CONTENTS

Preface vii

About the Author ix

Chapter 1. Heat Exchange Equipment 1

Introduction, 1
General Concepts of Heat Transfer, 4
Air Cooled Heat Exchangers, 12
Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchangers, 24
Spiral-Plate Heat Exchangers, 36
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers, 4 I
Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture, 45
Condensers, 52
Steam-Driven Absorption Cooling, 60
Closure, 61
Nomenclature, 61
Suggested Readings, 62

Chapter 2. Evaporative Cooling Equipment 65

Introduction, 65
Thermal Characteristics, 65
Design Configurations, 70
Components and Materials of Construction, 76
Use of Fans, Motors, and Drives, 80
Water Treatment Services, 86
Glossary of Terms, 89
Suggested Readings, 93

Chapter 3. Evaporating and Drying Equipment 94

Introduction, 94
Evaporators, 94
Drying Equipment, 124
Crystallization, 154
Suggested Readings, 161

Chapter 4. Distillation Equipment 162

Introduction, 162
Overview of Distillation, 163
General Properties of Hydrocarbons, 181
Refinery Operations, 202
Products from Petroleum, 222

iii
iv CONTENTS

Spirits Production, 239

Closure and Recommended Web Sites, 241

Chapter 5. Mass Separation Equipment 244

Introduction, 244
Absorption Equipment, 245
Adsorption Equipment, 276
Solvent Extraction, 320
Reverse Osmosis, 326
Suggested Readings, 330

Chapter 6. Mechanical Separation Equipment 334

Introduction, 334
Filtration Equipment, 335
Sedimentation Equipment, 398
Centrifugal Separation Equipment, 4 16
Suggested Readings, 434

Chapter 7. Mixing Equipment 435

Introduction, 435
Mechanical Mixing Equipment, 436
Design Practices, 453
GasSolids Contacting, 476
Suggested Readings, 487
Recommended Web Sites, 488

Chapter 8. Calculations for Select Operations 489

Introduction, 489
Heat Capacity Ratios for Real Gases, 489
Sizing of Vapor-Liquid Separators, 489
Overall Efficiency of a Combination Boiler, 490
Pump Horsepower Calculations, 490
Pump Efficiency Calculations, 49 1
Lime Kiln Precoat Filter Estimation, 491
Steam Savings in Multiple Effect Evaporators, 493
Temperature and Latent Heat Estimation for Saturated Steam, 494
Estimating Condensate for Flash Tanks, 494
Linear Velocity of Air Through Ducts, 496
Thermal Conductivities of Gases, 496
Determining Pseudocritical Properties, 500
Estimating Heat Exchanger Temperatures, 501
Estimating the Viscosity of Gases, 503
Estimate for Mechanical Desuperheaters, 506
Estimating Pump Head with Negative Suction Pressure, 507
Calculations for Back-Pressure Turbines, 508
Tubeside Fouling Rates in Heat Exchangers, 5 10
Calculations for Pipe Flows, 5 11
 CONTENTS V

Recovery in Multicomponent Distillation, 5 17

Estimating Equilibrium Curves, 5 18
Estimating Evaporation Losses from Liquified Gases, 5 18
Combustion Air Calculations, 5 18
Estimating Temperature Profiles in Agitated Tanks, 5 19
Generalized Equations for Compressors, 520
Batch Distillation: Application of the Rayleigh Equation, 524

Index 527