Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Name: Fawad Fareed Ahmed

From: BE Electronics MUET Jamshoro

Section: Wireless & Transmission

Submitted to: Ma’am Pray Khawaja (Transmission)

Muhammad Sohail (Wireless)
Sir Tariq Abbasi (HR Coordinator)
Sir Farhan(Manager HR)
Duration: 19th June 2017 to 31st July 2017

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 PREFACE

This report is prepared as a result of performing “S IX WE E K S ” of Internship in

PTCL , as a compulsory requirement for the completion of Degree of
Bachelors of Engineering in Electronics Engineering.
Data communications and networking may be the fastest growing technologies in
our culture today and as a student of Electronics, I need to have a well knowledge
about communication and networking technologies. For this purpose, I do
internship in PTCL the leading telecommunication authority in Pakistan. This report
show and guide the readers about experience of six week internship in two
different departments of PTCL. In first I am start from wireless department of PTCL
to interact with CDMA technology and wireless network of PTCL. Then I went to
transmission section.

And I tried my best to present all of my findings in this report ,while visiting
various departments of PTCL and gained practically too much knowledge of
telecom sector. It was realized that there is great difference between theory and
practice. At the end I except that this report will help the reader to understand
the various problems / suggestions , methods and procedures that are in practice
in PTCL.

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Contents

SELECTION LETTER. ................................................................. 5

ACKNOWLEDGE LETTER. ......................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION TO PTCL ........................................................ 7
WIRELESS DEPARTMENT......................................................... 9
1. Brief History of Wireless Network: .............................................................................................. 9
2. Multiple Accesses....................................................................................................................... 10
3. Code Division Multiple Access: .................................................................................................. 11
4. General Architecture of CDMA: ................................................................................................. 12
5. Base Station SubSystem (BSS): .................................................................................................. 12
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS):................................................................................................... 13
 Base Station Controller (BSC): ..................................................................................................... 13
6. Network Switching System (NSS) ............................................................................................... 13
 Home Location Register (HLR) .................................................................................................... 14
 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) .................................................................................... 14
 Visitor Location Register (VLR) .................................................................................................... 14
 Authentication Center (AUC) ...................................................................................................... 14
 Equipment Identity Register (Eir)................................................................................................ 15
 Um Interface (Air Interface): ....................................................................................................... 15

TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT ............................................. 16

 Wired Transmission. ................................................................................................................... 16
 Wireless Transmission................................................................................................................. 16
7. Factors To Select Transmisson Media........................................................................................ 17
Conducted Media................................................................................................................................ 18
Wireless Media. .................................................................................................................................. 19
8. Optical Fiber Cable: .................................................................................................................... 20
Single Mode: ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Multi-Mode: ........................................................................................................................................ 22
9. Splicing: ...................................................................................................................................... 23

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 10. Mechanical & Fusion Splicing .................................................................................................... 24
11. Advantages Of Optical fiber. ...................................................................................................... 25
12. Optical Connectors..................................................................................................................... 25
 LC ................................................................................................................................................. 25
 FC................................................................................................................................................. 26
 SC................................................................................................................................................. 26
13. Optical Patch Cord & Pigtail: ...................................................................................................... 27
14. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR): ........................................................................... 28
15. Optical Distribution Frame (ODF): ............................................................................................. 29
16. Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer: ............................................................................... 30
17. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH):........................................................................................ 30
18. Rectifier ...................................................................................................................................... 31
19. Network Management System: ................................................................................................. 32

SwotAnalysis ........................................................................ 33
20. Strengths .................................................................................................................................... 33
21. Weaknesses ............................................................................................................................... 34
22. Opportunities: ............................................................................................................................ 34
23. Threats: ...................................................................................................................................... 34
24. Recommendations : ................................................................................................................... 35

The End ................................................................................ 35

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SELECTION LETTER.

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ACKNOWLEDGE LETTER.

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INTRODUCTION TO PTCL
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) is the leading
telecommunication authority in Pakistan. The corporation provides telephonic and
Internet services nationwide and is the backbone for the countries.

From the beginning of the Posts & Telegraph Department in 1947 and
establishment of Pakistan Telephone & Telegraph Department in 1962, PTCL has
been a major player in telecommunication in Pakistan.

Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions

from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan
Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. This coincided with the Government's
competitive policy, encouraging private sector participation and resulting in award
of licenses for cellular, card-operated pay-phones, paging and, lately, data
communication services.

Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans

to privatize PTCL, and in 1994 issued six million vouchers exchangeable into 600
million shares of the would-be PTCL in two separate placements. Each had a par
value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid-
1996.

In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis

for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the
Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan
Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. The same year, Pakistan
Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges
of Pakistan

PTCL launched its mobile and data services subsidiaries in 2001 by the name of
Ufone and PakNet respectively. None of the brands made it to the top slots in the
respective competitions. Lately, however, Ufone had increased its market share in
the cellular sector. The PakNet brand has effectively dissolved over the period of

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time. A recent DSL service launched by PTCL reflects this by the introduction of a
new brand name and operation of the service being directly supervised by PTCL.

As telecommunication monopolies head towards an imminent end, services and

infrastructure providers are set to face even bigger challenges. The post-monopoly
era came with Pakistan’s Liberalization in Telecommunication in January 2003. On
the Government level, a comprehensive liberalization policy for telecoms sector is
in the offering.

some private corporation. There were three participants in the bet for
privatization of PTCL. Etisalat, a Abu Dhabi-based company was able to get the
shares with a large margin in the bet. Government's plan of privatizing the
corporation was not welcomed in all circles; countrywide protests and strikes
were held by PTCL workers. They disrupted phone lines of institutions like Punjab
University Lahore along with public sector institutions were also blocked. Military
had to take over the management of all the exchanges in the country. They
arrested many workers and put them behind bars. The contention between
Government and employees ended with a 30% increase in the salaries of workers.

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WIRELESS DEPARTMENT

Brief History of Wireless Network:

At the beginning of the 1950s, the Bell telephone company in the United States
introduced a radio telephone service for its customers. This was the first instance
of a radio telephony network for commercial use. However, this network was small
and could accommodate very few subscribers. As the demand for radio telephone
service slowly grew, it forced engineers to come up with better ways to use the
radio spectrum to enhance capacity and serve more subscribers. In 1964 the
concept of shared resources was introduced. This innovation allowed networks to
allocate radio resources on a dynamic basis. As a result, more subscribers could be
served by the radio networks.

In the 1980s several cellular radio networks were deployed around the world. In
Europe each country chose its own technology for analog cellular telephony. The
UK and Italy chose the American system under the name TACS (Total Access Cellular
System). The Scandinavian countries and France chose the NMT (Nordic Mobile
Telephone) standard. Germany chose the C-Net standard. All these were analog
systems and hence considered as first-generation systems.

In 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) created

the Group Special Mobile (now known as GSM) and mandated the creation of a
European standard for mobile radio telecommunications in the frequency band
reserved for this purpose. This group produced the GSM standard that is widely
deployed today. It also introduced digital radio telephony. Hence the second
generation of mobile systems was created. In the United States, the
Telecommunication Industry Association has developed two interim standards—
the IS-54 standard in 1990, which is based on TDMA, and the IS-95 standard in 1993,
which is based on CDMA.

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Multiple Accesses
In telecommunications that resource is a transmission medium and is divided
into channels in order to allow multiple users to access the same transmission
medium simultaneously. This simultaneous use of channels is called multiple
accesses. A channel can be defined as an individually assigned, dedicated pathway
through a transmission medium for a single user's information. The physical
medium of transmission, which in our case is the wireless spectrum, can be divided
into individual channels based on a set of criteria. These criteria depend on the
technology that is utilized to make the distinction between channels.

The three primary technologies used in wireless cellular communication in order

to separate the user channels are:

 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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Code Division Multiple Access:
In CDMA, the channel is a unique code, and each user is assigned a different
code. In the room analogy, this is equivalent to breaking down the partitions and
allowing all users who wish to communicate to have a conversation simultaneously.
However, there is a caveat; each one of these users has to use a different language
and each user has highly evolved ears that can tune out conversations that are in a
language other than the one that the user understands. Thus each pair of users is
able to use the room simultaneously to have a conversation without interrupting
other users.

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General Architecture of CDMA:

Base Station SubSystem (BSS):

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the
standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by
different suppliers:

 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

 Base Station Controller (BSC)

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  Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of network equipment that
facilitates wireless communication between a device and network.

A BTS consists of the following:

 Antennas that relay radio messages

 Transceivers
 Duplexers
 Amplifiers

A BTS is also known as a base station (BS), radio base station (RBS) or node
B (eNB).

 Base Station Controller (BSC):

A base station controller (BSC) is a critical mobile network component that
controls one or more base transceiver stations (BTS), also known as base
stations or cell sites. BSC works with a mobile switching center (MSC)
component that is external to the BTS, enabling it to provide full mobile
telephony and fulfill capacity requirements. Base stations must
communicate with the MSC and data must be managed as information
overflow, impacting MSC efficiency.

Network Switching System (NSS)

The Network switching system (NSS), the main part of which is the Mobile
Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile and
other fixed or mobile network users, as well as the management of mobile services
such as authentication.

The switching system includes the following functional elements:

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 Home Location Register (HLR)
The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions.
The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores permanent
data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location
information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription in
the form of SIM, then all the information about this subscription is registered
in the HLR of that operator.

 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

The central component of the Network Subsystem is the MSC. The MSC
performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile
network users, as well as the management of mobile services such as
registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing
to a roaming subscriber. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing,
network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others. Every MSC is
identified by a unique ID.

 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about
subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers.
The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams
into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about
the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the
VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to
interrogate the HLR each time.

 Authentication Center (AUC)

The Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy of
the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for
authentication and ciphering of the radio channel. The AUC protects network
operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.

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 Equipment Identity Register (Eir)
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of
all valid mobile equipment on the network, where its International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI) identifies each MS. An IMEI is marked as invalid if
it has been reported stolen or is not type approved.

 Um Interface (Air Interface):

Um interface (air interface) is defined as the communication interface
between a mobile station and a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and used for
the interconnection between a mobile station and the fixed parts of a CDMA
system. The physical link is implemented by mean of a radio link. This
interface transfers such information as radio resource management, mobility
management, connection management, etc.

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TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT
In telecommunications, transmission (abbreviation TX).

There are 2 types of transmission.

 Wired Transmission.
 Wireless Transmission.
Transmission is the process of sending and propagating
an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-
to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless. One
example of transmission is the sending of a signal with limited duration, for
example a block or packet of data, a phone call, or an email. Transmission
technologies and schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such
as modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error control, bit
synchronization and multiplexing, but the term may also involve higher-layer
protocol duties, for example, digitizing an analog message signal, and source
coding (compression).

Transmission of a digital message, or of a digitized analog signal, is known

as digital communication

Transmission medium is the physical path between the transmitter and receiver.

It is the Transmission medium through which information usually moves from one
network device to another.

In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will
use a variety of cable types.

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Understanding the characteristics of different types of transmission media and
how they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the development of
a successful network.

Factors To Select Transmisson Media.

 Data Rate and Bandwidth (BPS and Hz)
 Distance and Attenuation (meters, dB/km)
 Interference Characteristics
 Number of receivers (broadcast vs. point to point)
 Cost - Remember cabling is a long term investment!

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Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such
as optical fiber, or through twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, or dielectric-
slab waveguides. It may also pass through any physical material that is transparent
to the specific wavelength, such as water, air, glass, or concrete. Sound is, by
definition, the vibration of matter, so it requires a physical medium for
transmission, as do other kinds of mechanical waves and heat energy. Historically,
science incorporated various a ether theories to explain the transmission medium.
However, it is now known that electromagnetic waves do not require a physical
transmission medium, and so can travel through the "vacuum" of free space.
Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive for electrical
conduction through the presence of free electrons, holes, or ions.
There are two types of transmission media: Conducted and Wireless.

Conducted Media.
Conducted Media is also known as Guided media.

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

 Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)
 Coaxial Cable
 Optical Fiber

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Wireless Media.
Wireless media also known as Unguided media.
It use radio waves of different frequencies and do not need a wire or cable
conductor to transmit signal

 Radio Transmission
 Microwave transmission
 Satellite transmission
 Broadcast radio
 Infrared

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Optical Fiber Cable:
An optical fiber cable, also known as fiber optic cable, is an assembly similar to
an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry
light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers
and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable
will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for
example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data
connection between different parts of a building.

An optical fiber or optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made

by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of
a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic
communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables. Fibers are used instead
of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss; in addition, fibers
are immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires

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suffer excessively. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in
bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in
confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope.] Specially designed fibers are also
used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic
sensors and fiber lasers.
Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a
transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the
core by the phenomenon of total internal reflection which causes the fiber to act
as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse
modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those that support a single
mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a
wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for
applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used
for most communication links longer than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft).

Single Mode:
Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the
propagating light cannot be modeled using geometric optics. Instead, it must be
analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, by solution of Maxwell's equations as
reduced to the electromagnetic wave equation. The electromagnetic analysis may
also be required to understand behaviors such as speckle that occur when coherent
light propagates in multi-mode fiber. As an optical waveguide, the fiber supports

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one or more confined transverse modes by which light can propagate along the
fiber. Fiber supporting only one mode is called single-mode or mono-mode fiber.
The behavior of larger-core multi-mode fiber can also be modeled using the wave
equation, which shows that such fiber supports more than one mode of
propagation (hence the name). The results of such modeling of multi-mode fiber
approximately agree with the predictions of geometric optics, if the fiber core is
large enough to support more than a few modes.
The waveguide analysis shows that the light energy in the fiber is not completely
confined in the core. Instead, especially in single-mode fibers, a significant fraction
of the energy in the bound mode travels in the cladding as an evanescent wave.
The most common type of single-mode fiber has a core diameter of 8–10
micrometers and is designed for use in the near infrared. The mode structure
depends on the wavelength of the light used, so that this fiber actually supports a
small number of additional modes at visible wavelengths. Multi-mode fiber, by
comparison, is manufactured with core diameters as small as 50 micrometers and
as large as hundreds of micrometers. The normalized frequency V for this fiber
should be less than the first zero of the Bessel function J0 (approximately 2.405).

Multi-Mode:

Fiber with large core diameter (greater than 10 micrometers) may be analyzed
by geometrical optics. Such fiber is called multi-mode fiber, from the
electromagnetic analysis (see below). In a step-index multi-mode fiber, rays of light
are guided along the fiber core by total internal reflection. Rays that meet the core-
cladding boundary at a high angle (measured relative to a line normal to the
boundary), greater than the critical angle for this boundary, are completely
reflected. The critical angle (minimum angle for total internal reflection) is
determined by the difference in index of refraction between the core and cladding
materials.
Rays that meet the boundary at a low angle are refracted from the core into the
cladding, and do not convey light and hence information along the fiber. The critical
angle determines the acceptance angle of the fiber, often reported as a numerical
aperture. A high numerical aperture allows light to propagate down the fiber in rays
both close to the axis and at various angles, allowing efficient coupling of light into

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the fiber. However, this high numerical aperture increases the amount
of dispersion as rays at different angles have different path lengths and therefore
take different times to traverse the fiber.
In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction in the core decreases continuously
between the axis and the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they
approach the cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding
boundary.

Splicing:
Knowledge of fiber optic splicing methods is vital to any company or fiber optic
technician involved in Telecommunications or LAN and networking projects.

Simply put, fiber optic splicing involves joining two fiber optic cables together. The
other, more common, method of joining fibers is called termination or
connectorization. Fiber splicing typically results in lower light loss and back
reflection than termination making it the preferred method when the cable runs

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are too long for a single length of fiber or when joining two different types of cable
together, such as a 48-fiber cable to four 12-fiber cables. Splicing is also used to
restore fiber optic cables when a buried cable is accidentally severed.

Mechanical & Fusion Splicing

Being able to join optical fibers with low loss is important in fiber optic
communication .This is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable and
involves careful cleaving of the fibers, precise alignment of the fiber cores, and the
coupling of these aligned cores. For applications that demand a permanent
connection a fusion splice is common. In this technique, an electric arc is used to
melt the ends of the fibers together. Another common technique is a mechanical
splice, where the ends of the fibers are held in contact by mechanical force.
Temporary or semi-permanent connections are made by means of
specialized optical fiber connectors.

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Advantages Of Optical fiber.
 Less Expensive
 Thinner
 High carrying capacity
 Less signal degradation
 Low power
 Light signals
 Light weight
 Flexible
 Secured
 Non-flammable

Optical Connectors

An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables
quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically
couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass. Better connectors lose very
little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers. In all, about 100 fiber
optic connectors have been introduced to the market.

 LC
LC connectors have replaced SC connectors in corporate networking
environments due to their smaller size; they are often found on small
form-factor pluggable transceivers.

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 FC
FC connectors' floating ferrule provides good mechanical isolation. FC
connectors need to be mated more carefully than the push-pull types
due to the need to align the key, and due to the risk of scratching the
fiber end face while inserting the ferrule into the jack. FC connectors
should not be used in vibrating environments due to its threaded lock.
FC connectors have been replaced in many applications by SC and LC
connectors.

 SC
SC connectors offer excellent packing density, and their push-pull
design reduces the chance of fiber end face contact damage during
connection; frequently found on the previous generation of corporate
networking gear, using GBICs.

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Optical Patch Cord & Pigtail:
A fiber optic patch cord is a fiber optic cable capped at either end with
connectors that allow it to be rapidly and conveniently connected to CATV,
an optical switch or other telecommunication equipment. Its thick layer of
protection is used to connect the optical transmitter, receiver, and the terminal
box. This is known as "interconnect-style cabling"

Fiber optic pigtail is a fiber cable end with fiber optic connectors at only one side of
the cable while leaving the other side no connectors, so that the connector side can
be linked to the equipment and the other side can be melted with optical cable
fibers.
Fiber optic pigtails are used to achieve accurate mounting for precision alignment
of fiber optical components. They are usually used with fiber optic management
equipment like ODF, splice closures and cross cabinets.
A fiber pigtail is a single, short, usually unbuffered, optical fiber that has an optical
connector pre-installed on one end and a length of exposed fiber at the other end.
The end of the pigtail is stripped and fusion spliced to a single fiber of a multi-fiber
trunk. Splicing of pigtails to each fiber in the trunk “breaks out” the multi-fiber cable
into its component fibers for connection to the end equipment.
Fiber pigtails can have female or male connectors. Female connectors could be
mounted in a patch panel, often in pairs although single-fiber solutions exist, to
allow them to be connected to endpoints or other fiber runs with patch fibers.
Alternatively, they can have male connectors and plug directly into an optical
transceiver.

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Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR):
An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic instrument
used to characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR is the optical equivalent of an
electronic time domain reflectometer. It injects a series of optical pulses into the
fiber under test and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered
(Rayleigh backscatter) or reflected back from points along the fiber. The scattered
or reflected light that is gathered back is used to characterize the optical fiber. This
is equivalent to the way that an electronic time-domain meter measures
reflections caused by changes in the impedance of the cable under test. The
strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time, and
plotted as a function of fiber length.

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Optical Distribution Frame (ODF):

An Optical Distribution Frame (ODF) is a frame used to provide cable

interconnections between communication facilities, which can integrate fiber
splicing, fiber termination, fiber optic adapters & connectors and cable connections
together in a single unit. It can also work as a protective device to protect fiber
optic connections from damage. The basic functions of ODFs provided by today’s
vendors are almost the same. However, they come into different shapes and
specifications. To choose the right ODF is not an easy thing.

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Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer:

A digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is a network device, often

located in telephone exchanges, that connects multiple customer digital subscriber
line (DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital communications channel
using multiplexing techniques.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH):

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer
multiple digital bitstreams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or
highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes.

At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface.
The method was developed to replace the digital hierarchy (PDH) system for
transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber
without synchronization problems.

The Synchronous Transport Module, level 1 (STM-1) frame is the basic transmission
format for SDH—the first level of the synchronous digital hierarchy. The STM-1

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frame is transmitted in exactly 125 µs, therefore, there are 8,000 frames per
second on a 155.52 Mbit/s OC-3 fiber-optic circuit. The STM-1 frame consists of
overhead and pointers plus information payload. The first nine columns of each
frame make up the section overhead and administrative unit pointers, and the last
261 columns make up the information payload. The pointers (H1, H2, H3 bytes)
identify administrative units (AU) within the information payload. Thus, an OC-3
circuit can carry 150.336 Mbit/s of payload, after accounting for the overhead.

Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. The process is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction
of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum
tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide
rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-
based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical
switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios,
used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena(lead sulfide) to
serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

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Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power
supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification
may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of
power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating
systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame.
Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of
rectification alone produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of
pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio,
television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current (as
would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is
smoothed by an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a steady current.
More complex circuitry that performs the opposite function, converting DC to AC,
is called an inverter.

Network Management System:

Network monitoring is the use of a system that constantly monitors a computer
network for slow or failing components and that notifies the network
administrator (via email, SMS or other alarms) in case of outages or other trouble.
Network monitoring is part of network management.

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Commonly measured metrics are response time, availability and uptime, although
both consistency and reliability metrics are starting to gain popularity. The
widespread addition of WAN optimization devices is having an adverse effect on
most network monitoring tools, especially when it comes to measuring
accurate end-to-end delay because they limit round-trip delay time visibility.
Status request failures, such as when a connection cannot be established, it times-
out, or the document or message cannot be retrieved, usually produce an action
from the monitoring system. These actions vary; An alarm may be sent (via SMS,
email, etc.) to the resident sysadmin, automatic failover systems may be activated
to remove the troubled server from duty until it can be repaired, etc

SwotAnalysis

Strengths:

 Attributes of the organization that are helpful in achieving the objectives.

 PTCL Strengths Oldest Telecommunication Company of Pakistan founded in
1947.
 The largest landline network of Pakistan.
 Strong international brand names.
 Strong financial position
 Competent and Skillful Human Resources in few specialized fields.
 PTCL is offering multiple services which includes Telephone, Internet and
T.V.
 PTCL can be used as a backup network if the mobile networks are down
due to any reason.

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Weaknesses:
 Quality of Service; offered to the Customer is very poor and in-efficient,
specially the Internet service.
 Lack of technical staff in DSL technical support.
 Poor organizational structure.
 No clear strategic direction.
 No research and development programs.

Opportunities:
 Huge market size to Increase market share.
 Development of new, innovative and customized products (Increase in
company product lines)
 Re-structuring of organizational hierarchy (Proper planning and
implementation is required, to Improve overall services).
 Adopt latest technologies.
 Making technology accessible to all (e.g. broadband).
 Hire competent marketers and adopt aggressive marketing that is required
to promote offered services and give tough time to competitors.

Threats:
 Strong competition from telecommunication companies.
 New players in the industry.
 Inconsistent and Adhoc decisions by Company management.
 Security and fraud issues.
 Cybercrimes percentage is increasing.
 Political instability.

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Recommendations :
 No doubt P.T.C.L having the monopoly in providing the Land-Line
Telephone connection in Pakistan and its playing its role magnificently. In
current scenario P.T.C.L has increases its Revenue quite dramatically and
probably that as soon as this organization has become privatized it will
flourish its revenue in better manner.

 PTCL should immediately change its Finance upper level of hierarchy and
should stream line in the good manner.

 PTCL should also encourage the Billing On line system that each and every
customer should have to pay his/her bill on line basis

 The image of PTCL being leading Telecom providing is not good in the eyes
of common customer especially there are lot of complaints about the
including the bogus local calls in the monthly bills of various customers.

 PTCL should also provide the detail of local calls made from any Land Line
Number which would be provided in Micro level to the customer.

 Should be developing the training and development process of every

employee.
The punching system of Billing through automation attach with main
branch he takes so much time to adjust so it should be revived.

 PTCL is not utilizing its surplus profit in long-term investment projects

which be done.

The End

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