UMTS / IMT2000

Presented by Mischa Dohler

Prof. Hamid Aghvami

Centre for Telecommunications Research - King’s College London
Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd

c Prof. A. H. Aghvami
 Digital Cellular Mobile Communication Technologies
(Second Generation)
 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specified
by ETSI
- to replace the first generation analogue systems

 American TDMA System (IS-54) specified by TIA

- to enhance the existing analogue system
- Dual Mode

 Japanese Personal Digital Cellular (PDC ) specified by MPT

- to enhance the existing analogue system
- Dual Mode
 CDMA System (IS-95)
- to enhance the existing analogue system
- Dual Mode
 Personal Communication Networks

 Digital Cellular System at 900 & 1800 (GSM-900 & GSM-1800)

- Europe
 Personal Communications Systems at 1900 MHz (GSM-1900)
- North America

 D-AMPS at 1900 MHz (IS-136)

- North America

 CDMA Systems at 1900 MHz (cdma one)

- North America

 Personal Handy-Phone Systems (PHS)

- Japan
 Radio Local Area Networks
 IEEE Project 802.11
 High Performance Radio LAN (HIPERLAN)

Cordless Telecommunication Systems

 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)

Other Systems

 Trans-European Trunked Radio (TETRA)

 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
 GSM digital cellular mobile radio was introduced into Europe
in 1992, the common European standard for a cellular radio
system.

Background:
 1982 - Conference of European Post and Telecommunications
(CEPT) administration set up the “Groupe Special Mobile” to
derive the specification of a common European cellular mobile
system.

 1986 - A decision was reached to implement a digital

transmission system.
 Basic Architecture of GSM

AUC other VLRs

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) H G

D
EIR HLR VLR OMC

F C B
BTS other BSSs
A-bis Mobile
A Services
BSC Switching
BTS PSTN
Centre
(MSC) ISDN
Um
CSPDN
BTS
PSPDN
E
MS other MSCs

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller
HLR: Home Location Register
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Netw. VLR: Visited Location Register
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Netw. OMC: Operation & Maintenance Centre
CSPDN: Circuit Switched Public Domain Netw. EIR: Equipment Identity Register
PSPDN: Packet Switched Public Domain Netw. AUC: Authentication Centre
 Standard Bodies

National/Regional Global

Europe
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
3GPP
America
3G.IP ITU
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
T1 3GPP2 IMT-2000
Asia
OHG
ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Business) - Japan
TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee) - Japan
CWTS (China Wireless Telecommunication Standard)
TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association - Korea
 3G Partnership Project (3GPP)

• 3G PP is a partnership project of national and regional standard

bodies ETSI, ARIB, T1, CWTS, TTA and TTC,

• 3GPP aims to produce Technical specifications for a 3rd

Generation Mobile System based on the evolved GSM core
networks and the radio access technologies that the project
partners support ( i.e. UTRA both FDD and TDD modes)
 Internal Structure of 3GPP

Project Co-ordination Group

RAN CN T SA
TSG TSG
TSG
Radio TSG Service &
Core
Access Terminals System
Network
Network Aspects

Technical Specifications to be approved as

Standards by the regional standardisation bodies

TSG = Technical Specification Group

 3G Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)

• 3GPP2 is a partnership project of TIA, ARIB, CWTS, TTA

and TTC.

• 3GPP2 aims to produce Global Specifications for

ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 network evolution to 3G and Global
Specifications of the RTTs supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41
(i.e, cdma2000).
Three Main Elements of a Cellular Mobile System

Radio Interface
Radio
Core
Access User
Network
Network Equipment

- switching - radio related issues

- routing
- data connection to
external networks
 Multiple Access Techniques

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

• A hybrid of two or all.

 Transmission Modes

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

It uses a pair of frequency bands – one band for uplink and

another for downlink.

• Time Division Duplex (TDD).

It uses a single frequency band for both uplink and downlink

sharing transmission time.
UMTS
“UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer
significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia
services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite
components.
It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with
access to new and innovative services and applications.
It will offer mobile personalised communications to the mass
market regardless of location, network and terminal used”.

UMTS Forum 1997

 Future Systems

Fast mobility
User mobility (range)

UMTS / IMT2000
Interworking requirement

Slow mobility MBS

N-ISDN/IP-based B - ISDN (ATM)/

Fixed
Networks IP-based Networks
1 Mb/s 2 Mb/s 155 Mb/s
Data rate (Mb/s)
MBS … Mobile Broadband Systems
ISDN … Integrated Services Digital Networks
Second generation Third generation

GSM - 900

GSM -1800
DECT
UMTS
TETRA

WLL

Satellite
MBS
HIPERLAN
UMTS Main Requirements (3 Ms)

 Multi-media

 Multi-environment

 Multi-operator Virtual operators

 Mobile Multimedia Broadcast

2M Database Access
Video Internet Remote medical
Conference service Information
(High quality)
Access (Medical image) Video on Distribution
384K Video demand Mobile TV
Catalog Services
-Sports
Video shopping -News News
Conference -Movies
(Low quality) WWW
64K Weather
forecast
e-mail Electronic ISDN
Newspaper Karaoke Traffic Mobile
32K information Radio
ftp Voice
Telephone
Mail Electronic
pager Sports
16K Conference
IP Publishing information
telephony Leisure
9.6K Information
Telephone etc Electronic FAX Image
2.4K Mail
Data
1.2K Voice

Symmetric Asymmetric Multicast

Point to Point Multi Point

Mobile Multimedia Services

 Global

Suburban
Urban

In- Building
Micro-Cell
Home-Cell

Macro-Cell Pico-Cell

Different Environments for UMTS

 UMTS bearer services

Bearer … end-to-end connection with prior agreed QoS;

end-2-end … Radio Access + Core Network Bearer Services;
Bearer … can be re-negotiated (by application);

The UMTS radio access network and fixed network are

expected to provide four classes of bearer services:

Class A - Circuit-switched bit pipe

Class B - Circuit-switched bit pipe for variable bit rate

Class C - Connection-oriented packet switched bearer service

Class D - Connectionless packet-switched bearer service

On the Air Interface

Class A - LDD Low Delay Data (real time)

Class B - LDD-VBR Low Delay Data – Variable Bit Rate (real time)

Class C - LCD Long Constrained Delay (50 ms)

Class D - UDD Unconstrained Delay Data (300 ms)

 First phase of UMTS

 Europe has decided to adopt an evolutionary approach

for the UMTS core network based on migration from the
GSM/GPRS infrastructure.

 For the actual air interface, a revolutionary approach has

been chosen. That is a new radio air interface for UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).

 There is another parallel activity concerning the UMTS air

interface using an evolutionary approach (an intermediate
approach).
Air Interface GSM Public
Infrastructure Network
Dual-mode
Evolved
GSM
Air Interface
(GERAN)
NSS PSTN
Networking sub-system
N-ISDN
B-ISDN
IP-based
New GSN’s Networks
Air Interface GPRS Support Node

(UTRAN)

Dual-mode

Evolution approach based on GSM Infrastructure

Evolution Approach
Evolutionary approach for the GSM Air Interface

 In this approach the GSM air interface has evolved within GSM
phase 2+ to support higher rate data services. The most
important developments in this approach are:

1. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)

2. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

It is referred to GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)

 Introduction to

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)

Presented by Mischa Dohler

Prof. Hamid Aghvami

Centre for Telecommunications Research - King’s College London
Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd

c Prof. A. H. Aghvami
Time Schedule for UTRA (within ETSI)

 Definition of a limited number of UTRA concepts. June 1997

 Selection of one UTRA concept. December 1997

 Definition of key technical aspects of the UTRA

and submission of the candidate to ITU. June 1998
UTRA Concept Groups

 Wideband DS-CDMA Concept Group Alpha

 Wideband TDMA Concept Group Beta
 OFDMA Concept Group Gamma
 Wideband TD/CDMA Concept Group Delta
 ODMA Concept Group Epsilon
(Opportunity Driven Multiple Access)
 Delay Constrained Delay Unconstrained

Operating Maximum User Max BER- Maximum User

BER
Environment Bite Rate Max Delay (D) Bit Rate
-3 -3 -8
Rural Outdoor 144 Kb/s BER=10 D=30ms 144 Kb/s 10 - 10
-6
BER=10 D=100ms
-7
BER=10 D=300ms
-3 -3 -8
Urban/Suburban 500 Kb/s BER=10 D=30ms 500 Kb/s 10 - 10
Outdoor -6
BER=10 D=100ms
-7
BER=10 D=300ms
-3 -3 -8
Indoor/Low 2 Mb/s BER=10 D=30ms 2 Mb/s 10 - 10
-6
Range Outdoor BER=10 D=100ms
-7
BER=10 D=300ms

Main Requirements for UMTS Radio Access Part

ETSI Special Mobile Group 2 (SMG2) has selected
for UTRA:
• the wideband CDMA concept for the paired band
(FDD mode) and
• the TD/CDMA concept for the unpaired band (TDD
mode)
 Uplink Downlink
TDD FDD TDD FDD

DECT UMTS MSS UMTS UMTS MSS

1880 1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

Frequency allocation in Europe

Wideband CDMA
Specifications

Multiple access DS-CDMA

Transmission Mode FDD
Chip rate 3.84 Mchips/s
Carrier spacing 5 MHz
Frame size 10 ms
Spreading technique Variable-spreading factor+multi-code
Channel Coding 1/2-1/3 rate convolutional coding and
Turbo Coding (and no coding)
Modulation QPSK with roll-off factor α= 0.22
For latest changes to the UTRA standard, please see:

www.3gpp.org

Particularly,

TS 25.211 to TS 25.214 V3.1.1 (2000-03)For FDD mode

TS 25.221 to TS 25.224 V3.1.1 (2000-03)For TDD mode
 Modular UMTS Architecture (insrtd.)

UMTS should support:

- different applications
- with different QoS requirements
Therefore, the end-to-end system should be:
- flexible and
- modular

Modules: Split due to multi-

- entities (UE, UTRAN, CN) bearer capabilities
- interfaces between entities (Uu, Iu)

Control Plane Protocols User Plane Protocols

(controlling RAB services) (implementing actual RAB services)
 High-Level UMTS Architecture (insrtd.)

Non-Access Stratum

GC Nt DC GC Nt DC

RB service IuB service

Access Stratum

UE UTRAN Core Network

Radio lu
(Uu)
Access Stratum: Functional grouping of protocols specific to the access technique:
- coordinating use of radio resources, transfer of radio related info, etc.
Non-Access Stratum: Functional grouping of protocols not specific to the access technique:
- Call Control (CC) for CS voice & data, Session Management (SM) for PS;
- Mobility Management (MM), etc.
Radio Access Bearer: Service provided by the Access Stratum to the Non-Access Stratum
in order to transfer data between UE and CN
 Radio Interface protocol architecture (Layer Model)

Radio Interface Protocols: set-up, reconfigure and release RB services

C-plane signalling U-plane information

GC Nt DC

RRC
L3
BMC

PDCP

RLC
L2/RLC
GC General Control Logical
NT Notification Channels
DC Dedicated Control
RRC Radio Resource Control MAC L2/MAC
RLC Radio Link Control
Transport
MAC Medium Access Control
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Channels
Protocol PHY L1/WCDMA
BMC Broadcast and Multicast Control
 Radio Interface protocol functionalities

L1/PHY: - reliable transport of data (encoding, ARQ, etc.)

- provision of basic L1 functionalities (synchronisation, pilot, PC, etc.)
L2/MAC: - efficient mapping LoCH -> TrCH (instantaneous source rate, TF, etc.)
- priority handling (one connection (bit rate), between UE (scheduling))
L2/RLC: - segmentation/reassembly of PDUs -> RLC PUs for user & control plane
- retransmission services (TM (no overhead), UM (no retransm.), AM)
-> maintenance of QoS as defined by upper layers
L2/PDCP: - compression of redundant protocol control information (TCP/IP headers)

L2/BMC: - provides broadcast/multicast transmission service (LoCH CTCH -> TrCH FACH)
L3/RRC: - establish, reconfigure, release Radio Bearers
- control mobility of UE
- controlling the UE measurement report & DL outer-loop Power Control
- Paging, initial cell selection, cell re-selection
- set-up, modify, release L2 and L1 protocol entities

-> UE connects to UTRAN -> establishment of an RRC connection

 Mapping of
Logical (LoCH), Transport (TrCH), Physical (PhCH)

Type of Information:

Logical Control Channels Traffic Channels

channels BCCH, PCCH, CCCH, DCCH DTCH, CTCH

Type of Resource Sharing:

Transport BCH FACH PCH RACH CPCH DCH DSCH
(dedicated
channels + common)

Type of Resource:
Physical CPICH S-CCPCH PCPCH DPCCH PDSCH AICH
channels
P-CCPCH PRACH DPDCH SCH PICH
 Transport channels

Common Channels (CCHs) Dedicated Channel (DCH)

(Uplink/Downlink)

Higher layer data + control

Broadcast Paging Common Packet

Channel (BCH) Channel (PCH) Channel(CPCH)
(Downlink) (Downlink) (Uplink)

Access code, Paging data Packet data

Access slots, Forward-Access Random-Access Downlink Shared
Etc. Channel (FACH) Channel (RACH) Channel(DSCH)
(Downlink) Control info, (Uplink) (Downlink)
RRC request Dedicated packet
Little data Little data data
 Uplink Physical channels

Dedicated Physical Channels Common Physical Channels

Physical Common Packet Channel

(PCPCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(Uplink DPCCH) Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)

Dedicated Physical Data Channels

(Uplink DPDCH)
 Downlink Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Channel (Downlink DPCH)

A time multiplex of a downlink DPDCH and a downlink DPCCH

Common Physical Channels

Common Pilot Channel Synchronisation

(CPICH) Primary Common Control Channel Paging Indicator
Physical Channel (SCH) Channel
(P-CCPCH) Physical Downlink (PICH)
Shared Channel
(PDSCH)
Secondary CPICH Secondary Common Control Acquisition Indicator
Physical Channel Channel
Primary CPICH (S-CCPCH) (AICH)
Mapping transport channels onto Physical channels

Transport BCH FACH PCH RACH CPCH DCH DSCH

channels

Physical
CPICH S-CCPCH PCPCH DPCCH PDSCH AICH
channels
P-CCPCH PRACH DPDCH SCH PICH
 Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH)

DPDCH - Carries dedicated transport channels

DPCH
DPCCH - Carries control information at layer 1 ( known pilot,
transport format combination indicator (TFCI) feedback
information (FBI) and transmit power control (TPC)
command

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
 1 radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

DPDCH Data
N data bits

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH
N data bits N TFCI bits N FBI bits N TPC bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 10 * 2 k bits (k = 0..6)

Frame structure for uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

 Spreading for uplink DPCCH and DPDCH

Cd βd
I
DPDCH ⊗ ⊗ Slong, n or Sshort, n

I+jQ
⊕ ⊗
Cc βc
Q
DPCCH ⊗ ⊗ ⊗
j
DPDCH– Cch,SF,k (k = SF/4)

DPCCH – Cch,256,0
 Cd,1 βd
DPDCH1 Spreading for uplink DPCCH and DPDCHs
⊗ ⊗ (for 2 Mb/s data rate)
Cd,3 βd
I
Σ
DPDCH 3
⊗ ⊗
Cd,5 βd
DPDCH 5
Slong, n or Sshort, n
⊗ ⊗
Cd,2 βd
I+jQ
DPDCH 2 ⊕ ⊗
⊗ ⊗
Cd,4 βd
DPDCH 4
⊗ ⊗ Q
DPDCH6
Cd,6 βd
Σ ⊗
⊗ ⊗ DPDCHn– Cch,4,k (k = 1,2 and 3)
Cc βc j
DPCCH DPCCH – Cch,256,0
⊗ ⊗
Spreading Codes for Downlink
 The channelisation codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor (OVSF) codes with different rates and spreading factors.

Cch,4,0 =1111
Cch,2,0 =11

Cch,4,1 =1100

Cch,1,0 =1

Cch,4,2 =1010

Cch,4,3 =1001

Cch,2,1 =10

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 o o o o o o
Uplink Scrambling Codes
• All uplink physical channels are subjected to scrambling
with a complex-valued scrambling code.

• The DPCCH/DPDCH may be scrambled by either long or

short scrambling codes.

• The long scrambling codes are from a set of Gold

sequences of 38400 chips. There are 224 long uplink
scrambling codes.

• The short scrambling codes are derived from a sequence

of the family of periodically extended S(2) codes. There are 224 short
uplink scrambling codes.

• Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.

 Physical Random Access Channel

1.25 ms

Access slot #1 Random-access burst

Access slot #2 Random-access burst

Access slot # i Random-access burst

Offset of access slot # i

Access slot #8 Random-access burst

Frame boundary

- 15 access slots per 2 frames, 5120 chips apart, availability given through BCH
- preamble + message (max 20ms!)
- random access: slotted ALOHA with fast acquisition indication
 Physical Random Access Channel

Acquisition Indicator (from NB at predefined slots)

Pj Message Part
P0 P1

4096 chips
N * 10 msec (N = 1,2)

Access Preamble

Control Part

Data Part

Structure of the random access transmission

 Physical Random Access Channel

Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

Data
Data N data bits

Pilot TFCI
Control N data bits N TFCI bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 10 * 2 k bits (k = 0..3)

Structure of the random-access message part

 Physical Random Access Channel

Cd βd
PRACH message
data part I
Sr-msg, n

I+jQ

PRACH message
control part Q

Cc βc j

Spreading of PRACH message part

 Physical Common Packet Channel

Access Preamble - AICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment ICH

DL DPCH

Pj Pj Message Part
P0 P1

4096 chips
[10] msec N *10 msec

Access Preamble Control Part

Collision Resolution Data Part
Preamble

- PCPC = PRACH + Fast PC (-> longer allocation time possible, 20 … 640ms)

 Cd βd
PCPCH message
data part I Sc-msg,n

I+jQ

PCPCH message
control part Q

Cc βc j

Spreading of PCPCH message part

 cos ω c t

Complex-valued Re(S)
chip sequence
Split real
from spreading
S &
operations
Imag.
Parts Im(S)

− sin ω c t

Uplink modulation
 One radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot

N data1 bits N TPC bits N TFCI bits N data2 bits N Pilot bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

T slot = 2560 chips, 10 * 2 k bits (k = 0..7)

Frame structure for downlink DPCH

 One radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

Pre-defined symbol sequence

T slot = 2560 chips, 20 bits = 10 symbols

Frame structure for common Pilot Channel

- CPICH is phase reference for other channels
- P-CPICH & S-CPICH
 One radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

Data
(Tx OFF) 18 bits
256 chips

T slot = 2560 chips, 20 bits

Frame Structure For Primary Common Control Physical Channel

 One radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

TFCI Data Pilot

N TFCI bits N data bits N Pilot bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 20 ∗ 2 k bits(k = 0..6)

Frame structure for Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

 One radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot i Slot 14

Data
N data bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 20 ∗ 2 k bits(k = 0..6)

Frame Structure for the PDSCH

- shared among users in time with the same OVSF
- fast PC + effective scheduling, no HO
- always associated with a DPCH
 Downlink
I Sdl,n
physical
channels
except SCH Cch,sf, m
S/P
I+jQ G1
Q Sdl,n

j
∑ P-SCH
Primary CPICH – Cch,256,0 To

........
G2
Primary CCPCH – Cch,256,1
Gp
∑ Modulator
.......

......
Others – are assigned by UTRA S-SCH

Gs

Combining different downlink physical channels

Downlink Scrambling Codes

• A total of 218 –1 scrambling codes can be generated.

however, only 8192 of these scrambling codes are used.

• The scrambling codes are divided into 512 sets each of a

primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes.

• 64 primary scrambling code groups (each 8 codes)

• The scrambling codes are repeated for every 10 ms radio

frame.
 cos ω c t

Complex-valued Re(S)
chip sequence
Split real
from spreading
S &
operations
Image
Parts Im(S)

− sin ω c t

Downlink modulation
 Transport Channel Type Coding scheme Coding rate

BCH
PCH
Convolutional code 1/2
RACH
1/3 , 1/2
CPCH, DCH, DSCH, FACH
Turbo Code 1/3
No coding

Error Correction Coding Parameters

• In the UE for the uplink, all MAC PDUs delivered to the physical
layer within one Transmission Time Interval (TTI ) are defined as a
Transport Block Set (TBS ).

• A Transport Block Set consists of one or several Transport Blocks,

each containing one MAC PDU.

• MAC performs multiplexing of RLC PDUs from different logical

channels. The MAC protocol sets the order of the different logical
channels in a TBS.
 Coding and multiplexing of uplink
transport channels
Transport Channel #1 (Rate#1 and TTI#1) TrCh #2 TrCh #N

1. CRC attachment (0, 8, 12, 16, 24 bits) CRC

2. Code Block Segmentation Code Bl Segm

3. Channel Coder (1/3,1/2 Conv., Channel Coder

1/3 Turbo, no)
4. Radio Frame Equalisation (TTI) Frame Equalis

5. First Interleaver (if service permits) 1st Interleaver

6. Radio Frame Segmentation (10ms) Frame Segm.

7. Dynamic Rate Matching Rate Matching Rate Matching

8. Traffic Channel Multiplexing Transport Channel Multiplexing Coded Composite Transport

Channel (CCTrCh)
9. Physical Channel Segmenation Physical Channel Segm

10. Second Interleaving (10ms) 2nd Interleaving

2nd Interleaving
11. Physical Channel Mapping Physical
PhysicalChannel
ChannelMapping
Mapping
 Mapping examples
of Services

Transport block
4.1kbps data (DCCH) CRC attachment 164

CRC
The number of TrChs: 1 164 16
Tail bit attachment
Transport block size: 164
Tail
CRC: 16 bits Convolutional 180 8
Coding: 1/3 coding R=1/3

TTI: 40 ms 564
1st interleaving

Radio frame 564

segmentation
#1 #2 #3 #4
141 141 141 141
Rate matching

#1 #2 #3 #4
141+NRM1 141+NRM2 141+NRM3 141+NRM4

To TrCh Multiplexing
 Mapping examples
of Services
Transport block TrCh#1 TrCh#2 TrCh#3

AMR Speech Coder CRC attachment

81 103 60

CRC
Tail bit attachment 81 12 103 60
The number of TrChs: 3
Transport block size: 81, 103, 60 Convolutional
Tail Tail Tail
93 8 103 8 60 8
coding R=1/3, 1/2

CRC: 12 bits (only to TrCh#1) 303 333 136

Radio frame
Coding CC, equalization

coding rate = 1/3 for TrCh#1, 2 303 1 333 1 136

1st interleaving
coding rate = 1/2 for TrCh#3
TTI: 20 ms Radio frame 304 334 136
segmentation
#1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b
Rate matching 152 152 167 167 68 68

#1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b

152+NRM_1a 152+NRM_1b 167+NRM_2a 167+NRM_2b 68+NRM_3a 68+NRM_3b

To TrCh Multiplexing
 Mapping examples
of Services

Example for multiplexing of 12.2 kbps data (AMR) and 4.1 kbps data (DCCH)

12.2 kbps data 12.2 kbps data 4.1 kbps data

#1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b #1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b #1 #2 #3 #4
TrCH
multiplexing

#1a #2a #3a #1 #1b #2b #3b #2 #1a #2a #3a #3 #1b #2b #3b #4

2nd interleaving

Physical channel 600 600 600 600

mapping
60 ksps DPDCH
CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3

528 -> 600 -> repetition

 Structure of Primary and Secondary
Synchronisation Channels (SCH)

Tslot

ac p ac p ac p
Primary SCH

Secondary SCH acs i, 0
acsi, 2 acs i, 14

2560 chips 256 chips

Tf = 15 x Tslot
cp Primary Synchronisation Code ( It is the same for every cell in the system)

cs i,k Secondary Synchronisation Codes ( Where i=0,1….63 is the number of the scrambling
code group, and k= 0,1,…14 is the slot number. Each code is chosen from a set of
16 different codes of length 256).
Downlink primary scrambling codes Secondary synchronisation codes
PSC0
PSC1 associated 0,k
Group 1 Cs

PSC7

PSC8
PSC9 2,k
Group 2 Cs

PSC15

PSC504
PSC505 63,k
Group 64 Cs

PSC511

For Fast Cell Search

 Initial Cell Search

The initial Cell Search is carried out in three steps:

Step 1: Slot synchronisation - using the primary synchronisation

channel.

Step 2: Frame synchronisation and code-group identification-

using the secondary synchronisation channel.

Step 3: Scrambling-code identification-identified through symbol-

by-symbol correlation over the primary CCPCH with all
the scrambling codes within the code group.
Power Control
Uplink Power control
1. Inner loop power control
The uplink Inner loop power control adjusts the MS transmit
in order to keep the received uplink SIR at a given SIR target.
2. Outer loop
The outer loop adjusts the SIR target used by the Inner loop
power control. The SIR target is independently adjusted for
each connection based on the estimated quality of the
Connection.
3. Open loop power control
The open loop power control is used to adjusts the transmit
power of the Physical Random Access Channel.
Power Control
Downlink Power control
1. Inner loop power control
The downlink inner loop power control adjusts the base
station transmit power in order to keep the received downlink
SIR at a given SIR target.
2. Outer loop
The outer loop adjusts the SIR target used by the inner loop
power control. The SIR target is independently adjusted for
each connection based on the estimated quality of the
Connection.
Typically a combination of estimated bit error rate and frame
error rate is used for the quality estimate.
 Packet Transmission

Type of Packet Uplink Downlink

Short infrequent RACH / PRACH FACH / SCCPCH

packets 1 × 10 ms frame 1 ×10 ms frame

CPCH / PCPCH DSCH / PDSCH

Medium infrequent
N × 10 ms frames N × 10 ms frames
packets
( Nmax= 10 )
Long packets
or frequent DCH / DPCH DCH / DPCH
multiple packet
 Hand-Over (HO) Types

 Intra-mode HO (soft, softer, hard) / (intra, inter frequency)

 Inter-mode HO (FDD, TDD)

 Inter-System HO (UMTS, GSM)

 Slotted Downlink Transmission

 Using slotted downlink transmission mode, a single-receiver

mobile station can carry out measurements on other
frequencies without affecting its normal data flow.

 The information normally transmitted during a 10ms frame is

compressed in time, either by code puncturing or by reducing
the spreading factor by a factor of 2.
 As a result, an idle time period of 5ms is created within each
frame. During this time, the MS receiver is idle and can be
used for interfrequency measurements.
Idle period available for
interfrequency measurement
Instantaneous
Rate/Power

Tf
Normal transmission Slotted transmission

Downlink slotted transmission

 CN

Iu

UTRAN

Uu
UE

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

CN Core Network
UE User Equipment

UMTS Architecture
 Core Network

Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

Node B Node B Node B Node B

UTRAN Architecture
 Non-Access Stratum

GC Nt DC GC Nt DC

Access Stratum

UE UTRAN Core Network

Radio lu
(Uu)
GC General Control
Nt Notification
DC Dedicated Control

Assumed UMTS Architecture

 MS Serving NB Target NB RNC

DCCH
Measurement report Measurement reports
DTCH Traffic
1 MS monitors the pilots
level from neighbouring
NBs and compares them DCCH
to a set of thresholds and Add
Handover "add" request Handover "add" request
reports them Phase
DCCH
2 MS acquires the Target
Handover "add" request Handover "add" request
DCCH
NB and adds it to its active
Handover "add" completion Handover "add" completion
list
DCCH
Handover "add" completion Handover "add" completion
DTCH
Traffic Soft
DCCH handover
Measurement report Measurement report phase
DCCH
Measurement report Measurement report
1 MS monitors the pilot
DCCH
levels of the serving NBs Handover "drop" request Handover "drop" request
and compares it with a DCCH Drop
Threshold and reports them Handover "drop" request Handover "drop" request Phase
DCCH
Handover "drop" completion Handover "drop" completion
2 MS removes one of the
DCCH
serving NBs, from its active Handover "drop" completion
Handover "drop" completion
list
Backward Soft Handover Procedure Example
 C-plane signalling U-plane information

GC Nt DC

RRC
L3
BMC

PDCP

RLC
L2/RLC
Logical
GC General Control
Channels
NT Notification
DC Dedicated Control
RRC Radio Resource Control
MAC L2/MAC
RLC Radio Link Control Transport
MAC Medium Access Control Channels
PDCP Packet Data Convergence PHY
Protocol L1
BMC Broadcast and Multicast Control

Radio Interface protocol architecture (Layer Model)

 Higher Layer Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer PDU

RLC SDU RLC SDU reassembly

L2 RLC …. Segmentation
concatenation

RLC
header …. RLC
header

MAC
header
MAC SDU …. MAC
header
MAC SDU

L2 MAC
Transport block ( MAC PDU ) …. Transport block ( MAC PDU )

….
L1
CRC CRC

Data flow for non-transparent RLC and MAC

Innovative applications and services are essential
to success of UMTS
Here are some application examples:

 Internet-based services
 Downloading entertainment files (e.g. games, CD quality music, etc.)
 Mobile e-commerce (Shopping / banking)
 Location-based services (Car navigation, safety, vehicle roadside
assistance, field service business, local information services)
 Transmission of photographs directly from digital cameras
 Live broadcasting (Voice and video)
 Health monitoring and provision of health warning
 UMTS – Phase I

PSTN PDN Internet

Circuit Switched

HLR Gc

Packet Switched
C
GGSN
(GSM)

GMSC

(GPRS)
Gr
D
Gn
Gs
SMSC/ SGSN
VLR
Iu Iu
A
Gb
BSC RNC
GERAN

UTRAN
BTS Node B
IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Transmission
Technology (RTT) Proposals
 Universal Wireless Communications (UWC-136) - USA TIA TR45.3
 Wireless Multimedia & Messaging Services Wideband CDMA (WIMS:CDMA)
- USA TIA TR46.1
 Time-Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) - China Academy of
Telecommunication Technology (CATT)
 Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) - Japan ARIB
 Asynchronous DS-CDMA (CDMA II) - S. Korea TTA
 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access: Wideband CDMA (UTRA: W-CDMA) -ETSI SMG2
 North American: Wideband CDMA (NA: W-CDMA) - USA T1P1-ATIS
 Wideband CDMA: IS-95 (cdma2000) - USA TIA TR45.5
 Multiband synchronous DS-CDMA (CDMA I) - S. Korea TTA
 Digital Enhanced Codeless Telecommunications (DECT) - ETSI
 Theoperators Harmonisation Group (OHG) proposed a
globally harmonised 3G W-CDMA standard with three
operational modes in 1998.

1. FDD mode 1 - Direct Sequence (ETSI’s UTRA

supported by ARIB)

2. FDD mode 2 - Multi-Carrier (TIA’s cdma 2000)

3. TDD mode - TD/CDMA (ETSI’s UTRA)

Towards a common core network for third
generation (3G) mobile communications systems

 On 10 June 1999, nine global leaders in wireless communications - AT&T,

BT, Nokia, Nortel Networks, Telenor and TIM formed a 3G.IP focus group
to develop an all IP based architecture for 3rd generation mobile systems.

 The 3G.IP group is planning to set the direction and requirements for the
working towards a common core network, based on evolution from the
GPRS core network standard, which will fully support advanced IP voice
telephony, data and multimedia applications.
 IMT - 2000
IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces
IMT-DS IMT-TC
IMT-MC Time Code IMT-SC IMT-FT
Direct Spread
W-CDMA Multi Carrier TD/CDMA(UTRATDD) Single Carrier Frequency Time
(UTRA FDD) cdma2000 TD/SCDMA UWC-136 DECT

Flexible connection between Radio Interfaces and Core Networks

Core Networks
Evolved GSM (MAP) Evolved ANSI-41 IP-based Networks

Network-to-Network Interfaces Source: ITU

References

1. “Concept Group Alpha-wideband Direct-Sequence CDMA”,

Todc SMG2 270/97.

2. “Concept Group Delta-wideband TDMA / CDMA”, Tdoc

SMG2 UMTS D9/97.

3. “The ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) ITU-R RTT

Candidate Submission”, June 1998.
4. “cdma2000 RTT Candidate Submission to ITU-R”, TIA
Submission, June 1998.
5. www.3gpp.org