Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013
Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grid: An Overview
E S N Raju P
Research Scholar, Electrical Engineering
IIT Indore
Indore, India
pesnraju88@gmail.com
Abstract—Micro grids are emerging as one of the promising
solutions to integrate various types of distributed renewable
energy sources with the utility grid. Though the existing grids are
AC grids, today’s electrical loads comprising of power electronic
based equipments and distributed renewable energy generation
make DC micro grids more attractive. However, an individual
AC micro grid and DC micro grid requires multiple conversions
of power at the user end for DC loads and AC loads respectively,
resulting in less efficient system. Thus, hybrid AC/DC micro grid
seems to be the best solution to avoid substantial energy losses in
multiple conversions. However, there are several technical
challenges in the implementation of hybrid AC/DC micro grid,
which need to be addressed. This paper presents an overview of
hybrid AC/DC micro grid and discusses the important key issues
and challenges to be overcome for its practical implementation.
Keywords— Hybrid AC/DC micro grid, islanding techniques,
control strategies, protection schemes, and stability issues.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and
small hydro based power plants have gained considerable
attention worldwide due to global warming, fast depletion of
fossil fuels along with growing energy demand. Generally,
power generation from these renewable energy sources is in the
range of tens of kilowatts to fraction of megawatts and due to
this, these energy sources are usually connected at distribution
level in order to reduce power losses in long transmission [1].
Therefore these sources are also called as Distributed
Generations (DGs). The application of DGs is expected to
provide benefits in terms of reliability and security of power,
economics of power generation, carbon dioxide emission and
power quality etc. At the same time, they may introduce new
challenges into the system operation and control. The concept
of “micro grid” has been evolved for smooth integration and
control of DGs with the utility grid.
A micro grid comprises of low voltage distributed systems
with distributed generations, storage devices, loads and
interconnecting switches. A micro grid can be operated in
three modes of operation viz. island mode, grid-connected
mode and transition between the first two modes. The
operation of micro grids provide advantages of higher
flexibility, better power quality, controllability, efficiency of
operation, and bidirectional power flow between the utility
grid and the micro grid in the grid connected mode of
operation [2].
Trapti Jain
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering
IIT Indore
Indore, India
traptij@iiti.ac.in
AC micro grids (ACMG) have been proposed [3-4] to
utilize the existing AC grid technologies, protection and
standards. However, power generation from various DGs such
as photovoltaic arrays and fuel cells is DC power, which is to
be converted into AC power through power electronic
interface i.e. DC/AC inverter for connecting them with the AC
utility grid. This AC power is again converted back into DC
power required by today’s electrical loads such as
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), fluorescent lights,
variable motor drives and hybrid electric vehicles. Thus, an
individual AC micro grid is less efficient due to more power
losses are occurring in multiple conversions. Besides this,
synchronization, stability, and reactive power requirement are
its inherent demerits [5].
DC micro grids (DCMG) [6-8], are emerging as a better
alternative due to the above mentioned reasons for renewable
energy based DGs. However, power generation from the
sources such as diesel generator, small hydro turbine with
synchronous generator and photovoltaic panels etc. as well as
the electrical loads are a mix of AC and DC power. Thus, an
individual DCMG cannot completely eliminate the losses
occurring in multiple stage conversions, though the losses
occurring in DC/DC conversions are lesser than those
occurring in AC/DC or DC/AC conversions.
In an individual ACMG, AC loads require single stage
conversion and DC loads require multiple conversions.
Similarly in an individual DCMG, DC loads require single
stage conversions and AC loads require multiple stage
conversions. Thus, a hybrid AC/DC micro grid (HADMG) is
more beneficial; to facilitate the connection of various
renewable AC and DC power sources and loads with the power
system in order to minimize the conversion losses. Since the
operational issues of HADMG are more complicated than
those of an individual ACMG and DCMG, these need to be
investigated.
This paper presents an overview of hybrid AC/DC micro
grid. Various issues such as islanding detection techniques,
control strategies, protection schemes and stability aspects of
HADMG are discussed. Recent contributions in this field are
presented briefly and the important key issues and challenges
for research and development are highlighted.
II. BASIC LAYOUT OF HYBRID AC/DC MICRO GRID
A hybrid AC/DC micro grid (HADMG) is a cluster of AC
micro grid (ACMG), DC micro grid (DCMG), bidirectional
 Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013

AC Micro Grid DC Micro Grid reliably.Micro grids experience minimal transients in case of
AC Power DGs DC Power DG with
preplanned switching. However, the severity of the transients
with Power Bidirectional Power electronic experienced by the micro grid, in case of unplanned switching,
AC/DC main
electronic interface interface depends upon pre-islanding operating condition, the type and
through converter
through location of the fault that initiates the islanding process, the
Transformer
Transformer Energy Storage with islanding detection time interval, the post fault switching
and Protection Bidirectional DC/DC actions that are envisioned for the system and the type of DG
Device converter units within the micro grid [9]. Under the islanding condition,
Flywheel AC
storage with the micro grid’s electrical characteristics will change
AC/AC converter significantly. Thus, the main philosophy of detecting an
through DC Loads through
Transformer islanding condition is to monitor the electrical parameters such
DC/DC converter as voltage, frequency and impedance of micro grid and active
Bidirectional
AC/DC back- as well as reactive power outputs of DGs. Islanding detection
up converter methods can be broadly classified as remote detection
AC loads through through
Transformer Transformer techniques and local detection techniques as shown in Fig.2.
and Hybrid Electric
Protection Vehicle with DC/DC A. Remote Detection Techniques
Utility Grid charger
through Device Resident or Remote detection techniques utilize some
Transformer kind of communication between the utility grid and the DGS
of HADMG. Some of the popular remote detection techniques
AC Bus DC Bus
are transfer trip method, impedance insertion method and
Fig.1 Basic Layout of Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grid power line carrier communication (PLCC) method. Transfer
trip method [10] is based on monitoring the status of utility
converters, control equipment and energy management system
side circuit breakers and reclosures close to the PCC with the
as shown in Fig.1. ACMG consists of DGs with AC power
help of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
output such as diesel generators, small hydro turbine with
system. Impedance insertion method [11] involves insertion of
synchronous generator, biomass based power generation etc.,
low value impedance, usually a capacitor bank to the PCC,
AC loads, fly wheel energy storage system with AC/AC
when the utility breakers open resulting in variation in the
interface and utility grid connection through bidirectional
power balance between generation and load. This causes
power electronic based switch at the point of common
deviation in the voltage and the frequency. Power line carrier
coupling (PCC). DCMG includes DGs with DC power output
communication (PLCC) [12] involves sending a low energy
such as photovoltaic panels, fuel cell tracks etc., loads
signal between the transmitter installed on the utility side and
requiring DC power input such as Uninterrupted Power
the receiver installed on the DGs side. The disappearance of
Supply (UPS), fluorescents lighting etc., DC energy storage
this PLCC signal is an indication of an islanding event. These
system (DCESS) such as battery, super-capacitor etc.,, and
techniques are better than local detection techniques in terms
hybrid electric vehicles. These components are connected to
of accuracy and reliability, but the need for expensive
DC bus through DC/DC buck or boost converter. A
communication equipment make these methods uneconomical
bidirectional AC-DC/DC-AC converter is required to interface
to implement.
ACMG and DCMG. A Back-up converter is also included to
avoid any islanding of ACMG and DCMG. The main B. Local Detection Techniques
objective of the bidirectional AC/DC converter is to maintain Local detection techniques utilize measurement of system
the smooth power transfer between ACMG and DCMG and to parameters such as voltage, frequency and impedance etc. on
maintain stable voltages of AC bus and DC bus under varying the DGs side. Local detection techniques can further be
generation and load conditions. Power transfer would take classified as passive, active and hybrid techniques.
place from ACMG to DCMG if the power generation in 1) Passive detection Technique
ACMG is more than in DCMG and vice versa in grid Passive detection techniques use monitoring of
connected as well as islanding modes of operation. system parameters such as voltage and frequency to identify
III. ISLANDING DETECTION TECHNIQUES the islanding. The deviation in these parameters from the
threshold values is used as an indication for the islanding
Islanding is the situation in which a HADMG becomes situation. However, the threshold values should be set
electrically isolated from the remainder of the utility grid. carefully in order to differentiate the islanding condition from
HADMG can be operated in islanded mode due to preplanned the other disturbances in the system. Some of the commonly
switching events or due to some fault events on the utility used passive techniques are under/over voltage (UOV) [13],
side. In the case of a preplanned switching event, ACMG as under/over frequency (UOF) [13], rate of change of output
well as DCMG generation and load may be scheduled prior to power (ROCOP)[14], rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)
islanding. However, in case of unplanned switching, it is [15], Rate of change of frequency over power (ROCOFOP)
essential to detect the islanding situation and correspondingly [16], change of impedance method [17], Voltage imbalance
apply control strategies to operate micro grid safely and method [18], detection of harmonics [19] and phase jump
 Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013

detection [20]. Passive techniques are simple and easy to Islanding Detection methods
implement, but suffer from large non-detection zone (NDZ),
which is defined as the loading condition for which an
islanding detection method fails to detect the occurrence of an
Remote Detection Local detection
island. Further, the selection of suitable threshold is difficult
and complex task.
-Impedance Insertion
2) Active Detection Techniques -Power Line Carrier
Active techniques are based on deliberate Communication (PLCC) and
introduction of small perturbations in the system and -Transfer Trip
monitoring the response to determine the islanding condition.
The basic idea is that the small perturbations will result in a
significant change in system parameters such as voltage, Passive Detection Active Detection Hybrid Detection
frequency and impedance under islanding condition as
compared to that in grid connected condition. Some of the -Under/over voltage (UOV) -Reactive power export error -Positive
commonly used active detection techniques are reactive power -Under/over frequency (UOF) detection feedback
-Rate of change of output power -Impedance measurement and
export error detection method [21], impedance measurement -Rate of change of frequency -Phase or frequency shift voltage
method [17], phase or frequency shift method [22], slip-mode (ROCOF) -Slip-mode frequency shift imbalance
frequency shift method (SMS) [23], active frequency drift -Rate of change of frequency method (SMS) and
method (AFD) [24], active frequency drift with positive over power (ROCOFOP) -Active frequency drifts method -Voltage
-Change of impedance method (AFD) and
feedback method (AFDPF) [24], automatic phase-shift (APS) -Voltage imbalance method -Active frequency drifts with reactive
method [25], adaptive logic phase shift method (ALPS) [26], -Detection of harmonics and positive feedback (AFDPF) power
adaptive reactive power shift method (ARPS) [27] and -Phase jump detection -Automatic phase-shift (APS) shift
negative sequence current injection method [28]. -Adaptive logic phase shift
(ALPS)
C. Hybrid Detection Schemes -Adaptive reactive power shift
(ARPS) and
Hybrid detection schemes combine both active as -Negative sequence current
well as passive detection methods such that when the passive injection
detection method fails to detect islanding, active detection Fig.2 Islanding Detection Methods
method is used. Ref. [29], utilizes positive feedback active storage system whereas, the voltage amplitude and frequency
method and voltage unbalance passive method, while in ref. of the AC Bus is controlled by the controllers of the parallel
[27] voltage variations are used to activate adoptive reactive inverters. The control strategy is implemented at two levels
power shift method. viz. system level and the component level.
There is no single islanding detection technique which will
work satisfactorily for all DGs under all the operating A. Micro Grid Central Controller (MGCC)
conditions. The choice of islanding detection technique mainly Micro grid central controller (MGCC) is primarily
depends on the type of DG and the system characteristics. responsible for control and management of micro grids. It
Recently, artificial intelligence based techniques [30-31] have performs coordinated operation and control of local micro
been proposed to identify islanding. Wide Area Measurement sources in the micro grid to maintain stability in the system. It
Systems (WAMS) have substantial potential to be explored for receives information from all the local controllers and
islanding detection. monitors the status of the system. The functions of the MGCC
are to provide power set points for the DG units, economic
IV. CONTROL STRATEGIES scheduling, supervise demand side bidding, to control peak
The main objective of control strategies is to synchronize load, to control non-critical loads during islanding, to
ACMG with the utility grid, maintain power balance between minimise system losses, to detect islanding conditions based
the generation and the load, particularly, in island mode of on the measurements at the PCC, to initiate resynchronization
operation, maintain stable voltage and frequency of AC bus in with the local controllers when the grid is restored, to monitor
the ACMG, maintain stable voltage of DC bus in the DCMG, power flows through local generating units and the PCC and
maintain quality of power injected into the utility grid, to make islanding decision [32].
maintain smooth power transfer between the ACMG and the
B. Micro Source Controller (MC)
DCMG for the stable system operation under varying
operating conditions and to harness maximum power from The various micro sources in the HADMG are interfaced
various renewable energy sources. Control strategy depends through five different types of power electronic converters viz.
on the mode of operation. In the grid-connected mode of AC/AC, AC/DC/DC, DC/DC, DC/AC and AC-DC/DC-AC
operation, voltage of the DC bus is kept steady by the inverter bidirectional converter. These power electronic converters are
controller whereas voltage and frequency of the AC bus are used to control the micro sources in the grid connected as well
controlled by the utility grid controller. In islanded mode of as in the island mode of operation. Different types of control
operation, voltage of the DC bus is controlled by the energy methods are used, as shown in Fig.3 to control the micro
sources in the ACMG and those in the DCMG. The micro
 Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013
sources in the ACMG are controlled by active and reactive
power (PQ) control, droop control and voltage/frequency
control, while the micro sources in the DCMG are controlled
using analog and digital control techniques.
In PQ control method [33], which is applied in grid
connected mode of operation, the reference values for the
active and reactive power are given by the utility grid
controller to the controllers of micro sources in the ACMG.
Droop control method [33] and v/f control method [33], which
are employed in island mode of operation, are like primary
control and secondary control, respectively, in the
transmission network. There are two types of droop control
method viz. P-f droop control method and Q-V droop control
method. P-f control method controls the frequency by
controlling the active power supplied by DGs whereas the Q-
V droop control method controls the voltage magnitude by
controlling the reactive power supplied by the DGs. These
methods can minimize the fluctuations in the voltage and the
frequency for small disturbances only. In order to minimize
large fluctuations in the voltage and frequency, v/f control
method is used. V/f control method uses PI controllers and
PID controllers to damp out the oscillations in the voltage and
the frequency. The controllers shall be designed such that in
island mode of operation, it turns from PQ control to droop
control for small disturbances and from droop control to v/f
control for large disturbances.
Analog control techniques utilize the comparison of output
voltage and output current with the reference value and known
as voltage mode control [34] and current mode control [35],
respectively. Analog control techniques are simple and cheap
but suffer from low flexibility, low reliability, high complexity
and are more sensitive. Digital control techniques are current
control method [36], predictive digital current programmed
control method [37], variable frequency predictive control
method [38], sensor less current mode control method [39]
and predictive digital dead-beat controller for dc-dc converters
[40].
HADMG Micro Sources Control Methods
ACMG Micro Sources Control DCMG Micro Sources Control
Methods Methods
Island Mode Grid Mode
-Droop Control and
PQ control Method -Voltage/frequency control
Method
Analog Control Techniques Digital Control Techniques
-Current control
-Predictive digital current programmed
-Voltage Mode Control and control
-Current Mode Control -Variable frequency predictive control
-Sensor less current mode control and
-Predictive digital dead-beat control
Fig.3 HADMG Micro Sources Control Methods
C. Energy Storage System (ESS) controller
Energy storage system should be controlled to absorb or
release power quickly in order to reduce the influence of
fluctuations in generation and load to the utility grid. The
charging and discharging of the storage system is controlled
according to the grid operating conditions and the state of
charge of the hybrid storage system [41].
D. Load Controller (LC)
Generally, loads in the HADMG are controllable or
programmable. There are two types of loads based on priority
such as critical or sensitive or high priority loads and non-
critical or common or less priority loads. Load controller
should be designed to shed the non-critical loads in case of
power imbalance, particularly in the islanded mode of
operation.
The choice of control strategy depends on the
configuration of the individual micro sources utilized and their
rating, energy storage systems, types of loads and the mode of
operation. The various types of control strategies have been
reported in the various literature such as centralized control
[42], decentralized control [43], hierarchical control [44],
distributed control [45], coordinated control [46], cooperative
control [47], reference frame control [48], multi agent control
or multi-level (open market access) control [49], robust multi
objective control [50], wireless control strategy [51] and wide
area monitoring and control (WAMC) [52].
V. PROTECTION SCHEMES
The network topology, load flow distribution and the
magnitude and direction of the fault current become
completely different in the HADMG as compared to that in
the traditional radial distribution network. The original relays,
designed for the traditional radial distribution network, could
not response correctly due to the impacts of the HADMG. The
use of the traditional protection schemes in the HADMG may
lead to mis-operation and refusal of circuit breakers [53].
However the DCMG in the HADMG can be protected by the
controllers in the DCMG.
The different protection schemes, based on the modes of
operation, have been suggested in the literature. Improved
current protection scheme [54], fault current limiter protection
[55] scheme and wide area protection scheme (WAP) [56] are
applicable for grid connected mode of operation whereas,
voltage protection scheme [57] and total harmonic distortion
protection scheme [58] are employed in the islanded mode of
operation.
VI. STABILITY ISSUES
Stability issues in the HADMG become more vital concern
due to the presence of multi-energy source DGs, interaction
between different types of power electronic converters and
energy storage system. Stability analysis in the ACMG
follows the some concepts as in the existing AC grid.
However, in the DCMG, the stability issues arise due to the
presence of power electronic interfaces. Small signal
instability [59] in the ACMG may occur due to the feedback
 Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013
controller, continuous load switching, system damping, and
power limit of the DGs etc. A fault with subsequent island,
loss of DG, fault in the grid or in the HADMG and large
changes in load poses most of the transient instability problem
[60]. Reactive power limits/current limiters, load dynamics
like induction motors, tap changers and voltage regulators
create most of the voltage instability problems [61] in the
ACMG.
Supplementary control loops, stabilizers, coordinated
control of the micro sources and energy management system
can improve the small signal stability; the transient stability
can be improved by controlling of ESS, load shedding
methods, control of power electronic converters and adaptive
protection devices. Voltage regulation with DGs, reactive
compensation with distributed FACT devices like
DSTATCOM, advanced load controller, load shedding and
modified current limiters of the micro sources can improve the
voltage stability in the ACMG. Energy storage system
controller in DCMG causes voltage instability in DCMG of
HADMG. Voltage stability of DCMG can be improved by the
voltage regulation with DGs of DCMG, fast energy storage
controller and accurate controlling of bi-directional AC-
DC/DC-AC converter.
VII. KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Operational issues, control, protection and stability of
HADMG are more complicated and conceptually different
than those of an existing ac distribution system. The practical
implementation of the HADMG needs to overcome several
technical and economical challenges as listed below.
 Building a new DC grid and upgrading the existing AC
grid is a long-term process.
 Development of appropriate control strategies and
protection schemes for safe and reliable operation of the
HADMG in grid connected as well as islanded mode of
operation.
 Designing the control coordination between the various
types of power electronic converters for power sharing
among various types of DGs under varying operating
conditions.
 Redesigning of home and office products to remove the
embedded AC/DC rectifiers.
 Optimal voltage levels need to be determined for easy
connection of various types of DC loads.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
Hybrid AC/DC micro grids offer a promising solution for
grid integration of various types of distributed renewable
energy sources with an objective to minimize the conversion
losses. An overview of hybrid AC/DC micro grid has been
presented in this paper. Existing techniques for detecting
islanding condition in the hybrid micro grid, control as well as
protection strategies and stability analysis has been reviewed.
The key issues and challenges for research and development
have been highlighted to implement the hybrid micro grids
practically. Application of Wide Area Measurement Systems
(WAMS) needs to be explored for safe and reliable operation
of hybrid micro grids.
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