1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

As population increases, the demand of education mounted mutually. The

eminence of education must progressively evolve. Promoting quality education

comprises placing up-to-date technology into operation, such that, using it for

solving problems in order to improve the quality of services being rendered by the

given school or university. This development embraces prolonging of school

equipment’s life span and upholding energy conservation. Thus, the cost of power

consumed in the facility itself while implementing an innovative service in a more

effective and efficient manner.

This study provides efficient and effective use of power consumption to a

classroom by scheduling and monitoring the power output of that room, which are

the lights and fans. Students and teachers can now see schedules on a certain

room through a monitor and if a room is vacant, teachers/admin can access it by

using Radio Frequency Identification (RDID). With this system, time and power

can be saved and this would reflect on the school’s operational cost.

Automation thinking is much needed for operations research. Majority of OR

models assume a fixed structure for system including system parameters and

develop algorithms for optimizing its performance (Shanthikurmar, 2004). There is

 2

a continuous change in system structure and parameters for us to develop self-

checking models for simultaneous parameter estimation and optimization

providing the possibility of operation research automation.

Implementing automated system in facilities provided more productive output

that can be reliable. Practical use of a microcontroller is automated and provides

solutions to the problems. As technology advances, automation science and

engineering is coming of age with new abstractions, new algorithm approach, new

hardware, and new integrated systems. Applying it to present system to not pin in

the present and advance to a new way of solving things. Combine it to conserving

energy according to natural resource. Canada energy conservation and energy

efficiency is often used interchangeably, but there are some differences. After the

most basic level, energy conservation means using less energy and is usually a

behavioral change, like turning your lights off or setting your thermostat lower.

Energy efficiency, however, means using energy effectively, and is often a

technological change. Energy efficiency measures the difference between how

much energy is used to provide the same level of comfort, performance or

convenience by the same type of product, building or vehicle.

Students want to feel comfortable during their class. They want to use the tuition

they paid for reasonable uses. How can the classroom be fully equipped and

functional if they do not give importance and maintain it the right way? Moreover,
 3

how can they be comfortable if some students are not concerned with school

facilities?

Students who have classes tend to wait until the professor arrives. Once the

professor is already there, they would go to a classroom and sometimes they

would find out that other class used their designated classroom so they need to

look for another empty classroom to start their class. Finding vacant classroom

consumes time in fact that time can rather be used for their discussion.

Additionally, whenever students do not have a class, they find a vacant

classroom. School personnel keep on turning off the air conditioner if the

classroom is not being used. But every student has a strategy of turning on the air

conditioner by using a coin. Then after they turn it on, they would stay inside the

classroom. How can the power be saved if they would use the classroom’s

equipment just to while the time away? How can they be comfortable if the

classroom equipment is being overused because they use it even if there is no

class just to hang out and chat inside the classroom because of the cold air?

During the active and good discussion, they do not office their time remaining.

So this system come up, it provides a LED as the sign that when the class have

only 15 minutes left before the dismissal, the professor can be ready and know

where to end their discussion.

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This system comes up to eliminate those unnecessary circumstances. This

Automated Classroom Management System in Universidad de Zamboanga has

the best solutions for this problem, this attempt to limit the use of the classroom

equipment. When it come to the user of the classroom, only the designated

professor on that schedule would have the access to turn on all the power of the

classroom equipment using their RFID. And when the classroom has long vacant

hours, all equipment would automatically turn off to save huge power usage.

Conceptual Framework

CLASSROOM

RELAY RELAY

SOFTWARE AND
RFID READER ARDUINO DATABASE

MONITOR

Figure 1.1. Conceptual Paradigm

A microcontroller is used to process and manage input-output and distribute it

in designated modules. RFID is used to send an address to the microcontroller

then sends it to software that is composed and identified from a database creating
 5

a log from the time of usage of the ID. If the ID is in the database, it may access

the room. Room’s electricity automatically turns on based on the schedule that the

administrator implemented on the software. Then the program from the software

sends a signal to the microcontroller that switches the relay and allows electricity

to power the classroom.

Statement of the Problem

This study attempts to find out the feasibility of the Automated Classroom

Monitoring for SEICT Faculty in Universidad de Zamboanga.

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What are the advantages of installing the Automated Classroom

Management System in Universidad de Zamboanga?

2. How can the Automated Classroom Monitoring for SEICT Faculty in

Universidad de Zamboanga monitor the utilization of classroom and

attendance of the students?

3. Is Automated Classroom Monitoring for SEICT Faculty in Universidad

de Zamboanga functional in helping the teachers to maintain the

classroom management?
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General Objectives

 To manage classroom’s power consumption, room vacancy and room

usage.

Specific Objectives

 To prolong classroom’s lights and air conditioners

 To find a vacant room for make-up classes in an easier and faster way

 To prevent scheduling problems within different departments

Significance of the Study

This system enables to efficiently and effectively use energy, access rooms with

ease and vacant rooms are visible on a monitor. It may prolong the life of

classroom equipment’s and with effortless room management would provide an

ease to the users, specially the students and the professors.

This automation provides a simple way of checking whether a classroom is

occupied or not. This is designed and developed to be an effective device in

monitoring classrooms in the school. The school personnel would no longer keep

on walking whenever they have to check classrooms to be certain if a professor is

around.
 7

Also, this study helps to lessen the electric power consumption due to the

students who keep on staying inside the classroom even if they do not have

classes to be carried out. In addition, a professor is easily detected if he/she is

present or not.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This project focused on the monitor and maintenance of a room and can also

provide the attendance of every professor that must be teaching in a particular

room and time. Basically, the classroom’s power is turned on if the professor

tapped the RFID in his class hours. Using RFID technology, the professors may

access the room if they are schedule. If the RFID was forgotten to be brought or

lost, two options can be done. First, professors may say to the administrator that

they forgot their ID or lost if and they need the access because they have a class

and the second one is in case that the administrator is not around, professors can

input their own password to the system to access the room they would use for their

class. When the server is down, the operation of all equipment in the room is done

manually.

Theoretically, the Arduino can activate three rooms at the same time. It can

access the powers in those three rooms once the scheduled professors tap the

RFID. Air conditioners are not involved in the power scheduling if the vacant time

of the room is only two hours or less, but is involved if the vacant time of the room
 8

is three hours or more. The project is limited all to the classrooms in the School of

Engineering, Information and Communications Technology including all the

students, professors and employees of the said university.

In additional to that, this system cannot know the probability of who the users

would be of the vacant room. If the classroom has a vacant of 2 hours and above

the unexpected professor comes and uses the vacant room while and an hour ago

has passed then the capability of this system that conserves energy would be

untouched. The professors can view, through this system, the list of classrooms

that are available or not. By accessing the room, the database’s log files

automatically record the date, time and name of the professor who used the room.

Once the professor is absent, other professors still can access the assigned

classroom of the absent professor updated his or her status as absent.

Definition of Terms

For further understanding the study, the following terms are defined

operationally.

Arduino. This refers to a single-board microcontroller intended to make the

application of interactive objects or environments accessible.

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Automation. This refers to the use of various control systems for operating

equipment such as machinery, processes in factories.

Class Schedule. This refers to a list of all the class schedules of the

Engineering department and enables the user to print a class schedule.

Monitoring. This refers to a condition to be aware of the state of a system and

may refer to: to observe a situation for any changes.

Relay. This refers to an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an

electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch.

RFID. This refers to a generic file container format for storing data in tagged

chunks.

Sensor. This refers to a converter that measures a physical quantity and

converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer.

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). This refers to the

microchip with programming that controls a computer’s interface to its attached

serial devices.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This is about Automated Classroom Management System using RFID

Technology that focus on the various relevant literature that explain the concept of

the use of RFID technology, conservation of power and the creation of the

computer technology which served as the baseline regarding this project on how

precise is it and considerable the study is. Different studies have been conducted,

local and foreign, for it helps to generate a new system for the betterment and

upgrading of a certain process.

In addition, there are several key practices involving the creator that are evolving

within the archiving projects First, the creator may be involved in assessing the

long term value of the information. In lieu of other assessment factors, the creator’s

estimate of the long-term value of the information may be a good indication of the

value that would be placed on it by people within the same discipline or are of

research in the future.

Related Literature

Researchers hack crypto on RFID smart cards used for keyless entry and transit

pass
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Ars Tehnica Buisness Article

Researchers at a German university have published a paper detailing a

security exploit of the Mifare Desfire MF3ICD40, a widely used RFID Smart Card.

The exploit, which uses an approach previously used to break other wireless crypto

system. Demonstrates that even the relatively strong encryption algorithms used

in “touch less” smart cards can be broken with a small investment of time and

equipment – exposing the shared crypto key and the data stored on them. (Seam

Galagher Oct 12, 2011)

Classroom Management

In a 2006 survey of Pre-K through 12th grade teachers conducted by the

American Psychological Association (APA), teachers identified help with

classroom management and instructional skills as their top need. Results from

over 2300 responses showed that teachers wanted assistance with classroom

management because of their concerns about student safety and their desire for

strategies to deal effectively with students negative and/or disruptive behaviours.

(Tom Kratochwould 2006).

Attendance Control System based on RFID-technology

When the professor arrives in class, he would logs in an submits a password

on the PC to the system, after which the system opens his page. When students

enter the classroom, the RFID-reader automatically reads their RFID-cards and

the web camera takes their photos. These photos and ID’s are sent to the PC,
 12

where system would compare their information with information stored on the

Database Management System (DBMS) according to their ID’s that have been

assigned to them. Eventually, the professor would submit all the information

collected, and the DBMS would have a record of who came and who failed to come

to class on any given day. Professors would be able to use their free time to

compare the photos of students who came to class with these in the database, so

taking attendance would no longer eat up lesson time. Use of RFID-cards, then,

may help to solve attendance-taking problems and any and all related issues.

(Nurbek Saparkhojayev and Selim Guverein 2012).

Energy Conservation

“Save energy today for safe tomorrow”. This project dealt with energy

conservation steps at home school and at community at large. Globalization has

brought rapid changes in the life style of present generation. The things which are

luxurious at one time have now become minimum needs. The modern facilities like

air conditioners, computers, mobiles, cars etc. Have become a part of life and as

such the consumptions of electrical & fuel energy is very high. To save fossil fuels

from becoming extinct and to minimize the usage of electricity & gasoline, it is

needless to mention that there is an urgent need to harness every source of energy

to safeguard nations’ future. (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan’s Public School 2013).

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Radio Frequency Identification: the Internet of Things

Imagine a world in which everything that you own is numbered and catalogued. All

your shoes; every piece of clothing. A world in which nothing can be regarded as

private, but where everything can be traced back to you. This situation is not far

off, if we can believe Kathrine Albrecht, one of the USA’s leading experts on

personal data protection. She is among those who regard with suspicion the

potential applications of identifying individuals with the aid of the new technology

known as RFID- Radio Frequency Identification. Science Daily (June 22, 2009)

One American Company has already developed a chip ben implanted in your

arm. This could allocate each of us a unique ID number linked to information in a

central database: “Quite impermissible” according to Albrecht.

“RFID technology is already used in the access cards we use at work and the

toll chips were sold at total cost of NOK 33.1 billion. According to EU Commissioner

VIviannes Reding, 450 billion chips would be produced within ten years.

RFID and its Everyday Uses

RFID or Radio- Frequency identifications is a wireless data transfer usually

through a chip built into a device. The technology is not actually new. It has already

been around for many years and is being used in a number of ways. Examples are

the EC Tags used in NLEX and the E-pass tags in SLEX. With these tags, all you

need to do is aim the device to a RFID sensor and Viola – Payment is automatically
 14

made and pole block immediately lifted, other common uses can be seen in some

school and company ID’s all you need to do is swipe the ID across a sensor.

The user then would hear a beep. This signals the users that he or she can now

enter the school or company premises. I’m pretty sure shopaholics are familiar with

anti-theft tag, which sounds the alarm once unpaid items cross alarm poles

(Jonathan Kevin Castillo 2014).

Energy System in School

Many schools around the world are using their school grounds to each their

students about energy conservation techniques and the generation of renewable

energy. School energy conservation efforts usually begin with a compressive

energy audit, frequently conducted by the students, to determine where the school

is wasting the most energy and money. Energy audits typically find lights and fans

that are left on in unused classrooms use more energy than they need to (Eco

School Design 2011).

A vision of Excellence through Effective Classroom Management Nimfa

Norie Aquino (2009). Classroom management has long been an issue by

elementary teachers nowadays. Through there are particular revitalized

instructions in all learning areas that are improved and updated, more important

than all these equipment is the teacher who is the best facilitator of learning. The
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teacher can be an effective facilitator of learning only when there is discipline and

proper classroom management in the teaching-learning process.

Related Studies

Automation rapidly exists all over the world and almost all of the things that

surround us are automatic. It is specially implemented in different establishments

and buildings. Automation is now replacing human operators in tasks and it has a

high degree of accuracy. The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor.

However, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality,

accuracy and precision. In every corner, automation is now a part of everybody’s

life.

RFID based power monitoring system

The main objective of this project is to avoid the wastage of power in

educational institutions, offices and other technical institutions. Power cuts are the

major threat in our country now due to inadequate availability of electrical energy.

Our focus in this project is to save electrical energy by reducing the wastage of

power. In our project, the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) plays a prominent

role. The main thing in this project is to control the wastage of power in an

institution. In each department the RFID sensors are provided in every room. The

entry mode in RFID helps to determine the presence or absence of a person. RFID

not only deals with the attendance of a person but also plays a role in power saving.
 16

After he/she departs from the room, automatically, the lights and fans would be

switched OFF even when they are switched ON. The electrical equipment’s in the

room do not relate with the power switches. They are controlled only with the data

entered in RFID. In modern society everyone wants to have technical related

activated to make their work as simple as possible, and in that approach, this

project finds application in it. The major advantage beyond this project is that it is

economically suitable for all, as it is least expensive and does not include any

additional features. The bidirectional visitor control system in this project monitors

the count of persons present in the room to make the control of power in one area.

This system does not include any practical difficulties, as it can be easily operated

by anyone. (Bavithra VIjayakumar 2014).

Student monitoring using RFID

This paper describes the development of a student attendance system based

on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. The existing conventional

attendance system requires students to manually sign the attendance sheet every

time they attend a class. As common as it seems, such system lacks automation,

where a number of problems may arise. These include the time unnecessarily

consumed by the students to find and sign their name on the attendance sheet,

some students may mistakenly or purposely sign another student’s name and the

attendance sheet may get lost. Having a system that can automatically capture

student’s attendance by flashing their student card at the RFID reader can really

save all the mentioned troubles. This is the main motive of our system and in
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addition, having an online system accessible anywhere and anytime can greatly

help the lecturers to keep track of their students’ attendance. Looking at a bigger

picture, deploying the system throughout the academic faculty would benefit the

academic management as students’ attendance to classes is one of the key factors

in improving the quality of teaching and monitoring their students’ performance.

Besides, this system provides valuable online facilities for easy record

maintenance offered not only to lecturers but also to related academic

management staffs especially for the purpose of students’ progress monitoring.

RFID and Global Warming: The same technology used to increase operational

efficiencies can also save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions Leslie

Downey (Mar 19, 2012)

Buildings

RFID- enabled building-management systems conserve fuel and electricity.

Commercial, public and residential building within the United States contributes

approximately 40 percent of the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions. Intelligent

systems using RFID and wireless sensors enable dynamic and granular control of

a building’s heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, thereby

saving energy and emissions, the Global e-Sustainability initiative has estimated

that in 2020, building would emit 11.7 gigatons of Co2 Worlwide, equivalent to 22.5

percent of total emissions. It has also estimated an information and

communications technology-enabled abatement potential of 1.68 gigatons of CO2,

of which a reduction in HVAC consumptions accounted for 8 Percent. What’s more,

 18

in order to facilitate home energy management, companies are currently

developing products that utilize ZigBee-compliant RFID technology to enable

communication between such household devices as thermostats and lighting

controllers, as well as smart meters, so that usage can be shifted to off-peak times.

Networking and internet Architecture: An Efficient Method for Optimizing RFID

Reader Deployment and Energy Saving. (Ching-Hsien Hsu, Daqiang Zhang,

Chao-Tung Yang, Hai-Cheng Chue May 15, 2013).

The rapid proliferation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems

realizes the integration of physical world with the cyber ones. One of the most

promising is the internet of Thing (IoT), a vision in which the internet extent into

our daily activities through wireless networks of uniquely identifiable object. Given

that modern RFID systems are being deployed in Large-Scale for Different

applications, without optimizing Reader’s distribution, many of the readers would

be redundant, resulting to waste of energy. Additionally, eliminating redundant

reader can also decrease probability of reader collisions, as a result, enhancing

system performance and efficiency. In this paper, an overlap aware (OA) technique

is proposed for eliminating redundant readers. The OA is a distributed approach,

which does not need to collect global inform anting for centralizing control, and

aims to detect maximum amount of redundant readers that could be safely

removed or turned off while preserving original RFID network coverage. A

significant improvement of the OA scheme is that the amount of “write-to-tag”

operations could be largely reduced during the redundant reader identification

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phase. In order to accurately evaluate the performance of the proposed method, it

was performed in a variety of scenarios. The experiment results show that the

proposed method can provide reliable performance in detecting higher redundancy

and has lower algorithm overheads. As compared to several well-known methods,

such as the RRE, LEO, the hybrid algorithm (LEO+RRE) and the DRRE.

Energy Efficient Algorithms for the RFID Estimations Problem

Department of Computer & information Science & Engineering Department of

Epidemiology and Health Policy Research Department of Statistics

Abstract- RFID has been gaining popularity for inventory control, object tracking,

and supply chain management in warehouses, retail stores, hospitals, etc.

Periodically and automatically estimating the number of RFID tags deployed in a

large area has many important applications in inventory management and theft

detection. The prior work focuses on designing time-efficient algorithms that can

estimate tens of thousands of tags in seconds. We observe that, for a RFID reader

to access tags in a large area, active tags are likely to be used. Theses tags are

battery powered and use their own energy for information transmission. However,

recharging batteries for tens of thousands of tags is laborious. Unlike the prior

work, this paper studies the RFID estimation problem from the energy angle. Our

goal is to reduce the amount of energy that is consumed by the tags during the

estimation procedure. We design several energy efficient probalistic algorithms

that iteratively refine a control parameter to optimize the information carried in the
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transmission from the tags, such that both the number and the size of the

transmissions are minimized.

Every day the advancement of the technology is on fast phase. We use

computers for us to make jobs easier. It can be used for communicational purpose,

storing and calculating data. It is very reliable because with the fast change in our

technology, we may never know what more could possible happen in the future.

Every day the advancement of the technology is on fast phase, we use

computers for us to make jobs easier. It can be used for communicational purpose,

storing and calculation data. It is very reliable because with the fast change in our

technology, we may never know what more could possibly happen in the future

(Tao Li, Samuel Wu, Shigang Chen, Mark Yang March 14, 2010).

Energy Conservation

In response to the exorbitant electricity cost, building professional and consumers

have come up with practical and innovative measures to reduce energy

consumptions in the light of sustainability and the energy reform agenda of the

Philippine Government under the motto: energy access for more, continuing the

thrust of the previous government to make energy more affordable and to level the

playing field in the supply of energy. Parallel to this, the campaign for green

architecture and sustainable development in response to environmental threats

plaguing the world at large has been the norm in the practice of architecture
 21

nowadays. As a result of this crusade, various groups have been formed to

address these needs, e.g. the green architecture movement of the UAP (United

Architects of the Philippines), the Philippine green building council, the green

architecture advocacy of the Philippines, to name a few. (Juvy Blabarona, Josefina

de Asis and Stephanie Gilles 2011).

Energy Efficiency

The Department of Energy (DOE) is mandated to provide adequate, reliable

and affordable energy to industries to enable them to provide continuous

employment and low cost of goods and services, and to the ordinary citizen- to

enable them to achieve a decent lifestyle. Energy should not only be produced and

used in a manner that would promote sustainable development and utilization of

the countries of natural resources but at the same time contribute to the country’s

overall economic competitiveness and minimize negative environmental impact.

(DOE 2010).

Synthesis of the Study

The review of related literature and studies has an implication on the present

study. All review was focused on the Automated Classroom Management System

in Universidad de Zamboanga. The researchers and different works of different

writers and authors such as the Seam Galagher (Oct 12, 2011), Tom Kratochwould

(2006), Nurbek Saparkhojayev and Selim Guverein (2012), Bharatiya Vidya

Bhavan’s Public School (2013), Science Daily (June 22, 2009), Jonathan Kevin
 22

Castillo (2014), Eco School Design (2011), Nimfa Norie Aquino (2009), Bavithra

VIjayakumar (2014), Kassim, M. (2011), Leslie Downey (Mar 19, 2012), Ching-

Hsien Hsu, Daqiang Zhang, Chao-Tung Yang, Hai-Cheng Chue (May 15, 2013),

Tao Li, Samuel Wu, Shigang Chen, Mark Yang (March 14, 2010), INFOCOM

(2010), Juvy Blabarona, Josefina de Asis and Stephanie Gilles (2011), DOE (2010)

and Elemos. Leonardo A., Elomina, Jayson S, and Santos, Jeffrey A (2006) gave

substantial and closely related information needed to this study. Various studies

proved that Classroom Management System is to provide modernization to the

university by applying the automation to the classroom doors at the same time

automatically turning on and off of electrical appliances found inside a classroom.

It also provides control on the time spent by teachers and students upon going

out. This is done by setting the time they can spend upon out of the classroom

while classes are still on-going.

This design store data of the attendance of both the students and teachers in a

database suited for attendance monitoring and ensuring students’ safety.

This covers the recording of the instructor’s attendance but not responsible for

the computation of the salary just the precise time the student entered and went

out of the classroom.

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Like in said researcher above, the RFID is the key in entering the classroom.

This helps preventing expenses due to inefficient use of electricity. This also helps

save money and electricity that can be needed in the near future. The classroom’s

equipment –namely lights and fans may also prolong it life. This results to students’

and teachers’ comfort in staying, learning and teaching inside the classrooms. This

may be able to maintain student’s safety and lessen negative behavior.

Table 1. Synthesis Table of the Study

Module Seam Nurbek Vidya Castillo Kassim Li Current

Galagher (2012) (2013) (2014) (2011) (2010) Study
(2011)
Automated √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Classroom
Monitoring
RFID √ √ √ √ √ √
Technology-
Based
Energy √ √ √
Conservation
Technological √ √ √ √ √ √ √
innovative
Arduino √ √ √
Microcontroller
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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The Automated Classroom Management System using RFID Technology

provided energy conservation and classroom management through the help of a

microcontroller. This is done the use of different hardware components and

software applications.

3.1 Hardware Components

Arduino

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the

physical world than your desktop computer. It’s an open-source physical

computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development

environment for writing software for the board.

This serves as the platform that controlled the function of the system in the

schedules and classroom vacancies and use up the full program of this technology.

It sends a signal on and off to the relays and light indicators.

Monitor

This would serve as a display which is an electronic visual display for

computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure.
 25

The display in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display

(TDT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about

as deep as the screen size.

This would display the Microsoft Visual Studio interface that be viewed and

access by the professors and administration.

RFID Scanner/ Reader

One of the components is the RFID scanner/ reader. It is a wireless use of

electromagnetic fields to transfer data for the purposes of automatically identifying

and tracking tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored

information. Some tags are powered by electromagnetic induction from magnetic

fields produced near the reader. Some types collect energy from the interrogating

radio waves and act as passive transponder.

This is the tapping component or tracking tag for the RFID which as the key to

enter the classroom once it is taped to the scanner. It serves as the primary key to

the professors to access their scheduled classrooms.

Relay

Another component is the relay. Relays are components which allow low-power

circuit to switch a relatively high current on and off, or to control signals that must

be electrically isolated from the controlling circuit itself.

 26

This would be used as the small amount of current can be used to switch on

and off a circuit with a large current in the electromagnet.

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter)

A UART is the microchip with programming that controls a computer’s interface

to its attached serial device, converts the bytes it receives from the computer along

parallel circuits into a single serial bit stream for outbound-transmission and on

inbound transmission, converts the serial bit stream into bytes that the computer

handles, adds a parity bit on outbound transmissions and checks the parity of

incoming byte and discards the parity bit and adds start and stop delineators on

outbound and strips them from inbound transmissions.

This is used as the microchip that controls the interface of the computer so that

it can “talk” and exchange data with the other devices and is also used to

communicate with the computer to RFID

LED Light

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a

basic PN-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage

is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within

the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called

Electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the

photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

 27

LED light served as the indicator for the time. If the class is having only 15

minutes before the break time this would turn on as the sign for the end of the

class.

3.2 Software Application

Arduino IDE

This software is needed to program the Arduino, Arduino IDE is a cross-platform

application written in Java and is derived from IDE for the processing programming

language and the wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists

and other newcomers unfamiliar with the software development. It includes a code

editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching and automatic

indention, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board

with a single click.

Arduino access the powers of the room equipment once the scheduled

professor taps the RFID. Air conditioners are not involved in the power scheduling

if the vacant time of the room is only two hours or less, but is involved if the vacant

time of the room is three hours or more.

Visual Basic 2010

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Visual Basic is a programming language and development environment created

by Microsoft. It is an extension of the BASIC programming language that combines

BASIC functions and commands with visual controls. Visual basic provides a

graphical user interface GUI that allows the developers to drag and drop objects

into the program as well as manually write program code.

It is also a program used for the interface for the communication of controls by

the information inputted by the user.

MS Access (Microsoft Access)

This is software that is a unique tool released by Microsoft that provides both

the functionality of a database and the programming capabilities to create end-

user screens. Just like the other Microsoft Products it has the look including its

layout and navigational aspects.

This is used as the database management system which combines the

relational with a graphical user interface and other software-development tools.

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3.3 Block Diagram

COMPUTER

RFID RELAY

ARDUINO LIGHTS, AIR

CONDITIONER,
ELECTRIC FAN

LED LIGHT

Figure 3.3.1 Block Diagram of Automated Classroom Management System

using RFID Technology
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3.4 Flow Chart

START

RFID

COMAPARE IN
DATABASE

No
IF TIME ACCESS
SCHEDULE DENIED

Yes

TURN ON
LIGHTS, AIR
CONDITIONER,
ELECTRIC FAN

TURN ON LED IF
THE TIME IS
ABOUT TO END

END

Figure 3.4.1. Flow Chart of Automated Classroom Management System Using

RFID Technology
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3.5 Schematic Diagram

+5V

1H+0001

100 ohms

2N2222
RELAY

Figure 3.5.1. Schematic Diagram of Relay Driver