny±Or go Am`m h±ÿ
- àXrn n§V
Ame` :
`mÌm go àmXo{eH$ kmZ àmá hmoVm h¡& bmoJm| Ho$ ahZ-ghZ, àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m|

d
H$m gm¢X`© Am{X H$m àË`j AZw^d {_bVm h¡& Bg nmR> Ûmam N>mÌ Moamn±yOr

he
H$m n[aM` àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢&

_oKmb` - `mZr ~mXbm| H$m Ka&

is
re S
Am¡a _oKmb` H$s amOYmZr {eb§J, EH$ ham-^am nd©Vr` ZJa, Ohm± ha
B
bl
dŠV ~mXb C_‹S>Vo Kw_‹S>Vo ahVo h¢& BVZm ~‹S>m, ñdÀN>, gw§Xa nd©Vr` ZJa
be T
pu
CÎma ^maV _| H$ht Zht h¡& Eogm har{V_m ^r em`X hr H$ht XoIZo H$mo {_bo&
K

{eb§J go Moamny±Or H$s Amoa OmVm _mJ© XmoZm| Amoa nhm‹S>m| Am¡a Xa»Vm| go nQ>m
n‹S>m h¡& `h D±$Mm-ZrMm gnm©H$ma amñVm& amñVo H$mo nma H$aVo hþE {XImB© n‹S>Vo
©

h¢ ~mXb, ~hVr h¡ gwhmZr hdm Am¡a H$^r-H$^r hmo OmVr h¡ ~y±Xm~m°§Xr&

h_mar Orn {eb§J go 53 {H$bmo_rQ>a Xya Moamny±Or H$s Amoa ~‹T> ahr h¡&
_oao gmW amÁ` Ho$ EH$ A{YH$mar lr g§J_m Am¡a CZHo$ Xmo XmoñV ~¡R>o h¢& _¢ Orn
H$s {I‹S>H$s ~§X H$aVo hþE g§J_m go nyN>Vm hÿ±ÿ, ""Š`m gmb-^a `hm± dfm© hmoVr
o

ahVr h¡?'' "Or hm±&'' g§J_m H$hVo h¢ - ""AmnH$mo OmZH$a VmÁOw~ hmoJm {H$
tt

_oKmb` _| InV go Á`mXm nZ{~Obr H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡& h_ A{V[aŠV

{~Obr AÝ` amÁ`m| H$mo Xo XoVo h¢& "Eogm?'' _¢ gM_wM AmíM`© go nyN>Vm h±ÿ&
No

g§J_m H$hVo h¢ -""d¡go `{X `hm± g^r Jm±d {~Obr go OJ_Jm CR>|, Vmo ^r
A{V[aŠV {~Obr H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm ahoJm&''
h_ nhm‹S>m| H$mo {ZhmaVo hþE AmJo ~‹T> aho h¢& g‹S>H$ Ho$ Cg nma nhm‹S>r
Hw$hao go {Kar hþB© h¡& VrZ nd©Vr` A§Mbm| _| ~±Q>m hþAm h¡ _oKmb`- Imgr

40
 nd©V, Jmamo nd©V Am¡a O`§{V`m nd©V& Am¡a BÝht VrZ nd©Vr` A§Mbm| go ~Zo
h¢ nm±M {Obo& ha A§Mb H$s AnZr AbJ g§ñH¥${V h¡, ar{V-[admµO, nd©-
CËgd h¢, bo{H$Z ha H$ht nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm _mV¥gÎmmË_H$ h¡ - ^y{_, YZ,
g§n{Îm g~ _m± go ~oQ>r H$mo {_bVr h¢&
ór H$m `hm± dM©ñd h¡, `h Ahgmg JwdmhmQ>r go _oKmb` H$s gr_m _|
KwgZo Ho$ gmW hr hmoZo bJVm h¡& V_m_ XþH$mZm| na pó`m± gm¡Xm ~oMVr Am¡a

d
~o{hMH$ ~{V`mVr {XImB© XoVr h¢& {eb§J _| ^r CÝh| XþH$mZm| na ~¡R>o XoIm Om

he
gH$Vm h¡& em`X `h pñW{V nydm}Îma Ho$ AÝ` amÁ`m| _| ^r h¡, ^bo hr dhm±
_mV¥gÎmmË_H$ n[adma ì`dñWm Z hmo& Hw$N> gmb nhbo _{Unwa H$s amOYmZr

is
re S
Bå\$mb _| ^r `hr g~ XoIm Wm& {ó`m| H$m nyam H$m nyam ~mµOma hr h¡ dhm±,
{Ogo "_mBVr ~mµOma' H$hVo h¢ - `mZr _m± H$m ~mµOma& {XZ ^a gm_mZ H$s
B
bl
{~H«$s H$a em_ H$mo AnZo-AnZo Ka bm¡Q>Vr h¢& {H$gr àH$ma H$m dJ©-^oX Zht&
be T
pu
`mZr A_ra Kam| H$s {ó`m± ^r Bg "_mBVr ~mµOma' _| {_b OmE±Jr Am¡a Jar~
K

Kam| H$s {ó`m± ^r& V^r EH$ _mo‹S> {ZH$bZo na Moamny±Or H$m N>moQ>m-gm ~mµOma
{XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡& Am¡a Bg ~mµOma _| ^r XþH$mZm| na ~¡R>r h¢ _{hbmE±-{\$a Mmho
©

XþH$mZ \$b-gpãO`m| H$s hmo `m Mm` H$s& h_ AmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¢&
Hw$N> AmJo ~‹T>H$a g§J_m Zo Orn éH$dm Xr & h_ g^r ZrMo CVa JE&
gm_Zo {XImB© n‹S> ahm h¡ Zmohe§J{W`m§J ànmV Omo "_m°g_mB©' ànmV Ho$ Zm_
go bmoH${à` h¡& D±$Mo nhm‹S> go g¢H$‹S>m| \w$Q> ZrMo nmZr bJmVma, ~oamoH$Q>moH$ {Ja
ahm h¡& ""dh Xo{IE, gm_Zo ahm ~m±½bmXoe&'' g§J_m Ho$ gm{W`m| _| go EH$
o

H$hVm h¡& A^r-A^r, O~ Orn go CVao Wo, hëH$s Yyn Wr Am¡a A^r jU-
tt

^a ~mX hr, ~mXb {Kao Am¡a hëH$s-hëH$s dfm© hmoZo bJr& _¢ g§J_m Ho$ AmJo
AnZm nwamZm gdmb XþhamVm h±ÿ, ""Š`m gmb-^a `hm± dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡?''
No

g§J_m h§°gVo hþE H$hVo h¢, ""n§V gmh~, `h Moamny±Or h¡&''

hm±, I`mb Am`m, `h Moamny±°Or h¡ - g_wÐ H$s gVh go H$moB© Voah gm¡
_rQ>a D$na, Omo {díd _| g~go A{YH$ dfm© dmbo ñWmZ Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡& h_
bmoJ H$^r H$bH$b-N>bN>b H$aVo ànmV H$mo {Zhma aho h¢, H$^r nmZr go {Kao
~m±½bmXoe Ho$ ^y^mJ H$mo&
41
 dfm© {\$a ~ÝX hmo JB© h¡& Yyn {\$a {Ib AmB© h¡&
Bgr Vah dfm©, Yyn, H$mohao H$s bwH$m-{N>nr H$m Iob MbVm ahVm h¡ `hm±&
h_ bmoJ A~ Orn _| ~¡R>H$a bm¡Q>
aho h¢& g§J_m amñVo _| Imgr, O`§{V`m
Am¡a Jmamo nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ ~mao _|

d
~VmZo bJVo h¢& do H$hVo h¢ ""Im{g`m|

he
H$mo `hm± gå_mZ H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmVm
h¡& H$ar~ N>… bmI Jmamo bmoJm| H$s
_mV¥^y{_ h¡ Jmamo nd©V_mbmE±& `h _mZm

is
re S
OmVm h¡ {H$ Jmamo g_yh ~moS>mo Om{V H$m
B
bl
A§J h¡& Zm|JH«o$_ Im{g`m| H$m à_wI Z¥Ë` h¡& O`§{V`m nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$ CËgd H$m
Zm_ h¡ ~ohS>oZIbm_&''
be T
pu
AmJo MbH$a EH$ ñWmZ na Orn éH$Vr h¡& h_ CVaVo h¢& ~Jb _| EH$
K

JmobmH$ma {demb nËWa h¡& g§J_m ~VmVo h¢, ""`h àmH¥${VH$ {edqbJ h¡&
©

gM_wM `h àH¥${V H$m AmíM`© h¡&''Am¡a AmíM`© Vmo _m°g_mB© Jm±d H$s Jw\$mE±
^r h¢& h_m[a Orn BZ Jw\$mAm| Ho$ nmg éH$Vr h¡& ""Jw\$mE± BVZr A±Yoar h¢¡ {H$
_emb `m Q>m°M© ObmE {~Zm CZ_| àdoe Zht H$a gH$Vo&'' - g§J_m H$m EH$
gmWr H$hVm h¡& h_Zo _emb| Obm br h¢ Am¡a h_ Jw\$mAm| Ho$ A§Xa AmJo ~‹T> aho
h¢& AJb-~Jb, D$na-ZrMo nËWa! g{X`m| go `o Jw\$mE± Bgr Vah h¢ Am¡a Xÿa,
~hþV Xÿa VH$ Mbr JB© h¢& h_ bmoJ Hw$N> Xÿa OmH$a bm¡Q> n‹S>Vo h¢ O¡go
o

AmíM`©bmoH$ go bm¡Q> aho h¢&

tt

*****
boIH$ n[aM`
No

àXrn n§V Or H$m OÝ_ bIZD$ Ho$ hbÛmZr, CÎmamI§S> _| 24 Aà¡b 1941 H$mo
hþAm& n§V Or Ho$ A~ VH$ N>… CnÝ`mg àH$m{eV hþE h¢& n§V Or H$s H$ÞS> _|
AZy{XV H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§H$bZ "Ý`m`m _Îmw BVa H$WoJbw' erf©H$ go àH$m{eV h¡&
n§V Or Ho$ Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ `mÌm-g§ñ_aUm| Ho$ Mma g§H$bZ h¢&
42
 n§§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ na CËH¥$ï> boIZ Ho$ {bE n§V Or H$mo "OZ©{bñQ²>g
dob\o$`a \$mD§$S>oeZ' H$m `yamon-^«_U nwañH$ma, CÎmaàXoe qhXr g§ñWmZ H$m
"ào_M§X AZwe§gm nwañH$ma', qhXr AH$mX_r Ûmam Xmo ~ma "gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V
nwañH$ma' àmá h¢& "gm{hË`H$ma gå_mZ' Am¡a CËH¥$ï> ì`§½` boIZ Ho$ {bE qhXr
^dZ, ZB© {X„r H$m "ì`§½`lr gå_mZ' ^r àmá hþE h¢&

d
eãXmW© : C_‹S>-Kw_‹S> - Mmam| Amoa go {KaZm, EH${ÌV hmoZm, N>mZm ;

he
har{V_m-h[a`mbr, hamnZ ; Xa»V - no‹S>, d¥j; nQ>m-^am, ~±yXm~m±Xr -
dfm©, ~mXbm| go {JaZodmbr Ob H$s ~y±X>|; InV-_mb H$s {~H«$s; nZ{~Obr-

is
Ob{dX²`wV; {ZhmaZm - Ü`mZnyd©H$ XoIZm, Hw$ham-Yw§Y, H$moham; A§Mb -
re S
àm§V, gr_m H$m g_rndVu ^mJ; dM©ñd-Am{YnË`, àm~ë`; KwgZm-àdoe
B
bl
H$aZm, ^rVa OmZm; V_m_-gmam, g_ñV; gm¡Xm-H«$`-{dH«$` H$s dñVw `m
be T
pu
_mb, ~o{hMH$ - {Zñg§H$moM, _mo‹S>-amñVo Am{X H$m Kw_mdXma ñWmZ, ànmV -
K

D±$Mo ñWmZ go {JaZo dmbr ObYmam, ~oamoH$Q>moH$-{~Zm {H$gr éH$mdQ> Ho$;

bwH$m-{N>nr - Am±I-{_Mm¡br, hide and seek, PÀuÁÚªÀÄÄZÁѯÉ; gVh-{H$gr dñVw
©

H$m D$nar ^mJ, _emb-EH$ àH$ma H$s _moQ>r ~Îmr Omo bH$‹S>r na H$n‹S>m
bnoQ>H$a A{YH$ àH$me Ho$ {bE ObmB© OmVr h¡&
Aä`mg
o

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

tt

1. {H$g amÁ` H$mo ~mXbm| H$m Ka H$hVo h¢?

2. Orn _| boIH$ Ho$ gmW Am¡a H$m¡Z ~¡R>o h¢?
No

3. _oKmb` Ho$ VrZ nd©Vr` A§Mbm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

4. _oKmb` _| ha H$ht H$m¡Z-gr nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm h¡?
5. Zmohe§J{W`m§J ànmV {H$g Zm_ go bmoH${à` h¡?
7. Jmamo g_yh H$mo {H$g Om{V H$m A§J _mZm OmVm h¡?
43
 II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {~Obr CËnmXZ Ho$ ~mao _| g§J_m Zo Š`m H$hm?
2. "_mBVr ~mµOma' Ho$ ~mao _| VrZ dmŠ` {b{IE&
3. Moamny±Or H$s {deofVm Š`m h¡?
4. _m°g_mB© Jm±d H$s Jw\$mE± H¡$gr h¢?

d
he
III. {ÛËd eãXm| H$mo nmR> _| go MwZH$a {b{IE:
CXm : C_‹S>Vo - Kw_‹S>Vo

is
re S
1. D±$Mm
B -

bl
2. ar{V -
be T
3. H$b-H$b -
pu
K

4. AJb -
©

5. D$na -
IV. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:
1. _oKmb` H$s amOYmZr h¡ &
2. Moamn±yOr {eb§J go {H$._r. H$s Xÿar na h¡&
3. _oKmb` _| ha H$ht nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm h¡&
o
tt

4. Moamny±Or g_wÐ H$s gVh go H$moB© _rQ>a D$na h¡&

5. Im{g`m| H$mo g_mO _| H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmVm h¡&
No

V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:
1. Moamny±Or H$s g‹S>Ho$§ {ó`m± gm¡Xm ~oMVr h¢&
2. V_m_ XwH$mZm| na Imgr bmoJm| H$m à_wI Z¥Ë` h¡&

44
 3. Moamny±Or _| O`§{V`m nhm{‹S>`m| H$m CËgd h¡&
4. Zm|JH«o$_ Hw$hao go {Kar hþB© h¢&
5. ~ohS>oZIbm_ gmb ^a dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡&
VI. "~o' CngJ© Omo‹S>H$a {dbmo_ eãX ~ZmBE:

d
CXm : {hMH$ ~o{hMH$

he
x

1. amoH$Q>moH$ x 6. d\$m x

is
re S
2. B‚mV$
B
x 7. eH$$ x

bl
3. ah_ x 8. VmO$ x
be T
pu
4. B©_mZ 9. ghmam$
K

x x

5. H$gya$ 10. H$m~y$

©

x x

VII. A~ AmnH$mo {H$gr `mÌm na OmZm h¡& gmoM-g_PH$a Amn BZ

dmŠ`m| H$mo EH$ H«$_ go {b{IE:
1. hmoQ>b go g§nH©$ H$a H$_am {ZYm©[aV H$aZm&
o

2. Nw>Q²>Q>r boZm&
tt

3. H$n‹S>o, gm_mZ ~m±Y boZm&

No

4. `mÌm ñWb H$mo MwZZm&

5. ~g `m aob _| AmajU H$s ì`dñWm H$a boZm&
VIII. Moamny±Or _| gmb ^a dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡& "dfm©' àH¥${V H$s AZwn_
^|oQ> h¡& Bgr àH$ma àH¥${V H$o$ Hw$N> AÝ` bm^m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :

45
 IX. g§Ho$V-q~XþAm| Ho$ AmYma na AnZr {H$gr `mÌm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE:
1. H$hm± J`o Wo?
2. {H$gHo$ gmW J`o Wo?
3. H$~ J`o Wo?

d
4. H¡$go J`o Wo?

he
5. Cg ñWmZ _| Š`m-Š`m XoIm?

is
6. H$moB© {deof AZw^d (EH$/Xmo dmŠ`)
re S B
bl
X. Moamn±yOr _| gmb-^a dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡& Bgo "A{Vd¥{ï>' H$hVo h¢&
Bgr àH$ma H$ht-H$ht na dfm© F$Vw _| ^r dfm© Zht hmoVr& Bgo
be T
pu
"AZmd¥{ï'> H$hVo h¢&
K

H$jm _| MMm© H$aHo$ BZ XmoZm| go hmoZodmbr hm{Z`m| H$mo {b{IE:

©

A{Vd¥{ï> AZmd¥{ï>
1. 1.
2. 2.
o

3. 3.
tt

XI. MwQ>Hw$bm :
No

EH$ AmX_r g‹S>H$ na Om ahm Wm& V^r dfm© hmoZo bJr& éH$Zo Ho$
~Om` Ka OëXr nh±þMZo H$s Amem _| dh MbVm hr ahm& Hw$N> Xÿa MbZo
na n¡a {\$gb OmZo Ho$ H$maU {Ja J`m& Cgr g_` AmH$me _| {~Obr
M_H$s&
46
 dh AmX_r ~‹S>~‹S>m`m ""ho ^JdmZ! Vw_ ^r AÀN>m _µOmH$ H$a boVo
hmo& nhbo Vmo _wPo H$sM‹S> _| {Jam {X`m Am¡a {\$a D$na go \$moQ>mo ^r ItM
{b`m&''
Bgr àH$ma "dfm©' go g§~§{YV Am¡a Hw$N> MwQ>Hw$bo§ g§J«{hV H$s{OE&
AZwê$nVm:

d
XII.

he
1. H$Zm©Q>H$ : ~|Jbyé :: _oKmb` :
2. amOñWmZ : aoV H$m àXoe :: _oKmb` :

is
re S
3. _{Unwa : Bå\$mb :: ~m±½bmXoe :
B
bl
be T
4. Zm|JHo«$_ : Z¥Ë` :: ~ohS>oZIbm_ :
pu
K
©

^mfm kmZ

g§{Y : Xmo dUm] Ho$ _ob go CZHo$ _yb ê$n _| Omo n[adV©Z `m {dH$ma
Am OmVm h¡, dh "g§{Y' H$hbmVm h¡&

g§{Y Ho$ VrZ ^oX

o
tt

ñda g§{Y ì`§OZ g§{Y {dgJ© g§{Y

No

ñda g§{Y : Xmo ñdam| Ho$ _ob go hmoZodmbo n[adV©Z H$mo "ñda g§{Y'
H$hVo h¢&

47
 ñda g§{Y Ho$ nm±M ^oX

XrK© g§{Y JwU g§{Y d¥{Õ g§{Y `U² g§{Y A`m{X g§{Y
1. XrK© g§{Y : O~ Xmo gdU© ñda {_bH$a Cgr dU© H$m XrK© ñda ~ZVm
h¡, Cgo XrK© g§{Y H$hVo h¢&

d
O¡go-

he
A+A=Am g_` + A^md = g_`m^md
A+Am=Am {h_ + Amb` = {h_mb`

is
Am+A=Am
re S `Wm + AW© = `WmW©
Am+Am=Am {dX²`m + Amb` = {dX²`mb`
B
bl
B+B=B© H${d + B§Ð = H$dtÐ
be T
pu
B+B©=B© n[a + B©jm = narjm
K

B©+B=B© _hr + B§Ð = _htÐ

©

B©+B©=B© aOZr + B©e = aOZre

C+C=D$ bKw + CÎma = bKyÎma
D$+C=D ^y + D$Üd© = ^yÜd©
2. JwU g§{Y : O~ "A', "Am' Ho$ gm_Zo "B, B©', "C, D$' Am¡a "F$' AmVo
h¢ V~ H«$_e… "E', Amo' Am¡a "Aa²' ~ZVo h¢, `h JwU g§{Y h¡&
o

A+B=E dra + B§Ð = dra|Ð

tt

Am+B=E _hm + B§Ð = _h|Ð

No

A+B©=E JU + B©e = JUoe

Am+B©=E b§H$m + B©e = b§Ho$e
A+C=Amo {hV + CnXoe = {hVmonXoe
Am+C=Amo _hm + CÞV = _hmoÞV
A+D$=Amo öX` + D${_© = öX`mo{_©
48
 Am+D$=Amo _hm + D${_© = _hmo{_©
A+F$=Aa gá + F¥${f = gá{f©
Am+F¥$=Ama amOm + F¥${f = amO{f©
3. d¥{X²Y g§{Y : O~ "A', "Am' H$o$ gm_Zo "E' "Eo', "Amo', Am¡' AmVo h¢
Vmo H«$_e… "Eo' Am¡a "Am¡' ~ZVo h¢&

d
A+E=Eo EH$ + EH$ = EH¡$H$

he
Am+E=Eo gXm + Ed = gX¡d
A+Eo=Eo YZ + Eoíd`© = YZ¡íd`©

is
re S
Am+Eo=Eo
B
_hm + Eoíd`© = _h¡íd`©

bl
A+Amo=Am¡ na_ + AmofY = na_m¡fY
be T
pu
Am+Amo=Am¡ _hm + AmofY = _hm¡fY
K

A+Am¡=Am¡ dZ + A¡fY = dZm¡fY

©

Am+Am¡=Am¡ _hm + Am¡Xm`© = _hm¡Xm`©

4. `U² g§{Y : O~ "B' "B©', "C' "D$' Am¡a "F$' Ho$ gm_Zo gdUm] H$mo
N>mo‹S>H$a Xÿgao ñda AmVo h¢ Vmo H«$_e… "`', "d' Am¡a "a' ~ZVo h¢&
B+A=` `{X + A{n = `X²`{n
o

B+Am=` B{V + Am{X = BË`m{X

tt

B©+A=` ZXr + An©U = ZX²`n©U

B©+Am=` Xodr + AmJ_Z = Xoì`mJ_Z
No

C+A=d AZw + A` = AÝd`

C+Am=d gw + AmJV = ñdmJV
F$+A=a {nV¥ + AZw_{V = {nÌZw_{V
F¥$$+Am=a _mV¥ + AmZ§X = _mÌmZ§X
49
 5. A`m{X g§{Y : O~ "E', "Eo', "Amo' "Am¡' Ho$ gm_Zo H$moB© {^Þ ñda
AmVo h¢ V~ H«$_e… "A`²' "Am`²', "Ad²' "Amd²' ~ZVo h¢&
E+A=A`² Zo + AZ = Z`Z
Eo+A=A`² Z¡ + AH$ = Zm`H$
Amo+A=Ad² ^mo + AZ = ^dZ

d
he
Amo+B=Ad² nmo + BÌ = n{dÌ
Am¡+A=Ad² nm¡ + AH$ = nmdH$

is
re S
Am¡+C=Ad²
B ^m¡ + CH$ = ^mdwH$

bl
I. g§{Y-{dÀN>oX H$s{OE Am¡a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE:
be T
pu
1. Xohm§V =
K

2. ñdoÀN>m =
©

3. AË`{YH$ =
4. _hmoÞV =
5. dram§JZm =
6. Zm{`H$m =
o

g§{Y H$s{OE :
tt

II.
1. _V + AZwgma =
No

2. _w{Z + B§Ð =
3. Jwé + CnXoe =
4. dra + C{MV =
5. bmoH$ + CnH$ma =
6. _hm + CX` =
50
 7. _hm + F${f =
8. gXm + Ed =
9. bmoH$ + Eoíd`© =
10. eo + AZ =
III. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:

d
CXm : Xod + Amb` = Xodmb`

he
1. Jmob + = JmobmH$ma
2. + AZw^y{V = ghmZw^y{V

is
re S
3. aOZr +
B = aOZre

bl
4. + AmJV = ñdmJV
be T
5. A{V + = AË`§V
pu
K

6. AZw + A` =
7. + AZ = ^dZ
©

8. + Amkm = {nÌmkm
9. nm¡ + = nmdH$
o

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
tt

* ^maV Ho$ g^r amÁ`, amOYmZr Am¡a CZH$s EH$ {deofVm ~VmZodmbm
EH$ gw§Xa MmQ>© N>mÌmo§ go ~ZdmH$a H$jm _| Q>±JdmE±&
No

* ^maV Ho$ à_wI Z¥Ë`m| H$s gyMr ~ZdmE±&

51
 7. n`m©daU ~MmAmo
- S>m°. naewam_ ewŠb
Ame` :
n[aga Ho$ {~Zm _mZd H$m OrdZ Ag§^d h¡& ewX²Y n`m©daU Ord-OJV² Ho$

d
{bE Amdí`H$ h¡& AmOH$b Ob, dm`w Am¡a Üd{Z H$m àXÿfU {Za§Va ~‹T>Vo
OmZo Ho$ H$maU n[aga H$m g§VwbZ {~J‹S> ahm h¡& Bg{bE n`m©daU H$s ajm

he
H$aZm g~H$m AmX²` H$V©ì` h¡& àñVwV H${dVm _| ewŠb Or Zo Bg Ádb§V
g_ñ`m H$s Amoa h_mam Ü`mZ AmH${f©V {H$`m h¡&

is
re S
AmO g_` H$s _m±J `hr h¡,
B
bl
n`m©daU ~MmAmo&
be T
pu
V~ VH$ Ord h¡ OJV _|,
K

O~ VH$ OJ _| nmZr&
©

O~ VH$ dm`w ewÕ ahVr h¡,

gmo§Yr {_Å>r amZr&
V~ VH$ _mZd H$m OrdZ h¡,
`h g~H$mo g_PmAmo&
o

Üd{Z, {_Å>r, Obdm`w Am{X,

tt

Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì g^r&

BZH$s ajm H$aZm,
No

A~ H$V©ì` h_mam&
emoa Am¡a {_Å>r H$m g§H$Q>,
Xÿa H$a|Jo gmam&

52
 EH$ d¥j `{X H$Q> Om` Vmo,
½`mah d¥j bJmAmo&
EH$ d¥j h_ {ZV amon|Jo,
AmO enW `h ImAmo&
AmO g_` H$s _m±J `hr h¡,
n`m©daU ~MmAmo&

d
*****

he
H${d n[aM`
H${d S>m°. naewam_ ewŠb Or H$m OÝ_ OyZ 6, 1947 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$

is
re S
H$mZnwa _| hþAm Wm& Amn à{gÕ ~mb gm{hË`H$ma h¢& "^maVr` dÝ`Ord' H¥${V
na AmnH$mo nwañH$ma àmá hþAm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm g_mO H$ë`mU _§Ìmb`,
B
bl
n`m©daU Ed§ dZ _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr go AmnH$mo gå_m{ZV
be T
{H$`m J`m h¡& qhXr AH$mX_r, h¡Xam~mX g{hV AZoH$ g§ñWmAmo§ Ûmam Amn
pu
nwañH¥$V h¢&
K

eãXmW© :
©

_m±J-Mmh, `mMZm, Amdí`H$Vm; gm|Yr {_Q²>Q>r - gwJ§{YV, Iwe~yXma;

Obdm`w - _m¡g_, Climate ; emoa - H$mobmhb, D±$Mr Am¡a VrIr AmdmµO;
amonZm - bJmZm, enW - dmXm, à{Vkm&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
o

1. AmO {H$gH$mo ~MmZo H$s _m±J h¡?

tt

2. Ord H$~ VH$ OJV _| ah gH$Vm h¡?

No

3. H${d {H$gH$mo ewÕ aIZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢?

4. gm|Yr {_Å>r H$mo Š`m H$hm J`m h¡?
5. Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¢?
6. H${d {H$gH$m g§H$Q> Xÿa H$aZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢?
7. H${d EH$ d¥j Ho$ ~Xbo _| {H$VZo d¥j bJmZo H$mo H$hVo h¢?
53
 II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. n`m©daU H$m _hËd g_PmBE&
2. n[aga H$s ajm Ho$ {bE h_| Š`m-Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?
III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:
1. OJ _| - {ZV amon|Jo

d
2. {_Å>r - ImAmo

he
3. _mZd H$m - _m±J

is
4. EH$ d¥j -
re S OrdZ
5. enW - amZr
B
bl
6. g_` H$s - nmZr
be T
pu
ghr eãXm| go [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
K

IV.
1. AmO g_` H$s `hr h¡ n`m©daU ~MmAmo&
©

2. Am¡a H$m g§H$Q> Xÿa H$a|Jo gmam&

3. Üd{Z, {_Å>r, Am{X Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì g^r&
4. EH$ h_ {ZV am|n|Jo&
^mdmW© {b{IE:
o

V.
Üd{Z, {_Q²>Q>r, Obdm`w Am{X
tt

Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì g^r&

No

BZH$s ajm H$aZm,

A~ H$V©ì` h_mam&
emoa Am¡a {_Å>r H$m g§H$Q>,
Xÿa H$a|Jo gmam&

54
 VI. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ ewÕ ê$n {b{IE:
{Od, dm`y, nZr, H$Vd©`, _Zd
1.
2.

d
3.

he
4.
5.

is
re S B
new-njr _mZd Ho$ {_Ì h¢& {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m _| 10 nmbVy

bl
VII.
OmZda VWm 10 n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE:
be T
pu
nmbVy OmZda njr
K

1. 1.
©

2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
o

5. 5.
tt

6. 6.
7. 7.
No

8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.

55
 VIII. {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m _| Hw$N> no‹S> -nm¡Yo Am¡a \y$bm| Ho$ Zm_ {X`o
JE h¡§& CÝho§ AbJ H$aHo$ {b{IE:
Vw gy a O _w no‹S>-nm¡Yo
Ir \y$b
gm b Am¡ X§ ~ a 1.
2.

d
Zr _ gr M _o br
3.

he
Jw bm ~ nr n b
4.
~ a J X J| Xm

is
re S 5.
Zm [a ` b M§ nm 6.
B
bl
IX. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE:
be T
pu
CXm : nmZr Ob Zra CXH$
K

1. dm`w
©

2. OJV
X. AZwê$nVm :
1. nmZr : Ob :: dm`w :
2. _oam : h_mam :: Voam :
3. 11 : ½`mah :: 17 :
o

4. gOrd : {ZOud :: OÝ_ :

tt

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
No

* dZ_hmoËgd Ho$ ~mao _| N>moQ>m boI {bIdmE±&

* d¥jào_r {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo
ào[aV H$a|&
* n`m©daU àXÿfU go g§~§{YV {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ Amb~_ ~ZdmE±&

56
 8. ^r_ Am¡a amjg
- {dîUw à^mH$a
Ame` :
`h EH$ nm¡am{UH$ EH$m§H$s h¡& ^r_ Ho$ X²dmam ~H$mgwa H$m dY - Bg EH$m§H$s

d
H$m H$Wm-gma h¡& XmZdVm na _mZdVm H$s OrV Am¡a AÀN>mB© Ho$ gm_Zo ~wamB©

he
H$s hma Bg EH$m§H$s H$m g§Xoe h¡&

nmÌ n[aM` :

is
re S B ~«mh²_U - Ka H$m _m{bH$

bl
~«mh²_Ur - ~«mh²_U H$s nËZr
Hw§$Vr - ^r_ H$s _mVm
be T
pu
^r_ - Hw§$Vr H$m nwÌ
K

~H$mgwa - amjg
©

nhbm Ñí`
(_§M na EH$ _H$mZ Ho$ Am±JZ H$m Ñí`Ÿ& Jar~ ~«mh²_U H$m Ka h¡Ÿ&
g^r amo aho h¢Ÿ& Mmam| Amoa CXmgr h¡Ÿ& naXm CR>Zo na bmoJ amoVo-amoVo
~mV H$a aho h¢Ÿ&)
o

~«mh²_Ur : (amoH$a) _¢ H$hVr hÿ±, Vw_ _wPo OmZo XmoŸ& ~ÀMo Vmo A~
tt

~‹S>o hmo J`o h¢Ÿ& CÝh| g§^mbZo _| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht hmoJrŸ&
~«mh²_U : Zht, ZhtŸ& Vy H¡$go Om gH$Vr h¡? Vy Mbr OmEJr Vmo
No

Ka _| Š`m ahoJm? ~ÀMo A^r BVZo ~‹S>o H$hm± h¢ ? {\$a

~oQ>r H$m {ddmh ^r H$aZm h¡Ÿ& Zht, _¢ hr OmD±$JmŸ&
~«mh²_Ur : AOr, Vw_ H¡$go OmAmoJo? Vw_ Mbo J`o Vmo Ka H$m ghmam
hr Mbm OmEJmŸ& Zht, _¢ hr OmD±$JrŸ&

57
 b‹S>H$s : _m± ! Z Vw_ OmAmoJr Am¡a Z {nVmOr H$mo OmZo XmoJr, _¢
OmD±$JrŸ&
~«mh²_Ur : _oao ahVo _oao ~ÀMo _aZo H$mo OmE±Ÿ& ^JdmZ, _¢Zo Eogm Š`m
nmn {H$`m h¡Ÿ? (Omoa go amoVr h¡, g~ amo n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& V^r
ghgm ~mha go Hw$ÝVr Am¡a ^r_ AmVo h¢Ÿ&)

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Hw$ÝVr : Š`m ~mV h¡ ? Vw_ g~ Š`m| amo aho hmo ?

^r_ : H$hm± OmZm h¡ Vwåh| ? Š`m {dnXm Am n‹S>r ?
Hw$ÝVr : Aao ^mB©Ÿ& hþAm Š`m, Hw$N> ~VmAmoŸ& (H$moB© Zht ~mobVm,
o

Cgr Vah amoVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&)

tt

^r_ : hm±, hm±, amoZm ~ÝX H$aHo$ ~mV ~VmAmoŸ&

No

~«mh²_U : ~mV Š`m h¡, _oam ^m½` \y$Q> J`mŸ& Bggo H$hVm ahm, Mb,
Bg EH$MH«$ ZJar H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a H$ht Am¡a Mb|, na `h
Vmo `ht H$s {_Å>r _| Eogm a_ J`r {H$ OmZo H$m Zm_ Zht
boVrŸ& _oam Vmo ~wbmdm Am J`mŸ&

58
 Hw$ÝVr : H$hm± go ~wbmdm Am J`m ? Hw$N> ~VmAmo Vmo, Vwåh| Š`m
Xw…I h¡ ? h_ Hw$N> Z Hw$N> µOê$a H$a|JoŸ&
~«mh²_U : hm` ~hZ ! Vw_ h_mao A{V{W hmoŸ& A{V{W H$mo AnZo Xw…I
go Xw…Ir Zht H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&
Hw$ÝVr : AÀN>m ; Vw_ Z ~VmAmoŸ& _¢ AnZr ~oQ>r go nyN>Vr hÿŸ± & (~oQ>r go)

d
hm±, ~oQ>r ~VmAmo Vmo Š`m ~mV h¡Ÿ?

he
~«mh²_Ur : AOr, ~Vm Š`m| Zht XoVo? `o naXoer h¢, Cg amjg H$s
H$hmZr H$m BÝh| Š`m nVm ?

is
~«mh²_U
re S
: hm±, h_ bmoJ Cgo ~H$ H$hVo h¢, d¡go CgH$m nyam Zm_
B
bl
~H$mgwa h¡Ÿ&
be T
^r_
pu
: Amohmo, ~H$mgwaŸ! {\$a dh Š`m H$aVm h¡ ?
K

~«mh²_U : H$aVm Š`m ? Bg ZJar H$s ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

©

Hw$ÝVr : amjg ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& ajm H$aVm h¡, Vmo Vw_ amoVo Š`m|
hmo? Š`m dh A~ Om ahm h¡ ? `m Vw_go Hw$N> AnamY
hmo J`m h¡ ?
~«mh²_U : Zm ~hZ, Hw$N> AnamY Zht hþAmŸ&
o

^r_ : Vw_ nho{b`m± ~wPm aho hmoŸ& Eogm H$m¡Z amjg h¡ Omo ZJar
tt

H$s ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Š`m `hm± H$moB© amOm Zht h¡ ?

~«mh²_U : ~oQ>m, _¢ Vwåh| g~ H$hmZr ~VmVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg ZJar H$m amOm
No

~‹S>m Xw~©b h¡Ÿ& ~g, JÔr na ~¡R>Zm OmZVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$mo

X~mH$a ~H$ Agbr amOm ~Z ~¡R>m h¡Ÿ& dhr A~ h_mar
ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
^r_ : {\$a dh Amngo Hw$N> ~Xbo _| _m±JVm hmoJmŸ&

59
 ~«mh²_U : hm± ~oQ>mŸ& ~H$mgwa h_ g~ bmoJm| H$s aIdmbr H$aVm h¡,
Am¡a CgHo$ ~Xbo _| h_go EH$ Jm‹S>r AÝZ, Xmo ^¢go Am¡a
EH$ _Zwî` boVm h¡Ÿ&
^r_ : amoµO?
~«mh²_U : hm± ~oQ>m, amoµO boVm h¡Ÿ& ZJa Ho$ g~ bmoJm| Zo {_bH$a ~mar

d
~m±Y br h¡Ÿ& O~ {OgH$s ~mar AmVr h¡, V~ dhr `h
g~ gm_mZ ^oOVm h¡Ÿ&

he
^r_ : Vmo A~ g_P _| Am`mŸ& AmO Vwåhmar ~mar h¡Ÿ& Aao! Vmo

is
re S nhbo hr Š`m| Z ~Vm {X`m Wm?
~«mh²_U : g~ bmoJ AnZr ~mar ^wJVVo h¢Ÿ& Z ^wJVo Vmo dh amjg
B
bl
gmao ZJa H$mo COm‹S> XoŸ& hµOmam| _Zwî`m| H$mo EH$ gmW Im
be T
OmEŸ&
pu
K

^r_ : Am¡a Omo H$moB© AnZr OJh Xygam AmX_r ^oO Xo ?

©

~«mh²_U : hm±, ^oO gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Cgo Vmo AmX_r Mm{hEŸ& ~hþV-go bmoJ
Eogm H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
Hw$ÝVr : Vmo Š`m `hm± AmX_r {~H$Vo ^r h¢ ?
~«mh²_U : hm± ~hZ, {~H$Vo h¢Ÿ& _oao nmg YZ Zht h¡Ÿ& hmoVm Vmo EH$
AmX_r IarXH$a ^oO XoVmŸ&
o

^r_ : ~‹S>r AOr~ ZJar h¡ `hŸ! `hm± AmX_r {~H$Vo h¢Ÿ& _mby_
tt

hmoVm h¡, `hm± Ho$ AmX{_`m| _| Amng _| ào_ Am¡a EH$Vm

Zht h¡Ÿ&
No

Hw$ÝVr : bo{H$Z, Eogo Vw_ H$~ VH$ Cg amjg H$m noQ> ^aVo ahmoJo?
~«mh²_U : `h Vmo H$moB© gmoMVm hr ZhtŸ& O~ {OgH$s ~mar AmVr h¡
V^r Cgo Ü`mZ AmVm h¡Ÿ& ~g, amo-nrQ>H$a Hw$N> {XZm| _|
dh ^r g~« H$a boVm h¡Ÿ&

60
 ^r_ : H$~ go Eogm hmoVm Am ahm h¡ ?
~«mh²_U : {nN>bo Mmbrg dfm] goŸ&
^r_ : (h±gH$a) ~‹S>o ~hmXwa hmo Vw_ bmoJŸ! Aao ! Mmbrg dfm]
_| H$moB© EH$ ^r AmX_r Eogm Zht n¡Xm hþAm, Omo Cg amjg
H$mo nmR> n‹T>m gH$Vm hmo ? AJa Vw_ {hå_V H$amo Vmo Cgo

d
_ma gH$Vo hmoŸ&

he
Hw$ÝVr : gwZmo ^mB©, Vw_ {MÝVm _V H$amoŸ& CR>mo, ImAmo-{nAmoŸ& OmAmo
~hZ, Vw_ agmoB© _| OmAmoŸ& Am¡a ~oQ>r, Vw_ AnZm H$m_

is
re S XoImoŸ& H$b Vw__| go H$moB© Zht OmEJmŸ&
~«mh²_U : Š`m ? Š`m H$hm Vw_Zo ~hZ ? h__| go H$moB© Zht
B
bl
OmEJm?
be T
pu
Hw$ÝVr : hm±, Vw__| go H$moB© Zht OmEJmŸ&
K

~«mh²_U : Vmo H$m¡Z OmEJm ?

©

Hw$ÝVr : _oam `h ~oQ>mŸ& _oao Vmo nm±M ~oQ>o h¢ Z ?

~«mh²_U : (VËH$mb) Zht, ZhtŸ& `h Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& h_mar ~mar
hmo Am¡a Vwåhmam ~oQ>m OmEŸ&
Hw$ÝVr : A~ Vw_ Mwn ahmo ..... Š`m| ~oQ>m, Vw_ V¡`ma hmo Z ?
o

^r_ : V¡`ma ? _m±, O~ go ~H$mgwa H$m Zm_ gwZm h¡, _oar ^wOmE±
tt

\$‹S>H$ ahr h¢Ÿ& _oao ZoÌ Cgo XoIZo H$mo CVmdbo hmo aho h¢Ÿ&
dmh _m± ! Ohm± h_ aho dhm± ~H$mgwa {H$gr H$mo gVm
No

gHo$Jm?
Hw$ÝVr : VwPgo `hr Amem Wr ~oQ>mŸ& (~«m÷Ur go) gwZm ~hZ, A~
Vw_ amoZm N>mo‹S>H$a Iwer-Iwer H$m_ _| bJ OmAmo&
~«mh²_Ur : Zht, Zht ~hZŸ& `h H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? `h Vmo nmn
h¡, Vw_ h_|....
61
 Hw$ÝVr : Amohmo.... _oao ~oQ>o H$s ~mV gwZr ? dh ~‹S>m dra h¡, Š`m
nVm amjg H$mo _ma S>mbo ?
~«mh²_U : amjg H$mo _ma S>mbo ! ~mV Vmo Vwåhmar ~hZ, {à`
bJVr h¡Ÿ&
~«mh²_Ur : Vwåhmam {Xb ~hþV ~‹S>m h¡ ~hZ, ^JdmZ Vwåhmao ~oQ>o H$s

d
ajm H$aoJmŸ&

he
b‹S>H$s : ~wAm, ~wAm, Vw_ {H$VZr AÀN>r hmoŸ&
Hw$ÝVr : (h±gVr hþB©) nJbr, Om, agmoB© _| _m± H$s _XX H$aŸ& Am¡a

is
re S B ^r_, Vy Om, H$b H$s V¡`mar H$aŸ&

bl
^r_ : Mbmo _m±Ÿ&
be T
pu (do VrZm| EH$ Amoa AÝXa VWm ^r_ Am¡a Hw$ÝVr Xygar Amoa
K

~mha OmVo h¢Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)

©

Xygam Ñí`
(_§M na O§Jb H$m Ñí`Ÿ& ~H$mgwa H$m _H$mZ {XImB© XoVm h¡, {H$bo
O¡gmŸ& naXm CR>Zo na ^r_ _ñVr _| BYa-CYa Ky_Vo {XImB© Xo & ^r_
{Mëbm ahm h¡ Am¡a ~rM-~rM _| AÝZ Ho$ _wQ²>Q>o ^a-^a \$m±H$Vm ahm h¡Ÿ&)
o
tt
No

62
 ^r_ : hmo-hmo-hmo hø`m hmoŸ& (h±gZm) høm hmo, høm hmo, Amo hmo hmo
hø`m hmo&
(Xmo jU ~mX ~H$mgwa _H$mZ go Pm±H$Vm h¡&)
~H$mgwa : hÿ±, Bg AmX_r Zo emoa _Mm`mŸ& ~‹S>m AOr~ AmX_r h¡Ÿ&
S>aZo Ho$ ~Om` h±gVm h¡Ÿ& XoIVm hÿ± H$m¡Z h¡ dh .....

d
^r_ : (AÝZ ImH$a) E hm hm hm hm bmbm bm bm, ImZm Im,

he
JmZm JmŸ&
~H$mgwa : E, E, Vy H$m¡Z h¡ ? (H$moB© Odm~ Zht XoVm, Vmo dh gm_Zo

is
re S AmVm h¡) Eo JYo, _¢ VwPgo nyN>Vm hÿ±, Vy H$m¡Z h¡ ? (H$moB©
CÎma Zht) Aao Xwï>, gwZVm Zht ? (^r_ Cgr Vah
B
bl
{MëbmVm hþAm Ky_Vm ahVm h¡) Aao ~X_me, Š`m VyZo
be T
~H$mgwa H$m Zm_ Zht gwZm ?
pu
K

^r_ : (EH$X_) ~H$mgwaŸ& H$hm± h¡ ~H$mgwa ?

©

~H$mgwa : _¢ hÿ± ~H$mgwaŸ& A~ ~Vm, Vy _oam ^moOZ Š`m| Im ahm h¡ ?

^r_ : Vmo Vy h¡ ~H$mgwa ? ~‹S>m PyR>m h¡ ~o Vy, _wPo ~hH$mVm h¡Ÿ&
A~o, Vy Vmo ^¢g O¡gm h¡Ÿ&
~H$mgwa : µO~mZ g±^mbH$a ~mobŸ& Vy ~H$mgwa go ~mV| H$a ahm h¡ ?
_oar ^¢go H$hm± h¢?
o

^r_ : EH$ Vmo Vy h¡ hr& EH$ _wPo g_P boŸ&

tt

(AÅ>hmg)
No

~H$mgwa : Amo Xwï>Ÿ& Vy Eogo Zht _mZoJmŸ& _¢ A^r VwPo nmZr {nbmVm hÿ±Ÿ&
gm~yV Z M~m J`m Vmo ~H$mgwa Z H$hZmŸ& Am Vmo .....
^r_ : AmZo H$mo Š`m h¡ ? bo .... Am, Hw$íVr b‹S>oJm ? Am b‹S>Ÿ&
(XmoZm| Hw$íVr b‹S>Vo h¢) emoa _V H$aŸ& A~ ~mob, X~mD±$ JbmŸ&
(~H$mgwa MrIVm h¡) MrIVm Š`m| h¡ ~o ? Mmbrg gmb go
63
 EH$ AmX_r, Xmo ^¢go, EH$ Jm‹S>r AÝZ, amoµO Im ahm h¡Ÿ& H$hm±
h¢ g~ ? {ZH$mbŸ& (_maVm h¡Ÿ&) A~o, gwZVm h¡ (~H$ MrIVm
h¡, ^r_ AÅ>hmg H$aVm h¡Ÿ&) A~o, MrIVm Š`m| h¡Ÿ& Mwn ahŸ&
_¢ H$hVm hÿ±, Mwn ahŸ& A~o, gwZVm Zht? (~H$ MrIVm h¡Ÿ&
~‹S>m µOmoa bJmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Am±I| \$Q> OmVr h¢Ÿ&) Vmo boŸ&
(µOmoa go YaVr na nQ>H$Vm h¡) A^r Voao Xmo Qw>H$‹S>o {H$`o XoVm

d
hÿ±Ÿ& (Mra XoVm h¡, EH$ ^`§H$a MrI Ho$ gmW amjg _a OmVm

he
h¡Ÿ& ^r_ AÅ>hmg H$aVm h¡)
hm, hm, hmŸ& _a J`mŸ& MtQ>r H$s Vah _a J`mŸ& dmh, ~oQ>m

is
re S B ....

bl
(Cgr g_` ~‹S>o Omoa H$m emoa CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& amjg bmoJ Xm¡‹S>H$a
AmVo h¢Ÿ& H$m±nVo-H$m±nVo ^r_ H$mo XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)
be T
pu
K
o ©

^r_ : AmoŸ& Vw_ ~H$mgwa Ho$ {gnmhr hmo ? I~aXma, Omo A~

tt

eamaV H$sŸ& ahZm hmo Vmo ahmo, na Jm±ddmbm| H$mo V§J Z

No

H$aZm, g_Po ? OmAmo ^mJmo, bo OmAmo Bg bme H$moŸ&

({H$gr H$s ~mob Zht {ZH$bVrŸ& g^r ^`mVwa I‹S>o ahVo
h¢Ÿ&) A~o, gwZVo Zht ? bme H$mo CR>mH$a ZJar Ho$ XadmµOo
na aI Xmo, {Ogo g~ Jm±ddmbo XoI b|Ÿ&
EH$ amjg : (hH$bmVo hþE) Or.... Or.... AÀN>m....

64
 ^r_ : Am¡a AmX{_`m| H$mo _V ImZmŸ&
g^r amjg: Or... Or.... ZhtŸ&
^r_ : Mbmo, bo Mbmo CR>mH$aŸ&
(do S>aVo-S>aVo bme CR>mH$a OmVo h¢Ÿ& ^r_ AÞ Ho$ \$m±Ho$
_maVm hþAm CZHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o OmVm h¡Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)

d
*****

he
boIH$ n[aM`

is
re S
à{gÕ ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$H$ma lr {dîUw à^mH$a (1912-2009) H$m OÝ_
_ramnwa {Obo Ho$ _wOâ\$aZJa, CÎmaàXoe _| hþAm WmŸ& AmnHo$ à{gÕ
B
bl
EH$m§H$s g§J«h h¢ - "àH$me Am¡a naN>mB`m±', "D±$Mm nd©V, Jham gmJa',
be T
"_m± H$m ~oQ>m', "BÝgmZ Am¡a AÝ` EH$m§H$s', "AemoH$ VWm AÝ` EH$m§H$s',
pu
K

"_m±-~mn' Am{XŸ& gmo{d`Q> b¡ÊS> nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV AmnZo gmR> go A{YH$

nwñVH$m| Ho$ Ed§ AZoH$ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXZ _| ^r `moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ&
©

"Amdmam _grhm' AmnH$s à{gÕ OrdZr h¡Ÿ& AmnHo$ CnÝ`mg h¢ - AY©Zmarída,

(H|$Ð gm{hË` AH$mX_r Ûmam nwañH¥$V) VQ> Ho$ ~§YZ, {Z{eH$m§V, ñdßZ_`r
d XmXm H$s H$MharŸ& H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢−YaVr A~ ^r Ky_ ahr h¡, _oar
{à` H$hm{Z`m±, g§Kf© Ho$ ~mX, Am{X Am¡a A§VŸ&
eãXmW© :
o

{dnXm-_wgr~V, a_ OmZm-_½Z hmoZm, {Xb ~hbmZm; nho{b`m±

tt

~wPmZm-Kw_md-{\$amd H$s ~mV H$aZm, aIdmbr - nhaoXmar, {h\$mµOV ;

~mar - H«$_dma pñW{V, ^wJVZm - PobZm, COm‹S>Zm - ~a~mX H$aZm, AOr~
No

- {d{MÌ, {dbjU; g~«-ghZerbVm, YraO ; CVmdbm - OëX~mO, \$m±H$Zm-

_w±h _| S>mbZm, ~hH$mZm-MH$_m XoZm, YmoIm XoZm; µO~mZ g±^mbZm - ~mobZo _|
C{MV - AZw{MV H$m {dMma H$aZm, gm~yV - g~, g_yMm; eamaV - Xþï>Vm,
e¡ V mZr; V§ J H$aZm-nao e mZ H$aZm, bme-ed, hH$bmZm-éH$ éH$H$a
~mobZm&

65
 _whmdao :
1. nmZr {nbmZm - g~µH$ {gImZmŸ
2. {hå_V Z hmaZm - AQ>b ahZm
3. ^m½` \y$Q>Zm - ~wam hmoZmŸ
4. AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm - H«$mo{YV hmoZmŸ

d
5. amo-nrQ>Zm - XþI go g_` H$mQ>Zm

he
Aä`mg

is
I. EH$
re S
dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
B
bl
1. ~H$mgwa H$hm± ahVm Wm ?
be T
2. ^r_ H$m¡Z Wm ?
pu
3. amjg H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?
K

4. ^r_ Zo ~H$mgwa H$s bme H$mo H$hm± aIZo Ho$ {bE H$hm ?
©

5. Hw§$Vr Ho$ {H$VZo ~oQ>o Wo ?

6. "^r_ Am¡a amjg' EH$m§H$s Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢ ?
II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ~«m÷U Ho$ Ka _| g~ bmoJ Š`m| amo aho Wo ?
o

2. ~H$mgwa Š`m H$m_ H$aVm Wm Am¡a CgHo$ ~Xbo _| dh Š`m

tt

boVm Wm?
No

III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. ""Vw_ Mbo J`o Vmo Ka H$m hr Mbm OmEJm&''
2. ""Vw_ ~wPm aho hmo&''
3. "" H$mo AnZo XþI go XþIr Zht H$aZm Mm{hE&''
66
 4. ""_¢ A^r VwPo {nbmVm h±ÿ&''
5. ""A^r Voao Xmo {H$`o XoVm h±ÿ&''
IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
amoZm, AnamY, ^jH$, nmg, ewÕ, dra

d
V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

he
A Am

is
1. ~H$
re S b‹S>Zm
B
bl
2. ^r_ H$m Ka
be T
3. `wÕ Hw§$Vr H$m nwÌ
pu
K

4. ~«m÷U amjg
©

VI. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE :

~«m÷U, ~oQ>m, AHo$bm, nwVbm
VII. "^r_' nm±M nm§S>dm| _| go EH$ h¡& ~mH$s Mma nm§S>dm| Ho$ Zm_
{b{IE:
o
tt

1. 2. 3. 4.
Bgr àH$ma Om{Z`o:
No

nm±M VËd - n¥Ïdr, Ob, dm`w, A{½Z, AmH$me

nm±M B§{Ð` - Am±I, H$mZ, ZmH$, Or^, ËdMm (ñne©)
nm±M A_¥V - XÿY, Xhr, Kr, eŠH$a, ehX

67
 VIII.BZ dmŠ`m§em| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE:
CXm: 1. Omo ~bhrZ hmo - Xþ~©b
2. {OgHo$ AmZo H$s H$moB© {V{W Z hmo -
3. Omo ajm H$aVm hmo -
4. {OgHo$ _Z _| X`m Z hmo -

d
5. Omo emoH$ Z H$aVm hmo -

he
6. Omo ^maV _| ahVm hmo -
7. JmoX {b`m hþAm -

is
IX.
re S
H$Þ‹S> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:
B
bl
1. CgH$m nyam Zm_ ~H$mgwa h¡&
be T
2. Bg ZJar H$m amOm ~‹S>m Xþ~©b h¡&
pu
K

3. ^JdmZ Vwåhmao ~oQ>o H$s ajm H$aoJm!

4. ~‹S>m AOr~ AmX_r h¡&
©

X. AZwê$nVm :
1. ghXod : _m{Ð H$m ~oQ>m :: ^r_ :
2. ^r_ : _mZd :: ~H$mgwa :
3. AY©Zmarída : CnÝ`mg :: Amdmam _grhm :
o

4. ^m½` \y$Q>Zm : ~wam hmoZm :: nmR> n‹T>mZm :

tt

^mfm kmZ
No

g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` :
_H$mZ Ho$ nmg Hw$N> ~moao n‹S>o h¢&
MtQ>r H$s Vah _a J`m&
Cn`w©ŠV dmŠ`m| _| Ho$ nmg Am¡a H$s Vah eãX _H$mZ Ed§ MtQ>r
eãXm| H$m dmŠ` Ho$ AÝ` eãXm| Ho$ gmW g§~ÝY gy{MV H$a aho h¢&
68
 Omo eãX g§km `m gd©Zm_ eãXm| Ho$ gmW AmH$a CZH$m g§~§Y dmŠ`
Ho$ Xÿgao eãXm| Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vo h¢, do "g§~§Y~moYH$' H$hbmVo h¢&
g§~§Y~moYH$ Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV Xg ^oX h¢:
1. g_VmdmMH$ - H$s ^m±{V, Ho$ ~am~a, Ho$ g_mZ, H$s Vah Am{X
2. {damoYdmMH$ - Ho$ {dnarV, Ho$ {déÕ, Ho$ {Ibm\$ Am{X

d
3. ñWmZdmMH$ - Ho$ nmg, go Xÿa, Ho$ ZrMo, Ho$ ^rVa Am{X

he
4. {XemdmMH$ - H$s Amoa, Ho$ Amg-nmg, Ho$ gm_Zo Am{X
5. VwbZmdmMH$ - H$s Vah, H$s Anojm Am{X

is
re S
6. hoVwdmMH$ - Ho$ H$maU, Ho$ {bE, H$s Im{Va Am{X
B
bl
7. H$mbdmMH$ - go nhbo, Ho$ ~mX, Ho$ níMmV² Am{X
be T
8. n¥WH²$dmMH$ - go AbJ, go Xÿa, go hQ>H$a Am{X
pu
K

9. gmYZdmMH$ - Ho$ Ûmam, Ho$ _mÜ`_, Ho$ ghmao Am{X

10. g§JdmMH$ - Ho$ gmW, Ho$ g§J, g_oV Am{X
©

I. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| go g§~§Y~moYH$ eãX N>±mQ>H$a {b{IE:

1. _wPo A§Jya H$s Anojm IOya ng§X h¡&
2. n‹S>mogr Ho$ Ka Ho$ ~mha ^r‹S> bJr h¡&
3. ZXr Ho$ nmg gmYw H$s Hw${Q>`m Wr&
o

4. Jm`m| Ho$ g§J H¥$îU dZ _| OmVo Wo&

tt

5. AÝ`m` Ho$ {dê$Õ OZVm Zo Am§XmobZ {H$`m&

No

II. [aŠV ñWmZm| _| C{MV g§~§Y~moYH$ ^[aE:

CXm: añgr Ho$ D$na H$n‹S>o gyI aho h¢&
1. n¡gm| {^Imar Vag ahm Wm&
2. Hw$E± _|‹T>H$ CN>b ahm h¡&
69
 3. _wHo$e H$moB© Mbm Am ahm h¡&
4. Mmoa, nw{bg nH$‹S>m J`m&
5. no‹S> \$b n‹S>m h¡&
III. {ZåZ{b{IV g§~§Y~moYH$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ dmŠ`m| _| H$s{OE:

d
1. H$s Vah -

he
2. go Xÿa -
3. Ho$ H$maU -

is
re S
4. Ho$ g_mZ
B -

bl
5. Ho$ gmW -
be T
pu
IV. BZ dmŠ`m| H$mo n‹T>H$a g§~§Y~moYH$ eãXm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$a ^oXm|
K

Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE:

©

1. amYm AnZo {nVm Ho$ g§J Mb ahr Wr&

2. {M{‹S>`m no‹S> Ho$ D$na ~¡R>r h¡&
3. AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ h_| b‹S>Zm h¡&
4. _wPo _m± Ho$ Im{Va ImZm n‹S>oJm&
o

5. {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_| kmZ ~m±Q>Zm h¡&

tt

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
No

* ^r_ Am¡a ~H$mgwa Ho$ g§dmX H$mo nmÌm{^Z` Ho$ Ûmam àñVwV H$admE±&
* "^r_ Am¡a amjg' EH$m§H$s H$mo H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n _| {bIdmE±&
* _hm^maV Ho$ à_wI nmÌm| Ho$ Zm_ go N>mÌm| H$mo n[a{MV H$amE±&

70
 9. Zµ\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _|
- g§H${bV
Ame` :
AmX_r AnZr _ohZV go Omo àmá H$aVm h¡, dhr CgHo$ hmW bJVm h¡& {~Zm

d
n[al_ {H$E {H$gr ^r dñVw H$mo nmZo H$s BÀN>m H$aZm bmbM H$hbmVr h¡&

he
Bg H$hmZr _| Z\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| n‹S>o EH$ ì`{ŠV H$s Xem H$m dU©Z AË`§V
_Zmo{dZmoX ê$n _| d{U©V h¡&

is
re S
EH$ {XZ ~m~y ^mB© H$mo Zm[a`b ImZo H$m _Z hþAm& CgHo$ ~mao _| gmoMVo
B
bl
hr ~m~y ^mB© Zo AnZo hmoR>m| H$mo MQ>H$mam, ""dmh Š`m _rR>m-_rR>m-gm ñdmX
be T
hmoJm!''
pu
K

bo{H$Z EH$ N>moQ>r - gr g_ñ`m Wr& Ka _| Vmo EH$ ^r Zm[a`b Zht Wm&
""Amohmo! A~ _wPo ~mµOma OmZm n‹S>oJm Am¡a n¡go ^r IM© H$aZo n‹S>|Jo&'' OyVo
©

nhZH$a, N>‹S>r CR>mH$a, ~m~y ^mB© {ZH$b n‹S>o&

~mµOma _| bmoJ AnZo-AnZo H$m_m| _| bJo Wo& XoIVo-nyN>Vo, do Zm[a`bdmbo
Ho$ nmg nhþ±M JE&
""Eo Zm[a`bdmbo, Zm[a`b {H$VZo _| XmoJo?'' ~m~y ^mB© Zo nyN>m&
o

Zm[a`bdmbo Zo H$hm, ""~g, Xmo énE _| H$mH$m'', ~m~y ^mB© Zo Am±I|

tt

\¡$bmH$a H$hm, ""~hþV µÁ`mXm h¡& EH$ énE _| Xo Xmo!''

Zm[a`bdmbo Zo H$hm, ""Zm Or Zm& Xmo énE, ghr Xm_& bo bmo `m N>mS‹o > Xmo,''
No

""R>rH$ h¡! R>rH$ h¡!''~m~y ^mB© ~‹S>~‹S>mE& ""AÀN>m Vmo ~VmAmo, EH$
énE _| H$hm± {_boJm?''
Zm[a`bdmbo Zo H$hm, ""`hm± go Wmo‹S>r Xÿa Omo _§S>r h¡, dhm± em`X$
{_b OmE&''
71
 ~m~y ^mB© Cgr Vaµ\$ Mb n‹S>o&
_§S>r _| H$mobmhb \¡$bm hþAm Wm&
ì`mnm[a`m| H$s D±$Mr-D±$Mr AmdmµO| Jy±O
ahr Wt&

d
Zm[a`bdmbo H$mo XoIH$a ~m~y

he
^mB© Zo nyN>m, ""Aao ^mB©, EH$ Zm[a`b
{H$VZo _| XmoJo?''

is
re S
""{gµ\©$ EH$ én`m, H$mH$m,'' Zm[a`bdmbo Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Omo Mmhmo
B
bl
bo OmAmo& OëXr&''
be T
~m~y ^mB© Zo H$hm, ""`h Š`m? _¢ BVZr Xÿa go Am`m h±ÿ Am¡a Vw_ nyam
pu
K

EH$ én`m _m±J aho hmo& nMmg n¡go H$mµ\$s h¢& _¢ Bg Zm[a`b H$mo boVm h±ÿ Am¡a
Vw_, `h bmo, nH$‹S>mo, nMmg n¡go&''
©

Zm[a`bdmbo Zo PQ> ~m~y ^mB© Ho$ hmW go Zm[a`b H$mo N>rZ {b`m Am¡a
~mobm, ""_mµ\$ H$amo, H$mH$m& EH$ én`m `m {\$a Hw$N> Zht&'' bo{H$Z ~m~y ^mB©
H$m {Zame Moham XoIH$a ~mobm, ""~§XaJmh na Mbo OmAmo, hmo gH$Vm h¡ dhm±
Vwåh| nMmg n¡go _| {_b OmE&''
o
tt

~m~y ^mB© AnZr N>‹S>r go Q>oH$ bJmH$a gmoMZo bJo, ""Am{Ia nMmg n¡go
Vmo nyao nMmg n¡go h¢& d¡go ^r _oar Q>m±Jm| _| A^r ^r X_ h¡&''
No

n¡am| H$mo KgrQ>Vo hþE, ~m~y ^mB© MbZo bJo& gmJa Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$
Zmddmbm ~¡R>m Wm& CgHo$ gm_Zo Xmo-Mma Zm[a`b n‹S>o Wo& "Aao ^mB©, EH$
Zm[a`b {H$VZo _| XmoJo?'' ~m~y ^mB© Zo nyN>m Am¡a H$hm, ""`o Vmo H$mµ\$s AÀN>o
{XIVo h¢&''
72
 ""H$mH$m, `h H$moB© nyN>Zo dmbr ~mV h¡? Ho$db nMmg n¡go'' Zmddmbo
Zo H$hm&
""nMmg n¡go! ~m~y ^mB© hŠHo$-~ŠHo$ hmo JE& BVZr Xÿa go n¡Xb Am`m
h±ÿ& BVZm WH$ J`m h±ÿ Am¡a Vw_ H$hVo hmo nMmg n¡go? _oar _ohZV ~oH$ma hmo
JB©& Zm ^mB© Zm! nMmg n¡go ~hþV µÁ`mXm h¢& _¢ Vwåh| nÀMrg n¡go Xÿ±Jm& `h

d
bmo, aI bmo&'' Eogm H$hVo hþE, ~m~y ^mB© PwH$H$a Zm[a`b CR>mZo hr dmbo

he
Wo...
Zmddmbo Zo H$hm, ""ZrMo aI Xmo& _oao gmW H$moB© gm¡Xm-dm¡Xm Zhr§& gñVo

is
re S
_| Mm{hE? Zm[a`b Ho$ ~JrMo _| Mbo OmAmo& dhm± T>oa gmao {_b OmE±Jo,
B
bl
_Zng§X Xm_ _|&''
be T
pu
~m~y ^mB© Zo {\$a AnZo Amn H$mo g_Pm`m, ""BVZr Xÿa Am`m h±ÿ& A~
K

~JrMo VH$ OmZo _| hO© hr Š`m h¡?'' gM ~mV Vmo `h Wr {H$ do H$mµ\$s WH$
MwHo$ Wo, _Ja nÀMrg n¡go ~MmZo Ho$ »`mb go hr CZ_| \w$Vu Am JB©&
©

~m~y ^mB© Zm[a`b Ho$ ~JrMo _| nhþ±M JE& dhm± Ho$ _mbr H$mo XoIH$a
Cggo nyN>m, ""`h Zm[a`b {H$VZo _| ~oMmoJo?''
_mbr Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Omo ng§X AmE bo OmAmo, H$mH$m, ~g, nÀMrg
n¡go H$m EH$&''
o

""ho ^JdmZ! nÀMrg n¡go! nyam amñVm n¡Xb AmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r! _oar ~mV
tt

_mZmo, EH$ Zm[a`b _wµâV _| hr Xo Xmo, hm±& XoImo, _¢ {H$VZm WH$ J`m h±y&''
No

~m~y ^mB© H$s ~mV gwZH$a _mbr Zo H$hm, ""Aao, H$mH$m! _wµâV _| Mm{hE
Z? no‹S> na M‹T> OmAmo Am¡a {OVZo Mmhmo Vmo‹S> bmo&
""gM? {OVZm Mmh±ÿ bo b±y?'' ~m~y ^mB© Vmo Iwer go \y$bo Z g_mE&
CÝhm|Zo OëXr-OëXr no‹S> na M‹T>Zm ewê$ H$a {X`m&

73
 no‹S> na M‹T>Vo-M‹T>Vo ~m~y ^mB© Zo gmoMm ""~hþV AÀN>o! _oar Vmo {H$ñ_V
Iwb JB©& {OVZo Zm[a`b Mmho Vmo‹S> b±y Am¡a n¡go ^r Z X±ÿ& Š`m ~mV h¡!''
~m~y ^mB© D$na nhþ±M JE Am¡a XmoZm| hmWm| H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo bJo g~go ~‹S>o
Zm[a`b H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE& µÁµÁµÁH$! n¡a {\$gb JE& ~m~y ^mB© Zo EH$X_ go
Zm[a`b H$mo nH$‹S> {b`m& CZHo$ XmoZm| n¡a hdm _| PybVo ah JE&

d
~m~y ^mB© {MëbmZo bJo, ""Aao ^mB©! _XX H$amo!'' CÝhm|Zo ZrMo I‹S>o

he
_mbr go {dZVr H$s&
_mbr Zo H$hm, ""dmo _oam H$m_ Zht, H$mH$m, _¢Zo {gµ\©$ Zm[a`b boZo H$s

is
re S
~mV H$s Wr& ~mH$s g~ Vwåhmao Am¡a Vwåhmao Zm[a`b Ho$ ~rM H$m _m_bm h¡&''
B
bl
V^r D±$Q> na gdma EH$ AmX_r dhm± go JwµOam&
be T
pu
""Aao Amo!'' ~m~y ^mB© µOmoa-µOmoa go ~wbmZo bJo, ""Amo D±$Q>dmbo! _oao n¡a
K

dmng no‹S> na {Q>H$m Xmo Z! ~‹S>r _oha~mZr hmoJr&''

©

D±$Q>dmbo Zo gmoMm, ""Mbmo, _XX H$a XoVm h±ÿ& _oam Š`m OmVm h¡&''
D±$Q> H$s nrR> na I‹S>o hmoH$a CgZo ~m~y ^mB©
Ho$ n¡am| H$mo nH$‹S> {b`m& R>rH$ Cgr g_` D±$Q> H$mo
hao-hao nÎmo ZµOa AmE& nÎmo ImZo Ho$ bmbM _|
D±$Q> Zo JX©Z PwH$mB© Am¡a AnZr OJh go hQ> J`m&
o

~g, dh AmX_r D±$Q> H$s nrR> go {\$gb

tt

J`m! AnZr OmZ ~MmZo Ho$ {bE CgZo ~m~y ^mB©

No

Ho$ n¡am| H$mo H$gH$a nH$‹S> {b`m& BVZo _| EH$

Kw‹S>gdma Am`m&
Kw‹S>gdma H$mo XoIH$a ~m~y ^mB© Zo XþhmB© Xr,
""Amo _oao ^mB©, _wPo no‹S> na dmng nhþ±Mm Xmo&''

74
 ""håå_& EH$ {_ZQ> ^r Zht bJoJm& _¢ Kmo‹S>o H$s nrR> na M‹T>H$a BZH$s
_XX H$a XoVm h±ÿ'' `h gmoMH$a Kw‹S>gdma Kmo‹S>o na CR> I‹S>m hþAm&
Kmg Ho$ MŠH$a _| Kmo‹S>m µOam AmJo ~‹T>m Am¡a N>mo‹S> Mbm AnZo _m{bH$ H$mo
D±$Q>dmbo Ho$ n¡am| go bQ>H$Vo hþE&
EH$, Xmo Am¡a A~ VrZm| Ho$ VrZm| - PybVo aho Zm[a`b Ho$ no‹S> go&

d
""H$mH$m! H$mH$m! H$gHo$ nH$‹S>o ahZm, hm±'', Kw‹S>gdma Zo ngrZm-ngrZm

he
hmoVo hþE H$hm, ""O~ VH$ H$moB© ~MmZo dmbm Z AmE, H$ht N>mo‹S> Z XoZm& _¢
AmnH$mo gm¡ énE X±ÿJm&''

is
re S
""H$mH$m! H$mH$m!'' A~ D±$Q>dmbo H$s ~mar Wr& ""_¢ AmnH$mo Xmo gm¡ énE
B
bl
Xÿ±Jm, bo{H$Z Zm[a`b H$mo N>mo‹S>Zm Zht&''
be T
""gm¡ Am¡a Xmo gm¡! ~mn ao ~mn, VrZ gm¡ énE!'' ~m~y ^mB© H$m {ga
pu
MH$am J`m& ""BVZm gmam n¡gm!'' Iwer go CÝhm|Zo AnZr XmoZm| ~mhm| H$mo
K

\¡$bm`m... Am¡a Zm[a`b J`m hmW go Ny>Q>&

©

Y‹S>m_ go VrZm| µO_rZ na {Jao& ~m~y ^mB© AnZo Amn H$mo g±^mb hr aho
Wo {H$ EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m Zm[a`b CZHo$ {ga na Am \y$Q>m&
*****
eãXmW© :
o

Z\o$ H$m MŠH$a - bm^ Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZm, Zm[a`b - J¼À¤ÃgÀÄ, Tender
tt

Coconut ; N>‹S>r - grYr nVbr bH$S>r `m bmR>r, Xm_-H$s_V, _yë` ; em`X-

g§^dV…, ~§XaJmh-g_wÐ H$m VQ> Ohm± OhmO éH$Vo-R>haVo h¢, (Port) ; Q>m±J
No

- n¡a, nm±d; X_ - e{ŠV, KgrQ>Zm-µO_rZ go aJ‹S>Vo hþE ItMZm, hŠH$m -

~ŠH$m hmoZm-M{H$V hmoZm, ~oH$ma-ì`W©, gm¡Xm-ì`mnma, hO©-hm{Z, ZwH$gmZ;
\w$Vu -CËgmh, _wâV - {Z…ewëH$, \y$bo Z g_mZm-A{YH$ àgÞ hmoZm, PybZm
-bQ>H$Zm, _m_bm - {df`, ì`dhma ; _oha~mZr-H¥$nm, H$gH$a - _O~yVr
go, ngrZm-ngrZm hmoZm - ^`^rV hmoZm, MH$amZm-Ky_ OmZm&
75
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {H$gH$mo Zm[a`b ImZo H$m _Z hþAm?
2. ~mµOma _| bmoJ Š`m H$a aho Wo?
3. ~mµOma _| Zm[a`bdmbo Zo ~m~y ^mB© H$mo H$hm± OmZo H$mo H$hm?

d
4. nMmg n¡go _| Zm[a`b H$hm± {_bZodmbo Wo?

he
5. {H$VZo n¡go ~MmZo H$s gmoM _| ~m~y ^mB© _| µ\w$Vu Am J`r?
6. ~m~y ^mB© Zo _wµâV _| Zm[a`b {H$ggo _m±Jm?

is
7.
re S
Kw‹S> gdma Zo {H$VZo énE XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr?
B
bl
8. D±$Q> gdma Zo {H$VZo énE XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr?
be T
pu
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
K

1. Zm[a`b H$mo PQ> go N>rZH$a ~m~y ^mB© goo Zm[a`bdmbo Zo Š`m

©

H$hm?
2. ~m~y ^mB© _Z-hr-_Z Š`m gmoMZo bJo?
3. Zmddmbo go ~m~y ^mB© Zo Zm[a`b H$mo nÀMrg n¡go _| XoZo Ho$
{bE {H$g Vah AmJ«h {H$`m?
4. ~m~y ^mB© Zo {H$Z-{H$Z-go _XX _m±Jr?
o

Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:
tt

III.
1. ~m~y ^mB© Xmo gm¡ én`o
No

2. _mbr gm¡ én`o

3. ho ^JdmZ! ~JrMm
4. D±$Q>dmbm Zm[a`b
5. Kw‹S>gdma nÀMrg n¡go!
ngrZm
76
 IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. {XZ x

2. _rR>m x

3. N>mQo >r x

d
4. ~hþV x

he
5. ghr x

is
re S
6. AÀN>m
B x

bl
7. Xÿa x
be T
pu
8. Odm~ x
K

9. gm_Zo x
©

10. ng§X x

11. IarXZm x

V. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:

o
tt

1. Ka -
2. OyVm -
No

3. én`m -
4. n¡gm -
5. AmdmµO -
77
 6. ~mV -
7. no‹S> -
8. ZµOa -
9. Kmo‹S>m -

d
he
VI. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE :
1. ^mB© -

is
re S
2. H$mH$m -
B
bl
3. _mbr -
be T
pu
K

4. Kmo‹S>m -
©

5. D±$Q> -
6. AmX_r -
7. ~mn -

nmR> _| "dmbm' nagJ© H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& O¡go - Zm[a`bdmbm,

o

VII.
Zmddmbm, D±$Q>dmbm Am{X&
tt

"dmbm' nagJ© Omo‹S>H$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

No

CXm: D±$Q>dmbm BYa hr Am ahm h¡& (D±$Q>) - (nw{ëb§J ê$n)

1. AmO H$m_ na Zht Am`r& (H$m_) (órqbJ ê$n)
2. AmO JrV ~hþV hmo J`o& (JmZo) (~hþdMZ ê$n)
3. Jhar ZtX OëXr OmJVo Zht& (gmoZ)o (~hþdMZ ê$n)
78
 4. AÀN>m n[aUm_ n[al_ H$aVm h¡& (MmhZo) (EH$dMZ ê$n)
5. g§V{w bV Amhma ñdñW ahVm h¡& (ImZo) (EH$dMZ ê$n)

VIII. ~m~y ^mB© Ho$ Zm[a`b IarXZo H$m gm¡Xm {H$VZo énE go boH$a
H$hm± VH$ Am nhþ±Mm?

d
{ZåZ{b{IV CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma Vm{bH$m _| {b{IE:

he
1. nhbr ~mar ~mµOma _| Zm[a`bdmbo go Xmo énE

is
re S
2.
B
bl
be T
3.
pu
K

4.
©

5.

IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:

o
tt

1. Ka _| Vmo EH$ ^r Zm[a`b Zht Wm&

2. `hm± go Wmo‹S>r Xÿa Omo _§S>r h¡ dhm± em`X {_b OmE&
No

3. BVZr Xÿa go n¡Xb Am`m h±ÿ&

4. ~m~y ^mB© Zo OëXr-OëXr no‹S> na M‹T>Zm ewê$ {H$`m&
5. ~m~y ^mB© Zoo Zm[a`b H$mo nH$‹S> {b`m&

79
 X. nmR> _| "Zm Or Zm' eãX H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& `h ZH$mamË_H$ ^md
H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& d¡go hr "hm± Or hm±' eãX gH$mamË_H$ ^md
H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m _| Hw$N> dmŠ` {X`o J`o
h¢, CZHo$ gm_Zo gmoMH$a BZ eãXm| H$mo {b{IE:
H«$.g§. dmŠ` Amn Š`m H$hVo h¡&

d
CXm: 1. _¢ nwñVH$ n‹T>Zm MmhVm h±ÿ & hm± Or hm±

he
2. _¢ Xÿgam| H$s qZXm H$aVm h±ÿ &
3. n`m©daU H$s ajm H$aZm Mm{hE&

is
4.
re S Bno‹S> h_mao {_Ì h¢&

bl
5. narjm _| ZH$b H$aZm h¡&
6. _mVm-{nVm H$s ~mV _mZZr h¡&
be T
pu
7. JwéOZm| H$m AmXa H$aZm h¡&
K

AZwê$nVm :
©

XI.

1. Xmo-Mma : eãX `w½_ :: AnZo-AnZo :

2. H$mH$m : H$mH$s :: MmMm :
3. _mµ\$ : ZwŠVm eãX :: _§S>r :
o

4. ho ^JdmZ ! : {dñ_`~moYH$ :: H$m¡Z? :

tt

{Q>ßnUr : "Zµ\o$ Ho$ M¸$a _|', JwOamVr bmoH$H$Wm h¡& JwOamV _| "^mB©'
No

Am¡a "~oZ' AmXa gyMH$ eãX h¢& nwéf Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ gmW "^mB©' Am¡a Am¡aV
Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ gmW "~oZ' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡& O¡go H$ÞS> _| "adao'
`m "`dao', VobJw w _| "Jmé' Am¡a qhXr _| "Or' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&

80
 ^mfm kmZ
{X²dËd eãX - EH$ gmW `w½_ ê$n _| à`wŠV eãX {ÛËd eãX H$hbmVo h¢&
{ÛËd eãX

nwZé[ŠV `m {X²dé{ŠV eãX-`w½_/OmoS‹ >r eãX

d
EH$ hr AW© XoZdo mbo {dbmo_mW©H$, gmW©H$-{ZaW©H$, AÝ`qbJ

he
EH$ O¡go eãX AmO-H$b, gw~h-em_, N>mQo >m-~‹S‹ >m Am{X,

is
AÀN>o-AÀN>o, Xg-Xg,
re S _ma-nrQ>, Pm‹S>-\y$± H$, S>mQ± >-S>nQ> Am{X,
Yrao-Yrao, H$^r-H$^r, Mm`-dm`, _oOµ -doO µ , n¡gm-d¡gm Am{X,
B
bl
amo-amo, Im-Im Am{X& _m±-~mn, ^mB©-~hZ, b‹S‹ >H$m-b‹S‹ >H$s, Am{X&
be T
pu
nmR> _| go {X²dËd eãXm| H$mo T>T‹y± >H$a {b{IE:
K

I.
CXm: 1. _rR>m-_rR>m 6.
©

2. XoIVo-nyN>Vo 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
o
tt

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
* N>mÌ XþH$mZ OmVo h¢, Vmo XþH$mZXma Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM H$m g§dmX H¡$gm
No

ahoJm? {bIdmE±&
* H$jm _| ñWmZr` bmoH$H$Wm H$mo gwZdmE±&

81
 10. MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡
-{ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z'
Ame` :
~ÀMo Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam `h grIVo h¢ {H$ OrdZ Ho$ g\$a _| AZoH$ éH$mdQ>|
AmVr h¢ Am¡a CZH$m gm_Zm H$aVo hþE bú`-àm{á VH$ H$X_ ~‹T>mZodmbm

d
ì`{ŠV AmXaUr` hmoVm h¡&

he
J{V à~b n¡am| _| ^ar
{\$a Š`m| ahÿ± Xa Xa I‹Sm

is
re S B O~ AmO _oao gm_Zo

bl
h¡ amñVm BVZm n‹S>m
O~ VH$ Z _§{Ob nm gHy±$,
be T
pu V~ VH$ _wPo Z {dam_ h¡,
K

MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&

_¢ nyU©Vm H$s ImoO _|
©

Xa-Xa ^Q>H$Vm hr ahm

àË`oH$ nJ na Hw$N> Z Hw$N>
amo‹S>m AQ>H$Vm hr ahm
na hmo {Zamem Š`m| _wPo?
OrdZ Bgr H$m Zm_ h¡,
MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&
o

Hw$N> gmW _| MbVo aho

tt

Hw$N> ~rM hr go {\$a JE,

na J{V Z OrdZ H$s éH$s
No

Omo {Ja JE gmo {Ja JE

Omo aho ha X_,
Cgr H$s g\$bVm A{^am_ h¡,
MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&
*****
82
 H${d n[aM`
{ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z' Or H$m OÝ_ 5 AJñV gZ² 1915 H$mo CÎma
àXoe amÁ` Ho$ CÞmd {Obo Ho$ PJanwa Jm±d _| hþAm& ~Zmag qhXÿ {díd
{dÚmb` go BÝhmo§Zo ñZmVH$moÎma Ed§ nrEM.S>r H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s&
^mJbnwa {díd{dÚmb` go BÝhmo§Zo S>r. {bQ²> H$s Cnm{Y ^r àmá H$s& Bgr

d
df© CZH$mo "nX²_lr' nwañH$ma ^r àmá hþAm& "gw_Z' Or "nX²_^yfU',

he
Xod nwañH$ma, gmo{d`V b¢S> Zohê$ nwañH$ma, {eIa gå_mZ, ^maV-^maVr
Am{X nwañH$mam| go gwemo{^V h¢ & Eogo loð> gm{hË`H$ma H$m {ZYZ 27 Zd|~a
2002 _| öX`J{V éH$ OmZo Ho$ H$maU hþAm&

is
re S
à_wI aMZmE± - `wJ H$m _mob, àb` g¥OZ, qdX²`m-{h_mb`, dmUr H$s
B
bl
ì`Wm, CX²`_ Am¡a {dH$mg (Jr{V H$mì`) àH¥${V-nwéf, H$mbrXmg (ZmQ>H$)
be T
pu
Am{X h¢& 1974 _| BZH$s H¥${V "{_Q²>Q>r H$s ~mamV' na gm{hË` AH$mX_r
K

H$m nwañH$ma {_bm&

©

eãXmW© :
J{V-Mmb, J_Z, gm_Ï`©; n¡a-nm±d, Xa-X²dma, amñVm-_mJ©,
_§{Ob - bú`, {dam_-{dlm§{V, Amam_; ImoO - emoY, Ty>±‹T> ; nJ-H$X_,
amo‹S>m-BªQ> `m nËWa H$m ~‹S> m T>obm, ~mYmE± ; AQ>H$Vm ahZm - amoH$Zm,
CbPmZm; A{^am_ - gwÝXa, _Zmoha&
o

Aä`mg
tt

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

No

1. n¡am| _| H¡$gr J{V ^ar h¡?

2. H${d Ho$ AZwgma H$~ VH$ {dam_ Zhr§ h¡?
3. h_mam H$m_ Š`m h¡?
4. H${d {H$gH$s ImoO _| ^Q>H$ aho h¢?
5. àË`oH$ nJ na Š`m AQ>H$Vm ahm h¡?
83
 6. {H$gH$s J{V éH$s Zhr§ h¡?
7. "MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡' Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
1. "AmO _oao gm_Zo h¡ amñVm BVZm n‹S> m' n§{ŠV H$m Ame`
Š`m h¡?

d
he
2. H${dVm H$s A§{V_ n§{ŠV`m| _| H${d Zo Š`m g§Xoe {X`m h¡?
III.VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE:

is
re S
1. I‹S> m
B
bl
2. {dam_
be T
3. H$m_
pu
K

4. A{^amm_
©

IV. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{ŠV`m| H$mo ghr eãXm| go ^[aE:

1. {\$a Š`m| ah±ÿ I‹S>m
2. V~ VH$ h¡
3. Hw$N> go {\$a JE
4. Omo {Ja JE JE
o

V. C{MV {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE:

tt

1. {dam_ x
No

2. nyUV© m x
3. {Zamem x Amam_, AnyU©Vm, {dZme,
4. g\$bVm x A{dam_, Ag\$bVm, AbgVm,
_aU, AmJo, nrN>o, Amem,
5. gm_Zo x
OdmZ, gå_mZ
6. OÝ_ x

84
 VI. {deofU eãXmo Ho$ gmW "Vm' àË`` Ow‹S>Zo go ^mddmMH$ g§kmE±
~ZVr h¢& H${dVm _| "nyU©Vm' "g\$bVm' eãXm| _| "Vm' àË``
Ow‹S>m h¡, Eogo "Vm' àË`` go Ow‹S> o 5 eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :
CXm : gw§Xa + Vm = gw§XaVm
1 + Vm =

d
2 + Vm =

he
3 + Vm =

is
re S4 + Vm =
B
5 + Vm =

bl
be T
VII.
pu
Bg H${dVm H$s àW_ gmV n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &
K

VIII. ^mdmW© {b{IE:

©

_¢ nyU©Vm H$s ImoO _|

Xa-Xa ^Q>H$Vm hr ahm
àË`oH$ nJ na Hw$N> Z Hw$N>
amo‹S>m AQ>H$Vm hr ahm
{Zamem Š`m| _wPo?
o

OrdZ Bgr H$m Zm_ h¡,

tt

MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&

No

IX. AZwê$nVm :
1. OÝ_ : _aU :: ~hþV :
2. MbZm : MbmZm :: {JaZm :
3. n¡a : nm§°d :: g‹S>H$ :
4. amo‹S>m : g§km eãX :: ^Q>H$Zm :
85
 H${dVm go AmJo-
* Bg H${dVm H$m erf©H$ "MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡' Ho$ ~Xbo Am¡a Š`m hmo
gH$Vm h¡ gmoMH$a C{MV erf©H$ H$m M`Z H$a|&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V:

d
* ZrMo Hw$N> eãX {X`o J`o h¢ & CZH$s ghm`Vm go ~ÀMm| go EH$

he
N>moQ>r H${dVm {bIdmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a| `m ñd`§ H${dVm {bIH$a
N>mÌm| go dmMZ H$admE±&

is
Zm_
re S B
_mZ OhmZ _hmZ emZ

bl
ß`mam Ý`mam H$R>moa R>moH$a gmam
be T
pu
_{V j{V J{V CÞ{V àJ{V
K
©

* OrdZ _yë`m| go g§~§{YV 10 JwUm| H$s gyMr ~ÀMm| go ~ZdmH$a H$jm

_| Q>±JdmE± &
o
tt
No

86
 11. Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo
- g§H${bV
Ame` :
OrdZ _| ñdmñÏ` H$m _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& gohV H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE

d
H$B© bmoJ ~hþV n¡go IM© H$aVo h¢Ÿ& n¡go IM© {H$`o {~Zm hr AnZo OrdZ H$mo

he
ñdñW aIZo Ho$ {bE ""Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo'' - Bg gyÌ H$mo AnZmE±Ÿ&

Iobm| H$s Xw{Z`m _| gXm AmZ§X Am¡a Cëbmg H$m

is
re S
dmVmdaU ahVm h¡Ÿ& CËgmh H$m erVb g_ra ~hVm
B
bl
ahVm h¡Ÿ& Iob go VZ-_Z ñdñW hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _Zmoa§OZ
^r {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
be T
pu
K

Iob H$B© Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& gmYmaUV`m CZHo$

Xmo ^oX {H$`o OmVo h¢ - emar[aH$ Iob Am¡a _mZ{gH$
©

IobŸ& {OZ Iobm| _| emar[aH$ l_ A{YH$ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, CÝh| emar[aH$ Iob
H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE H$~S²>S>r, hm°H$s, JwëbrS>§S>m, {H«$Ho$Q>, Hw$íVr,
\w$Q>~mb, ~¡S>q_Q>Z, V¡aZm, Xm¡‹S>Zm Am{XŸ& BgHo$ {dnarV {OZ Iobm| _| _mZ{gH$
l_ A{YH$ hmoVm h¡, CÝh| _mZ{gH$ Iob H$hVo h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE eVa§O,
Ho$a_, nmgm, ~H$ar-~mK Iob Am{XŸ&
o
tt
No

87
 Bgr àH$ma d¡`{ŠVH$ Iob Am¡a gm_y{hH$ Iob Ho$ ê$n _| ^r ^oX {H$`o Om
gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& ì`{ŠVJV$ Iobm| _| V¡aZm, Xm¡‹S>Zm, E`amo{~Šg, Vra MbmZm, {~{b`S©²>g,
eyqQ>J, Zmd MbmZm, N>bm§J _maZm Am{XŸ& gm_y{hH$ Iobm| _| dm°{b~m°b,
{H«$Ho$Q>, \w$Q>~m°b, H$~S²>S>r, ~¡S>q_Q>Z Am{XŸ&
Bgr àH$ma Iobm| H$m Am¡a EH$ ^oX ^r

d
h¡Ÿ& H$~S²>S>r, {H«$Ho$Q>, hm°H$s, dm°{b~m°b Am{X

he
_¡XmZr (Outdoor) Iob h¢Ÿ& eVa§O, Ho$a_,
nmgm Am{X Kaoby Iob (Indoor) h¢Ÿ&

is
re S
AmOH$b h_mao Xoe _| hm°H$s, {H«$Ho$Q>,
~¡S>q_Q>>Z, eVa§O, Hw$íVr Am{X Iob H$m\$s
B
bl
bmoH${à` hmo aho h¢Ÿ&
be T
pu
amÁ` Am¡a amï´> Ho$ ñVa na {Ibm{‹S>`m|
K

H$mo nwañH$ma {XE OmVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go AOw©Z,

©

EH$bì`, Ðmo U mMm`© , Ü`mZM§ X , amOrd

IobaËZ Am{XŸ& nwañH$ma Ho$ gmW YZamer
^r Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ& AÀN>o-AÀN>o {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo Am¡a nwañH$ma àmá {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo
^r amÁ` gaH$ma, H|$Ð gaH$ma, ~¢H$ Am¡a H$B© H§$n{Z`m| _| Zm¡H$ar Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ&
nwañH$ma àmá {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo Zm¡H$[a`m| H$s ^Vu _| AmajU H$s gw{dYm ^r
o

ahVr h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht aob, hdmB©OhmµO Am{X _| gµ\$a H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r
tt

{deof ê$n go AmajU H$s gw{dYm Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ& H$B© H§$n{Z`m± {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo
AnZo à{V{Z{Y ~Zm boVr h¢Ÿ&
No

OrdZ _| Iobm| H$m ñWmZ ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ& Iob N>mÌ OrdZ H$m
_hËdnyU© A§J h¡& N>mÌm| Ho$ {bE n‹T>mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW IobZm ^r µOê$ar h¡Ÿ& Iobm|
X²dmam ~ÀMm| _| Y¡`,© bJZ, n[al_, CËgmh VWm nañna gh`moJ Am{X JwUm| H$m
{dH$mg hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

88
 d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Ohm± {dX²`mb` _| N>mÌ {ejm X²dmam AZoH$

{df`m| H$m kmZ àmá H$aVo h¢, dht Iobm| X²dmam
OrdZ H$m AZw^d àmá H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
Zohê$ Or Ho$ AZwgma Iob H$mo Iob H$s
o

^mdZm go hr IobZm Mm{hEŸ& Zohê$ Or Ho$

tt

g_mZ hr Jm§YrOr ^r ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE ì`m`m_

H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVo WoŸ& Iob ^r ì`m`m_ H$m
No

hr EH$ A§J h¡Ÿ& IobZo go h_mao A§Jm| H$s H$gaV

hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a h_ öï>-nwï> ~ZVo h¢Ÿ& AV…
AÀN>o ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE IobZm µOê$ar h¡Ÿ&

89
 Iobm| X²dmam h_ Zm_ Ho$ gmW-gmW YZ ^r H$_m gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& AmOH$b Iobm|
H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo Ho$ {bE {dX²`mb`m| _| ^r "Iob-{Xdg' H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m
OmVm h¡Ÿ& OrVZodmbo ~ÀMm| H$mo nwañH$ma {XE OmVo h¢Ÿ& g^r ~ÀMm| H$mo Iobm| _|
^mJ boZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ do ñdñW ~Z|Ÿ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ ""ñdñW eara _| hr
ñdñW _pñVîH$ H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡Ÿ&''

d
AV… VZ-_Z XmoZm| H$mo ñdñW ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE IobZm AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

he
*****
eãXmW© :

is
re S
N>mÌ − {dX²`mWr© , µOê$ar − Amdí`H$ , erVb − R>§S>m , g_ra −
B
bl
hdm, dm`w ; {dH$mg − àJ{V, CÝZ{V ; Vbme − Ty>±‹T>, ImoO; MmoQ> − Kmd,
be T
{hñgm − ^mJ, ñdmñÏ` − V§XwéñVr, gohV ; H$gaV − ì`m`m_, gh`moJ −
pu
ghH$ma, qMVm − naoemZr, Imbr − [aŠV, AmajU − Reservation, öï>-nwï>
K

− VJ‹S>m, hQ²>Q>m-H$Q²>Q>mŸ&
©

Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. Iobm| H$s Xw{Z`m H¡$gr h¡ ?
o

2. ì`{ŠVJV Iobm| Ho$ CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&

tt

3. h_ öï>-nwï> H¡$go ~Z gH$Vo h¢ ?

Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
No

II.
1. Iobm| Ho$ àH$ma {bIVo hþE Hw$N> CXmhaU Xr{OE&
2. Iobm| go Š`m bm^ h¢ ?
3. amÁ` Am¡a amï´> ñVa na {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡¡Z-go nwañH$ma {X`o
OmVo h¢?
90
 III. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
Amdí`H$, kmZ, CÝZ{V, ñdñW
IV. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
Xw{Z`m, dra, ñnYm©, nwañH$ma, {dÚmWu

d
V. Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :

he
1. Iob go ñdñW hmoVm h¡&
2. Iob OrdZ H$m _hËdnyU© A§J h¡Ÿ&

is
re S
3. Iob ^r
B H$m hr EH$ A§J h¡&

bl
4. ñdñW eara _| ñdñW H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡&
be T
VI.
pu
dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
K

CËgmh, nwañH$ma, _mZ{gH$ l_, Am`moOZ

©

VII. H$Þ‹S> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1$. Iob H$B© Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
2. OrdZ _| Iobm| H$m ñWmZ ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ&
VIII. CnH$aUm| H$mo XoIH$a Iobm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE:
o

1$) 2) 3)
tt
No

4) 5) 6)

91
 IX. Š`m AmnZo gVmo{b`m (bJmoar) Iobm h¡? Cg Iob Ho$$ {Z`_m| H$mo
{b{IE:

d
he
X. ~MnZ _| AmnZo {Jëbr-S>§S>m, nV§J C‹S>mZm, H$m§°Mo, gVmo{b`m,
bQ²>Qy>, Imo-Imo Am¡a Nw>ßnm-Nw>ßnr Iobm hmoJm& {H$gr EH$ Iob Ho$

is
re S
~mao _| nm±M dmŠ` {b{IE&
B
bl
XI. AZwê$nVm :
be T
1$. eVa§O : _mZ{gH$ Iob :: ~¡S>{_Q>§Z :
pu
K

2. {H«$Ho$Q> : _¡XmZr Iob :: Ho$a_ :

3. V|Sy>ëH$a : {H«$Ho$Q> :: Ü`mZM§X :
©

4. V¡aZm : ì`{ŠVJV Iob :: H$~S²>S>r :

^mfm kmZ
"g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì``'
* IobZo go h_mao A§Jm| H$s H$gaV hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a h_ öï>-nwï> ~ZVo h¢&
o

* _¢ Ka OëXr J`m {H$§Vw gmo Zht nm`m&

tt

* IobZo go emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ ~b ~‹T>Vm h¡&

No

Cn`©wŠV dmŠ`m| _| aoIm§{H$V eãX g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì`` h¢&

Xmo eãXm|, CndmŠ`m| Am¡a dmŠ`m| H$mo Omo‹S>Zo `m AbJ H$aZodmbo eãXm|
H$mo "g_wÀM`~moYH$' H$hVo h¢&
CXmhaU : {H$, bo{H$Z, qH$Vw, na§Vw, Š`m|{H$, VWm, Ed§, AWdm, _Ja
Am{X&
92
 g_wÀM`~moYH$ Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¢ -
1. g_mZm{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$ - Xmo AWdm Xmo go A{YH$ g_mZ
nXm|, CndmŠ`m| `m dmŠ`m| H$mo Amng _| OmoS‹ >Zdo mbo eãXm| H$mo g_mZm{YH$aU
g_wÀM`~moYH$ H$hVo h¢& O¡go - `m, d, ~pëH$, Bg{bE, Am¡a, VWm Am{X&
* déU Zo AnZm J¥hH$m`© {H$`m Am¡a IobZo Mbm J`m&

d
* _XZ d Z§XZ gmo aho h¢&

he
* _¢Zo H$mo{ee H$s, bo{H$Z H$m_ Zht ~Zm&
2. ì`{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$ - EH$ AWdm EH$ go A{YH$ Am{lV

is
CndmŠ`m| H$mo Amng _| Omo‹S>Zodmbo eãX ì`{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$
re S
H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go - VWm{n, `X²`{n, {H$, Š`m|{H$, Vm{H$ Am{X&
B
bl
* _m± Zo H$hm {H$ Vwa§V V¡`ma hmo OmAmo&
be T
pu
* _¢ Ka Mbm Am`m Š`m|{H$ n¡go IË_ hmo J`o&
K

* A^r narjm H$s V¡`mar H$amo Vm{H$ AÀN>o A§H$ nm gH$mo&

©

I. {ZåZ{b{IV CndmŠ`m| H$mo g_wÀM`~moYH$ go Omo{‹S>E :

(Bg{bE, bo{H$Z, Vm{H$, AV…, {H$, Am¡a, `m)
1$. Vwåhmar V~r`V Iam~ h¡& XdmB© Vmo ImZr n‹S>oJr&
2. OëXr AmAmo& g_` na nhþ±M gH$mo&
o

3. {dH$mg Zo g_Pm`m& ~mV _V ~‹T>mAmo&

tt

4. am_m`U _hmH$mì` h¡& _hm^maV ^r _hmH$mì` h¡&

No

5. am_ Ka Am`m& í`m_ Ka Am`m?

6. Š`m Vw_ H$m°\$s nrAmoJo& Š`m Vw_ Mm` nrAmoJo ?
7. AmO BVdma h¡& AmO g^r XþH$mZ| ~ÝX h¢&
8. _¢ OëXr J`m Wm& H$m_ Zht ~Zm&
93
 II. [aŠV ñWmZm| _| C{MV g_wÀM`~moYH$ ^[aE:
(Š`m|{H$, Bg{bE, `m, ~{ëH$)
1$. Cgo Ira Zht, hbdm ImZr h¡&
2. Bg g_` ~mha _V {ZH$bmo, _m¡g_ Iam~ h¡&

d
3. bVm Vw_ gmoZm MmhVr hmo, IobZm MmhVr hmo?

he
4. AmO _¢ Wmo‹S>r Xoa go CR>m, ñHy$b g_` na Zht
nhþ±M gH$m&

is
III.
re S
{ZåZ{b{IV g_wÀM`~moYH$m| H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE dmŠ` ~ZmBE:
B
bl
1$. bo{H$Z -
be T
2. Š`m|{H$ -
pu
K

3. Vm{H$ -
©

4. `m -
5. ~pëH$ -

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
* {H$gr EH$ à{gÕ {Ibm‹S>r H$m OrdZ-n[aM`, ^|Q>dmVm©, AmË_-H$WZ
o

Am{X g§J«h H$aHo$ {MÌm| X²dmam ~ÀMm| H$mo g_PmE±&

tt

* N>mÌm| H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Hw$N> _ehÿa {Ibm{‹S> `m| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$admE±&
No

94
 12. g‹S>H$ H$s ajm - g~H$s gwajm
- g§H${bV
Ame` :
AÀN>o ZmJ[aH$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo ha EH$ H$mo AnZo H$V©ì`m| H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE
{Oggo Xÿgam| H$mo h_mao H$maU H$moB© H$ï> Z CR>mZm n‹S>o& Bg nmR> _| g‹S>H$ H$s

d
gwajm, g\$mB© Am{X na àH$me S>mbVo hþE ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ à_wI H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V

he
N>mÌm| H$moo$ gMoV {H$`m J`m h¡&
{d^w Zm¡dt H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm& Cgo gm‹T>o Zm¡ ~Oo VH$ ñHy$b nhþ±MZm Wm&

is
re S
CgH$s gmB{H$b Iam~ hmo J`r Wr& Bg{bE dh g‹S>H$ na OëXr-OëXr Xm¡‹S>Vm
hþAm Om ahm Wm& g‹S>H$ na {H$grZo Ho$bo H$m {N>bH$m \|$H$ {X`m Wm& h_oem
B
bl
g~H$mo g\$mB© H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE, _Ja Hw$N> bmoJ Eogm Zht H$aVo& H$^r-
be T
H$^r do AnZo ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì` H$mo ^yb OmVo h¢& {d^w H$m nm±d {N>bHo$ na nS>Vo
pu
hr dh {\$gbH$a {Ja n‹S>m& MmoQ> bJr, H$n‹S>o J§Xo hmo J`o Vmo dh CXmg hmo J`m&
K
tt
o ©

"CR>mo ~oQ>m, CXmg _V hmoAmo'- H$ht go AmdmµO Am`r& CgZo$ AmJo-nrN>o

XoIm& Amg-nmg H$moB© {XImB© Zht {X`m& Xÿa-Xÿa VH$ H$moB© Zht Wm& {d^w Mm¢H$
No

J`m& BVZo _| g‹S>H$ {\$a go ~mobr-""~oQ>m, _¢ g‹S>H$ ~mob ahr h±ÿ& MmoQ> Vwåh| hr
Zht, _wPo ^r bJr h¡& _wPo Vmo h_oem MmoQ> bJVr ahVr h¡& AmX_r, Vm±Jo,
OmZda, _moQ>a Jm{‹S>`m± Mm¡~rgm| K§Q>o _oao D$na MbVo ahVo h¢& bmoJ ‹T>oa-gmam
Hy$‹S>m-H$Mam S>mbVo ahVo h¢& do ~‹S>r {Z_©_Vm go _wPo H$mQ> ^r XoVo h¢ Am¡a _hrZm|-
_hrZm| _oao Kmd Zht ^aVo&'' g‹S>H$ O~ `h g~ ~mob ahr Wr V~ amo ahr Wr&

95
 {d^w H$mo O¡go gm±n gy±K J`m& BYa-CYa XoIm& Xmo-VrZ OJhm| _| g‹S>H$
H$mo Ama-nma H$mQ>m J`m Wm& _mo‹S> na ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nËWa {Jam`o J`o Wo& "Ob ny{V©
{d^mJ' Zo Am¡a Z`o-Z`o _H$mZ ~ZmZodmbm| Zo g‹S>H$ H$mo H$mQ>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$`m
Wm& "gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`© {d^mJ' Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m`© Ho$ H$maU g‹S>H$ Ho$ EH$-{VhmB©
^mJ na nËWa {Jao Wo, ~rM-~rM _| {d^w Zo H$B© JS²>T>o ^r XoIo& CgZo gmoMm {H$
g‹S>H$ H$mo gaH$mar {d^mJm| H$s gwajm Mm{hE& ZJanm{bH$m go g\$mB© Ed§ XoIaoI

d
^r Mm{hE&

he
{d^w g‹S>H$ H$s ì`Wm H$mo AZw^d H$a XþIr hmo J`m& CgH$mo bJm {H$ g‹S>H$
{H$VZm ghVr h¡, {\$a ^r g~H$mo Omo‹S>Zo H$s CXmaVm {XImVr h¡& H$ht H$ÀMr h¡,
H$ht S>m_admbr h¡ Vmo H$ht H§$H«$sQ> H$s ~Zr hþB© h¡& g‹S>H$ H$mo H$^r AnZo ê$n

is
re S
H$s qMVm Zht ~pëH$ bmoJm| H$s gw{dYm H$s qMVm h¡& _Ja bmoJm| H$mo g‹S>H$ H$s
B
bl
µOam-gr ^r nadmh Zht&
be T
{d^w Zo g‹S>H$ H$mo gm§ËdZm XoVo hþE H$hm - ""_V amo _m±! Vwåhmar Iwer Ho$
pu
{bE h_ Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢? H$moB© Cnm` ~VmAmo&'' g‹S>H$ dmËgë` ^md go
K

~mobr-""~oQ>m, _¢ MmhVr h±ÿ {H$ bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm H$m ^md hmo& _oar gyaV
©

Z {~Jm‹S>&| g\$mB© H$m Ü`mZ aI| VWm `mVm`mV Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$a|&''
{d^w H$mo bJm {H$ bmoJm| Ho$ AË`mMma go g‹S>H$ H$mo _w{ŠV {XbmZr
Mm{hE& g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm, g\$mB© Ed§ XoI^mb Ho$ à{V bmoJm| _| OmJ¥{V bmZr
Mm{hE& g‹S>H$ Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` H$aZodmbm| na H$ma©dmB© hmoZr Mm{hE, Vm{H$ do
AnZo ZmJ[aH$ H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V gMoV aho& bmoJm| H$mo `h gmoMZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya
o

H$aZm Mm{hE {H$ g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm _| gaH$mar {d^mJm| Ho$ gmW CZH$m ^r
gh`moJ aho& BgHo$ gmW-gmW g‹S>H$ H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo, H$mQ>Zo VWm J§Xm H$aZodmbm| H$mo
tt

Ehgmg {XbmZm Mm{hE {H$ CZHo$ H$maU g‹S>H$ H$mo {H$VZm H$ï> hmoVm h¡&
No

{d^w Zo V` {H$`m {H$ dh AnZo gm{W`m| go MMm© H$aHo$, AnZo AÜ`mnH$

Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| Bg {Xem _| Hw$N> à`mg Adí` H$aoJm& Bg àH$ma gmoMVo-
gmoMVo dh ñHy$b H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>m, ^bo hr MbZo _| Cgo Wmo‹S>r-gr Xoa hmo
J`r Wr&
*****

96
 eãXmW© :
MmoQ>-Kmd, nr‹S>m; CXmg-{IÝZ, XþIr; Mm¢H$Zm - M{H$V hmoZm, Hy$‹S>m-
H$Mam, aX²Xr; JS²>T>m - Jhar µO_rZ, JV©, ºÀ¼Àî; XoIaoI-nadmh, aI
aImd; H$ÀMr - An[anŠd, AnyU©, H$_µOmoa; S>m_a - VmaH$mob, Tar; H§$H«$sQ>
- Concrete, aoV+MyZm+H§$H$‹S> H$m {_lU, (H§$H$‹S> nËWa Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o

d
Qw>H$‹S>)o ; gw{dYm-Amam_, nadmh-qMVm, {\$H«$, ào_; gm§ËdZm-Vgëbr, AmídmgZ;

he
gyaV - _wI, ê$n; XoI^mb-XoIaoI, H$ma©dmB©-H$m`©, {d{Y gå_V H$m`©;
gMoV-OmJ¥V, gOJ; _O~ya-{dde, Aghm`; Ehgmg-AZw^{y V, _hgyg; V`
H$aZm-{ZíM` H$aZm, {ZU©` H$aZm; à`mg - à`ËZ, H$mo{ee; gyaV

is
re S
{~Jm‹S>Zm - Hw$ê$n ~ZmZm&
B
bl
_whmdao :
be T
pu
1. Kmd ^aZm - JS²>T>m| H$mo ^aZm, eara na hþAm Kmd R>rH$ hmoZm
K

2. gm±n gy±K OmZm - {ZpîH«$` hmo OmZm, ~oX_ hmo OmZm

©

{deof gyMZm :
1. Ob ny{V© {d^mJ - Water Supply Department
2. gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`© {d^mJ - PWD - Public Works Department
Aä`mg
o

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

tt

1. {d^w H$m¡Z-gr H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm?

2. g‹S>H$ na {H$grZo Š`m \|$H$ {X`m Wm?
No

3. g‹S>H$ Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| {d^w Zo Š`m XoIm?

4. g‹S>H$ H$mo {H$gH$s qMVm Zht h¡?
5. g‹S>H$ Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` H$aZodmbm| na Š`m hmoZr Mm{hE?
6. {d^w Zo {H$gHo$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| à`mg H$aZo H$s ~mV gmoMr?
97
 II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
1. {d^w Š`m| Xm¡‹S>Vm hþAm ñHy$b Om ahm Wm?
2. {d^w Š`m| Mm¢H$ J`m?
3. bmoJ g‹S>H$ Ho$ à{V AnZr {Z_©_Vm H¡$go àH$Q> H$aVo h¢?

d
4. g‹S>H$ H$mo H$mQ>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$gZo {H$`m Wm?

he
5. {d^w Zo g‹S>H$ H$mo gm§ËdZm XoVo hþE Š`m H$hm?
6. {d^w Zo A§V _| Š`m V` {H$`m?

is
re S B
bl
III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
be T
pu
1. {d^w H$mo ~Oo VH$ ñHy$b nhþ±MZm Wm&
K

2. dh na Xm¡‹S>Vm hþAm Om ahm Wm&

©

3. g‹S>H$ H$mo Vmo h_oem bJVr ahVr h¡&

4. bmoJ _hrZm|-_hrZm| g‹S>H$ Ho$ Zht ^aVo&
5. bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s H$m ^md hmo&
6. bmoJ H$m Ü`mZ aI|&
o

AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:

tt

IV.
CXm: 1. Ho$bm-Ho$bo 1. bmoJ-bmoJ 1. AmdmµO-AmdmµO|
No

2. {N>bH$m- 2. nm±d- 2. g‹S>H$ -

3. Vm±Jm- 3. OmZda- 3. MmoQ> -
4. _hrZm - 4. Kmd - 4. gyaV -
5. K§Q>m - 5. Cnm` - 5. OJh -
98
 V. `mVm`mV-gmYZm| H$o$ Zm_ {b{IE:
g‹S>H$ na nQ>ar na nmZr na Amg_mZ _|
MbZodmbo

d
is he
re S B
bl
VI. Xmo-Xmo n`m©`dmMr eãX T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE:
be T
(amñVm, ewÕ, _mZd, Zra, g§Vmof, Moham, XmoñV, {dX²`mb`, {_Ì,
pu
_wI, nmR>embm, AmZ§X, Ob, _Zwî`, ñdÀN>, amh)
K

O¡go : g‹S>H$ - amñVm , amh

©

1. gm\$ - ,
2. Iwer - ,
3. ñHy$b - ,
o

4. gmWr - ,
tt

5. gyaV - ,
No

6. AmX_r - ,
7. nmZr - ,

99
 VII. {H$Z-{H$Z \$bm| H$mo {N>bHo$ Ho$ gmW Im gH$Vo h¢? {H$ZH$mo
Zht? EH$ gyMr ~ZmBE :
{N>bHo$ Ho$ gmW {N>bH$m {ZH$mbH$a
O¡go : 1. go~ 1. Ho$bm
2. 2.

d
3. 3.

he
4. 4.

is
re S B5. 5.

bl
{ZX}e : {N>bH$m {ZH$mbZo Ho$ ~mX {N>bHo$ H$mo Hy$S‹ >Xo mZr _| hr S>mbo&
be T
pu
VIII. gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE:
K

1. nhþ±MZm Wm Cgo VH$ ~Oo gm‹T>o Zm¡ ñHy$b&

©

2. OmVo ZmJ[aH$ H$V©ì` h¢ AnZo ^yb do&

3. ~‹S>o-~‹S>o {Jam`o nËWa na J`o _mo‹S> Wo&
4. nadmh _Ja H$s g‹S>H$ µOam-gr ^r Zht H$mo bmoJm|&
5. ~mobr ^md g‹S>H$ dmËgë` go&
o
tt

IX. nmR> _| go {X²dËd eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE:

O¡go: 1. OëXr - OëXr
No

2. H$^r - H$^r
3.
4.
5.

100
 6.
7.
8.
X. dJ© nhobr go `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| Ho$ Zm_ MwZH$a {b{IE:

d
~ ao b Jm ‹S>r am 1. 6.

he
g {d ñHy$ Q> a Ho$ 2. 7.
3. 8.

is
Q´>
re S_m O hm O Q>
4. 9.
H$ Z H$m° a Am° Q>mo
B
bl
5.
be T
XI. g‹S>H$ Zo AnZo ~mao _| {d^w H$mo ~Vm`m& A~ Amn AmnZo
pu
K

~mao _| {b{IE:
©

1. AmnH$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

2. AmnH$s C_« {H$VZr h¡?
3. H$m¡Z-gr H$jm _| n‹T>Vo h¢?
o

4. ñHy$b H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

tt

5. AmnH$mo ñHy$b {H$VZo ~Oo nhþ±MZm h¡?

No

6. AmnHo$ {H$VZo {_Ì h¢?

7. Š`m do H$^r AmnH$s ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢?

8. AnZo {H$gr EH$ {_Ì H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

101
 XII. A§H$m| H$mo qhXr eãXm| _| {b{IE:

CXm : - EH$ {VhmB©

1. -

d
2. -

he
3. -
4. -

is
re S B
bl
5. -
be T
pu 6. -
K

XIII. AZwê$nVm :
©

1. gmB{H$b : Xmo n{h`m :: H$m°a :

2. H$^r-H$^r : {Ûé{ŠV :: Ama-nma :
3. aobJm‹S> r : nQ>ar :: gmB{H$b :
o

4. {Z_©_Vm : ao\$ eãX :: àH$ma :

tt

^mfm kmZ
No

dmŠ` VWm dmŠ` Ho$ àH$ma

nyU© ^md àH$Q> H$aZodmbm eãX g_yh "dmŠ`' H$hbmVm h¡& àË`oH$
dmŠ` _| H$_ go H$_ Xmo eãXm| H$m hmoZm A{Zdm`© h¡& O¡go -
1. gyaO {ZH$bm& 2. dh Am`m&
102
 dmŠ` Ho$ Xmo A§J

CX²Xoí` {dYo`
H$Vm© go g§~§{YV H$_© Am¡a {H«$`m go
hmoVm h¡& g§~§{YV hmoVm h¡&

d
CXm: H${dVm JmVr h¡&

he
CÔoí` {dYo`
dmŠ` Ho$ àH$ma

is
re S B
bl
g§aMZm Ho$ AZwgma AW© Ho$ AZwgma
be T
pu
1. gmYmaU dmŠ`/gab dmŠ`
1. {dYmZmW©H$ dmŠ`
K

2. {_l dmŠ`
3. g§`wŠV dmŠ` 2. àíZmW©H$ dmŠ`
©

3. {ZfoYmW©H$ dmŠ`
4. AmkmW©H$ dmŠ`
5. BÀN>mW©H$ dmŠ`
6. g§XohmW©H$ dmŠ`
7. g§Ho$VmW©H$ dmŠ`
o

8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ dmŠ`
tt

I.g§aMZm Ho$ AZwgma :

No

1. gmYmaU dmŠ` / gab dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| Ho$db EH$ CX²Xoí`

Am¡a EH$ hr {dYo` hmoVm h¡ Cgo gab dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& `h EH$ hr
{H«$`m Ho$ gmW ~ZZodmbm ñdV§Ì dmŠ` hmoVm h¡&
CXm : gb_mZ ñHy$b OmVm h¡&

103
 2. {_l dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| EH$ àYmZ dmŠ` Am¡a EH$ `m EH$
go A{YH$ Am{lV dmŠ` hmoVo h¢&
CXm : g‹S>H$ Zo H$hm {H$ bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm H$m ^md hmo&
g‹S>H$ Zo H$hm - àYmZ dmŠ` h¡& bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm H$m
^md hmo - Am{lV dmŠ` h¡&
{deof gyMZm : Am{lV dmŠ` go nyd© {H$, Omo, Š`m|{H$, O~,

d
`X²`{n Am{X g§`moOH$ AmVo h¢&

he
3. g§`wŠV dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ gmYmaU dmŠ`
AWdm {_ldmŠ` hmoVo h¢, Cgo g§`wŠV dmŠ` H$hVo h¢&

is
re S
CXm : bmoJ ~‹S>r {Z_©_Vm go _wPo H$mQ> XoVo h¢ Am¡a do _hrZm|
- _hrZm| _oao Kmd Zht§ ^aVo&
B
bl
bmoJ ~‹S>r {Z_©_Vm go _wPo H$mQ> XoVo h¢& - gmYmaU dmŠ` (1)
be T
pu
do _hrZm|-_hrZm| _oao Kmd Zht ^aVo& - gmYmaU dmŠ` (2)
K

{deof gyMZm : Am¡a, VWm, ~{ëH$, AWdm, Zht Vmo, Bg{bE

©

Am{X g§`moOH$m| H$m à`moJ gm_mÝ`V: g§`wŠV dmŠ`m| _| hmoVm h¡&

II. AW© Ho$ AZwgma :
1. {dYmZmW©H$ dmŠ` (H$moB© ^r H$WZ):
CXm : 1. {d^w H$mo gm‹T>o Zm¡ ~Oo VH$ ñHy$b nhþ±MZm Wm&
o

2. Am§XmobZ _| Zm[a`m± ^r nrN>o Zht aht&

tt

2. àíZmW©H$ dmŠ` :
CXm : Vwåhmar Iwer Ho$ {bE h_ Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢?
No

3. {ZfoYmW©H$ dmŠ` :
CXm : 1. _V amo _m±& 2. _wPgo `h H$m_ Zht hmo gH$Vm&
4. AmkmW©H$ dmŠ` :
CXm : 1. OmAmo, nmZr bo AmAmo& 2. `h H$m_ nyam H$amo&

104
 5. BÀNmW©H$ dmŠ` :
CXm : 1. g_mO _| ^mB©-Mmao H$s ^mdZm hmoZr Mm{hE&
2. _wPo gm¡ én`o Mm{hE&
6. g§XohmW©H$ dmŠ` :
CXm : 1. H$b em`X Nw>Å>r hmoJr&

d
2. hmo gH$Vm h¡ nmZr ~ago&

he
7. g§Ho$VmW©H$ dmŠ` :
CXm : 1. `{X n[al_ H$amoJo Vmo \$b nmAmoJo&

is
re S B
2. `{X {~Obr H$Q>oJr Vmo n‹T>Zm _wpíH$b h¡&

bl
8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ dmŠ` :
be T
pu
CXm : 1. AÀN>m ! Vw_ OëXr Am J`o!
K

2. dmh! {H$VZm gw§Xa \y$b h¡!

©

I. gab, {_l Am¡a g§`wŠV dmŠ`m| H$mo nhMm{ZE :

1. {d^w Zm¡dt H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm&
2. ZJanm{bH$m go g\$mB© Ed§ XoIaoI ^r Mm{hE&
3. g‹S>H$ H$mo H$^r AnZo ê$n H$s qMVm Zht ~pëH$ bmoJm| H$s gw{dYm
H$s qMVm h¡&
o

4. g‹S>H$ O~ `h g~ ~mob ahr Wr V~ amo ahr Wr&

tt

5. {d^w Zo g‹S>H$ Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| H$B© JS²>‹T>o ^r XoIo&

6. {d^w XþIr hmo J`m&
No

7. {d^w Zo gmoMm Am¡a g‹S>H$ H$mo gm§ËdZm Xr&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm ha ZmJ[aH$ H$m H$V©ì` h¡& Bgr àH$ma Ho$ AÝ`
ZmJ[aH$-H$V©ì`m| H$s EH$ gyMr N>mÌm| go ~ZdmE± Am¡a CZ_| OmJ¥{V n¡Xm H$a|&

105
 13. gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm
-gm{ha bw{Y`mZdr
Ame` :
EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ahZo go _wpíH$b H$m_ ^r AmgmZ hmo OmVm h¡& Z`o-
Z`o _mJ© IwbZo bJVo h¢& Bg H${dVm _| {_bOwbH$a ahZo go àmá hmoZodmbo

d
n[aUm_m| Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡&

he
gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&
EH$ AHo$bm WH$ OmEJm, {_bH$a ~moP CR>mZm&

is
re S B
gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&

bl
h_ _ohZVdmbm| Zo O~ ^r, {_bH$a H$X_ ~‹T>m`m,
be T
pu gmJa Zo amñVm N>mo‹S>m, na~V Zo grg PwH$m`m,
K

µ\$m¡bmXr h¢ grZo AnZo, µ\$m¡bmXr h¢ ~m±h|,

h_ Mmh| Vmo MÅ>mZm| _| n¡Xm H$a X| amh|,
©

gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&

_ohZV AnZo boI H$s aoIm, _ohZV go Š`m S>aZm,
H$b J¡am| H$s Im{Va H$s, AmO AnZr Im{Va H$aZm,
AnZm XþI ^r EH$ h¡ gmWr, AnZm gwI ^r EH$,
o

AnZr _§{µOb gM H$s _§{µOb, AnZm amñVm ZoH$,

gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&
tt

EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo H$Vam, ~Z OmVm h¡ X[a`m,

No

EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo µOam©, ~Z OmVm h¡ goham,

EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo amB©, ~Z gH$Vr h¡ na~V,
EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo B§gm±, ~g _| H$a bo {H$ñ_V,
gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&
*****
106
 H${d n[aM`
gm{ha bw{Y`mZdr H$m Agbr Zm_ AãXþb hWr gm{ha h¡& CZH$m OÝ_
8 _mM© 1921 _| bw{Y`mZm (^maV) Ho$ EH$ OmJraXma KamZo _| hþAm Wm& doo
~hþV ~‹S>o H${d VWm JrVH$ma Wo& ~§~B© (dV©_mZ _w§~B©) _| do EH$ CXÿ© n{ÌH$m

d
Ho$ g§nmXH$ aho& CÝhm|Zo H$B© {\$ë_m| Ho$ {bE JrV {bIo& 59 df© H$s Am`w _| 25

he
AŠVy~a 1980 H$mo {Xb H$m Xm¡am n‹S>Zo go CZH$m Xohm§V hmo J`m& 1964 Am¡a
1977 _| CÝh| Xmo ~ma {\$ë_\o$`a gd©loð> JrVH$ma nwañH$ma {_bm Wm&

is
eãXmW©:
re S B
bl
~moP-^ma, H$X_ ~‹T>mZm- AmJo-AmJo MbZm, \$m¡bmXr-bmohm, _O~yV;
be T
pu
grZm-N>mVr, AnZm boI-IwX {bIo hþE Aja, {bImdQ> ; J¡a-nam`m, Im{Va
K

- Ho$ {bE, H$maU, _§{µOb-bú`, J§Vì`, _wH$m_, ZoH$-AÀN>m, CÎm_; H$Vam -

©

{H$gr Vab nXmW© H$s ~y±X, X[a`m - ZXr, µOam© - JOam, \y$bm| H$s N>moQ>r _mbm;
goham - \y$bm| go ~Zr _mbm Omo Xÿëho Ho$ {ga na ~m±Yr OmVr h¡, amB©-EH$ àH$ma
H$s N>moQ>r gagm|, B§gm±-BZgmZ, AmX_r&
_whmdao :
o

1. hmW ~‹T>mZm - gh`moJ XoZm, _XX H$aZm

tt

2. ~moP CR>mZm - {Oå_oXmar boZm

No

3. grg PwH$mZm - {dZ_« hmoZm, ZV_ñVH$ hmoZm

4. amh| n¡Xm H$aZm - Z`o _mJ© Ty>±‹T>Zm
5. amB© {_bH$a na~V ~ZZm - N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~mVm| go ~‹S>m n[aUm_ {ZH$bZm
(amB© H$m nhm‹S> ~ZZm)
107
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. H${d {H$ggo hmW ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$h aho h¢?
2. ~moP H¡$go CR>mZm Mm{hE?

d
3. gmJa Zo amñVm H$~ N>mo‹S>m?

he
4. h_ AJa Mmh| Vmo H$hm± amh| n¡Xm H$a gH$Vo h¢?

is
5. AnZr _§{µOb H¡$gr _§{µOb h¡?
re S
6. amB© EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo Š`m ~Z gH$Vr h¡?
B
bl
7. {H$ñ_V H$mo H¡$go AnZo ~g _| H$a gH$Vo h¢?
be T
pu
K

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:

©

1. _ohZV H$aZodmbo {_bH$a H$X_ ~‹T>mVo h¢ Vmo Š`m-Š`m hmo

gH$Vm h¡?
2. EH$ go EH$ {_bZo H$m n[aUm_ Š`m hmoJm? ({H$Ýht Xmo)
III. BZ n§{ŠV`m| H$mo nyam H$s{OE:
o

1. EH$ WH$ OmEJm, {_bH$a CR>mZm&

tt

2. gmWr, hmW &

No

3. _ohZV AnZo H$s aoIm, go

Š`m S>aZm&
4. AnZr gM H$s _§{µOb, AnZm ZoH$&
5. EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo , ~g _| H$a bo &

108
 IV. VwH$dmbo eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE:
O¡go : ~‹T>m`m - PwH$m`m
1. ~m±h| -
2. S>aZm -

d
3. EH$ -

he
4. na~V -

is
V. re S
^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE :
B
bl
EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo amB©, ~Z gH$Vr h¡ na~V,
be T
pu
EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo B§gm±, ~g _| H$a bo {H$ñ_V,
K

gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&

©

VI. AnZo gmWr Ho$ ~mao _| Wmo‹S>r-gr OmZH$mar Xr{OE:

1. AmnHo$ {H$VZo gmWr h¢?
2. AnZo nm±M gm{W`m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE&
o

3. AmnH$m ~hþV AÀN>m, Jham XmoñV H$m¡Z h¡?

tt

4. {H$VZo gmbm| H$s XmoñVr h¡?

No

5. XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM H$^r PJ‹S>m hþAm h¡?

6. {H$g ~mV na PJ‹S>m hþAm?
7. H¡$go gwbPm`m?

109
 VII. Bg H${dVm _| AnZo gmWr go hmW ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$hm J`m
h¡& {_bH$a ~moP CR>mZo H$s ~mV ~Vm`r J`r h¡& `h ~mV
n[adma _| ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ `m Zht?
A~ {b{IE -
1. AmnHo$ n[adma _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z ahVo h¢?
2. Ka _| Hw$b {H$VZo bmoJ h¢?

d
3. CZHo$ Zm_ Š`m h¢?

he
4. CZH$s Am`w {H$VZr h¡?
5. do Š`m H$m_ H$aVo h¢?

is
re S B
Zm_ Am`w H$m_

bl
CXm: 1. nmnm/{nVmOr-gwaoe 42 S>m°ŠQ>a
be T
pu
2. _m±
K
©

VIII. n[adma Ho$ Am¡a ^r H$B© gXñ` hmoVo h¢& O¡go XmXm, XmXr Am{X&
{nVm Ho$ {nVm ({nVmOr) H$mo XmXm H$hm OmVm h¡&
o
tt

A~ {b{IE [aíVm| H$m Zm_ :

(~wAm, ZmZm, XmXr, VmD$, ZmZr, _m_m, MmMm, _m¡gr)
No

1. {nVmOr H$s _m±

2. {nVmOr Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB©
3. {nVmOr H$s ~hZ
4. {nVmOr Ho$ N>moQ>o ^mB©
110
 5. _m± Ho$ {nVmOr
6. _m± H$s _m±
7. _m± Ho$ ^mB©
8. _m± H$s ~hZ
IX. Vwåhmao {dMma go {H$gH$s Š`m-Š`m {Oå_oXm[a`m± h¢?-

d
1. {nVmOr H$s

he
2. _mVmOr H$s

is
3. XmXmOr H$s
re S B
bl
4. XmoñV H$s
be T
5. Vwåhmar
pu
K

X. ghr {_bmZ H$s{OE :

©

1. hmW ~‹T>mZm - Z`o _mJ© Ty>±‹T>Zm

2. ~moP CR>mZm - AmJo {ZH$bZm
3. H$X_ ~‹T>mZm - gh`moJ XoZm/_XX H$aZm
4. amh| n¡Xm H$aZm - N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~mVmo§ go ~‹S>m n[aUm_
{ZH$bZm
o

5. amB© H$m nhm‹S>/ - {Oå_oXmar boZm

tt

na~V ~ZZm
No

XI. AZwê$nVm:
1. ~‹T>Zm : ~‹T>mZm :: CR>Zm :
2. na~V : nhm‹S> :: {H$ñ_V :
3. EH$ EH$ H$Vam : X[a`m :: EH$ EH$ amB© :
4. AnZm : nam`m :: S>a : >
111
 ^mfm kmZ
_whmdam
{nN>br H$jm _| Amn "_whmdao' H$m _Vb~ g_P J`o h¢& gmYmaU
AW© Ho$ ~Xbo {deof AW© àH$Q> H$aZodmbo dmŠ`m§e "_whmdao' H$hbmVo h¢&
_whmdao ñdV§Ì dmŠ`m§e Zht hmoVo& BZHo$ à`moJ go ^mfm gag Ed§

d
geŠV hmo OmVr h¡& ^mdm{^ì`{ŠV _| M_ËH$ma Am OmVm h¡& Hw$N>

he
_whmdmao >
1. Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm - Jm`~ hmoZm

is
re S
2. _w±h go \y$b P‹S>Zm - _rR>m / {à` dMZ ~mobZm
B
bl
3. hdm go ~mV| H$aZm - ~hþV VoO Xm¡‹S>Zm
be T
pu
4. {_Q²>Q>r _| {_b OmZm - Zï> hmo OmZm
K

5. CÞrg ~rg H$m A§Va hmoZm - ~hþV H$_ A§Va hmoZm

©

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
* Bg H${dVm H$mo N>mÌm| go gm_y{hH$ ê$n _| J±dmE±&
* _whmdam| H$m AW© g{hV MmQ>© ~ZdmH$a H$jm _| Q>±JdmE±&
o
tt
No

112
 14. gm¡a D$Om©
-g§H${bV
Ame` :
AmO Ho$ `wJ _| ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$s AË`{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm h¡& gm¡a
D$Om© ^r ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© h¡& Bg nmR> Ho$ X²dmam D$Om© H$s _hÎmm Ho$

d
~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

he
hOmam| gmbm| go h_ gy`© H$s D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo Am aho h¢; bo{H$Z
hm±! {~Obr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE CgH$m Cn`moJ hmb hr _| ewê$ hþAm h¡& gy`© n¥Ïdr

is
go h¡ bJ^J 15 H$amo‹S> {H$._r. H$s Xÿar na, {H$ÝVw ~mn ao! h¡ {H$VZm
re S
e{ŠVembr& CgH$s D$Om© Ho$ EH$ {hñgo _mÌ go h_mar D$Om© g§~§Yr gmar
B
bl
Amdí`H$VmE± nyU© hmo gH$Vr h¢&
be T
pu
K
©

gm¡a D$Om© H$m AW© h¡ "gy`©-e{ŠV'& Bgo A§J«oµOr _| "Solar Energy'

H$hVo h¢& Š`m Iy~! AmOH$b Bgr D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ {~Obr Ho$ CËnmXZ _|
hmoVm h¡& gy`© go h_| Vmn ^r {_bVm h¡, àH$me ^r& O¡go-O¡go {~Obr H$m
o

Cn`moJ VWm _m±J ~‹T>Zo bJr, d¡go-d¡go {~Obr CËnmXZ Ho$ AbJ-AbJ òmoVm|
H$mo _Zwî` Ty>±‹T>Zo bJm& V~ àma§^ hþAm gy`© go ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$m
tt

CËnmXZ& ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$m CËnmXZ _w»`V… Ob, dm`w VWm gy`©
No

BZ VrZ VËdm| go hmo gH$Vm h¡& Bgo Ob D$Om©, dm`w D$Om© Am¡a gm¡a D$Om© H$hm
OmVm h¡&
dmh! Š`m ~mV h¡& {nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] go "gm¡a D$Om©' CËnmXZ H$s
VH$ZrH$ _| VoOr go d¥{X²Y hþB© h¡& gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ à_wI
ê$n go Xmo VH$ZrH|$ CnbãY h¢& EH$ h¡ "\$moQ>modmoëQ>mBH$' Am¡a Xÿgam h¡
"H$m°Ýg|Q´>oqQ>J'&
113
 Or hm±! BZ XmoZm| VH$ZrH$m| _| gm¡a D$Om© H$mo grYo {~Obr _| ~Xbm Om
gH$Vm h¡&
gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ H$hm±-H$hm± hmoVm h¡, AmBE XoI|&

d
is he
1.
re S
gm¡a D$Om©
B : `h {dX²`wV D$Om© Ho$ ~Xbo _| Cn`wŠV hmoVr h¡& `h

bl
D$Om© grYo gy`© go àmá hmoVr h¡¡& Š`m Iy~! Bggo Kam|
_| {~Obr {_bVr h¡& nmZr ^r Ja_m`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
be T
pu
2. gmobma Hw$H$a : ImZm nH$mZo Ho$ {bE BªYZ Ho$ ~Xbo gm¡a D$Om© H$m
K

(gm¡a Myëhm nmMH$) Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡& Or hm±! gmobma Hw$H$a H$mo ~mha
©

aIH$a ImZm nH$m`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

3. gm¡a bmbQ>oZ : `h hëH$m hmoVm h¡& Aao! Bgo ObmZo Ho$ {bE {_Q²>Q>r
H$m Vob, noQ´>mob `m J¡g H$s Oê$aV hr Zht n‹S>Vr&
4. gm¡a nW-Xrn : dmh! gm¡a nW-Xrn go hmoVr h¡ {~Obr H$s ~MV&
o

Ohm± {dX²`wV bmBZ Zht bJm gH$Vo, Eogo àXoem| _|

`h A{YH$ Cn`moJr h¡&
tt

Bgr àH$ma H¥${f joÌ _| qgMmB© _| Ob {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE gm¡a n§n H$m
No

Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡¡& `mVm`mV Ho$ joÌ _| gm¡a D$Om© Ho$ H$maU BªYZ H$s
~MV hmo ahr h¡& Am¡X²`mo{JH$ joÌ _| ^r `h A{YH$-go-A{YH$ bm^Xm`H$
{gX²Y hþAm h¡& gm¡a D$Om© X²dmam n`m©daU àXÿfU H$mo amoH$m Om gH$Vm h¡& `h
{~Obr go µÁ`mXm gwa{jV h¡& {Zñg§e` gm¡a-D$Om© AË`ÝV Cn`moJr h¡&
*****
114
 eãXmW©:
D$Om©-g§MbZ H$s j_Vm XoZodmbr e{ŠV, hmb hr _| - dV©_mZ _|, at
present ; {hñgm-A§e, ^mJ; Vmn-Ja_r, CîUVm, heat ; òmoV - {H$gr dñVw
`m VËd H$m CËn{Îm ñWmZ, VH$ZrH$-à{d{Y, {H$gr {deof H$bm H$m kmZ;
ZdrH$aUr` - Ad{Y g_mßV hmoZo na nwZ… Cn`moJ _| bm`m OmZodmbm,
Renewable; BªYZ - dmhZm| Am{X _| Cn`wŠV S>rµOb, noQ´>mob Am{X nXmW©,

d
Fuel; qgMmB© - {H$gr ObòmoV go IoV _| Ob nhþ±MmZm, hëH$m - H$_

he
dOZdmbm, ^ma _| H$_ ; `mVm`mV - AmdmJ_Z, Transportation ; Am¡X²`mo{JH$
- CX²`moJ g§~§Yr, Industrial.

is
re S
{deof gyMZm :
B
* H$moMr (Cochin) hdmB© AS²>S>o _| gm¡ à{VeV gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m

bl
Om ahm h¡&
be T
pu
* gm¡a D$Om© go 1. \$moQ>modmoëQ>mBH$ - Photovoltaic
K

{~Obr CËnmXZ
2. H$m°Ýg|Q´>oqQ>J - Concentrating
©

Ho$ Xmo VH$ZrH$

Aä`mg
I. EH$dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. gy`© n¥Ïdr go bJ^J {H$VZo {H$._r H$s Xÿar na h¡?
o

2. gm¡a D$Om© H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

tt

3. gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ _w»`V… {H$VZr

VH$ZrH|$ h¢?
No

4. Kam| _| gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ H¡$go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡?

5. gmobma Hw$H$a H$mo qhXr _| Š`m H$hVo h¢?
6. gm¡a nW-Xrn go {H$gH$s ~MV hmoVr h¡?

115
 II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
1. gy`© {H$VZm e{ŠVembr h¡? Cggo {~Obr ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ H$~go
ewê$ hþAm h¡?
2. gy`© go h_| Š`m-Š`m {_bVm h¡?
3. ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$m CËnmXZ _w»`V… {H$Z VËdm| go hmo

d
gH$Vm h¡?

he
4. VrZ D$Om©Am| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE&
5. gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnbãY VH$ZrH|$ H$m¡Z-

is
re S
gr h¢?
B
bl
6. gm¡a bmbQ>oZ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
be T
III. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:
pu
K

1. gy`© n¥Ïdr go h¡ ~hþV Xÿa, {H$ÝVw h¡ ~hþV &

2. gm¡a D$Om© CËnmXZ H$s VH$ZrH$ _| go d¥{Õ
©

hþB© h¡&
3. gm¡a D$Om© H$mo grYo _| ~Xbm Om gH$Vm h¡&
4. H¥${f joÌ _| Ob {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m OmVm h¡&
o

IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

tt

1. `mVm`mV Ho$ joÌ _| gm¡a Myëhm nmMH$&

No

2. Am¡X²`mo{JH$ joÌ _| n`m©daU àXÿfU Zht hmoVm&

3. gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr go Á`mXm gwa{jV h¡&
4. gm¡a D$Om© A{YH$ bm^Xm`H$ {gX²Y hþAm h¡&
5. gmobma Hw$H$a BªYZ H$s ~MV hmoVr h¡&

116
 V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE:
1. nyU© x 6. hëH$m x

2. àH$me x 7. A{YH$ x

3. ~‹T>Zm x 8. bm^ x

d
4. à_wI x 9. Cn`moJr x

he
5. Ja_ x 10. gwa{jV x

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Ob D$Om© go {~Obr CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$ H$B© joÌ h¢&

is
VI. re S
CZH$m n[aM` àmá H$s{OE:
B
bl
CXm : 1. Joégmoßno ObànmV - qbJZ_ŠH$s ~m±Y - {ed_mo½Jm {Obm
be T
pu
2. JJZMwŠH$s-^aMwŠH$s ObànmV - _hmË_mJm°§Yr {dX²`wV
K

CËnmXZ-_§S²>`m {Obm H|$Ð

©

VII. H$b, AmO Am¡a H$b (gm¡a D$Om© VH$ H$s g\$a):
H$b : {_Q²>Q>r Vob H$m Cn`moJ - bmbQ>oZ dJ¡ah go amoeZr
AmO : Ob D$Om© go {~Obr - ~ë~, Q²>`y~bmB©Q> dJ¡ah go amoeZr
o

AmO : dm`w D$Om© go {~Obr - à_wI ê$n go H¥${f joÌm| _|

tt

AmO
Am¡a : gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ - ha {H$gr joÌ _|
No

H$b

(H$b-¤£Éß, AmO-EAzÀÄ, H$b-£Á¼É)

117
 A~ Amn Bgr àH$ma H$b Am¡a AmO H$m A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE:
H$b AmO
O¡go : 1. n¡Xb `mÌm {d{^Þ gdmar
2.

d
3.

he
4.
5.

is
re S
Hw$N> Eogo àM{bV A§J«oµOr eãX h¢ Omo AnZr ^mfm _| Kwb-{_b
B
bl
VIII.
J`o h¡§& BZHo$ {bE AnZr ^mfm _| eãX h¢, {\$a ^r h_ CZH$m
be T
pu
à`moJ grYm-grYm d¡go hr H$aVo h¢&
K

CXm: 1. Solar gmobma gm¡a (AnZr ^mfm _|)

©

2. Doctor S>m°ŠQ>a {M{H$ËgH$, d¡X²`

3. Jail Oo b ~§XrImZm
4. Police Station nw{bg ñQ>oeZ AmajH$ R>mZm
5. Internet B§Q>aZoQ> A§VOm©b
Eogo eãXm| H$m à`moJ Amn ^r H$aVo hm|Jo& H$moB© 10 eãXm| H$s
o

gyMr ~ZmBE&
tt

IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:

No

1. "gm¡a D$Om©' H$m AW© h¡ ""gm¡a-e{ŠV''&

2. gy`© go h_| Vmn ^r {_bVm h¡, àH$me ^r&
3. gm¡a D$Om© go nmZr ^r Ja_m`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
4. dmh! gm¡a nW-Xrn go hmoVr h¡ {~Obr H$s ~MV&
5. gm¡a D$Om© {~Obr go Á`mXm gwa{jV h¡&
118
 X. dJ© nhobr _| {~Obr go MbZodmbr Hw$N> MrµOm| Ho$ Zm_ h¢&
CÝh| MwZH$a {b{IE:
CXm : ~ë~
A ~ ë~ _o Yw à 1.
2.
ao Vm Amo Q´>mo bm er
3.

d
{S> n d ao B© V 4.

he
`mo H$ Z b `§ H$ 5.
6.
g§ J U H$ Ì n§

is
re S
Xÿ a X e© Z Im
B 7.
8.

bl
9.
be T
pu
XI. `mX H$aHo$ {b{IE {H$ {H$Z-{H$Z OJhm| _| gm¡a D$Om© H$m
K

Cn`moJ hmo ahm h¡&

©

XII. AZwê$nVm :
1. amV : Mm±X :: {XZ :
2. Mm±X : Mm±XZr :: gy`© :
3. AeŠV : CngJ© eãX :: e{ŠVhrZ :
4. Obe{ŠV : ObD$Om© :: gy`©e{ŠV :
o

^mfm kmZ
tt

{dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì`` = "{dñ_`+Am{X+~moYH$'

No

dmŠ` _| Omo Aì`` {dñ_`, hf©, K¥Um, emoH$, ^`, H«$moY Am{X
_Zmo^mdm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢, do "{dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``' H$hbmVo h¢&
bo{H$Z BZ Aì``m| H$m g§~§Y dmŠ` _| {H$gr ^r eãX go Zht hmoVm&
O¡go : hm`! A~ dh Zht ahm&
dmh! Bem {H$VZr gw§Xa b‹S>H$s h¡&

119
 dmŠ` _| {ZåZ{b{IV àH$ma Ho$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m
OmVm h¡ -
1. {dñ_`/AmíM`© ~moYH$ - Aao!, Amohmo!, Amoh!, ~mn ao ! Am{X
2. emoH$gyMH$ - Amh!, Amoh!, D$h!, hm`!, ho ^JdmZ! Am{X

d
3. hf©~moYH$ - Amh!, dmh!, YÝ`-YÝ`!, Š`m Iy~!, ~hþV

he
AÀN>m! Am{X

is
re S
4. àmoËgmhZ gyMH$ - em~me!, gmYw-gmYw!, YÝ`! Am{X
B
bl
5. ^`gyMH$ - ~MmAmo!, ~mn ao!, Aao ao! Am{X
be T
pu
6. H«$moYgyMH$ - A~o!, YV²!, Mwn! Am{X
K
©

7. K¥UmgyMH$ - {YH²$!, {YŠH$ma!, hQ>!, {N>… {N>…! Am{X

8. AZw_moXH$ - R>rH$!, hm±-hm±!, Or hm±!, AÀN>m! Am{X
9. g§~moYZgyMH$ - ao!, Aar!, ho! Am{X
o

10. MoVmdZr - hmo{e`ma!, I~aXma! Am{X

tt

I. Bg nmR> _| à`wŠV {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ eãXm| H$mo nhMm{ZE&

No

CZH$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE EH$-EH$ dmŠ` {b{IE&

120
 II. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ "!' & `h {dam_ {Mh²Zm| _| go
EH$ h¡& {ZåZ{b{IV {Mh²Zm| H$mo nhMmZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
(nyU© {dam_, AY©{dam_, Aën{dam_, {ddaU {Mh²Z, àíZ gyMH$,
`moOH$, CX²YaU {Mh²Z, H$moð>H$)
CXm: 1. "" ''

d
2. &

he
3. ,
4. :

is
5.
re S
?
B
bl
6. ( )
be T
7. ;
pu
K

8. -
©

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
Ob D$Om© go {~Obr CËnmXZ H$aZodmbo H|$Ðm| _| OmH$a CgH$s
OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$a|&
o
tt
No

121
 15. dram§JZm MoÞå_m
-g§H${bV
Ame` :
N>mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s dra _{hbm M¡Þå_m H$s Xoe^{ŠV H$m n[aM` àmá H$aVo
h¢¡& A§J«oµOm| H$s AZoH$ H$mo{eem| Ho$ ~mX ^r {H$Îmya H$mo MoÝZå_m Zo ~Mm`m& bo{H$Z

d
MoÝZå_m Ho$ ~§Xr ~Z OmZo Ho$ H$maU {H$Îmya A§J«oµOm| Ho$ de _| J`m& MoÝZå_m O¡gr

he
dra _{hbm Ho$ H$maU H$Zm©Q>H$ Jd© H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡&

is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

18 dt eVmãXr _| gÎmmbmobwn A§J«oµOm| H$mo ZmH$m| MZo M~mZodmbr gd©àW_

o

^maVr` dram§JZm MoÞå_m Wr& MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ H$mH$Vr` d§e _| gZ² 1778
tt

_| hþAm Wm& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Yybßnm XogmB© Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ nÙmdVr
No

Wm& EH$ Vmo BH$bm¡Vr, {\$a ê$ndVr Am¡a ñdñW& MoÞå_m eãX H$m AW© hr h¡
gwÝXa _{hbm & CZH$s {ejm-Xrjm amOHw$b Ho$ AZwê$n hr hþB©& Kw‹S>gdmar,
eómóm| H$m Aä`mg, AmIoQ> Am{X `wÕ H$bmE± CÝh| AnZo dra {nVm go àmßV
hþB©& AnZo O§J_Jwé Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| CÝhm|Zo CXÿ©, _amR>r Am¡a g§ñH¥$V ^mfmAm| H$m
AÜ``Z {H$`m&
122
 {H$Îmyé H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ CÎmar ~obJmdr {Obo _| h¡& CZ {XZm| {H$Îmya
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ ì`mnma H$m à{gÕ Ho$ÝÐ ^r Wm& Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ ì`mnmar dhm±
Ho$ ~mµOmam| _| hrao-OdmhamV| IarXZo Ho$ {bE Am`m H$aVo Wo& Eogo g_¥Õ amÁ`
Ho$ àOmdËgb amOm _ëbgO© Wo& MoÞå_m Ho$ _mVm-{nVm Zo ~‹S>o hm¡gbo go CZH$m
{ddmh amOm _ëbgO© Ho$ gmW H$a {X`m&

d
amZr MoÞå_m {H$Îmyé Ho$ amO_hb _| gwI go ahZo bJr& CZH$s H$moI go EH$

he
nwÌ aËZ H$m OÝ_ hþAm, {OgH$m Zm_ Wm {ed~gdamO& bo{H$Z ~MnZ _| hr
CgH$s _¥Ë`w hþB©& amOm _ëbgO© H$s nhbr nËZr Wr éÐå_m& nyZm Ho$ nQ>dX©Z Zo

is
re S
_ëbgO© H$mo MmbmH$s go ~ÝXr ~Zm {b`m& dht CZH$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB©& _ëbgO©
B
bl
H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX MoÞå_m Zo éÐå_m Ho$ nwÌ {edqbJ éÐgO© H$mo JÔr na {~R>m`m&
be T
{edqbJ éÐgO© Zo MoÞå_m H$s gbmh H$mo hdm _| C‹S>mH$a MmQw>H$mam| go Jhar
pu
{_ÌVm H$a br, {Oggo {H$Îmya H$m nVZ ewê$ hþAm&
K

amOm {edqbJ éÐgO© H$s _¥Ë`w 11 {gV§~a 1824 H$mo hþB©& Bgo A§J«oµOm| Zo
©

{H$Îmyé amÁ` H$mo h‹S>nZo H$m ~‹S>m AÀN>m Adga g_Pm& amOm {Z…gÝVmZ _am
Wm& CgZo AnZo EH$ g§~Yr JwéqbJ _ëbgO© H$mo JmoX {b`m Wm& bo{H$Z A§J«oµO
JmoX {bE nwÌ H$mo CÎmam{YH$mar Zht _mZVo Wo& Cg g_` S>mbhm¡gr JdaZa-
OZab Wo& Eogo Adga na amZr MoÞå_m Zo {H$Îmyé amÁ` H$mo g±^mbH$a ajm H$aZo
o

H$s H$g_ ImB©&

tt

{H$Îmyé amÁ` _| A§J«oµOr g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ àdoe go amZr MoÞå_m H$m aŠV Im¡b
No

CR>m, bo{H$Z Cg g_` do Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$s¨& A§Jo«µOm| go bmohm boZo Ho$ {bE
CÝhm|Zo ^rVa hr ^rVa V¡`mar Ama§^ H$a Xr& A§J«oµOr à{V{ZYr W¡H$ao Zo amZr
MoÞå_m H$mo ^m§°{V-^m°§{V Ho$ gÝXoe ^oOo& _Ja amZr AnZr ñdmYrZVm H$m gm¡Xm
H$aZo na amµOr Z hþB©& Bgr g_` W¡H$ao H$mo {H$Îmyé amÁ` Ho$ `oëbßneoÅ>r Am¡a
d|H$Q>amd Zm_H$ XoeÐmohr {_b J`o& do {H$Îmyé H$m Z_H$ ImH$a {H$Îmyé H$s O‹S>
123
 ImoXZo _| bJo hþE Wo& W¡H$ao Zo CÝh| {H$Îmyé H$m AmYm-AmYm amÁ` gm¢n XoZo H$s
bmbM {XIm`r& ~Xbo _| do {H$Îmyé Ho$ g^r ^oX ImobZo Am¡a ^agH$ ghm`Vm
H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo J`o& XmoZm| Zo {H$Îmyé H$m emgZ^ma g§°^mbZo H$m nadmZm
boH$a MoÞå_m H$mo {X`m& Cgo n‹T>Vo hr MoÞå_m Zo W¡H$ao H$m nÌ Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o H$aVo
hþE H$hm ""h_Zo JmoX boH$a A§J«oµOm| Ho$ {déÕ H$moB© fS²>`§Ì Zht aMm h¡& JmoX boZm

d
h_mam A{YH$ma h¡, Bgo W¡H$ao Zht amoH$ gH$Vm& h_mao Kaoby _m_bm| _| ~mobZodmbm

he
dh h¡ hr H$m¡Z? {H$Îmya ñdV§Ì> amÁ` h¡ Am¡a V~ VH$ ahoJm O~ VH$ _oao eara _|
n«mU h¢&'' `h \$Q>H$ma gwZVo hr XmoZm| XoeÐmohr AnZm-gm _wh± boH$a Mbo J`o&

is
{H$Îmyé _| Jwé{gÕßnm O¡go Hw$eb XrdmZ Am¡a ~mbÊUm, am`ÊUm, JOdra Am¡a
re S
MoÞ~gßnm O¡go dra `moÕm ^r Wo, {OZHo$ ahVo {H$Îmyé Ho$ {bE H$moB© IVam Z Wm&
B
bl
{H$Îmyé H$s OZVm A§J«oµOm| H$s Mmb go ^br-^m§°{V n[a{MV Wr& W¡H$ao ñd`§
be T
pu
~‹S>r goZm boH$a {H$Îmyé Am nhþ±Mm& qH$Vw amZr Cggo Zht S>at& W¡H$ao Zo 500
K

{gnm{h`m| Ho$ gmW {H$Îmyé Ho$ {H$bo na M‹T>mB© H$aZo H$s Amkm Xo Xr& amZr Zo dra
©

g¡{ZH$m| H$mo `wÕ Ho$ {bE bbH$maVo hþE H$hm -""_mV¥^y{_ Ho$ gnyVmo! AnZo àmUm|
H$s ~mOr bJmH$a h_ AnZr _mV¥^y{_ H$s ajm H$aVo h¢& A§J«oµO Bgo h_go
~bnyd©H$ N>rZZm MmhVo h¢, bo{H$Z Bgo h_ H¡$go N>mo‹S> gH$Vo h¢? `h h_| AnZo
nyd©Om| go {_br h¡&''
CYa W¡H$ao Zo K_H$s Xr {H$, ""~rg {_ZQ> _| AmË_g_n©U H$a
o

{X`m Om`, Zht Vmo {H$bm Vhg-Zhg H$a {X`m OmEJm&'' Hw$N> g_` ~mX
tt

_Xm©Zr doe _| amZr MoÞå_m eoaZr H$s ^m§°{V A§J«oµOm| H$r goZm na Qy>Q> n‹S>r& CZHo$
No

nrN>o Xmo hµOma `moÕm Wo& ^`mZH$ `wÕ hþAm& A§J«oµOm| H$s goZm Bg àdmh H$mo gh
Z gH$s& dh ^mJ I‹S>r hþB© Am¡a W¡H$ao _mam J`m & XoeÐmo{h`m| H$m H$m_ V_m_
H$a {X`m J`m& ~§Xr Jmoao A§J«oµO A\$gam| Ho$ gmW CXmaVm H$m ì`dhma {H$`m
J`m Am¡a CÝh| N>mo‹S> {X`m J`m& bo{H$Z `h {dO` ~hþV {XZm| VH$ Z ahr&

124
 Hw$N> hr g_` Ho$ ~mX A§Jo«µOm| Zo {H$Îmyé amÁ` na {\$a AmH«$_U {H$`m& A~
A§Jo«µOr goZm A{YH$ Wr& bo{H$Z {H$Îmyé Ho$ dra g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ gå_wI Cgo Xþ~mam hma
_mZZr n‹S>r& {\$a EH$ ~ma A§J«oµOm| Zo gmar e{ŠV bJmH$a Koam S>mbm& Bg `wÕ
_| aUMÊS>r MoÞå_m ~§Xr ~Zm br JBª& A§J«oµOm| Zo {H$Îmyé H$mo byQ>m& dhm± Hw$N> ^r
Z ~Mm& MoÞå_m H$mo ~¡bhm|Jbm Ho$ XþJ© _| H$mamJma _| S>mb {X`m J`m& ~§XrJ¥h

d
_| hr 2 \$adar 1829 H$mo MoÞå_m H$s OrdZ Á`mo{V gXm Ho$ {bE ~wP JB©&

he
`h H$Zm©Q>H$ OZVm Ho$ {bE Jd© H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ H$Zm©Q>H$> H$s dram§JZm
MoÞå_m Zo nhbr ~ma ñdV§ÌVm H$s Omo {MZJmar S>mbr Wr, ~mX _| dh gmao

is
re S
^maV _| \¡$b JB©&
B
bl
*****
be T
pu
K

eãXmW© :
©

gÎmm-A{YH$ma, bmobwn-bmo^r, bmbMr; BH$bm¡Vr-EH$_mÌ, AmIoQ>-

{eH$ma, OdmhamV-aËZ, _{U Am{X; hm¡gbm-CËgmh, gmhg; H$moI-J^©,
nQ>dX©Z-EH$ amOm H$m Zm_, JX²Xr-qghmgZ, MmQw>H$ma - PyR>r àe§gm
H$aZodmbo, nVZ-{dZme, h‹S>nZm-N>rZ boZm, AZw{MV ê$n go bo boZm;
Adga-_m¡H$m, JmoX boZm - XÎmH$ ê$n _| ñdrH$maZm, gm¡Xm H$aZm-boZ-XoZ
o

H$m ì`mnma, O‹S> ImoXZm-hm[Z nhw±MmZm, gm¢nZm-de _| XoZm, ^oX-ahñ`,

tt

^agH$-bJmVma, {Za§Va; nadmZm-Amkm nÌ, \$Q>H$ma-S>m±Q>, IVam-Anm`,

No

{dnÎmr; Mmb-AmMaU, MbZ; bbH$maZm-`wÕ Ho$ {bE Amh²dmZ, gnyV-

gwnwÌ, Y_H$s XoZm - ^` {XImZm, Vhg-Zhg H$aZm-Myya Mya H$aZm, _Xm©Zr
doe - nwéf doe, `moÕm-g¡{ZH$, Koam-AmH«$_U, gå_wI-gm_Zo, Xþ~mam-Xÿgar
~ma, {MZJmar - AmJ H$m H$U/Qw>H$‹S>m&

125
 _whmdao:
1. ZmH$m| MZo M~mZm - ~hþV hr h¡amZ H$aZm
2. aŠV Im¡bZm - AË`{YH$ H«$mo{YV hmoZm
3. bmohm boZm - ~Xbm boZm

d
4. AnZm-gm _w±h boH$a Mbo OmZm - An_m{ZV hmo OmZm

he
5. àmUm| H$s ~mOr bJmZm - OmZ na IobZm
6. Qy>Q> n‹S>Zm - AmH«$_U H$aZm

is
7.
re S
H$m_ V_m_ H$aZm - IË_ H$aZm, _ma S>mbZm
B
bl
8. OrdZ Á`mo{V ~wP OmZm - Xohm§V hmoZm, _a OmZm
be T
pu Aä`mg
K

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

©

1. MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ {H$g d§e _| hþAm Wm?

2. MoÞå_m eãX H$m AW© Š`m h¡?
3. {H$Îmya H$hm± h¡?
o

4. MoÞå_m H$m {ddmh {H$gHo$ gmW hþAm?

tt

5. {edqbJ éÐgO© Zo {H$gH$mo JmoX {b`m Wm?

No

6. MoÞå_m H$mo A§J«oµOm| Zo H$hm± ~§Xr ~Zm`m Wm?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:

1. MoÞå_m Ho$ _mVm Am¡a {nVm H$m Zm_ {b{IE&
2. MoÞå_m H$mo CZHo$ {nVm go H$m¡Z-gr H$bmE± àmßV hþB© Wt?
126
 3. {H$Îmya amÁ` H$s g_¥{Õ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
4. {H$Îmya H$m nVZ ewê$ hmoZo H$m H$maU Š`m Wm?
5. `oëbßneoÅ>r Am¡a d|H$Q>amd {H$Îmya Ho$ ^oX ImobZo Š`m| V¡`ma
hmo J`o?

d
6. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZVm Ho$ {bE Jd© H$s ~mV Š`m h¡?

he
III. BZ eãXm| H$m {dbmo_ eãX nmR> _| go Ty>±T>H$a {b{IE:
1. AñdñW

is
re S x

2. Hw$ê$n
B
x

bl
3. Xoe x
be T
pu
4. eÌwVm
K

5. ~mha x
©

6. Xoe^ŠV x

7. H$m`a x

8. namO` x
o

IV. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE:

tt

1. {nVm -
2. amZr -
No

3. nwÌr -
4. ~mn -
5. XmXm -
6. eoaZr -
127
 V. Omo‹S>r {_bmBE:
1. MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ 1. gZ² 1829
2. MoÞå_m H$s ImoH$ go OÝ_m nwÌ 2. JdaZa-OZab
3. {edqbJ éÐgO© H$s _¥Ë`w 3. gZ² 1778
4. S>mbhm¡gr 4. gZ² 1824

d
5. MoÞå_m H$s OrdZ Á`mo{V ~wPr 5. {ed~gdamO

he
VI. AZoH$ eãX Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE:
O¡go : EH$ go µÁ`mXm ^mfm OmZZodmbm - ~hþ^mfr

is
re S
1. gm_mZ IarXZm Ed§ ~oMZm
B
-

bl
2. PyR>r àe§gm H$aZodmbo -
be T
3. {OZH$m H$moB© g§VmZ Z hmo -
pu
K

4. Xoe Ho$ à{V Ðmoh H$aZodmbm -

5. Omo n[a{MV Z hmo -
©

6. ñd`§ H$mo g_{n©V H$aZm -

VII. nwamZo g_` _| `wX²Y H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vbdma, ^mbo, Vra-H$_mZ
Am{X eómóm| H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm Wm&
A~ Amn VrZ dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE {H$ AJa AmOH$b `wÕ hmoVm
o

h¡ Vmo {H$g àH$ma H$s MrµOm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡?
tt
No

128
 VIII. {H$Îmya amZr MoÞå_m Ho$ Omo ^r g§dmX Bg nmR> _| Am`o
h¢, CZH$m A{^Z` H$jm _| H$aHo$ {XImBE&
IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. {H$Îmya H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ CÎmar ~obJmdr {Obo _| h¡&

d
2. A§J«oµO JmoX {b`o nwÌ H$mo CÎmam{YH$mar Zht _mZVo Wo&

he
3. MoÞå_m Zo ^rVa hr ^rVa V¡`mar Ama§^ H$a Xr&
4. {H$Îmya ñdV§Ì amÁ` h¡&

is
re S
5. MoÞå_m Ho$ nrN>o Xmo hµOma `moX²Ym Wo&
B
6.
bl
A§J«oµOm| H$mo Xþ~mam hma _mZZr n‹S>r&
be T
pu
K

X. dram§JZm MoÞå_m O¡gr AZoH$ _{hbmAm| H$m OÝ_ ^maV Xoe _| hþAm
Wm& "AmoZHo$ (_ygb) Amo~ìdm' H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s hr Wr& CZH$s H$hmZr
©

n‹T>H$a H$jm _| gwZmBE Am¡a XmoZm| _{hbmAm| H$s VwbZm H$s{OE&

XI. Bg nmR> _| Am`o hþE g^r nmÌm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a CZHo$
~mao _| EH$-EH$ dmŠ` {b{IE:
o

O¡go : 1. MoÞå_m - H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s EH$ dram§JZm Wr&

tt

2. Yybßnm XogmB© -
No

3.
4.
5.
6.

129
 XII. ^maV Xoe H$mo A§J«oµOm| go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE {OZ Xoe^ŠVm| Zo
{XZ-amV n[al_ {H$`m, CZH$m {MÌ BH$Q²>R>m H$s{OE Am¡a CZHo$
~mao _| Xmo-VrZ dmŠ` {b{IE&

d
is he
re S
XIII. AZwê$nVm:
B
bl
1. MoÞå_m Ho$ {nVm : Yybßnm XogmB© :: MoÞå_m H$s _mVm :
be T
pu
2. MoÞå_m Ho$ n{V : _ëbgO© :: MoÞå_m H$m nwÌ :
K

3. Jwé{gX²Xßnm : Hw$eb XrdmZ :: MoÞ~gßnm :

©

4. 1778 : MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ :: 1829

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
* H$jm _| Xoe^ŠVm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| Amew^mfU ñnYm© H$m Am`moOZ H$a|&
* Xoe-{dXoe H$s dra _{hbmAm| H$s gmhg JmWm H$jm _| gwZmE±&
o
tt
No

130
 16. nydm©ja H$m nydm©J«h
nr.Eg. am_mZwO_²
Ame` :
Bg ì`§½` aMZm _| boIH$ Zo A§J«oµOr ^mfm-_moh Ho$ à^md H$m VrúU
ì`§½` {H$`m h¡& h_mao nR>Z-boIZ go boH$a Jm±d-eham| Ho$ Zm_, amOm-

d
_hmamOmAm| Ho$ Zm_ Am¡a `hm± VH$ {H$ ^JdmZm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$m ^r g§{járH$aU

he
H$aZo go hmoZodmbr Ag_§OgVm Ho$ ~mao _| àH$me S>mbZo H$m à`mg {H$`m
J`m h¡& N>mÌm| H$mo Bg aMZm X²dmam gwPmd {X`m J`m h¡ {H$ do AnZo Zm_ Am¡a
OÝ_ñWmZm| H$s nhMmZ ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE nydm©ja H$m nydm©J«h N>mo‹S> X|&

is
re S
AmOH$b eham| Ho$ Zm_ nydm©jam| _| `mZo A§J«oOr
B
bl
Ho$ B{Z{e`bm| _| {g_Q> aho h¢& `h ~‹S>o IoX H$s ~mV
h¡& BZ B{Z{e`bm| Ho$ _mao h_mao H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ eham|
be T
pu
Ho$ Zm_ AnZm H$Þ‹S>nZ, AnZr nhMmZ, AnZm ApñVËd
K

Imo aho h¢&

EH$ µO_mZm Wm O~ Ho$db AmX{_`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$
©

nhbo B{Z{e`b bJVm Wm& AmO h_ `o nydm©ja eham|

Ho$ Zm_m| H$mo ^r ~m±Q> aho h¢& g_P _| Zht AmVm BgHo$
nrN>o XrK© H$m bKw ~ZmZo H$s _mZd-ghO àd¥{Îm h¡
`m `h H$moB© Z`m \¡$eZ h¡& AWdm `h ^r hmo gH$Vm
h¡ {H$ bmoH$mon`moJr {d^mJ dmbm| Zo Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_
o

{bIZo Ho$ {bE N>moQ>o \$bH$ ~ZmE hm|, {\$a CZHo$

AmH$mamZwgma Zm_m| H$mo ^r H$mQ> N>m±Q>H$a N>moQ>m ~Zm`m
tt

J`m hmo&
No

Bg g§H$moM-à{H«$`m H$s ~{b ~Zo hþE Hw$N> Jm±dm|

Ho$ Zm_m| H$m n[aerbZ H$aZm R>rH$ ahoJm& gw§Xa
"{Vé_Hy$S>bw Zagrnwa' A~ "Q>r Zagrnwa' ~Z J`m h¡& AmJo AmZo dmbo
g§emoYH$m| H$mo nW^«ï> H$aZo H$m H$m_ h¡ `h& AmJo MbH$a H$^r X¡ddemV²,
h_mao Xoe go A§J«oµOr ^mfm Ho$ hQ> OmZo H$m gm¡^m½` AJa àmá hþAm,
Vmo BZ B{Z{e`bm| H$m AW© Ty>±‹T>Zm _wpíH$b hmo OmEJm& AZoH$ ImoO| H$s
131
 OmE±Jr Am¡a {d{MÌ n[aUm_ àmá hm|Jo& g§emoYH$ em`X Bg {ZU©` na
nhþ±M|Jo {H$ "Q>r Zagrnwa' Zm_ àm`e… Zagrnwa _| Q>r (Mm`) Ho$ ~mJmZ
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Am`m hmoJm&
dh Vmo {\$a ^r AÀN>m hr h¡& g_P br{OE {H$ "H$arXmoÈ>Z nmë`'
Zm_H$ EH$ Jm±d h¡& `h "Ho$.S>r. nmë`m'~Z OmEJm& H«$_e… dh "Ho$S>r
nmë`' _| ê$nm§V[aV hmo OmEJm Am¡a Jm±d H$mo ~XZm_ H$a XoJm& AmJo MbH$a

d
EH$$ {XZ g§emoYH$ {ZU©` b|Jo {H$ Bg Jm±d _| "Ho$S>r`m§o' (Jw§S>o) Ho$ hmoZo

he
go `h Zm_ Am`m hmoJm& Am¡a Bg Vah Cg Jm±d H$s {ZîH$b§H$ H$s{V© _|
XmJ bJ OmEJm& A§Jo«µOr Ho$ nydm©jam| go hmoZodmbr hm{Z XoIr Z AmnZo?

is
re S
A~ "hmobo Zagrnwa' H$s H$hmZr gw{ZE& _Zmoha, _§Owb {ZZmX H$aVr
B
ho_mdVr ZXr Am¡a Zaqgh H$m dh ^ì` _§{Xa, dh hmobo Zagrnwa AmO

bl
EM.EZ. nwam ~Z J`m h¡& H«$_e… BgH$m ho{ÀMnwa (\$mbVy ZJa) AWdm
be T
pu
"EÀM_nwa' _| H$ÝZ‹S>rH$aU hmo OmEJm, BgHo$ BX©-{JX© X§VH$WmE± \¡$b
K

OmE±Jr& Hw$N> ^r H${hE ZXr, Zaqgh, g~ A§J«oµOr Ho$ AmX²`mjam| _|

Sy>~H$a, CZH$s g§wXaVm bmoH$mon`moJr {d^mJ Ho$ nËWam| _| nËWa ~Z JB©
©

h¡& `h hmobo Zagrnwadmbm| H$m, ho_mdVr ZXr H$m Am¡a Zaqgh H$m ^r
~XZgr~ hr h¡&
"{MŠH$Zm`H$Z hëbr' H$mo hr br{OE, AmO dh "gr.EZ. hëbr',
~Z J`m h¡& AmJo MbH$a dh "gr`Zhëbr' ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡& d¡go hr
"MÞam`nÅ>U' "gr.Ama. nQ²>Q>U' ~Z J`m h¡& "ho½JS>XodZH$moQ>o' "EM.S>r.
o

H$moQ>o' ~Zm h¡& BZ àXoem| na {OZ-{OZ Zm`H$m| Zo, amOmAm| Zo, XodVmAm|
tt

Zo amO {H$`m Wm, CZ g~H$mo nydm©jam| _|§ {N>nm XoZm ~‹S>m hr XX©ZmH$
{df` h¡&
No

"H$mb_wÔZ XmoÈ>r' AmO "Ho$. E_. XmoÈ>r' H$hbmVm h¡& nVm Zht H$~
ldU~obJmob "Eg.~r. Jmobm' ~Z OmEJm, {dO`nwa "{d.nwa' ~Z OmEJm&
Xmo-VrZ eãXm| go ~Zo Zm_m| _| nydm©jam| Ho$ à`moJ go õñdrH$aU hmo OmVm
h¡& bJVm h¡, AmOH$b b§~o-b§~o Zm_ nwH$maZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| Ho$ nmg g_`

132
 Zhr§ h¡& EH$ µO_mZm Wm O~ "{Vé_bo lr{ZdmgdaX a§JZmW Xo{eH$
VmVmMma' Am{X Zm_ aIo OmVo Wo& gw~h Zm_ nwH$maZm àma§^ H$amo Vmo
g_mßV hmoVo-hmoVo em_ hmo OmVr Wr& AmO g_`m^md Ho$ H$maU h_ _mohZ,
g§Xrn O¡go N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Zm_ aI aho h¢& bo{H$Z eham|-Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$mo
Vmo CZHo$ hmb na hr N>mo‹S> gH$Vo Wo...
em`X A§J«oµOm| Zo ^r AnZo Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$mo Bg Vah {dH¥$V Zht

d
{H$`m hmoJm& Bg EH$ {df` _| h_ CZgo ^r AmJo ~‹T> JE h¢ Am¡a g~

he
Zm_m| H$mo h_Zo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o \$m°_©ybm| H$s Vah ~Zm S>mbm h¡& Bg Zm__`
g§gma _| "PyR>mo h¡ `h OJ' dmbo {gÕm§VmZwgma h_ CZHo$ AmÚ Zm_m| H$mo

is
re S
"AÑí`' ~Zm aho h¢&
B
bl
_wPo bJVm h¡, ì`dhma _| AmgmZr bmZo Ho$ {bE AmJo MbH$a h_mao
be T
gmao ì`dhmam| _| Bgr Vah H$s õñd A{^ì`{ŠV H$m ñQ>mBb Mb n‹S>oJm&
pu
CXmhaU Ho$ {bE AJa H$moB© H$ho {H$ ""_¢Zo EH$ g§H$ën {H$`m h¡, CgHo$
K

{bE Q>r.S>r. OmH$a {d.gr. Ho$ Xe©Z H$a AmD±$Jm Vmo h_| AmíM`© _| Zht
©

n‹S>Zm Mm{hE&'' BgH$m AW© `h hmoJm {H$ {Vén{V Xodmb` OmH$a

d|H$Q>mMbn{V Ho$ Xe©Z H$a AmD±$Jm& Cgr Vah AJa H$moB© H$ho {H$ ""E_
H$moQ>o OmH$a gr.Ama. ñdm_r go {_bH$a AmD±$Jm'' Vmo h_| CbPZ _| Zht
n‹S>Zm Mm{hE, BgH$m _Vb~ `h h¡ {H$ _obwH$moQ>o OmH$a Mbwdam` ñdm_r
go {_bH$a AmD±$Jm& d¡go hr AJa H$moB© AmpñVH$ _hme` H$ho {H$
o

""{d.Or. ñdm_r H$m A{^foH$ H$amZm h¡'' Vmo g_PZm Mm{hE {H$ doUw
tt

Jmonmb ñdm_r H$m A{^foH$ {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

h_mam "{~br{J[aa§JZ~oÅ>' Vmo ~r.Ama.{hëg ~ZH$a nyam A§J«oµOr hmo J`m
No

h¡& Cg_| dmñVì` H$aZo dmbm "a§JZmW ñdm_r' ^r Ama.EZ. ñdm_r ~Z

J`m h¡& Amn S>r.Ama. XþJ© OmZVo h¢? dhr AnZm Xodam`Z XþJ©& dhm± Xmo
ñdm_rOr ahVo h¢, EH$ h¢ dmB©.EZ. ñdm_r Am¡a Xÿgao ~r.EZ. ñdm_r `mZo
`moJmZaqgh ñdm_r Am¡a ^moJmZaqgh ñdm_r& Zagrnwa _| Or.EZ. ñdm_r
ahVo h¢ `mZo Jw§Om Zaqgh ñdm_r&
133
 AË`§V _Zmoha, gw§Xa d¥§XmdZ JmS>©Ýg dmbm H¥$îUamO gmJa AmO Zrag
Ho$.Ama. gmJa hmo J`m h¡& BgH$m bKwH$aU dht na Zht éH$m h¡, dh
Ho$.Ama.Eg. ~ZH$a A§J«oµOr dU©_mbm Ho$ VrZ Ajam| _| {g_Q>H$a AnZr
nhMmZ hr Imo ~¡R>m h¡& `h ^r h_mam XþX£d h¡ {H$ lra§JnÅ>U Eg.Ama.
nÅ>U ~ZH$a a§JZmW ñdm_r AmO Ama.EZ. ñdm_r ~Z J`m h¡&

d
ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_m| H$m BZ B{Z{e`bm| _| Nw>nZm Vmo R>rH$ h¡, na Jm±dm|

he
Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ {bE BgH$s µOê$aV Zht h¡, `h Vmo gamga AÝ`m` h¡&
ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ {bE Bg àH$ma õñdrH$aU Amdí`H$ h¡, Zht Vmo

is
H$moB© {H$gr H$mo nwH$ma Zht gHo$Jm& AnZo Zm_ Ho$ nrN>o Hw$b H$m Zm_,
re S
Jm±d H$m Zm_, ~mn H$m Zm_ Am{X g~ Hw$N> bJm boZo dmbo H$m Bg
B
bl
Xoe _| Zm_ boH$a nwH$maZm EH$ _hmgmhg ~Z OmVm h¡& `o ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Zm_
be T
`mX aIH$a nwH$maVo-nwH$maVo em_ hmo OmVr h¡&
pu
K

nyar Vah go ì`{ŠVJV hmoZo na ^r Bg g§X^© _| EH$ KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mao

_| H$hZo H$mo Or MmhVm h¡& _¢ Am`².nr.Eg. CÎmrU© hmoH$a AmJo H$s n‹T>mB©
©

Ho$ {bE _mD§$Q> Am~y H$s {ejm-AH$mX_r _| J`m Wm& nhbo {XZ h_
g~H$mo EH$ H$Vma _| I‹S>m H$a EH$ A\$ga h_ g~Ho$ Zm_ {bIZo bJo&
h_ H$dm`X _¡XmZ _| hr I‹S>o hmoH$a Zm_ ~VmZo bJo& g~H$mo AnZm-
AnZm nyam Zm_ ~VmZm Wm `mZo nydm©jam| H$m {dñVma H$a ~VmZm Wm&
o

Bg Vah Zm_m| H$mo ~VmZm àma§^ hþAm& nhbo Zo AnZm Zm_ _h|ÐZmam`U
tt

qgh ~Vm`m, Xÿgao Zo Xodd«V ~§ÚmonmÜ`m`& Eogo hr Mb ahm Wm& _oar

~mar AmB©& _¢Zo EH$ hr gm±g _| A~mYJ{V go AnZo nr. Eg. BZ nydm©jam|
No

H$m {dñVma H$a "à{VdmXr ^`§H$a g§nVHw$_mamMm`© am_mZwO_²' ~Vm`m& Cg

A\$ga Zo jU-^a Ho$ {bE _wPo JX©Z CR>mH$a XoIm Am¡a VrúU ñdam| _|
Ñ‹T>Vmnyd©H$ H$hm, ""_oao Am°{\$g _| AmH$a Bgo {bIm OmZm'' Am¡a {~Zm
Hw$N> {bIo do AJbo {ejmWu H$m Zm_ {bIZo bJo& Zm_ AJa BVZm b§~m
hmo Vmo ~oMmao Am¡a Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢?
134
 I¡[a`V Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ A~ VH$ h_Zo Bg nydm©jam| H$s nÕ{V
H$m à`moJ nmR²>`-nwñVH$m| na Zht {H$`m-{deofV… B{Vhmg H$s nmR²>`-nwñVH$
na& AJa Eogm Hw$N> hmo OmE Vmo amUm àmVmnqgh Ama.nr. qgh ~Z OmEJm,
Am¡a§JOo~ E. Oo~ ~ZoJm Am¡a g_wÐJwá Eg. Jwá hmo OmEJm& M§ÐJwá gr.Jwá
Am¡a A_mË` amjg E. amjg ~ZoJm, nw{bHo$er nr. Ho$er Am¡a _`ya d_m©

d
E_. d_m© ~ZoJm&

he
Bg Vah go Zm_m| Ho$ AY©^mJ B{Z{e`bm| _| {N>nVo hr Om aho h¢&
H$^r-H$^r Vmo nyam H$m nyam Zm_ hr A§J«µoOr dUm] _| {gHw$‹S> OmVm h¡&

is
re S
nmR>embm-H$m°boOm| _| `h Am_ ~mV h¡& g^r AÜ`mnH$ {dÚm{W©`m| H$s
B
bl
{Oh²dm na A§J«oµOr Ho$ dU© ~ZH$a gwemo{^V hmoVo h¡&
be T
pu
A§J«oµOr dUm] H$m à^md h_mao Zm_m| na hþAm h¡, Bg_| H$moB© eH$ Zht
K

h¡, `h EH$ Z`m dU© ì`m_moh h¡& BgH$m h_| Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE& H$Þ‹S>
©

Ho$ dUm] H$m à`moJ hr h_mao {bE jo_H$maH$ h¡& H$ÞS> Ho$ CZ gw§Xa Zm_m|
H$m g§nyU© ê$n _| à`moJ H$aZm Am¡a ^r AÀN>m h¡& h_mam CÀMmaU ^r
ewÕ hmoJm Am¡a Zm_ ^r ~M OmE±Jo&
*****
o

boIH$ n[aM`
tt

nr.Eg. am_mZwO_² H$m OÝ_ 6 AŠVy~a 1941 H$mo Mm_amOZJa Ho$

~oS>_yS>bw Jm±d _o§ hþAm& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ à{VdmXr ^`§H$a g§nVHw$_ma
No

AmMm`© Wm& _mVm H$m Zm_ B§{Xaå_m Wm& àma§{^H$ {ejm Mm_amOZJa Ho$
haXZhëbr _| ewê$ hþB©& _¡gyé Ho$ _hmamOm H$m°boO _| ~r.E. _| nm±M ñdU©
nXH$ boH$a CÎmrU© hþE& g§ñH¥$V _| BÝhm|Zo nrEM.S>r. Am¡a S>r.{bQ>. H$s
Cnm{Y àmá H$s&

135
 ~MnZ go hr H${dVm, H$hmZr {bIZo H$s é{M BZ_| Wr&
AmB©. nr.Eg. _| N>Q>m a¢H$ àmá H$aHo$ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ nwÎmyé, H$moS>Jw, H$mobma
Am{X ñWmZmo§ _| E.Eg.nr., Eg.nr., S>r.Or.nr Ho$ nXm| na H$m_ H$aHo$
{Zd¥Îm hþE& "{~ëbr H$s ^mfm' Am¡a AÝ` boIm| Ho$ g§H$bZ go BZH$mo H$s{V©
{_br& 30 go A{YH$ aMZmE± BÝhm|Zo H$s h¢& gm{hË` godm Ho$ {bE gm{hË`
AH$mX_r nwañH$ma VWm nw{bg {d^mJ _| `mo½` godm Ho$ {bE BZH$mo amï´>n{V

d
nXH$ ^r àmá hþAm h¡& àñVwV ì`§½` aMZm "{~ëbr H$s ^mfm' go MwZm

he
J`m h¡& BgH$m AZwdmX àmo. Z§{XZr Jw§Sw>amd Or Zo {H$`m h¡&

is
eãXmW© : re S B
bl
IoX-Xw…I, ì`Wm; Ho$ _mao-Ho$ H$maU, eha-ZJa, nhMmZ-n[aM`,
\¡$eZ-emo^mMma, ~ZmdQ>; ~m±Q>-{dVaU, Ty>±T>Zm-ImoOZm, _wpíH$b -H$ï>,
be T
pu
_wgr~V ; BX©-{JX© - Amg-nmg, nËWa-{ebm, hmb-pñW{V, g§gma-
K

Xþ{Z`m, {díd ; CbPZ-~mYm, AQ>H$md ; H$Vma-n§{ŠV, I¡[a`V-Hw$eb

©

-jo_, ^bmB© ; A{^dmXZ-Z_ñH$ma, àUm_; eH$-g§Xoh, e§H$m&

Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. eham| Ho$ Zm_ {H$g_| {g_Q> aho h¢?
o

2. {H$Z Jm±dmo§ Ho$ Zm_m| H$m n[aerbZ H$aZm R>rH$ ahoJm?

tt

3. ho_mdVr ZXr H$hm± ~hVr h¡?

No

4. bmoJm| Ho$ nmg {H$gHo$ {bE g_` Zht h¡?

5. {H$g H$maU go AmO h_ Zm_ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o aI aho h¢?
6. h_| Š`m Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE?
7. Bg nmR> Ho$ boIH$ H$m nyam Zm_ Š`m h¡?
136
 II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
1. Q>r. Zagrnwa Ho$ g§{járH$aU Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Ho$ Š`m
{dMma h¢?
2. "H$[aXmoS²S>Z nmë`' Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Š`m H$hVo h¢?
3. B{Z{e`bm| _| {g_Q>o {H$VZo Jm±dm§o Ho$ Zm_ boIH$ Zo {b`m h¡?

d
do H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?

he
4. Ho$.Aa.Eg Zm_ AnZr nhMmZ Š`m| Imo ~¡R>r h¡?
III. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:

is
1.
re S
AmJo AmZodmbo g§emoYH$m| H$mo
B
H$aZo H$m H$m_ h¡&

bl
2. g~H$mo nydm©jamo§ _| {N>nm XoZm ~‹S>m hr {df` h¡&
be T
3.
pu
gw~h Zm_ H$aZm àma§^ H$amo Vmo g_mßV
K

hmoVo-hmoVo hmo OmVr Wr&

4. H$^r-H$^r Vmo nyam H$m nyam Zm_ hr _| {gHw$‹S>
©

OmVm h¡&
5. g^r {dX²`m{W©`m| H$s {Oh²dm na A§J«oµOr Ho$ dU©
~ZH$a gwemo{^V hmoVo h¢&
IV. Omo‹S>r {_bmBE:
o

1. hmobo Zagrnwa 1. {Vén{V Xodmb`

tt

2. ~r.Ama. {hëg 2. H¥$îUamO gmJa

No

3. Q>r.S>r 3. _`ya d_m©

4. Ho$.Aa.Eg 4. a§JZmW ñdm_r
5. E_. d_m© 5. Zaqgh _§{Xa

137
 V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE:
1. AnZm x 6. AÀN>m x
2. ghO x 7. H$s{V© x
3. Z`m x 8. hm{Z x
4. gw§Xa x 9. nmg x

d
5. _wpíH$b x 10. gw~h x

he
VI. {ZåZ{b{IV {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo ghr eãXm| Ho$ gmW OmoS‹ >H$a {b{IE:

is
re S
1. AmpñVH$ x
B AZwÎmrU©

bl
2. nVm x ~oeH$
be T
3. {XZ x ZmpñVH$
pu
K

4. eH$ x amV
5. CÎmrU© x bmnVm
©

VII. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1. ~mV -
2. àd¥{Îm -
o

3. Jw§S>m -
tt

4. ZXr -
No

5. X§VH$Wm -
6. KQ>Zm -
7. nwñVH$ -
8. XodVm -

138
 VIII. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:
1. AmX_r -
2. Zm`H$ -
3. amOm -

d
4. XodVm -

he
5. ñdm_r -

is
6.
re S~mn -
B
bl
7. AÜ`mnH$ -
be T
IX.
pu
H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
K

1. {MŠH$Zm`H$Z hëbr gr.EZ. hëbr ~Z J`m h¡&

©

2. AmO g_`m^md Ho$ H$maU N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Zm_ aI aho h¢&

3. a§JZmW ñdm_r ^r Ama.EZ.ñdm_r ~Z J`m h¡&
4. A§J«oµOr dUm] H$m à^md h_mao Zm_m| na hþAm h¡&
o

X. AZwê$nVm :
tt

1. H$arXmoÈ>Z nmë`m : Ho$.S>r.nmë`m :: hmobo Zagrnwam :

No

2. nydm©ja : CngJ© eãX :: H$Þ‹S>nZ :

3. E.Oo~ : Am¡a§JOo~ :: Eg.JwßV :
4. ~r. Ama. {hëg : {~{b{J[a a§JZ~oÅ>m :: S>r.Ama. XþJ© :

139
 ^mfm kmZ
"{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ
"{H$' "H$s'
g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _|& 1. g§~Y§ ~moYH$ H$maH$ àË`` Ho$ ê$n _| &
CXm: (i) XeaW H$s VrZ am{Z`m± Wr§&
_w»` dmŠ` H$mo Am{lV dmŠ`/ (ii) ~JrMo H$s hdm ewÕ hmoVr h¡&

d
CndmŠ` go Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE Bg 2. "H$aZm' {H«$`m Ho$ ^yVH$mb H$m órqbJ

he
Aì`` H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡& ê$n h¡&
CXm: g_P br{OE {H$ CXm: (i) {gnmhr Zo Xoe H$s ajm H$s&

is
re S
H$arXmoS²>S>Z nmë` Zm_H$ EH$
B (ii) Cfm Zo narjm _| ZH$b Zht H$s&

bl
Jm±d h¡& 3. AÝ` Hw$N> g§~§YgyMH$ Aì``m| Ho$ nyd©
"H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&
be T
pu
CXm: H$s Amoa, H$s Va\$, H$s ^m±{V, H$s
K

~Jb, H$s Anojm Am{X&

©

I. "H$s' H$s ghm`Vm go dmŠ` nyU© H$s{OE :

1. _oar ~oQ>r Zo AmB©.E.Eg narjm br h¡&
2. N>mÌm| H$moB© JbVr Zht Wr&
3. H$Zm©Q>H$ amOYmZr ~|Jbyé h¡&
4. a_oe Zo Mmoar Zht Wr&
o

5. {eënm Zo JbVr Zht &

tt

II. "{H$' g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ à`moJdmbo nm±M dmŠ` nmR> _|

No

go MwZH$a {b{IE Am¡a AW© g_{PE &

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V : $
nmR> _| {X`o J`o Jm±d-ZJam| Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ Abmdm AÝ` AZoH$ OJhm|
Ho$ Zm_m| H$m g§{járH$aU hþAm h¡& N>mÌm| go CZH$s EH$ gyMr ~ZdmE±&

140
 17. ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho
Ame` : N>mÌ BZ Xmohm| Ho$ X²dmam gÁOZm| VWm _hmZ² bmoJm| H$m ñd^md
g_P gH$Vo h¢& Bgr àH$ma N>moQ>o VWm gmYmaU dñVwAm| Ho$ _hËd H$s
OmZH$mar àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢&

d
1. Véda \$b Zht ImV h¡, gada {n`{h Z nmZ&

he
H${h ahr_ naH$mO{hV, g§n{Îm g±M{h gwOmZ&&
2. Omo ahr_ CÎm_ àH¥${V, H$m H$ar gH$V Hw$g§J&

is
re S
M§XZ {df ì`mnV Zht, {bnQ>o ahV ^wO§J&&
B
bl
3. "a{h_Z' XoI ~‹S>oZ H$mo, bKw Z Xr{O`o S>m[a&
be T
pu
Ohm± H$m_ Amd¡ gwB©, H$hm H$a¡ Vbdm[a&&
K

4. ~‹S>o ~‹S>mB© Z H$a¡, ~‹S>o Z ~mob| ~mob&

©

"a{h_Z' hram H$~ H$h¡, bmI Q>H$m __ _mob&&

H${d n[aM` : ahr_ H$m OÝ_ 17 {Xg§~a 1556 H$mo bmhm¡a _| hþAm Wm&
CZH$m nyam Zm_ AãXþa©hr_ ImZImZm h¡& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ ~¡a_ImZ,
_mVm H$m Zm_ gwëVmZm ~oJ_ Wm& ahr_ gVgB©, ~ad¡ Zm{`H$m ^oX, l¥§Jma
o

gmoaR>m Am{X BZH$s à{gÕ aMZmE± h¢& BZHo$ H$mì` _| Zr{V, ^{ŠV, ào_,
tt

l¥§Jma H$m gw§Xa g_mdoe hþAm h¡&

eãXmW© :
No

Véda-d¥ j , no ‹ S > ; gada-gamo d a, nmZ-nmZr, na-Xÿ g ao bmo J ,

H$mO-H$m_, H$m`©; {hV-^bmB©, AÀN>mB© ; g§n{Îm - YZ, g§±M{h - g§J«h,
gwOmZ-g‚mZ , àH¥${V - ñd^md, (ì`{ŠVËd) Hw$g§J - ~war g§JV,
M§XZ-EH$ gwJ§{YV d¥j, {bnQ>Zm - gQ>o ahZm, ^wO§J - gm±n, gn© ;

141
 bKw - N>moQ>m, S>m[a - S>mb N>mo‹S>Zm, gwB© - ¸ÀÆf, needle; Vbdma - IS²>J,
RqÀÎ; ~‹S>mB©-àe§gm, hram-ªÀdæ, Q>H$m - _wÐm, {gŠH$m; __-_oam,
_mob-Xm_&
^mdmW© :
1. ahr_ H$hVo h¢ {H$ O¡go no‹S> AnZo \$b IwX Zht ImVo Am¡a gamoda

d
AnZm nmZr IwX Zht nrVo, d¡go hr gÁOZ Xÿgam| Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$

he
{bE g§n{Îm H$m g§J«h H$aVo h¢&

is
2. ahr_ H$hVo h¢ {H$ Omo ì`{ŠV AÀN>o ñd^md H$m hmoVm h¡, ~war g§JV
re S
CgH$m Hw$N> Zht {~Jm‹S> gH$Vm, O¡go M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> go gm±n {bnQ>o
B
bl
ahZo na ^r M§XZ _| CgH$m {df ì`má Zht hmoVm&
be T
pu
3. ahr_ H$hVo h¢ {H$ aB©g Am¡a ~‹S>o bmoJm| H$mo XoIH$a N>moQ>o Am¡a gmYmaU
K

bmoJm| H$mo N>mo‹S> _V Xr{OE ({VañH$ma _V H$s{OE); Š`m|{H$ Ohm±

©

gwB© H$m_ AmVr h¡, dhm± Vbdma Š`m H$a gH$Vr h¡?
4. ~‹S>o bmoJ Z µÁ`mXm ~mobVo h¢, Z hr AnZr àe§gm H$aVo h¢& ahr_
H$hVo h¢ {H$ hram H$~ H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgH$m _yë` bmI _wÐmE± h¢&
Aä`mg
o
tt

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. gwOmZ bmoJ g§n{Îm Š`m| g§J«h H$aVo h¢?
No

2. M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> go H$m¡Z {bnQ>o ahVm h¡?

3. ahr_ {H$gH$m {VañH$ma Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢?
4. H$m¡Z AnZr àe§gm Zht H$aVo h¢?

142
 II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:
1. ahr_ Zo gÁOZm| Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm h¡? gmoXmhaU g_PmBE&
2. ahr_ Zo ^wO§J Ho$ CXmhaU go Š`m ~Vm`m h¡?
3. N>moQ>o bmoJm| Ho$ _hËd H$mo ahr_ Zo H¡$go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡?

d
4. hrao Ho$ ~‹S>ßnZ H$mo ahr_ Zo H¡$go ~Vm`m h¡?

he
III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:

is
1. Véda
re S bmI Q>H$m __ _mob
2. M§XZ no‹S> bKw Z Xr{O`o S>m[a
B
3.
bl
XoI ~‹S>oZ H$mo {bnQ>o ahV ^wO§J
be T
pu
4. hram \$b Zht ImV h¡
K
©

IV. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE:

1. Vé : no‹S> :: Vbdma :
2. XÿY : jra :: ^wO§J :
3. _mob : Xm_ :: ~mob :
o

4. H$mO : H$m`© :: g§n{Îm :

tt

V. BZ eãXm| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ AW© {b{IE:

No

1. da - ,
2. ga - ,
3. na - ,
4. OmZ - ,

143
 VI. VwH$m§V eãX {b{IE:
1. nmZ 2. Hw$g§J
3. S>m[a 4. ~mob
VII. BZ eãXm| H$m CÀMmaU bJ^J g_mZ àVrn hmoVm h¡, qH$Vw AW©
{^Þ h¢ BZHo$ AW© ZrMo {XE JE eãXm| _| go MwZH$a {b{IE:

d
(H§$Oyg, {Xdg, `e, n{dÌ, hdm, Amem, H$Q>ma, aMZm, {VañH$ma, X[aÐ)

he
1. ndZ - 3. Anojm -
nmdZ - Cnojm -

is
re S
2. {XZ -
B
4. H¥$nU -

bl
XrZ - H¥$nmU -
be T
pu
5. H$s{V© -
K

H¥${V -
©

VIII. Mmam| Xmohm| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE&

IX. D$na go ZrMo [aŠV ñWmZm| H$mo ^aH$a Xr JB© eãX nhobr H$m
hb H$s{OE:
(ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE g§Ho$V {MÌ {XE JE h¢)
o

B ~¡ e
tt

O a a
No

a Jm
V a Z

144
 X. ewÕ ê$n {b{IE:
1. édVa -
2. JO§^w -
3. dmV[ab -

d
4. à{VH¥$ -

he
5. H$mV{hOan -

is
re S
n[a`moOZm :
B
bl
* {H$Ýht nm±M AË`_yë` YmVwAm| Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M-nm±M dmŠ`
be T
{b{IE& CZHo$ a§JrZ {MÌ ~ZmBE&
pu
K

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
©

* H$~raXmg Ho$ {H$Ýht Mma Xmohm| H$mo H$jm _| gwZmE±&

* H$ÞS> H${d gd©k H$o$ dMZm| H$mo N>mÌm| go dmMZ H$amE±&
o
tt
No

145
 d
is he
re S B
bl
n[a{eï> - 1
be T
A. AZwê$nVm
pu
K

Am. nÌ-boIZ
©

B. nyaH$ dmMZ
B©. {Z~§Y
o
tt
No

146
 A. AZwê$nVm
I. àW_ Xmo eãXm| go gy{MV g§~§Y Ho$ AZwê$n Vrgao eãX go
g§~§[YV eãX {b{IE:
1. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X : OrdZr :: Jwbm~ qgh :

d
2. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X : OJXre M§Ð :: Moamn±yOr go Am`m h±y :

he
3. _m¡gr : H$hmZr :: ^r_ Am¡a amjg :

is
re S
4. _m¡gr : ^rî_ gmhZr :: ^r_ Am¡a amjg :
B
bl
5. Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo : {Z~§Y :: Z\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| :
be T
pu
6. O` O` ^maV _mVm : _¡{WbreaU Jwá :: MbZm h_mam H$m_
K

h¡ :
©

7. n`m©daU ~MmAmo : S>m°. naewam_ ewŠbm :: nydm©ja H$m

nydm©J«h :
8. ^r_ Am¡a amjg : EH$m§H$s :: g‹S>H$ H$s ajm-g~H$s
gwajm :
o
tt

9. ^r_ : Hw§$Vr :: ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X :

10. Véda \$b : Zhr§ ImV h¡ :: gada :
No

12. `h _oam : ~oQ>m :: `h _oar :

13. nmR> n‹T>mZm : g~H$ {gImZm :: ^m½` \y$Q>Zm :
14. emar[aH$ Iob : emar[aH$ l_ :: _mZ{gH$ Iob :
147
 15. _oKmb` H$s amOYmZr : {eb§J :: _{Unwa H$s amOYmZr:

16. {H«$Ho$Q> : _¡XmZr Iob :: eVa§O :

17. Xm¡‹S>Zm : ì`{ŠVJV Iob :: \w$Q>~mb :

d
18. Vwåhmam Zm_ Š`m h¡? : àíZmW©H$ dmŠ` ::

he
nmZr bo AmAmo& :
19. gmWr, hmW ~‹T> mZm : gmhra bw{Y`mZdr :: AZwemgZ hr

is
re S
emgZ h¡ :
B
bl
be T
pu
K

` ` ` ` `
o
tt ©
No

148
 Am. nÌ boIZ
i. {nVm Ho$ Zm_ nÌ

godm _|, ñWmZ : ~|Jbyé - 5

d
lr _hoe, {XZm§H$ : 17-11-2017

he
{dX²`mZJa,
~obJmdr - 3

is
re S
nyÁ` {nVmOr,
B
bl
gmXa àUm_&
be T
pu _¢ `hm± gHw$eb hÿ±Ÿ& Amem h¡ {H$ Amn ^r gHw$eb
K

hm|JoŸ& _oar n‹T>mB© AÀN>r Vah Mb ahr h¡Ÿ& Bg gmb h_mao

{dÚmb` _| e¡j{UH$ n`©Q>Z H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
©

Cg_| _¢ ^r ^mJ boZm MmhVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE Amn _wPo BgH$s

AZw_{V XoVo hþE `. 1000 ^oOZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
àofH$, AmnH$m {à` nwÌ,
~gdamO, ~gdamO
o

Zm¡dt H$jm,
tt

gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
No

~|Jbyé - 5

149
 ii. Nw>Å>r Ho$ {bE AmdoXZ nÌ

àofH$,
ñWmZ : YmadmS>
amOo§Ð Hw$_ma,
{XZm§H$ : 7-12-17
Zm¡dt H$jm,
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X {dÚmb`,

d
YmadmS>

he
godm _|,
àYmZmÜ`mnH$,

is
re S Bñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X {dÚmb`,

bl
YmadmS>
be T
_hmoX`,
pu
{df` : Nw>Å>r Ho$ {bE {dZVr
K

Cn`w©ŠV {df`mZwgma Amngo g{dZ` {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ _¢

©

AnZo ^mB© H$s emXr _| em{_b hmoZo Ho$ {bE ~|Jbyé Om ahm
hÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE _¢ nm±M {XZ VH$ ñHy$b _| CnpñWV ah Zht nmD±$JmŸ&
_wPo 8-12-2017 go 12-12-2017 VH$ nm±M {XZ H$s Nw>Å>r àXmZ
H$aZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
YÝ`dmXŸ&
o

^dXr`
tt

xxxxx amOoÝÐ Hw$_ma

A{^^mdH$ Ho$ hñVmja
No

` ` ` ` `
150
 B. nyaH$ dmMZ
1. {ZåZ{b{IV JÚm§e n‹T>H$a àíZm| H|$ CÎma {b{IE:
^maV H$s {OZ Zm[a`m| Zo AnZo ~b~yVo Xoe H$m _ñVH$ D±$Mm {H$`m,
CZ_| EH$ Am¡a Zm_ Ow‹S> J`m h¡-H$ënZm Mmdbm& ß`ma go Cgo nyam Xoe
"A§V[aj-nar' H$hVm h¡& h[a`mUm Ho$ H$aZmb ZJa _| OÝ_r H$ënZm Ho$

d
{nVm H$m Zm_ ~Zmagrbmb Mmdbm h¡&

he
H$ënZm Zo _m°S>b Q>mCZ H$aZmb Ho$ Q>¡Jmoa {dÚmb` go Ama§{^H$ {ejm
àmá H$s& dh Ama§^ go hr Hw$emJ«-~w{Õ, Ñ‹T> {ZíM`r, à{V^mem{bZr VWm

is
re S
_m¡Zr Wr& CÝhmo§Zo n§Om~ B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$m°boO, M§S>rJ‹T> go Eamo ñnog _| ~r.B©.
B
bl
H$s {S>J«r àmßV H$s&
be T
H$ënZm AË`§V gm¡å` ñd^md H$s _{hbm Wr& ~MnZ go CgH$s EH$
pu
K

hr AmH$m§jm Wr- Mm±X-{gVmam| H$mo Ny>Zm& Bg{bE CÝhmo§Zo n§Om~ B§Or{Z`[a¨J

H$m°boO _| EamoZm{Q>Šg _| àdoe boZo H$s BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$s Vmo dhm± Ho$ EH$
©

àmo\o$ga Zo H$hm {H$ `h joÌ b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ {bE Zht h¡& na§Vw AnZr Ñ‹T>
BÀN>m-e{ŠV H$m n[aM` XoVo hþE CÝhmo§Zo `hr joÌ MwZm& ~mX _| CÝhmo§Zo
A_arH$m Ho$ Q>oŠgmg {díd{dÚmb` go _mñQ>a {S>J«r àmá H$s& gZ² 1988
_| CgH$s {Z`w{ŠV A_arH$m Ho$ gdm}ÀM A§V[aj - AZwg§YmZ H|$Ð Zmgm
o

_| hþB©& gZ² 1994 _| Cgo A§V[aj-`mÌm Ho$ {bE MwZm J`m& 19 Zd§~a,
tt

gZ² 1997 H$mo dh gm¡^m½`embr {XZ Am`m, O~ dh {díd H$s nhbr

_{hbm A§V[aj `mÌr Ho$ ê$n _| AmH$me _| C‹S>r& H$ënZm Ho$ AmH$me _|
No

Vmo g^r C‹S>Vo h¢ qH$Vw H$ënZm dmñV{dH$ AmH$me _| C‹S>r& AmJo MbH$a
H$ënZm Zo H$mob§{~`m A§V[aj A{^`mZ Ho$ 28d| g\$a _| {_eZ-{deofk
Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© g±^mbm&
\$adar, 2003 H$mo A§V[aj `mZ H$mo A_arH$m H$s YaVr na CVaZm
Wm& na§Vw Xþ^m©½` {ga na _±S>am ahm Wm& `mZ YaVr Ho$ dm`w_§S>b _| àdoe
151
 H$aZm Mmh ahm Wm {H$ A§V[aj `mZ _| {dñ\$moQ> hmo J`m& Cg_| gdma
g^r `mÌr H$mb Ho$ Jmb _| g_m JE& H$ënZm ^r CÝht Ho$ gmW B{Vhmg
~Z JB©& Omo bmoJ T>mob-ZJm‹S>m| Ho$ gmW AnZr A§V[aj-nar Ho$ AZw^d
gwZZo Ho$ {bE ì`J« Wo, do R>Jo-go ah JE& ~g h_mao nmg Am±gy Ho$ {gdm`
Hw$N> Z Wm& na§Vw `o Am±gy Jm¡ad Ho$ Am±gy Wo, lÕm Ho$ Am±gy Wo& H$ënZm

d
Mmdbm _a H$a ^r A_a hmo JB©& CZH$m Zm_ g~Ho$ {bE àoaUm H$m òmoV

he
~Zm ahoJm&
àíZ :

is
1.
re SH$ënZm Mmdbm H$mo ß`ma go Š`m H$hm OmVm Wm?
B
bl
2. H$ënZm H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm Wm?
be T
3. H$ënZm H$s ~MnZ H$s Š`m AmH$m§jm Wr?
pu
K

4. gZ² 1988 _| H$ënZm {H$g H|$Ð _| {Z`wŠV hþB©?

©

5. H$ënZm Mmdbm H$m Xohm§V H$~ hþAm?

6. Bg JX²`m§e Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&
("H$ënZm-Mmdbm' erf©H$ Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moB© erf©H$)
o

` ` ` ` `
tt
No

152
 2. {ZåZ{b{IV JÚm§e n‹T>H$a àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE :
H$B© gmb nhbo Amoqb{nH$ Iobm| Ho$ Xm¡amZ EH$ {deof Xm¡‹S> hmoZo Om
ahr Wr& gm¡ _rQ>a H$s Bg Xm¡‹S> _| EH$ JµO~ H$s KQ>Zm hþB©& Zm¡ à{V^mJr
ewéAmV H$s aoIm na V¡`ma I‹S>o Wo& CZ g^r H$mo H$moB©-Z-H$moB© emar[aH$
{dH$bm§JVm Wr&
grQ>r ~Or, g^r Xm¡‹S> n‹S>o& ~hþV VoµO Vmo Zht na CZ_| OrVZo H$s

d
hmo‹S> µOê$a VoµO Wr& g^r OrVZo H$s CËgwH$Vm Ho$ gmW AmJo ~‹T>o& V^r

he
EH$ N>moQ>m b‹S>H$m R>moH$a ImH$a b‹S>I‹S>m`m, {Jam Am¡a amo n‹S>m& CgH$s
AmdmµO gwZH$a ~mH$s à{V^mJr Xm¡‹S>Zm N>mo‹S> XoIZo bJo {H$ Š`m hþAm?

is
re S
{\$a, EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ do g~ Cg ~ÀMo H$s _XX Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg
AmZo bJo& g~ Ho$ g~ bm¡Q> AmE& Cgo Xmo~mam I‹S>m {H$`m& CgHo$ Am±gy
B
bl
nm|N>o, Yyb gm\$ H$s& b‹S>Ho$ H$s Xem XoI EH$ ~ÀMr Zo Cgo AnZo Jbo
be T
pu
go bJm {b`m, Am¡a Cgo ß`ma go My_ {b`m, `h H$hVo hþE {H$, "A~
K

R>rH$ hmo OmEJm'&

{\$a Vmo gmao ~ÀMm| Zo EH$-Xÿgao H$m hmW nH$‹S>m Am¡a gmW {_bH$a
©

Xm¡‹S> bJmB©& g~ Ho$ g~ A§{V_ aoIm VH$ EH$ gmW nhþ±M JE& Xe©H$
_§Ì_w½Y hmoH$a XoIVo aho, Bg gdmb Ho$ gmW {H$ g~ Ho$ g~ EH$ gmW
~mOr OrV MwHo$ h¢, BZ_| go {H$gr EH$ H$mo ñdU© nXH$ H¡$go {X`m Om
gH$Vm h¡& {ZUm©`H$m| Zo ^r g~H$mo ñdU© nXH$ XoH$a g_ñ`m H$m emZXma
hb Ty>±‹T> {ZH$mbm& g~ Ho$ g~ EH$ gmW {dO`r Bg{bE hþE {H$ Cg
o

{XZ XmoñVr H$m AZmoIm Ñí` XoI Xe©H$m| H$s Vm{b`m± W_Zo H$m Zm_ Zht
tt

bo ahr Wt&
àíZ :
No

1. N>moQ>m b‹S>H$m Š`m| amo n‹S>m?

2. à{V^m{J`m| Zo b‹S>Ho$ H$s _XX H¡$go H$s?
3. Xe©H$ H¡$go XoIVo aho?
4. {ZUm©`H$m| Zo g_ñ`m H$m hb H¡$go T>±y‹T> {ZH$mbm?
5. g~Ho$ g~ EH$ gmW {dO`r Š`m| hþE?
153
 3. {ZåZ{b{IV H${dVm n‹T>H$a àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE :
_¢ Zm_ bo Vwåhmam − H$~ go ~wbm ahm hÿ±
AnZr X`m Ho$ Xmo H$U − ~agmAmo Bg dVZ _|Ÿ&
Vw_ hmo H$hm±, `hm± na − Š`m Š`m Z hmo ahm h¡
AmAmo ~hmAmo J§Jm − Bg AmJ Ho$ {d{nZ _|Ÿ&

d
XoImo `o ^yIo-^yIo − OrdZ _| _a aho h¢

he
Xmo AÞ {H$gmZm| H$mo − ~g OmAmo BZHo$ _Z _|Ÿ&
`h {dZ` n{V«H$m h¡ − Qy>Q>o hþE {Xbm| H$s,

is
re S B
_§Oya H$a Xmo, ^a Xmo − nr`yf {díd OZ _|Ÿ&

bl
Hw$N> Eogr e{ŠV Xo Xmo − ~Z _{ëbH$m, M_obr
be T
H$m±Q>m| H$mo My_ by± _¢ − ^a Xy± gwJ§Y CZ_|Ÿ&
pu
K

_wPH$mo Xmo ñZoh BVZm nmdZ {H$ C_‹S> H$a _¢

©

^a Xy± àH$me ~wPVo − Xrnm| Ho$ VZ _| _Z _|Ÿ&

gmam OJV gwIr hmo − _mVmE± _wñHw$am`|
gyaO d Mm±X M_H|$ − àË`oH$ Ho$ dXZ _|
ew^ hmo {Zem d g§Ü`m − ew^ hmo {Xdg gwIX hmo
^JdmZ {dZVr gwZ bmo − g~ hmo nwamoJ_Z _|Ÿ&
o

àíZ :
tt

1) àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d {H$ggo {dZVr H$a aho h¢?

No

2) H${d H$hm± J§Jm ~hmZm MmhVo h¢?

3) AmJ ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE B©ída go H${d Š`m _m±JVo h¢?
4) H${d ~wPVo Xrnm| Ho$ VZ-_Z _| Š`m ^aZm MmhVo h¢?
5) Bg H${dVm Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&
` ` ` ` `
154
 B©. {Z~§Y
1. M[aÌ-~b
{dMma-q~Xþ : * M[aÌ H$m AW© Am¡a _hÎd * M[aÌ-~b
* CXmhaU * M[aÌ-~b H$m à^md

d
"M[aÌ' H$m AW© h¡ - "Mmb-MbZ' `m ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ JwU& `Ú{n M[aÌ

he
~wam ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a loð> ^r, na§Vw g_mO _| àm`… AÀN>o M[aÌdmbo ì`{ŠV
H$mo hr M[aÌdmZ H$hVo h¢& AV… "M[aÌ' eãX ñdV§Ì ê$n _| AÀN>o M[aÌ Ho$

is
re S
{bE à`wŠV hmoVm h¡& M[aÌdmZ H$m AW© h¡-B©_mZXma, gÀMm, X`mdmZ, H$éUmdmZ,
B
bl
H$_©R>, gmpËdH$, ewÕ Am¡a H$nQ>hrZ ì`{ŠV&
be T
pu
M[aÌ-~b - gÀM[aÌVm _| Anma ~b hmoVm h¡& {Og ì`{ŠV _| ào_,
K

_mZdVm, X`m, H$éUm, {dZ` Am{X JwU g_m OmVo h¢, dh e{ŠV H$m ^§S>ma ~Z
OmVm h¡& Cg_| go Á`mo{V H$s {H$aU| \y$Q>Zo bJVr h¢& O¡go gy`© H$m VoO g_ñV
©

{XemAm| H$mo Ambmo{H$V H$a XoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma M[aÌ-~b OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm|
H$mo e{ŠV, CËgmh Am¡a àH$me go ^a XoVm h¡& H$maU ñnï> h¡& B©_mZXmar,
gÀMmB©, {ZîH$nQ>Vm, _mZdVm Am{X JwU ñd`§ _| ~hþV e{ŠVdmZ h¢& `{X `o
g^r e{ŠV Ho$ H$U {H$gr EH$ ì`{ŠV Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd _| n§Ow r^yV hmo OmE± Vmo {\$a
o

_hme{ŠV H$m {dñ\$moQ> hmo gH$Vm h¡&

tt

CXmhaU - _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$mo b|& CÝhm|Zo {Og _hmZVm H$mo
A{O©V {H$`m, CgHo$ nrN>o CZHo$ Mm[a{ÌH$ JwU hr Wo& AgË` H$m {damoY,
No

Aqhgm, AÝ`m` H$m g{dZ` ~{hîH$ma, gÀMmB©, _mZdVm Am{X JwUm| Ho$ H$maU
hr CÝhm|Zo nyao Xoe _| AnZo ì`{ŠVËd H$s N>mn A§{H$V H$s& Bgr M[aÌ-~b Ho$
H$maU hr A§JOµ«o gaH$ma CZgo S>aVr Wr& CÝhm|Zo AnZo M[aÌ-~b go Ho$db ñd`§
H$mo hr Zht, A{nVw nyao ^maV H$mo Am§Xmo{bV H$a {X`m&

155
 M[aÌ-~b H$m à^md AË`§V Vrd«Vm go hmoVm h¡& {H$gr M[aÌdmZ ì`{ŠV Ho$
gm_Zo I‹S>o hmoZo na h_mar H$_Omo[a`m± Zï> hmoZo bJVr h¢& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ M[aÌ-
g§nÞ bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo ì`gZr bmoJ Bg Vah PwH$ OmVo h¢ O¡go gyaO Ho$ {ZH$bZo
na A±Yao m hma _mZ boVm h¡& B{Vhmg à_mU h¡ {H$ ^JdmZ ~wÕ Ho$ gm_Zo S>mHy$
A§J{w b_mb Zo KwQ>Zo Q>Ho $ {XE Wo, H«$m§{VH$mar O`àH$me Zmam`U Ho$ gm_Zo Ag§»`

d
S>mHw$Am| Zo h{W`ma S>mb {XE Wo& BZ g~go `hr à_m{UV hmoVm h¡ {H$ M[aÌ-~b

he
_| Anma e{ŠV h¡&

is
re S B
bl
be T
` ` ` ` `
pu
K
tt
o ©
No

156
 2. nwñVH$m| H$m _hËd
{dMma-q~Xþ : * bm^ * à^md * nwñVH|$ {H$gr Xoe H$s A_a
{Z{Y hmoVr h¡§ * nwñVH|$ Aó h¢ * _Zwî` H$m {_Ì
bm^ - nwñVH$mo§ H$m _hÎd VWm _yë` aËZm| go ^r A{YH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$
aËZ ~mhar M_H$-X_H$ {XImVo h¢, O~{H$ nwñVH|$ öX` H$mo CÁÁdb H$aVr

d
h¢& AÀN>r nwñVH|$ _Zwî` H$mo new go XodVm ~ZmVr h¢, CgH$s gmpËdH$$

he
d¥{Îm`m| H$mo OmJ¥V H$a Cgo nW^«ï> hmoZo go ~MmVr h¢& loð> nwñVH|$ _Zwî`,
g_mO VWm amï´> H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVr h¢& nwñVH$m| H$m h_mao _Z-_pñVîH$

is
re S
na ñWm`r à^md n‹S>Vm h¡&
B
bl
à^md - g§gma Ho$ B{Vhmg na Ñ{ï>nmV H$aZo na XoIVo h¢ {H$ {OVZr
be T
pu
^r _hmZ {d^y{V`m± hþB© h¢, CZ na {H$gr-Z-{H$gr A§e _| AÀN>r nwñVH$m|
K

H$m à^md Wm& _hmË_m Jm§Yr ^JdX²JrVm, Q>mbñQ>m` VWm A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§V
Wmoamo Ho$ gm{hË` go AË`{YH$ à^m{dV Wo& bo{ZZ _| H«$m§{V H$s ^mdZm
©

_mŠg© Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo n‹T>H$a OJr Wr&

nwñVH|$ {H$gr Xoe H$s A_a {Z{Y hmoVr h¢ - {H$gr Om{V Ho$ CËH$f©
AWdm AnH$f© H$m nVm CgHo$ gm{hË` go MbVm h¡& àmMrZ J«rH$ g§ñH¥${V
{H$VZr CÀM Am¡a _hmZ Wr, BgH$m nVm h_| CgHo$ gm{hË` go MbVm
o

h¡& JwßVH$mb ^maV H$m ñd{U©_ `wJ H$hm OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Cg H$mb
tt

_| gdm}ËH¥$ï> nwñVH$m| H$s aMZm hþB©& H$m{bXmg Bg `wJ Ho$ _hmZ

gm{hË`H$ma Wo&
No

nwñVH|$ Aó h¢ - {dMmam| Ho$ `wÕ _| nwñVH|$ hr Aó h¢& nwñVH$m|

_| {bIo {dMma g§nyU© g_mO H$s H$m`m nbQ> XoVo h¢& g_mO _| O~ ^r
H$moB© n[adV©Z AmVm h¡ AWdm H«$m§{V CnpñWV hmoVr h¡, CgHo$ _yb _| H$moB©
{dMmaYmam hr hmoVr h¡&
157
 _Zwî` H$m {_Ì - EH$ {dÛmZ H$s C{ŠV h¡ - ""gƒo {_Ìm| Ho$ MwZmd
Ho$ níMmV² gd©àW_ Ed§ àYmZ Amdí`H$Vm h¡- CËH¥$ï> nwñVH$m| H$m
MwZmd&'' Omo nwñVH|$ h_| A{YH$ {dMmaZo H$mo ~mÜ` H$aVr h¢, do hr h_mar
g~go ~‹S>r ghm`H$ h¢& do _Zwî` H$mo gÀMm gwI Am¡a em§{V àXmZ H$aVr
h¢& Wm_g E. H|${ng Zo EH$ ~ma H$hm Wm - ""_¢Zo àË`oH$ ñWmZ na

d
{dlm_ ImoOm, qH$Vw dh EH$m§V H$moZo _| ~¡R>H$a nwñVH|$ n‹T>Zo Ho$ A{V[aŠV

he
H$ht àmá Z hmo gH$m&'' nwñVH$-ào_r g~go A{YH$ gwIr hmoVm h¡&

is
re S B
bl
` ` ` ` `
be T
pu
K
o
tt ©
No

158