Linear Algebra

Question: Determine the general solution for the following nonhomoge-

neous system:

 x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 3
2x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 4
3x1 + 6x2 + x3 + 4x4 = 5


Answer: To describe the set of all possible solutions of a consistent non

homogeneous system, we write the associated augmented matrix [A|b], where
A is the coefficient matrix for the system and b is the right-hand side. That is:

   
1 2 1 2 3
A = 2 4 1 3 and b = 4
3 6 1 4 5

Then, we write:
 
1 2 1 2 | 3
[A|b] = 2 4 1 3 | 4
3 6 1 4 | 5
Reducing the augmented matrix by using elementary row operations (Gauss-
Jordan elimination):
   
1 2 1 2 | 3 R2 ←R2 −2R1 1 2 −1 −2 | −3
R3 ←R3 −3R1
2 4 1 3 | 4 − −−−−−−→ 0 0 −1 −1 | −2
3 6 1 4 | 5 0 0 −2 −2 | −4
   
1 2 −1 −2 | −3 R1 ←R1 −R2 1 2 0 1 | 1
R1 ←(−1)R2 R ←R3 +2R2
−−−−−−−→ 0 0 −1 −1 | −2 −−3−−− −−→ 0 0 1 1 | 2
0 0 −2 −2 | −4 0 0 0 0 | 0

Pivots in red are the principal or basic variables (unknowns): x1 , x3 and

x2 , x4 are non-basic variables or ”free variables”

x2 = s ∈ R
We make:
x4 = t ∈ R
We write the equivalent system:

x1 + 2x2 + x4 = 1
x3 + x4 = 2

Now, we isolate the basic variables:

x3 + x4 = 2 ⇒ x3 + t = 2 ⇒ x3 = 2 − t

1
x1 + 2x2 + x4 = 1 ⇒ x1 + 2s + t = 1 ⇒ x1 = 1 − 2s − t
         
x1 1 − 2s − t 1 −2s −t
 x2   s  = 0 +  s  +  0 
      
Then:  =
x3   2 − t  2  0  −t
x4 t 0 0 t
       
x1 1 −2 −1
x2  0 1 0
Finally, the general solution is: 
x3  = 2 + s  0  + t −1
      

x4 0 0 1

Analytic Geometry

Question: Find the center and radius of the circle having the following
equation: x2 + y 2 − 2x − 8y + 13 = 0
Answer: The center-radius form of the circle equation is given by the for-
mat:
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2
Where the center being at the point (h, k) and the radius is ”r”
So, we rewrite the equation using the technique of completing the square:

First, we move the loose number over to the right side.

x2 + y 2 − 2x − 8y = −13

Group the x and y terms together

(x2 − 2x) + (y 2 − 8y) = −13

Completing the square, add +1 and +16 to both sides

(x2 − 2x + 1) + (y 2 − 8y + 16) = −13 + 1 + 16

Factoring

(x − 1)2 + (y − 4)2 = 4
(x − 1)2 + (y − 4)2 = 22

Then, the center is the point (1, 4) and the radius r = 2

2
 The graph of the equation is:

Calculus

Question: Find the limit:

√
x2 + 5 − 3
lim
x→2 x−2
Answer: Both the numerator and denominator approach 0. So, this case
is a 00 indetermination, then we ”Rationalize”
√
the numerator by multiplying
x 2 +5+3
both numerator and denominator by: √x2 +5+3

√ √ ! √ !
x2 + 5 − 3 x2 + 5 − 3 x2 + 5 + 3
lim = lim √ Conjugate
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2 x2 + 5 + 3

Solving,
√
( x2 + 5)2 − (3)2 x2 + 5 − 9
lim √ = lim √ Simplify
x→2 (x − 2)( x2 + 5 + 3) x→2 (x − 2)( x2 + 5 + 3)

x2 − 4
= lim √ Rewrite
x→2 (x − 2)( x2 + 5 + 3)

x2 − 22
= lim √ Factoring
x→2 (x − 2)( x2 + 5 + 3)

(x−2)
(x + 2) 
= lim √ Cancel
2
 −2)( x + 5 + 3)
x→2 (x 

x+2
= lim √ Evaluate
x→2 x2 + 5 + 3
2+2 2
=√ =
2
2 +5+3 3

3
 Finally, we conclude:
√
x2 + 5 − 3 2
lim =
x→2 x−2 3
Ordinary differential equations

Question: Solve:

(xy 2 − y 2 + x − 1)dx + (x2 y − 2xy + x2 + 2y − 2x + 2)dy = 0

Answer: The variables are separable

We write:

(xy 2 − y 2 + x − 1)dx + (x2 y − 2xy + 2y + x2 − 2x + 2)dy = 0

Common factor:

[y 2 (x − 1) + (x − 1)]dx + [y (x2 − 2x + 2) + (x2 − 2x + 2)]dy = 0

| {z } | {z } | {z } | {z }
common common common common

Common factor again:

(x − 1)(y 2 + 1)dx + (y + 1)(x2 − 2x + 2)dy = 0

1
Now, multiplying by the factor: and simplifying:
(y 2 + 1)(x2 − 2x + 2)
2  2 (((( (
(x − 1)
(y + 1) (x(
(y + 1)( − 2x + 2)

2  2 dx + 2 2 ((((( dy = 0
(y + 1)(x − 2x + 2)
  (y + 1)( (x(− 2x + 2)

Then, we need to solve:

x−1
Z Z
y+1
2
dx + dy = 0
x − 2x + 2 y2 + 1
| {z } | {z }
I1 I2

Finding I1 :
x−1 2(x − 1) 2x − 2
Z Z Z
1 1
I1 = dx = dx = dx
x2 − 2x + 2 2 x2 − 2x + 2 2 x2 − 2x + 2

4
 We make: uZ = x2 − 2x + 2 ⇒ du = (2x − 2)dx
1 du 1
So: I1 = = ln|u| + c1
2Z u 2
x−1 1
Then I1 = 2
dx = ln|x2 − 2x + 2| + c1
x − 2x + 2 2
Finding I2 :
Z Z Z Z Z
y+1 y 1 1 2y 1
I2 = 2
dy = 2
dy + 2
dy = 2
dy + 2
dy
y +1 y +1 y +1 2 y +1 y +1

With theZ substitution: u = y 2 + 1 ⇒ du = 2ydy

y+1 1
I2 = dy = ln|y 2 + 1| + arctan(y) + c2
y2 + 1 2

Finally, the general solution is:

1 1
ln|x2 − 2x + 2| + ln|y 2 + 1| + arctan(y) = C
2 2