Meet Deliverable 23

TRL Aggregated emission factors MEET
Aggregated Emission Factors for

Road and Rail Transport
by J A Cox (TRL, United Kingdom)

A J Hickman (TRL, United Kingdom)
MEET Project: Methodologies for Estimating Air

Pollutant Emissions from Transport
Deliverable No. 23
Contract No. ST-96-SC.204
Project funded by the European Commission

under the Transport RTD programme of the 4th
framework programme.
October 1998
Publication data form

1 UR (1st author) 2 Project No 3 TRL report No
Safety and Environment Research Centre
4 Title
Aggregated Emission Factors for Road and Rail Transport
5 Subtitle 6 Language
Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from English
Transport
7 Author(s) 8 Affiliation
J A Cox TRL
A J Hickman
9 Sponsor, co-editor, name and address 10 Contract
European Commission / DG VII ST-96-SC.204
11 Publication date
October 1998
12 Notes
13 Summary
This report contains the aggregation of the emission factors and functions produced in the
framework of MEET so far.
For road transport, aggregated hot emissions factors are calculated for passenger cars, light-
duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles. The effects of road gradient and vehicle
load on hot emissions are also addressed. For gasoline passenger cars, aggregated
evaporative losses have also been calculated.
Due to problems with the cold start calculations it has not been possible to include them in
this report. A separate report will be produced once the problems have been resolved.
Examples of emissions from rail transport are included. Due to lack of data, it was not
possible to include shipping and air transport.
14 Key Words 15 Distribution statement

Aggregated, hot emission factors, evaporative emission FREE
factors, road transport, rail transport.
16 No of pages 17 Price 18 Declassification date 19 Bibliography
83 FREE YES
Transport Research Laboratory tel.:+44 1344 770435

Safety and Environment Resource Centre fax: +44 1344 770918
Old Wokingham Road, Crowthorne e-mail: jcox@trl.co.uk
Berkshire, United Kingdom, RG45 6AU
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1
PART A : ROAD TRANSPORT .............................................................................2
2. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................2
2.1 VEHICLE STATISTICS .....................................................................................3
2.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................3
2.1.2 Vehicle numbers.......................................................................................3
2.1.3 Annual mileage.........................................................................................3
2.1.4 Mileage distribution..................................................................................3
2.1.5 Vehicle speed ...........................................................................................4
3. HOT EMISSION FACTORS ..............................................................................4
3.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................5
HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES....................................................................................5
3.2 HOT EMISSIONS AGGREGATION METHOD ......................................................6
3.3 HOT EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATION..........................................................8
3.3.1 Calculation of Stages 1 to 4......................................................................8
3.3.1.1 Aggregation by country, road type and vehicle class subset (Stage 1) ...............................8
3.3.1.2 Aggregation by country and vehicle class subset (Stage 2) ...............................................9
3.3.1.3 Aggregation by Europe, road type and vehicle class subset (Stage 3)..............................9
3.3.1.4 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class subset (Stage 4)..............................................10
3.3.2 Calculation of Stages 5 to 8....................................................................10
3.3.2.1 Aggregation by Europe, road type and vehicle class (Stage 5) ........................................10
3.3.2.2 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class (Stage 6) ........................................................11
3.3.2.3 Aggregation by Europe and road type (Stage 7)..............................................................11
3.3.2.4 Aggregation by Europe (Stage 8) ...................................................................................11
3.4 HOT EMISSION FACTORS ..............................................................................12
3.4.1 Passenger cars - conventional gasoline vehicles.......................................12
3.4.2 Passenger cars - catalyst gasoline vehicles..............................................12
3.4.3 Passenger cars – Conventional diesel vehicles .........................................16
3.4.4 Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles.................................................16
3.4.5 Passenger cars – Conventional LPG vehicles ..........................................21
3.4.6 Passenger cars - EURO 1 LPG vehicles ..................................................21
3.4.7 Light-duty vehicles - conventional gasoline vehicles................................25
3.4.8 Light-duty vehicles - EURO I gasoline vehicles .....................................25
3.4.9 Light-duty vehicles – Conventional diesel vehicles ..................................29
3.4.10 Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles..........................................29
3.4.11 Heavy–goods vehicles – Conventional gasoline.......................................34
3.4.12 Heavy-goods vehicles – Conventional diesel ..........................................36
3.4.13 Heavy-goods vehicles -EURO 1 diesel....................................................36
3.4.14 Urban Buses...........................................................................................41
3.4.15 Coaches .................................................................................................41
3.4.16 Motorcycles <50cc.................................................................................41
3.4.17 Motorcycles >50cc.................................................................................42
3.5 AGGREGATED EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL ROAD VEHICLES .....................45
3.6 EFFECT OF GRADIENT ..................................................................................47
3.6.1 Passenger cars ........................................................................................47
3.6.2 Heavy-goods vehicles.............................................................................48
3.7 EFFECT OF LOAD .........................................................................................51
4. EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS ........................................................53

4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................53
4.2 VAPORATIVE EMISSIONS AGGREGATION METHOD .......................................53
4.3 EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS CALCULATION ......................................54
4.3.1 Aggregation by country, vehicle class subset and season (Stage 1)..........54
4.3.2 Aggregation by country and vehicle class (Stage 2).................................55
4.3.3 Aggregation by Europe, vehicle class subset and season (Stage 3) .........55
4.3.4 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class (Stage 4) ...............................55
4.3.5 Aggregation by country (Stage 5)..........................................................56
4.3.6 Aggregation by Europe (Stage 6) ..........................................................56
4.4 EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS ..............................................................57
PART B : RAIL TRANSPORT .............................................................................58
5. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................58
5.1 RAIL TRANSPORT EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATION ...................................59
5.1.1 Conversion of energy consumption (kJ/tonne.km) to emission factor
(g/passenger.km)....................................................................................59
5.2 PASSENGER TRAIN EMISSION FACTORS ........................................................60
6. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................64
APPENDIX A: HOT EMISSION FACTOR AGGREGATION PROCEDURE65
APPENDIX B: HOT EMISSION FACTORS INPUT PARAMETERS.............76
APPENDIX C: INPUT PARAMETERS FOR EVAPORATIVE EMISSION

CALCULATION.........................................................................79
APPENDIX D: EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTOR AGGREGATION

PROCEDURE .............................................................................83
APPENDIX E: INPUT DATA FOR RAIL TRANSPORT EMISSION

CALCULATIONS ......................................................................87
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Countries included in calculations....................................................................2

Table 2: Heavy-duty vehicle speeds...............................................................................4
Table 3: Motorcycle speeds...........................................................................................4
Table 4: Emission factors for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles >3.5t...................................5
Table 5: Averaged heavy-goods vehicle coefficients (gross weight 3.5 – 16t) ................5
Table 6: Averaged heavy-goods vehicle coefficients (gross weight > 16t)......................6
Table 7: Vehicle classes and subsets for emission factor aggregation .............................7
Table 8: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................12
Table 9: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - CO hot emission factors (g/km) .12
Table 10: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles – NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................13
Table 11: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles – NOx hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................13
Table 12: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................14
Table 13: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - VOC hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................14
Table 14: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................15
Table 15: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................15
Table 16: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles - CO hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................16
Table 17: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles- CO hot emission factors (g/km) ...16
Table 18: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles- NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................17
Table 19: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles – NOx hot emission factors (g/km) 17
Table 20: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles -VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................18
Table 21: Passenger cars – Euro I diesel vehicles - VOC hot emission factors (g/km) ..18
Table 22: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles - PM hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................19
Table 23: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles - PM hot emission factors (g/km)..19
Table 24: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles - CO2 hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................20
Table 25: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles - CO2 hot emission factors (g/km).20
Table 26: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles - CO hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................21
Table 27: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles - CO hot emission factors (g/km) ...21
Table 28: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles – NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................22
Table 29: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles – NOx hot emission factors (g/km) .22
Table 30: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles - VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................23
Table 31: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles - VOC emission factors (g/km).......23
Table 32: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles - CO2 emission factors (g/km) .24
Table 33: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles - CO2 hot emission factors (g/km) ..24
Table 34: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................25
Table 35: Light-duty vehicles - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - CO hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................25
Table 36: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional gasoline vehicles – NOx hot emission
factors (g/km) ..............................................................................................26
Table 37: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I gasoline vehicles – NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................26
Table 38: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................27
Table 39: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I gasoline vehicles - VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................27
Table 40: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot emission
factors (g/km) ..............................................................................................28
Table 41: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................28
Table 42: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles - CO hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................29
Table 43: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles- CO hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................29
Table 44: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles- NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................30
Table 45: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles – NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................30
Table 46: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles -VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................31
Table 47: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles - VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................31
Table 48: Light duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles - PM hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................32
Table 49: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles - PM hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................32
Table 50: Light duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles – CO2 hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................33
Table 51: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles – CO2 hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................33
Table 52: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline - CO hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................34
Table 53: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline – NOx hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................34
Table 54: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline – VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................35
Table 55: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline - Fuel consumption hot
emission factors (g/km) ................................................................................35
Table 56: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - CO hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................36
Table 57: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel - CO hot emission factors (g/km) ....36
Table 58: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel – NOx emission factors (g/km) .37
Table 59: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel – NOx emission factors (g/km) ........37
Table 60: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - VOC hot emission factors
(g/km)..........................................................................................................38
Table 61: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel - VOC hot emission factors (g/km) .38
Table 62: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - PM hot emission factors (g/km)
....................................................................................................................39
Table 63: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel - PM hot emission factors (g/km)....39
Table 64: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - CO2 emission factors (g/km)..40
Table 65: Urban Buses hot emission factors ................................................................41
Table 66: Coaches hot emission factors.......................................................................41
Table 67: Motorcycles <50cc – Hot emission factors ..................................................41
Table 68: Motorcycles >50cc - CO hot emission factors (g/km) ..................................43
Table 69: Motorcycles >50cc – NOx hot emission factors (g/km) ...............................43
Table 70: Motorcycles >50cc - VOC hot emission factors (g/km)...............................44
Table 71: Motorcycles >50cc - Fuel Consumption hot emission factors (g/km)............44
Table 72: Average passenger car hot emission factors (g/km)......................................45
Table 73: Average light-duty vehicle hot emission factors (g/km) ................................45
Table 74: Average heavy-duty vehicle hot emission factors (g/km) ..............................45
Table 75: Average motorcycle hot emission factors (g/km) .........................................45
Table 76: Average road vehicle hot emission factors (g/km) ........................................45
Table 77: Conventional gasoline vehicles - average percentage change of emissions due
to gradient....................................................................................................47
Table 78: Catalyst gasoline vehicles - average percentage change of emissions due to
gradient........................................................................................................48
Table 79: Average coefficients of the gradient correction functions for heavy -goods
vehicles with gross vehicle weights >3.5 tonnes ............................................49
Table 80: Conventional heavy-goods vehicles >3.5t - average percentage change........49
Table 81: Conventional coaches - average percentage change of emissions due to
gradient........................................................................................................50
Table 82: Urban buses - average percentage change of emissions due to gradient ........50
Table 83: Average coefficients of the load correction functions for heavy-goods vehicles
with gross vehicle weights >3.5 tonnes .........................................................51
Table 84: Conventional heavy-goods vehicles >3.5t - average percentage change of
emissions due to load ...................................................................................52
Table 85: Aggregated evaporative emission factors (g/km)..........................................57
Table 86: Passenger train CO emission factors (g/passenger.km).................................60
Table 87: Passenger train NOx emission factors (g/passenger.km)...............................60
Table 88: Passenger train HC emission factors (g/passenger.km)................................60
Table 89: Passenger train PM emission factors (g/passenger.km).................................62
Table 90: Passenger train SO2 emission factors (g/passenger.km) ................................62
Table 91: Passenger train CO2 emission factors (g/passenger.km)...............................62
1.
1.
INTRODUCTION
In the various reports produced by the MEET project, methodologies are given for the
estimation of the pollutant emissions and energy consumption of transport in the EU.
Taken overall, the procedures that have been developed are complex and detailed.
Default data are given for each of the many variables involved in the calculations, their
precision and completeness depending on the amount of information available. Users
of the MEET methodology may use these data or alternatives if local estimates are
likely to be more accurate. In many cases, however, users may not wish to perform the
extensive calculations needed when starting from the basic principles and data sets;
they may not need detailed, disaggregated results; or they may not have access to data
sources offering any improvement over the basic MEET defaults. This study has
therefore been undertaken to provide pre-calculated emissions data for a number of
levels of aggregation using the MEET procedure and data. From the results, it is
rapidly possible to make broad comparisons between various transport situations. For
example, road transport emissions in different Member States vary depending on the
characteristics of the national vehicle fleets, road networks and driving conditions, and
data are presented that show these differences.
This report provides aggregated emission factors using the data and methodologies
given in Deliverable 21 (Samaras et al., 1998). It should be noted that some of the
data presented in Deliverable 21 have been improved and supplemented in the latest
MEET reports. However, these were not all available in time for inclusion in this
study.
Road transport
Hot and evaporative aggregated emission factors have been calculated for road
transport. Austria, Finland and Sweden have not been included, as the required data
was not available at the time the calculations were carried out.
There are some problems with the calculation method for cold starts so until these
have been sorted out they have been excluded. A separate report of aggregated cold
start emission factors will be produced once the problems are solved.
Rail transport
Due to the large number of train types and journeys, it was not possible to produce
aggregated emission factors for rail transport. Examples are given for selected journeys
in the United Kingdom.
Air transport and ships

There was insufficient data available to calculate aggregated emission factors for air
transport and ships.
Page 1
PART A : ROAD TRANSPORT
2. INTRODUCTION
The aggregated emission factors were calculated based on the reference years:
- 1995 for vehicle fleet;

- 1990 for fleet usage (e.g. annual mileage, mileage distribution etc).
Table 1 shows the countries that were included in the calculation of the aggregated
emission factors.
Table 1: Countries included in calculations
COUNTRY
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
UK
It was not possible to include data for Austria, Finland and Sweden because no fleet
data was available for 1995. No data was available relating to the speeds of heavy-duty
vehicles on the different road types. In this case, data from the United Kingdom was
used for all countries.1
The method of aggregation is given in Section 3.2 for hot emissions and Section 4.2
for evaporative emissions.
Section 2.1 outlines the sources of data for the vehicle statistics required for the
aggregation of the emission factors.
2.1
1
Note that these data are included in the final MEET deliverables, but were not
available when these calculations were carried out.
Page 2
VEHICLE STATISTICS
2.1.1 Introduction
In order to calculate the aggregated emission factors, it was necessary to have details
of the following vehicle statistics for each country:
〈 vehicle numbers;
〈 annual mileage;
〈 mileage distribution by type of road;
〈 average vehicle speed for each type of road.
The following sections detail the sources of data that were used in the calculations, and
areas where information was found to be lacking.
2.1.2 Vehicle numbers

The numbers of vehicles in each category were taken from Deliverable 4 (Hickman et
al., 1997) for the reference year 1995.
2.1.3 Annual mileage

The annual mileages for each vehicle category were taken from Deliverable 4 for the
reference year 1990. No data was available for 1995.
Passenger cars
For the UK, no annual mileage was given for ‘EURO 1’ diesel passenger vehicles for
1990. This was therefore assumed to equal the value ‘uncontrolled >2l’ vehicles.
2.1.4 Mileage distribution

The mileage distributions between road types were taken from Deliverable 21(Samaras
et al., 1998) for the reference year 1990.
Passenger cars
The exception to the above were the values for Germany. In Deliverable 21, the values
are split between the former East and West Germany. To maintain consistency with the
vehicle numbers and annual mileage, the mileage distribution for Germany was taken
from COPERT II (Ahlvik et al., 1997). Values are only given for gasoline vehicles,
and so it was assumed that the mileage distribution was equal for diesel vehicles.
For Italy, data was missing for ‘EURO I’ gasoline passenger cars. The mileage
distribution was therefore assumed to equal that of the ‘15-04’ vehicles.
For all countries, the mileage distribution for ‘EURO I’ diesel passenger cars was
assumed to equal that of ‘uncontrolled >2l’ diesel vehicles.
Heavy-duty vehicles
Mileage distribution is not given for gasoline heavy-duty vehicles and was therefore
assumed to equal that of diesel 3.5 – 16t.
Page 3
The mileage distribution used for Germany, was equal to that given for former West
Germany in Deliverable 21.
2.1.5 Vehicle speed

The vehicle speed for each road type was taken from Deliverable 21 for the reference
year 1990. Again, the values for Germany were taken from COPERT II.
Passenger cars
For Italy, data was missing for ‘EURO I’ gasoline passenger cars. The vehicle speed
for each road type was therefore assumed to equal that of the 15-04 vehicles.
For all countries, the vehicle speed for ‘EURO I’ diesel passenger cars was assumed to
equal that of ‘uncontrolled >2l’ diesel vehicles.
Light duty vehicles

Where data was missing, it was assumed that the speeds equalled those of passenger
cars.
Heavy-duty vehicles
No data was given in Deliverable 21 for the speeds of heavy-duty vehicles. UK data
was used for all countries (DETR, 1997). Table 2 outlines the speeds used for each
road type.
Table 2: Heavy-duty vehicle speeds
Road type
Vehicle type Urban Rural Highway
(km/h) (km/h) (km/h)
Heavy-goods vehicles 51 80 90
Buses and coaches 48 80 100
Motorcycles
No data was given in Deliverable 21 for the speeds of motorcycles. UK data was used
for all countries (Department of Transport, 1995). Table 3 outlines the speeds used
for each road type.
Table 3: Motorcycle speeds
Road type
Urban Rural Highway
(km/h) (km/h) (km/h)
51 96 101
3.
Page 4
HOT EMISSION FACTORS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The emissions factors given in Deliverable 21 were used in conjunction with the vehicle
statistics to calculate the aggregated emission factors.
However, the emission factors given in Deliverable 21 were not complete and in the
case of heavy-goods vehicles, the classification of the data did not match the vehicle
number classification.
Heavy-duty vehicles
No emission factors were given for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles >3.5t and hence the
emission factors given in COPERT II were used. The emission factors used are given
in Table 4.
Table 4: Emission factors for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles >3.5t
Road classes CO NOx VOC Fuel Consumption

(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)
Urban 70 4.5 7.0 225
Rural 55 7.5 5.5 150
Highway 55 7.5 3.5 165
There were also some differences between the data provided for heavy-goods vehicle
statistics and the coefficients for calculation of heavy-goods vehicle emissions. The
heavy-goods vehicle coefficients were averaged to match the vehicle statistics
categories:
Original coefficient Averaged coefficient

weight grouping weight grouping
3.5 – 7.5t
7.5 – 16t
16 – 32t
32 – 40 t
The coefficient values used for heavy-goods vehicles are given in Tables 5 and 6. The
values for urban buses and coaches remain as in Deliverable 21.
Table 5: Averaged heavy-goods vehicle coefficients (gross weight 3.5 – 16t)
K a b c d e f
CO 2.29 -0.0365 0.000595 -3.08E-06 10.55 780 -2868
CO2 490.5 -8 0.0715 1.88E-04 4351 16015.5 0
VOC 0.778 0 0.0000405 -1.485E-07 30.75 435 -1641
NOx 1.549 0 - 6.215E-06 116.2 -38.65 0
0.0003325 5
Page 5
PM 0.05235 0.000755 0 6.10E-08 14.8 0 -10.55
Table 6: Averaged heavy-goods vehicle coefficients (gross weight > 16t)
K a b c d e f
CO 0.9395 0.00505 0 0 70.1 58.5 0
CO2 1170.5 -12.32 0 9.01E-04 4167 18033.5 0
VOC 0.2305 0 0 0 56.1 0 0
NOx 7.36 -0.0535 0 3.775E-06 237.5 -276 0
PM 0.215 0 0 8.60E-08 16.7 0 0
The reduction rates used for the emission factors of EURO I HDV vehicles were as
given in Deliverable 21:
- CO 10%
- VOC 10%
- NOx 30%
- PM 20%
No reduction rate was given for CO2.
3.2 HOT EMISSIONS AGGREGATION METHOD

Outlined below are the eight stages of aggregation that were carried out for hot
emissions. A diagrammatic representation of these stages is given in Appendix A,
Figures A1 to A12.
Stage 1 - From the detailed vehicle categories defined in Appendix B, Tables B5 –

B8, the emission factors were aggregated into 4 main vehicle classes, each
with a number of subsets. The emission factors were calculated for each
country and up to 3 road types (urban, rural and highway), depending on
vehicle class. Table 7 details the vehicle class, the relevant subsets, and the
road types for which emission factors were calculated.
Stage 2 - For each aggregated vehicle class and subset defined by Stage 1, the
emission factors for all road types were aggregated by country, into a
country aggregated emission factor.
Stage 3 - For each aggregated vehicle class and subset defined by Stage 1, the
emission factors for all the countries were aggregated as follows:
i. the urban road emission factors were aggregated into a European emission
factor for urban roads,
ii. the rural road emission factors were aggregated into a European emission
factor for rural roads,
iii. the highway road emission factors were aggregated into a European emission
factor for highway roads.
Stage 4 - Stage 2 emission factors were aggregated into a European emission factor
for each vehicle class and subset defined in Stage 1. (The European emission
factor could also be calculated by aggregating Stage 3 emission factors).
Page 6
Table 7: Vehicle classes and subsets for emission factor aggregation
VEHICLE CLASS VEHICLE CLASS SUBSET ROAD TYPE

Urban Rural Highway
Passenger cars Conventional gasoline 3 3 3
Catalyst gasoline 3 3 3
Conventional diesel 3 3 3
EURO I diesel 3 3 3
Conventional LPG 3 3 3
EURO I LPG 3 3 3
Light-duty vehicles Conventional gasoline 3 3 3
Catalyst gasoline 3 3 3
EURO I diesel 3 3 3
Heavy-duty vehicles Conventional gasoline 3 3 3
Stage I diesel 3 3 3
Urban buses- Conventional diesel 3 r r
Urban buses- Stage I diesel 3 r r
Coaches - Conventional diesel r 3 3
Coaches - Stage I diesel r 3 3
Motorcycles <50cc 3 3 r
>50cc 3 3 3
Stage 4 - The emission factors calculated for all the subsets in Stage 2 were
aggregated into vehicle type emission factors i.e.
〈 European passenger car emission factor for urban, rural and highway roads.
〈 European light-duty vehicle emission factor for urban, rural and highway
roads.
〈 European heavy-duty vehicle emission factor for urban, rural and highway
roads.
〈 European motorcycle emission factor for urban, rural and highway roads.
Stage 6 - For each vehicle type defined by Stage 5, the emission factors for all road
types were aggregated to give a European emission factor for each vehicle
type.
Stage 7 - For each vehicle type defined by Stage 5, the emission factors by road type
were aggregated to give a European emission factor for a road vehicle by
road type.
Stage 8 - The emission factors defined in Stage 7 were aggregated to give a European
emission factor for a road vehicle.
Page 7
3.3 HOT EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATION
3.3.1 Calculation of Stages 1 to 4

For each vehicle class and subset, as defined in Table 7, Section 3.2, hot emission
factors were calculated for the following:
〈 by country and road type (Stage 1);

〈 by country (Stage 2);
〈 by Europe and road type (Stage 3);
〈 by Europe (Stage 4).
The equations to calculate the above are given in Sections 3.3.1.1 – 3.3.3.4.
The data used to calculate the hot emission factors are given in Appendix B, Tables B1
– B7.
The hot emission factors are given in Section 3.4 for each vehicle class and the relevant
subset:
〈 passenger cars (Tables 8 – 33),
〈 light-duty vehicles (Tables 34 –51),
〈 heavy-duty vehicles (Tables 52 – 66)
〈 motorcycles (Tables 67 –71).
3.3.1.1 Aggregation by country, road type and vehicle class subset (Stage 1)
The equation to calculate hot emission factors by country and road type is:
i = categories
∑ n .l . p i i i, j .ei , j , k
e avc , j , k , s
= i =1
(1)
ni .li . pi , j
where:
eavc,j,f,s is the average hot emission factor for each country c, by vehicle class subset s
and road type j,
c is the country (Table B1),
j is the number of types of roads (Table B2),
k is the number of pollutants (Table B3),
Page 8
s is the vehicle class subset,
i is the number of vehicle categories (Tables B4-B7),
ni is the number of vehicles in category i,
li is the average annual distance travelled by the vehicles of category i,

pi,j is the percentage of the annual average distance travelled by the vehicles on
road category j by the vehicle category i,
ei,j,k is the emission factor of pollutant k corresponding to the average speed on

road category j, for the vehicle category i,
3.3.1.2 Aggregation by country and vehicle class subset (Stage 2)
The equation to calculate hot emission factors by country is:
j =3
∑e
j =1
avc , j ,k , s .lc , j , s
e avc ,k , s
= (2)
lc , s
where:
eavc,k,s is the average hot emission factor for each country c, by vehicle class subset s,
for pollutant k,
lc,j,s is the annual distance travelled by country c, by road type j and vehicle class
subset s,
lc,s is the total annual distance travelled by country c and vehicle class subset s.
3.3.1.3 Aggregation by Europe, road type and vehicle class subset (Stage 3)
The equation to calculate hot emission factors by Europe and road type is:
c = all eavc, j , k , s .l c , j , s
e aveu , s , j , k
= ∑c =1 l eu , j , s
(3)
where:
eaveu,s,j,k,s is the average hot emission factor for Europe by road category j, vehicle
subset s and vehicle class subset s for pollutant k,
leu,j,s is the total annual distance in Europe by road type j and vehicle class
subset s.
Page 9
3.3.1.4 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class subset (Stage 4)
The equation to calculate hot emission factors by Europe is:
j =3
∑e
j =1
aveu , s , j ,k .l eu , j , s
e aveu , s , k
= (4)
l eu , s
where:
eaveu,s,k is the average hot emission factor for Europe, by vehicle subset s for
pollutant k.
leu,s is the total annual distance in Europe by vehicle class subset s.
3.3.2 Calculation of Stages 5 to 8
Further aggregation of Stage 2 emission factors gave the aggregated Europe emission
factor for each vehicle class (passenger cars, light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty
vehicles) by road type (Stage 5)
The above was then aggregated to give the European emission factor by vehicle class
(Stage 6) and further aggregation gave the European emission factor for a road vehicle
(Stage 7).
The average emission factors by vehicle class and for Europe are in Tables 72 – 75.
3.3.2.1 Aggregation by Europe, road type and vehicle class (Stage 5)
s = categories
∑e aveu , s , j , k .l eu , j , s
e aveu ,v ,k , j
= s =1
leu ,v
where:
eaveu,v,k,j is the average hot emission factor for Europe, by vehicle class v, for
pollutant k, on road type j,
v is the vehicle class,
leu,v is the total annual distance in Europe by vehicle class v,
Page 10
3.3.2.2 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class (Stage 6)

j =3
∑ eav eu ,v , j ,k
.l eu ,v , j
j =1
eav =
eu ,v , k leu ,v
where:
eaveu,v,k is the average hot emission factor for Europe, by vehicle class v, for
pollutant k,
leu,v,j is the total annual distance in Europe by road type j and vehicle class v,
3.3.2.3 Aggregation by Europe and road type (Stage 7)
v = categories
∑e aveu ,v , k , j .l eu ,v , j
e aveu , j , k
= v =1
l eu , j
where:
eaveu,j,k is the average hot emission factor for Europe, by road type j and for
pollutant k,
leu,j is the total annual distance in Europe by road type j for all vehicle
classes
3.3.2.4 Aggregation by Europe (Stage 8)
j =3
∑ eav eu , j ,k
.l eu , j
j =1
eav =
eu , k l eu
where:
eaveu,k is the average hot emission factor for Europe for pollutant k,
leu is the total annual distance in Europe for all vehicle classes
Page 11
MEET Aggregated Emission Factors TRL
3.4 HOT EMISSION FACTORS
3.4.1 Passenger cars - conventional gasoline vehicles 3.4.2 Passenger cars - catalyst gasoline vehicles
Table 8: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO hot Table 9: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - CO hot emission
emission factors (g/km) factors (g/km)
Average Europe emission factor 10.43 Average Europe emission factor 2.84
By country & road type Urban Rural Highway Average by country By country & road type Urban Rural Highway Average by country
Belgium 15.01 8.10 4.74 9.17 Belgium 4.84 1.64 2.68 2.76
Denmark 11.93 6.43 5.69 8.53 Denmark 2.27 0.72 2.75 1.61
France 14.69 6.17 5.43 9.50 France 3.70 0.73 2.63 2.11
Germany 16.92 7.93 9.65 11.15 Germany 3.49 1.45 4.95 3.86
Greece 24.43 9.43 6.38 15.60 Greece 5.30 0.65 1.80 2.86
Ireland 13.52 8.58 4.99 9.10 Ireland 3.68 1.49 1.67 2.07
Italy 20.17 5.72 5.86 11.33 Italy 5.07 0.76 4.60 2.84
Luxembourg 10.07 6.85 4.65 7.86 Luxembourg 2.48 0.95 1.99 1.85
Netherlands 19.20 8.78 6.17 11.42 Netherlands 5.35 1.99 4.43 3.80
Portugal 17.73 7.47 6.33 9.85 Portugal 3.64 0.70 1.64 1.47
Spain 20.02 7.90 5.79 10.78 Spain 5.26 0.77 1.16 1.88
UK 15.64 5.21 5.62 10.06 UK 6.54 0.57 2.25 3.47
Average Europe by road type 16.87 6.37 6.37 Average Europe by road type 4.11 1.23 4.14
Page 12
Table 10: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles – NOx hot Table 11: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles – NOx hot
emission factors (g/km) emission factors (g/km)
Country Urban Rural Highway Average by country Country Urban Rural Highway Average by country
Belgium 1.82 2.16 3.39 2.36 Belgium 0.39 0.33 0.58 0.41
Denmark 1.84 2.37 3.13 2.26 Denmark 0.32 0.36 0.56 0.37
France 1.75 2.42 3.20 2.23 France 0.36 0.36 0.56 0.38
Germany 1.93 2.71 4.10 2.82 Germany 0.53 0.64 0.99 0.70
Greece 1.55 2.03 2.75 1.92 Greece 0.40 0.32 0.49 0.38
Ireland 1.68 1.93 2.59 2.00 Ireland 0.41 0.40 0.55 0.43
Italy 1.56 2.35 3.52 2.20 Italy 0.39 0.38 0.70 0.43
Spain 1.60 2.12 2.58 2.14 Spain 0.40 0.33 0.43 0.39
UK 1.73 2.62 3.65 2.35 UK 0.49 0.42 0.63 0.48
Page 13
Table 12: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - VOC hot Table 13: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - VOC hot
Belgium 2.11 1.30 0.73 1.38 Belgium 0.31 0.16 0.10 0.19
Denmark 1.62 0.96 0.79 1.20 Denmark 0.20 0.09 0.10 0.13
France 1.95 0.95 0.78 1.33 France 0.27 0.09 0.09 0.16
Germany 1.91 1.02 0.94 1.27 Germany 0.33 0.16 0.21 0.23
Greece 2.92 1.30 0.89 1.96 Greece 0.39 0.11 0.08 0.23
Ireland 1.90 1.33 0.80 1.37 Ireland 0.29 0.16 0.08 0.18
Italy 2.61 0.90 0.77 1.54 Italy 0.38 0.08 0.13 0.19
Spain 2.59 1.20 0.85 1.49 Spain 0.36 0.11 0.08 0.17
UK 2.15 0.86 0.76 1.44 UK 0.35 0.15 0.11 0.24
Page 14
Table 14: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot Table 15: Passenger cars - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot emission
Belgium 202.41 141.28 167.07 164.09 Belgium 249.39 160.02 159.60 184.16
Denmark 145.65 130.18 154.96 139.59 Denmark 169.01 132.03 148.72 148.99
France 171.19 131.02 157.56 149.74 France 206.09 133.49 154.68 164.65
Germany 170.48 143.46 195.22 165.01 Germany 190.60 140.35 200.84 171.30
Greece 218.25 125.82 140.26 168.51 Greece 234.14 129.12 132.85 175.85
Ireland 164.10 131.00 136.86 140.45 Ireland 189.49 144.15 136.00 153.86
Italy 204.95 129.92 172.86 164.71 Italy 225.27 127.43 171.55 168.40
Spain 212.38 127.63 135.29 156.49 Spain 244.97 134.20 131.53 166.99
UK 191.05 135.03 177.67 166.77 UK 321.58 149.13 211.79 237.23
Page 15
3.4.3 Passenger cars – Conventional diesel vehicles 3.4.4 Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles
Table 16: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles - CO hot Table 17: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles- CO hot emission
Belgium 0.85 0.57 0.38 0.60 Belgium 0.73 0.28 0.19 0.38
Denmark 0.65 0.47 0.38 0.53 Denmark 0.43 0.11 0.16 0.25
France 0.77 0.47 0.36 0.58 France 0.62 0.11 0.33 0.34
Germany 0.68 0.45 0.35 0.50 Germany 0.48 0.09 0.50 0.32
Greece 1.00 0.52 0.41 0.91 Greece 0.88 0.17 0.10 0.76
Ireland 0.77 0.57 0.42 0.59 Ireland 0.62 0.28 0.09 0.33
Italy 0.97 0.47 0.36 0.53 Italy 0.86 0.09 0.41 0.30
Spain 0.97 0.52 0.43 0.81 Spain 0.86 0.17 0.09 0.63
UK 0.85 0.45 0.36 0.62 UK 0.73 0.09 0.33 0.42
Page 16
Table 18: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles- NOx hot Table 19: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles – NOx hot emission
Belgium 0.76 0.59 0.68 0.66 Belgium 0.56 0.38 0.53 0.47
Denmark 0.64 0.55 0.66 0.60 Denmark 0.44 0.35 0.50 0.41
France 0.72 0.55 0.79 0.64 France 0.52 0.35 0.66 0.45
Germany 0.66 0.55 0.86 0.66 Germany 0.46 0.36 0.80 0.50
Greece 0.83 0.56 0.60 0.78 Greece 0.63 0.36 0.43 0.59
Ireland 0.72 0.59 0.58 0.62 Ireland 0.52 0.38 0.40 0.42
Italy 0.79 0.55 0.84 0.66 Italy 0.62 0.36 0.72 0.51
Spain 0.82 0.56 0.57 0.74 Spain 0.62 0.36 0.39 0.54
UK 0.76 0.56 0.79 0.69 UK 0.56 0.37 0.66 0.50
Page 17
Table 20: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles -VOC hot Table 21: Passenger cars – Euro I diesel vehicles - VOC hot emission
Belgium 0.23 0.12 0.06 0.13 Belgium 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.07
Denmark 0.15 0.09 0.06 0.11 Denmark 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.05
France 0.19 0.09 0.05 0.12 France 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.06
Germany 0.16 0.08 0.05 0.10 Germany 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.05
Greece 0.29 0.10 0.07 0.26 Greece 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.12
Ireland 0.19 0.12 0.07 0.13 Ireland 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.06
Italy 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.11 Italy 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.05
Spain 0.28 0.10 0.07 0.22 Spain 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.10
UK 0.23 0.08 0.05 0.14 UK 0.11 0.03 0.04 0.07
Page 18
Table 22: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles - PM hot Table 23: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles - PM hot emission
Belgium 0.27 0.17 0.18 0.20 Belgium 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.06
Denmark 0.20 0.13 0.17 0.16 Denmark 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.05
France 0.24 0.13 0.23 0.19 France 0.08 0.03 0.11 0.06
Germany 0.21 0.13 0.25 0.19 Germany 0.06 0.04 0.15 0.07
Greece 0.31 0.14 0.15 0.28 Greece 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.10
Ireland 0.24 0.17 0.14 0.18 Ireland 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.05
Italy 0.30 0.13 0.23 0.19 Italy 0.11 0.04 0.13 0.07
Spain 0.30 0.14 0.14 0.25 Spain 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.08
UK 0.27 0.13 0.23 0.21 UK 0.09 0.04 0.11 0.07
Page 19
Table 24: Passenger cars - Conventional diesel vehicles - CO2 hot Table 25: Passenger cars – EURO I diesel vehicles - CO2 hot emission
Belgium 238.34 156.11 165.47 180.68 Belgium 201.19 150.25 154.29 165.05
Denmark 182.28 130.41 158.30 154.78 Denmark 166.56 133.89 150.00 149.05
France 217.39 130.41 202.11 172.37 France 188.29 133.89 176.35 159.90
Germany 191.87 129.53 220.39 171.96 Germany 172.51 133.19 200.69 162.55
Greece 266.53 138.83 140.16 244.87 Greece 218.45 139.36 139.21 205.00
Ireland 217.39 156.11 134.40 167.09 Ireland 188.29 150.25 135.85 156.88
Italy 261.60 130.08 203.21 171.30 Italy 215.44 133.19 187.84 161.92
Spain 261.60 138.83 132.72 222.27 Spain 215.44 139.36 134.88 190.95
UK 238.34 129.80 202.11 189.85 UK 201.19 133.29 176.35 170.55
Page 20
3.4.5 Passenger cars – Conventional LPG vehicles 3.4.6 Passenger cars - EURO 1 LPG vehicles
Table 26: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles - CO hot Table 27: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles - CO hot emission
Belgium 4.51 1.37 10.84 4.51 Belgium 1.98 1.13 3.88 2.03
Denmark 2.04 2.37 9.72 3.20 Denmark 1.31 1.44 3.56 1.67
France - - - - France - - - -
Germany - - - - Germany - - - -
Greece 5.99 1.48 6.49 5.42 Greece 2.39 1.18 2.63 2.25
Ireland 3.49 1.37 5.17 2.66 Ireland 1.70 1.13 2.25 1.50
Italy 5.72 1.83 11.63 4.76 Italy 2.32 1.28 4.10 2.08
Portugal - - - - Portugal - - - -
Spain 5.72 - - 5.72 Spain 2.32 - - 2.32
UK - - - - UK - - - -
Page 21
Table 28: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles – NOx hot Table 29: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles – NOx hot emission
Belgium 1.93 2.35 2.89 2.36 Belgium 0.40 0.31 0.30 0.33
Denmark 2.20 2.58 2.86 2.47 Denmark 0.34 0.28 0.30 0.31
Greece 1.78 2.47 2.78 1.91 Greece 0.42 0.29 0.28 0.40
Ireland 2.03 2.35 2.73 2.35 Ireland 0.37 0.31 0.28 0.32
Italy 1.81 2.53 2.90 2.21 Italy 0.42 0.29 0.31 0.35
Spain 1.81 - - 1.81 Spain 0.42 - - 0.42
UK - - - - UK - - - -
Page 22
Table 30: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles - VOC hot Table 31: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles - VOC emission
Belgium 1.62 0.89 0.48 0.99 Belgium 0.39 0.16 0.09 0.21
Denmark 1.08 0.67 0.49 0.81 Denmark 0.24 0.07 0.08 0.14
Greece 2.06 0.76 0.54 1.83 Greece 0.46 0.11 0.06 0.40
Ireland 1.39 0.89 0.56 0.95 Ireland 0.34 0.16 0.05 0.18
Italy 1.97 0.71 0.47 1.32 Italy 0.45 0.09 0.10 0.27
Spain 1.97 - - 1.97 Spain 0.45 - - 0.45
UK - - - - UK - - - -
Page 23
Table 32: Passenger cars - Conventional LPG vehicles - CO2 emission Table 33: Passenger cars – EURO I LPG vehicles - CO2 hot emission
factors (g/km) factors (g/km)
Belgium 197.44 148.25 164.27 165.46 Belgium 173.50 145.00 170.57 158.90
Denmark 163.56 135.09 159.00 149.59 Denmark 153.28 140.92 166.00 149.12
Greece 214.66 138.76 145.21 202.01 Greece 184.21 140.88 153.48 177.35
Ireland 184.69 148.25 140.50 155.81 Ireland 165.72 145.00 148.78 150.94
Italy 211.64 136.20 168.08 177.11 Italy 182.32 140.38 173.82 164.69
Spain 211.64 - - 211.64 Spain 182.32 - - 182.32
UK - - - - UK - - - -
Page 24
3.4.7 Light-duty vehicles - conventional gasoline vehicles 3.4.8 Light-duty vehicles - EURO I gasoline vehicles
Table 34: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO Table 35: Light-duty vehicles - Catalyst gasoline vehicles - CO hot
hot emission factors (g/km) emission factors (g/km)
By country & road type Urban Rural Highway Average by country By country & road type Urban Rural Highway Average by country
Belgium 26.86 9.73 19.05 16.63 Belgium 8.40 8.40 4.67 7.50
Denmark 14.93 6.08 7.39 9.80 Denmark 4.19 4.19 1.09 3.75
France 22.33 5.96 20.62 13.97 France 6.81 6.81 5.16 6.65
Germany 16.91 6.40 21.44 13.48 Germany 4.90 4.90 5.42 5.03
Greece 33.02 6.74 11.03 18.91 Greece 10.55 10.55 2.16 9.38
Ireland 22.33 9.73 8.93 13.98 Ireland 6.81 6.81 1.53 5.76
Italy 31.94 6.74 24.92 21.37 Italy 10.18 10.18 6.53 9.27
Spain 31.94 6.74 8.25 17.79 Spain 10.18 10.18 1.33 7.43
UK 26.86 6.73 29.78 19.22 UK 8.40 8.40 8.09 8.36
Page 25
Table 36: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional gasoline vehicles – NOx Table 37: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I gasoline vehicles – NOx hot
Belgium 2.40 2.85 3.80 2.96 Belgium 0.49 0.40 0.54 0.46
Denmark 2.67 3.12 3.39 2.98 Denmark 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.41
France 2.49 3.21 3.83 2.98 France 0.46 0.41 0.55 0.44
Germany 2.62 3.30 3.85 3.23 Germany 0.44 0.42 0.56 0.46
Greece 2.29 3.03 3.57 2.78 Greece 0.52 0.40 0.47 0.46
Ireland 2.49 2.85 3.48 2.85 Ireland 0.46 0.40 0.45 0.43
Italy 2.31 3.03 3.92 2.97 Italy 0.52 0.40 0.59 0.49
Spain 2.31 3.03 3.44 2.86 Spain 0.52 0.40 0.44 0.46
UK 2.40 3.33 4.01 3.00 UK 0.49 0.42 0.63 0.48
Page 26
Table 38: Passenger cars - Conventional gasoline vehicles - VOC hot Table 39: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I gasoline vehicles - VOC hot
Belgium 2.97 1.32 0.60 1.59 Belgium 0.32 0.17 0.08 0.19
Denmark 1.88 0.73 0.45 1.15 Denmark 0.22 0.11 0.08 0.15
France 2.57 0.60 0.65 1.39 France 0.28 0.10 0.08 0.17
Germany 2.07 0.51 0.68 1.03 Germany 0.24 0.09 0.08 0.13
Greece 3.49 0.89 0.43 1.97 Greece 0.37 0.13 0.07 0.22
Ireland 2.57 1.32 0.42 1.58 Ireland 0.28 0.17 0.07 0.19
Italy 3.40 0.89 0.80 1.87 Italy 0.36 0.13 0.09 0.21
Spain 3.40 0.89 0.43 1.80 Spain 0.36 0.13 0.07 0.21
UK 2.97 0.48 0.97 1.69 UK 0.32 0.08 0.11 0.20
Page 27
Table 40: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional gasoline vehicles - CO2 Table 41: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I gasoline vehicles - CO2 hot
Belgium 364.50 255.12 246.89 282.81 Belgium 394.05 264.54 246.68 295.37
Denmark 290.76 221.95 213.13 248.24 Denmark 307.03 224.09 211.58 255.51
France 337.21 216.31 252.53 268.29 France 361.94 216.81 252.84 278.47
Germany 303.56 213.37 255.51 251.98 Germany 322.20 212.65 256.11 257.58
Greece 400.81 230.30 220.78 303.99 Greece 436.68 234.46 218.77 321.24
Ireland 337.21 255.12 215.60 275.95 Ireland 361.94 264.54 213.62 288.44
Italy 394.49 230.30 268.52 305.53 Italy 429.27 234.46 270.41 321.37
Spain 394.49 230.30 214.29 294.30 Spain 429.27 234.46 212.43 309.45
UK 364.50 212.95 287.22 293.06 UK 394.05 211.85 291.08 306.75
Page 28
3.4.9 Light-duty vehicles – Conventional diesel vehicles 3.4.10 Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles
Table 42: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles - CO hot Table 43: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles- CO hot
Belgium 1.31 1.05 1.31 1.18 Belgium 0.57 0.33 0.76 0.50
Denmark 1.12 1.01 1.06 1.06 Denmark 0.39 0.33 0.42 0.37
France 1.24 1.02 1.35 1.14 France 0.50 0.35 0.80 0.45
Germany 1.15 1.03 1.36 1.15 Germany 0.42 0.38 0.83 0.51
Greece 1.41 1.01 1.14 1.21 Greece 0.66 0.32 0.54 0.50
Ireland 1.24 1.05 1.10 1.13 Ireland 0.50 0.33 0.48 0.42
Italy 1.40 1.01 1.43 1.27 Italy 0.65 0.32 0.91 0.61
Spain 1.40 1.01 1.08 1.19 Spain 0.65 0.32 0.45 0.50
UK 1.31 1.04 1.53 1.24 UK 0.57 0.40 1.04 0.56
Page 29
Table 44: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles- NOx hot Table 45: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles – NOx hot
Belgium 0.28 0.29 0.36 0.31 Belgium 0.10 0.06 0.17 0.10
Denmark 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.30 Denmark 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.07
France 0.28 0.31 0.37 0.30 France 0.09 0.07 0.18 0.09
Germany 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.32 Germany 0.07 0.08 0.18 0.10
Greece 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.30 Greece 0.12 0.06 0.12 0.09
Ireland 0.28 0.29 0.33 0.30 Ireland 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.08
Italy 0.28 0.30 0.38 0.32 Italy 0.11 0.06 0.20 0.12
Spain 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.30 Spain 0.11 0.06 0.10 0.09
UK 0.28 0.32 0.39 0.31 UK 0.10 0.08 0.23 0.11
Page 30
Table 46: Light-duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles -VOC hot Table 47: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles - VOC hot
Belgium 0.36 0.20 0.14 0.23 Belgium 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.13
Denmark 0.26 0.15 0.12 0.19 Denmark 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.11
France 0.32 0.13 0.14 0.21 France 0.15 0.10 0.11 0.12
Germany 0.27 0.13 0.15 0.18 Germany 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.11
Greece 0.41 0.16 0.12 0.27 Greece 0.17 0.11 0.10 0.13
Ireland 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.23 Ireland 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.12
Italy 0.40 0.16 0.16 0.25 Italy 0.17 0.11 0.12 0.13
Spain 0.40 0.16 0.12 0.25 Spain 0.17 0.11 0.10 0.13
UK 0.36 0.12 0.18 0.24 UK 0.16 0.10 0.12 0.13
Page 31
Table 48: Light duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles - PM hot Table 49: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles - PM hot
Belgium 2.66 1.22 1.53 1.69 Belgium 1.38 1.04 1.31 1.19
Denmark 1.67 0.84 0.83 1.17 Denmark 1.14 0.98 1.02 1.05
France 2.29 0.80 1.64 1.48 France 1.29 0.98 1.34 1.14
Germany 1.84 0.80 1.69 1.35 Germany 1.18 0.99 1.36 1.14
Greece 3.16 0.93 1.03 1.92 Greece 1.51 0.98 1.11 1.23
Ireland 2.29 1.22 0.91 1.53 Ireland 1.29 1.04 1.06 1.13
Italy 3.07 0.93 1.92 1.97 Italy 1.48 0.98 1.44 1.30
Spain 3.07 0.93 0.88 1.81 Spain 1.48 0.98 1.04 1.21
UK 2.66 0.81 2.24 1.86 UK 1.38 1.00 1.55 1.25
Page 32
Table 50: Light duty vehicles - Conventional diesel vehicles – CO2 hot Table 51: Light-duty vehicles – EURO I diesel vehicles – CO2 hot
Belgium 298.76 215.62 312.21 261.48 Belgium 272.51 192.63 278.35 234.98
Denmark 238.98 205.34 224.75 221.51 Denmark 215.32 181.72 198.57 197.52
France 275.53 208.51 323.11 246.78 France 250.36 184.25 288.37 221.11
Germany 248.56 214.98 328.76 254.37 Germany 224.54 189.87 293.57 227.02
Greece 330.99 205.46 254.20 267.52 Greece 303.15 182.27 225.24 241.47
Ireland 275.53 215.62 237.82 241.03 Ireland 250.36 192.63 210.36 216.38
Italy 325.29 205.46 352.68 291.57 Italy 297.74 182.27 315.58 262.68
Spain 325.29 205.46 232.20 264.08 Spain 297.74 182.27 205.28 237.90
UK 298.76 218.49 385.56 278.80 UK 272.51 192.98 345.88 250.97
Page 33
3.4.11 Heavy–goods vehicles – Conventional gasoline
Table 52: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline - CO hot

emission factors (g/km)
Average Europe emission factor 59.09

By country & road type Urban Rural Highway Average by country
Belgium 70.00 55.00 55.00 58.88
Denmark 70.00 55.00 55.00 61.15
France - - - -
Germany - - - -
Greece - - - -
Ireland 70.00 55.00 55.00 57.25
Italy 70.00 55.00 55.00 59.50
Luxembourg 70.00 55.00 55.00 57.25
Netherlands 70.00 55.00 55.00 59.73
Portugal - - - -
Spain - - - -
UK - - - -
Average Europe by road type 70.00 55.00 55.00
Table 53: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline – NOx hot


Country Urban Rural Highway Average by country
Belgium 4.50 7.50 7.50 6.72
Denmark 4.50 7.50 7.50 6.27
France - - - -
Germany - - - -
Greece - - - -
Ireland 4.50 7.50 7.50 7.05
Italy 4.50 7.50 7.50 6.60
Luxembourg 4.50 7.50 7.50 7.05
Netherlands 4.50 7.50 7.50 6.56
Portugal - - - -
Spain - - - -
UK - - - -
Page 34
Table 54: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline – VOC hot


Belgium 7.00 5.50 3.50 5.20
Denmark 7.00 5.50 3.50 5.84
France - - - -
Germany - - - -
Greece - - - -
Ireland 7.00 5.50 3.50 5.13
Italy 7.00 5.50 3.50 5.15
Luxembourg 7.00 5.50 3.50 4.93
Netherlands 7.00 5.50 3.50 5.27
Portugal - - - -
Spain - - - -
UK - - - -
Table 55: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline - Fuel

consumption hot emission factors (g/km)

Belgium 225.00 150.00 165.00 174.55
Denmark 225.00 150.00 165.00 182.85
France - - - -
Germany - - - -
Greece - - - -
Ireland 225.00 150.00 165.00 165.75
Italy 225.00 150.00 165.00 178.50
Luxembourg 225.00 150.00 165.00 167.25
Netherlands 225.00 150.00 165.00 178.86
Portugal - - - -
Spain - - - -
UK - - - -
1.
Page 35
3.4.12 Heavy-goods vehicles – Conventional diesel 3.4.13 Heavy-goods vehicles -EURO 1 diesel
Table 56: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - CO hot Table 57: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel - CO hot emission
Belgium 2.20 1.95 1.89 2.00 Belgium 1.98 1.76 1.70 1.80
Denmark 2.18 1.98 2.02 2.06 Denmark 1.96 1.78 1.82 1.85
France 2.32 2.04 1.98 2.08 France 2.09 1.83 1.78 1.88
Germany 2.31 2.03 1.97 2.02 Germany 2.08 1.83 1.77 1.81
Greece 2.21 2.06 2.02 2.08 Greece 1.99 1.85 1.82 1.87
Ireland 2.06 1.85 1.79 1.86 Ireland 1.85 1.67 1.61 1.68
Italy 2.29 2.01 2.03 2.09 Italy 2.06 1.81 1.83 1.88
Spain 2.18 1.94 1.88 1.97 Spain 1.96 1.75 1.69 1.77
UK 2.35 2.05 2.00 2.12 UK 2.11 1.85 1.80 1.91
Page 36
Table 58: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel – NOx emission Table 59: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel – NOx emission
factors (g/km) factors (g/km)
Belgium 5.39 5.10 5.56 5.33 Belgium 3.78 3.57 3.89 3.73
Denmark 5.11 5.38 6.61 5.57 Denmark 3.58 3.77 4.63 3.90
France 6.70 5.96 6.27 6.17 France 4.69 4.17 4.39 4.32
Germany 6.55 5.86 6.19 6.08 Germany 4.59 4.10 4.33 4.26
Greece 5.45 6.14 6.58 6.13 Greece 3.81 4.30 4.60 4.29
Ireland 3.78 4.03 4.68 4.19 Ireland 2.65 2.82 3.28 2.93
Italy 6.31 5.70 6.69 6.35 Italy 4.41 3.99 4.69 4.45
Spain 5.16 4.94 5.43 5.23 Spain 3.61 3.46 3.80 3.66
UK 6.93 6.11 6.39 6.43 UK 4.85 4.28 4.47 4.50
Page 37
Table 60: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - VOC hot Table 61: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel - VOC hot emission
Belgium 1.55 1.28 1.24 1.34 Belgium 1.39 1.15 1.12 1.20
Denmark 1.56 1.25 1.07 1.31 Denmark 1.41 1.12 0.96 1.18
France 1.48 1.18 1.13 1.23 France 1.34 1.06 1.01 1.11
Germany 1.49 1.19 1.14 1.18 Germany 1.34 1.07 1.03 1.06
Greece 1.55 1.15 1.07 1.22 Greece 1.39 1.04 0.97 1.10
Ireland 1.63 1.41 1.39 1.44 Ireland 1.46 1.27 1.25 1.29
Italy 1.50 1.21 1.05 1.20 Italy 1.35 1.09 0.95 1.08
Spain 1.56 1.30 1.27 1.35 Spain 1.40 1.17 1.14 1.21
UK 1.47 1.16 1.11 1.23 UK 1.33 1.04 0.99 1.11
Page 38
Table 62: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - PM hot Table 63: Heavy-goods vehicles – EURO I diesel - PM hot emission
Belgium 0.44 0.37 0.37 0.38 Belgium 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.36
Denmark 0.43 0.38 0.41 0.40 Denmark 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.37
France 0.47 0.40 0.40 0.41 France 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.39
Germany 0.47 0.39 0.39 0.40 Germany 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.39
Greece 0.44 0.40 0.41 0.41 Greece 0.35 0.40 0.41 0.39
Ireland 0.39 0.33 0.33 0.34 Ireland 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.33
Italy 0.46 0.39 0.41 0.42 Italy 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.40
Spain 0.43 0.36 0.36 0.38 Spain 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.36
UK 0.48 0.40 0.40 0.42 UK 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40
Average Europe by road type 0.46 0.39 0.40 Average Europe by road type 0.37 0.31 0.32 0.00
Page 39
Table 64: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional diesel - CO2 emission

factors (g/km)

Belgium 484.89 524.23 600.27 540.13
Denmark 467.58 541.97 675.68 546.66
France 565.91 577.34 651.08 589.80
Germany 556.75 571.34 645.34 610.49
Greece 488.20 588.66 673.28 595.14
Ireland 385.18 458.87 537.73 471.47
Italy 541.38 561.26 681.66 617.16
Luxembourg 652.58 634.16 705.44 665.43
Netherlands 634.68 632.59 711.39 664.13
Portugal 455.04 504.66 581.55 496.05
Spain 470.28 514.65 591.10 539.81
UK 580.07 586.62 659.96 605.26
Page 40
3.4.14 Urban Buses

The speeds used to calculate the aggregated emission factors for urban buses are the
same for each country (as given in Section 2.25), hence the emission factors are equal
for all countries. Emission factors are only calculated for urban roads and therefore,
the average emission factors by road type, by country, and by Europe are also equal.
Table 46 outlines the emission factors for urban buses.
Table 65: Urban Buses hot emission factors
CO NOx VOC PM CO2

(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)
Conventional diesel 4.37 10.25 0.93 0.24 576.98
EURO I diesel 3.94 7.17 0.84 0.19 -
3.4.15 Coaches
As with the urban buses, the same speeds are used for all countries for the calculation
of emission factors for coaches. Hence, the average emission factor by country and
road type, is equal to that by Europe and road type. Also, the average by country is
equal to that by Europe.
Table 66: Coaches hot emission factors
CO NOx VOC
(g/km) (g/km) (g/km)
Rural Highway Europe Rural Highway Europe Rural Highway Europe
Conventional diesel 1.92 1.53 1.72 7.92 8.63 8.28 1.06 0.83 0.94
EURO I diesel 1.73 1.37 1.55 5.54 6.04 5.79 0.95 0.74 0.85
PM CO2
(g/km) (g/km)
Rural Highway Europe Rural Highway Europe
Conventional diesel 0.51 0.44 0.48 637.29 686.94 662.12
EURO I diesel 0.31 0.28 0.30 - - -
3.4.16 Motorcycles <50cc

The emission factors for motorcycles <50cc have been assumed to equal those for
mopeds as given in Deliverable 21. The emission factors are not speed dependent and
hence the average emission factors are equal for all the calculations. Table 48 gives
the hot emission factors for motorcycles <50cc.
Table 67: Motorcycles <50cc – Hot emission factors
CO NOx VOC FC
(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)
Conventional gasoline 15.00 0.03 9.00 25.00
Page 41
3.4.17 Motorcycles >50cc

The emission factors for uncontrolled 4-stroke motorcycles >50cc are split into three
cylinder capacities:
〈 <250cm3
〈 250 <cc<750cm3
〈 >750cm3
These have been averaged to calculate the emission factors for uncontrolled 4-stroke
motorcycles >50cc.
Tables 49 – 52 give the average emission factors for motorcycles >50cc.
Page 42
Table 68: Motorcycles >50cc - CO hot emission factors (g/km) Table 69: Motorcycles >50cc – NOx hot emission factors (g/km)
Belgium 17.83 49.84 13.41 30.21 Belgium 0.18 0.47 0.38 0.32
Denmark 19.05 45.24 17.81 31.20 Denmark 0.15 0.41 0.34 0.30
France 18.27 48.16 15.02 32.57 France 0.17 0.44 0.37 0.35
Germany 17.83 49.84 13.41 35.94 Germany 0.18 0.47 0.38 0.40
Greece 19.12 44.95 18.10 24.13 Greece 0.15 0.40 0.33 0.23
Ireland 17.83 49.84 13.41 34.77 Ireland 0.18 0.47 0.38 0.37
Italy 17.83 49.84 13.41 26.99 Italy 0.18 0.47 0.38 0.29
Spain 22.04 33.95 28.64 24.45 Spain 0.09 0.26 0.22 0.13
UK 17.83 49.84 13.41 30.00 UK 0.18 0.47 0.38 0.31
Page 43
Table 70: Motorcycles >50cc - VOC hot emission factors (g/km) Table 71: Motorcycles >50cc - Fuel Consumption hot emission factors
(g/km)
Belgium 1.35 4.19 0.88 2.44 Belgium 26.02 73.20 36.68 46.23
Denmark 2.66 5.85 2.29 4.11 Denmark 26.78 67.79 36.77 47.35
France 1.83 4.80 1.39 3.22 France 26.30 71.22 36.72 50.84
Germany 1.35 4.19 0.88 2.94 Germany 26.02 73.20 36.68 56.47
Greece 2.74 5.96 2.38 3.33 Greece 26.83 67.45 36.78 36.44
Ireland 1.35 4.19 0.88 2.84 Ireland 26.02 73.20 36.68 53.57
Italy 1.35 4.19 0.88 2.15 Italy 26.02 73.20 36.68 41.24
Spain 5.88 9.93 5.75 6.38 Spain 28.65 54.51 36.98 33.07
UK 1.35 4.19 0.88 2.42 UK 26.02 73.20 36.68 45.17
1.
Page 44
3.5 AGGREGATED EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL ROAD VEHICLES
Table 72: Average passenger car hot emission factors (g/km)
Urban Rural Highway Europe

CO 9.97 3.54 4.49 6.08
NOx 1.14 1.50 1.92 1.45
PM 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.06
VOC 1.28 0.53 0.44 0.79
CO2 200.53 133.30 165.87 164.33
Table 73: Average light-duty vehicle hot emission factors (g/km)

CO 11.07 3.42 7.67 7.27
NOx 1.11 1.43 1.47 1.31
PM 0.97 0.35 0.30 0.59
VOC 1.32 0.34 0.31 0.72
CO2 322.00 212.03 280.17 268.69
Table 74: Average heavy-duty vehicle hot emission factors (g/km)

CO 3.15 2.25 2.20 2.47
NOx 6.81 5.40 5.98 5.98
PM 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.37
VOC 1.36 1.20 1.10 1.21
CO2 540.73 559.75 649.91 587.37
Table 75: Average motorcycle hot emission factors (g/km)

CO 16.69 35.79 15.62 23.27
NOx 0.09 0.29 0.36 0.18
VOC 5.89 6.29 1.60 5.68
FC 25.71 53.91 36.70 36.44
Table 76: Average road vehicle hot emission factors (g/km)

CO 10.05 4.35 4.62 6.51
NOx 1.43 1.76 2.47 1.78
PM 0.20 0.10 0.12 0.14
VOC 1.54 0.73 0.54 0.99
Page 45
CO2 224.94 170.26 249.37 206.58
3.6
Page 46
EFFECT OF GRADIENT
3.6.1 Passenger cars

The calculation of the effect of gradient is dependent on the speed of the vehicle. For
some countries, the speeds vary depending on the engine size of the vehicle. The
results shown in Tables 76 and 77 were calculated from the effect of gradient on
vehicles with engine sizes <1.4l. Some of the changes are not consistent with the
change in gradient e.g. CO and VOC emission increase with an increase in negative
gradient. Significant errors could have been introduced due to the coefficients only
being to two decimal places. The problem is being addressed and a further report will
be produced as soon as possible.
Table 76 and 77 show the average percentage change in emissions that was calculated
for conventional gasoline and gasoline fitted with a regulated catalyst.
Table 77: Conventional gasoline vehicles - average percentage change of

emissions due to gradient
Pollutant Gradient Urban Rural Highway

(%)
CO 6.00 66.6 171.8 142.3
-6.00 -49.2 -38.7 -26.7
4.00 34.8 175.0 435.6
-4.00 0.5 26.5 38.8
2.00 10.5 66.2 142.1
-2.00 -17.1 -4.1 -2.4
VOC 6.00 37.5 74.4 131.5
-6.00 71.8 51.3 27.1
4.00 12.4 83.2 107.1
-4.00 53.7 53.0 17.8
2.00 5.9 36.0 47.4
-2.00 -0.2 21.3 13.5
NOx 6.00 156.8 113.7 67.4
-6.00 -80.7 -85.8 -84.1
4.00 84.8 64.1 27.7
-4.00 -63.6 -73.1 -69.6
2.00 43.7 31.3 14.0
-2.00 -30.9 -32.1 -34.2
Page 47
Table 78: Catalyst gasoline vehicles - average percentage change of emissions due
to gradient

(%)
CO 6.00 153.7 139.0 489.2
-6.00 -297.0 -45.5 -12.4
4.00 99.5 307.5 1300.7
-4.00 -0.6 -0.9 33.6
2.00 17.8 107.4 279.0
-2.00 9.7 -0.8 -45.4
VOC 6.00 73.7 77.9 277.8
-6.00 -227.0 52.4 163.2
4.00 32.4 82.6 418.5
-4.00 7.6 45.3 53.7
2.00 4.0 79.0 272.2
-2.00 15.0 5.5 -78.3
NOx 6.00 118.2 154.9 143.7
-6.00 -79.2 -75.3 -78.5
4.00 71.2 84.8 87.8
-4.00 -24.3 -52.4 -57.6
2.00 -3.7 14.3 5.0
-2.00 -26.4 -25.9 -27.0
3.6.2 Heavy-goods vehicles

In Deliverable 21, the coefficients to calculate the effect of gradient on HGV emissions
are split into the following weight classes:
〈 3.5 - 7.5t
〈 7.5 – 16t
〈 16 – 32t
〈 32 – 40 t.
The average hot emission factors have been calculated with the weight classes grouped
into heavy-goods vehicles >3.5t. Therefore, the gradient coefficients have been
averaged as shown in Table 78.
Page 48
Table 79: Average coefficients of the gradient correction functions for heavy -
goods vehicles with gross vehicle weights >3.5 tonnes
3.6.2.1
slope A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 Vmin Vmax
CO 4… 6 0 4.77E-07 -6.3E-05 0.003209 -0.07848 0.938 -2.81105 12.75 37.575
-6… -4 0 -7E-08 1.23E-05 -0.00083 0.02605 -0.3785 3 13.5 49.9
0… 4 0 -1.4E-08 2.74E-06 -0.0002 0.006395 -0.08528 1.5825 14.975 67.8
-4… 0 0 5.14E-10 -1.2E-07 1.36E-05 -0.00084 0.02174 0.81025 15.1 86.25
VOC 4… 6 0 4.51E-08 -3.6E-06 0.000029 0.003258 -0.08098 1.7485 12.75 37.575
-6… -4 0 -4.2E-08 8.24E-06 -0.00061 0.02075 -0.3195 2.9675 13.5 49.9
0… 4 0 -2E-08 4.09E-06 -0.00031 0.011 -0.1775 2.1325 14.975 67.8
-4… 0 0 2.57E-09 -6.2E-07 5.79E-05 -0.00261 0.056125 0.68425 15.1 86.25
NOx 4… 6 0 -5E-08 9.62E-06 -0.00066 0.020343 -0.26304 3.025 12.75 37.575
-6… -4 0 -9.6E-08 1.66E-05 -0.0011 0.034325 -0.51 3.5675 13.5 49.9
0… 4 0 -1.3E-08 2.53E-06 -0.00019 0.006443 -0.0922 1.7025 14.975 67.8
-4… 0 0 -2.7E-10 8.19E-08 -8.4E-06 0.000355 -0.01002 0.91775 15.1 86.25
PM 4… 6 0 -1.4E-07 1.57E-05 -0.00071 0.016398 -0.16913 2.1425 12.75 37.575
-6… -4 0 -5.5E-08 1.01E-05 -0.00071 0.023175 -0.35275 2.9925 13.5 49.9
0… 4 0 -2.3E-08 4.5E-06 -0.00033 0.011438 -0.17 2.0775 14.975 67.8
-4… 0 0 -1.3E-10 5.03E-08 -4.9E-06 0.000108 -0.0003 0.9865 15.1 86.25
3.6.2.2
There are no coefficients to estimate the effect of gradient on CO2 emissions.
Tables 79 – 81 give the average percentage change of emissions due to gradient for
heavy-duty vehicles. Some results are invalid due to being outside the valid speed
range. These are indicated with an asterisk (*).
Table 80: Conventional heavy-goods vehicles >3.5t - average percentage change

of emissions due to gradient

(%)
CO 4… 6 74.6 * *
-6… -4 -5.9 -39.0 *
0… 4 32.8 34.1 39.4
-4… 0 -2.4 -12.4 -18.4
VOC 4… 6 21.1 * *
-6… -4 22.8 4.9 *
0… 4 10.5 5.4 11.3
-4… 0 13.9 12.4 11.4
NOx 4… 6 132.5 * *
-6… -4 -44.6 -87.8 *
0… 4 44.9 62.5 73.6
-4… 0 -23.5 -31.3 -35.9
PM 4… 6 76.4 * *
-6… -4 -4.0 -17.7 *
0… 4 25.1 29.4 38.3
-4… 0 -3.5 -9.1 -13.5
Page 49
Table 81: Conventional coaches - average percentage change of emissions due to

gradient
Pollutant Gradient Rural Highway

(%)
CO 4… 6 * *
-6… -4 -12.09 *
0… 4 1.27 -3.30
-4… 0 8.13 1.49
VOC 4… 6 * *
-6… -4 53.71 *
0… 4 -15.93 -51.30
-4… 0 34.58 21.75
NOx 4… 6 * *
-6… -4 -306.38 *
0… 4 53.80 43.86
-4… 0 -16.82 -26.58
PM 4… 6 * *
-6… -4 -25.31 *
0… 4 -3.67 -35.43
-4… 0 -3.55 -17.35
Table 82: Urban buses - average percentage change of emissions due to gradient
Pollutant Gradient Urban

(%)
CO 4… 6 106.3
-6… -4 -33.2
0… 4 19.4
-4… 0 -25.4
VOC 4… 6 -57.6
-6… -4 -3.4
0… 4 4.0
-4… 0 1.8
NOx 4… 6 93.8
-6… -4 -43.6
0… 4 42.7
-4… 0 -32.5
PM 4… 6 2.4
-6… -4 1.4
0… 4 11.9
-4… 0 -14.8
Page 50
3.7 EFFECT OF LOAD

In Deliverable 21, the coefficients to calculate the effect of load on HGV emissions are
split into the following weight classes:
〈 3.5 - 7.5t
〈 7.5 – 16t
〈 16 – 32t
〈 32 – 40 t.
The average hot emission factors have been calculated with the weight classes grouped
into heavy-goods vehicles >3.5t. Therefore, the load coefficients have been averaged
as shown in Table 82.
Table 83: Average coefficients of the load correction functions for heavy-goods
vehicles with gross vehicle weights >3.5 tonnes
k n p q r s t u
CO 1.1225 0.053175 0 -0.00099 0.000244 0 -3.8E-08 -0.48625
CO2 1.3075 0.0874 0 -0.00111 -0.00059 0 -5.1E-08 -0.96725
VOC 1.01375 -0.00051 0 0.000111 0.00056 0 -5.8E-08 -0.00475
NOx 1.2875 0.080525 -0.00026 -0.00123 0 -4.8E-06 0 -1.26775
PM 1.155 0.054475 -0.0007 -0.00104 0.000585 0 0 -0.754
The effect of load is only calculated for heavy-good vehicles. Table 83 gives the
average percentage change of emissions due to load for heavy-goods vehicle >3.5t.
Page 51
Table 84: Conventional heavy-goods vehicles >3.5t - average percentage change

of emissions due to load

(%)
CO 6 11.68 12.33 12.41
4 11.57 12.23 12.30
2 11.46 12.12 12.19
0 11.36 12.02 12.09
-2 11.25 11.91 11.98
-4 11.14 11.80 11.87
-6 11.04 11.70 11.77
VOC 6 2.94 3.43 3.47
4 2.94 3.43 3.47
2 2.94 3.43 3.47
0 2.94 3.43 3.47
-2 2.94 3.43 3.47
-4 2.94 3.43 3.48
-6 2.94 3.43 3.48
NOx 6 24.74 25.51 25.43
4 24.58 25.35 25.27
2 24.42 25.19 25.11
0 24.25 25.03 24.95
-2 24.09 24.86 24.79
-4 23.93 24.70 24.63
-6 23.77 24.54 24.46
PM 6 15.28 17.20 18.00
4 15.17 17.09 17.89
2 15.06 16.98 17.78
0 14.95 16.87 17.67
-2 14.84 16.76 17.56
-4 14.73 16.65 17.46
-6 14.62 16.55 17.35
4.
Page 52
EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Evaporative emissions are only calculated for gasoline-fuelled passenger cars.
In order to calculate the aggregated evaporative emission factors, in addition to the

vehicle statistics outlined in Section 2.2.1, it was necessary to have the information
outlined below. The data used are given in Appendix C, Tables C1 – C6.
〈 average monthly ambient temperature (Table C1);

〈 temperature variation during the day (Table C2);
〈 fuel volatility (RVP) (Table C3);
〈 the fraction of gasoline powered vehicles equipped with fuel injection (Table C4);
〈 the fraction of trips finished with cold or warm engine (shorter trips) or with
catalyst below its light off temperature ( this is assumed equal to the cold mileage
percentage, β in COPERT II) (Table C5);
〈 the mean number of trips per day, average over the year (based on annual average
mileage and average estimated trip length) (Table C6);
〈 the fraction of trips finished with hot engine (dependent on the average monthly
ambient temperature) (MEET Deliverable 21, TABLE 69b)
4.2 VAPORATIVE EMISSIONS AGGREGATION METHOD
Outlined below are the six stages of aggregation that were carried out for evaporative
emissions. A diagrammatic representation of these stages is given in Appendix D,
Figures D1 to D6.
Stage 1 - From the detailed vehicle categories for passenger cars defined in Appendix
B, Table B5, the emission factors were aggregated into 2 subsets
(Conventional gasoline and Catalyst gasoline). The emission factors were
calculated for 2 seasons (summer and winter) for each country.
Stage 2 - For each aggregated subset defined by Stage 1, the emission factors were
aggregated by country and season, into a country aggregated emission
factor by subset and season.
Stage 3 - For each aggregated subset defined by Stage 1, the emission factors for all
the countries were aggregated into a Europe aggregated emission factor by
subset and season.
Stage 4 - Stage 2 emission factors were aggregated into a European emission factor
for each vehicle class subset defined in Stage 1. (The European emission
factor could also be calculated by aggregating Stage 3 emission factors).
Stage 5 - The emission factors calculated for the subsets in Stage 2 were aggregated
by country into a country emission factor.
Page 53
Stage 6 - Stage 4 emission factors were aggregated to give a European emission

factor.
4.3 EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS CALCULATION

The evaporative emission factors are given in Section 4.4.
The calculations include values for RVP and as values were not available for all
countries it has not been possible to calculate values for all countries:
〈 for Italy, there was no RVP given for Leaded gasoline in Winter and so no winter
values could be calculated for unleaded vehicles. It was assumed the winter value
was equal to the summer value;
〈 no RVPs could be located for Luxembourg and so no evaporative emission factors
could be calculated;
〈 for the Netherlands no RVP value could be located for leaded gasoline and so
factors could be calculated.
It was assumed that all controlled vehicles are fitted with carbon canisters and that all
use unleaded.
It was assumed in the aggregation calculations that summer kilometres were equal to
winter kilometres and that half the year was summer and half was winter i.e. 182.5
days.
4.3.1 Aggregation by country, vehicle class subset and season (Stage 1)
Eeva,voc , j , s
E eva, c, j,s =
lc, j ,s
where:
Eeva,voc,j,s is the VOC emissions due to evaporative losses caused by vehicle

class subset j for season s (calculation method given in Deliverable 21),
Eeva,c,j,s is the average evaporative emission factor for each country c, by vehicle
class subset j and season s,
lc,j,s is the total annual distance travelled by country c and vehicle class
subset j for season s
4.3.2
Page 54
Aggregation by country and vehicle class (Stage 2)
∑ E eva,c, j,s .lc, j ,s

E eva, c, j = s
l c, j
where:
Eeva,c,j is the average evaporative emission factor by country and vehicle class subset
j,
lc,j,s is the total annual distance travelled in country c, for season s.
4.3.3 Aggregation by Europe, vehicle class subset and season (Stage 3)
∑E eva,c, j,s .l c , j , s
E eva,eu, j,s = c
l eu , j , s
where:
Eeva,eu,j,s is the average evaporative emission factor for Europe, by vehicle class
subset j and season s,
leu,j,s is the total annual distance travelled in Europe by vehicle class subset j
in season s.
4.3.4 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class (Stage 4)

∑E
j
eva, eu, j,s .leu , j , s
∑E .l
eva, c, j c , j
E eva,eu, j = E eva,eu, j =
s j
OR
l eu l eu , j
where:
Eeva,eu,j is the average evaporative emission factor for Europe, by vehicle class j
leu is the total distance travelled in Europe by petrol-fuelled vehicles
leu,j is the total annual distance travelled in Europe by vehicle class j in season s
Page 55
4.3.5 Aggregation by country (Stage 5)
∑ E eva,c, j .lc , j
E eva, c =
j
lc
where:
Eeva,c is the average evaporative emission factor by country c
lc is the total annual distance travelled in country c by petrol vehicles
4.3.6 Aggregation by Europe (Stage 6)
∑E .l
eva, eu, j eu , j ∑E eva, c .l c
E eva,eu = E eva,eu =
j c
OR
l eu l eu
where:
Eeva,eu,j is the average evaporative emission factor for Europe
leu is the total distance travelled in Europe by petrol-fuelled vehicles
Page 56
4.4 EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS

Table 85: Aggregated evaporative emission factors (g/km)
Conventional vehicles Catalyst vehicles

By Europe 0.60
By Europe and technology 0.98 0.03
By country, season and vehicle class Summer Winter By country and Summer Winter By country and By country
subset vehicle subset vehicle subset
Belgium 0.41 0.78 0.60 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.32
Denmark 0.93 0.98 0.95 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.48
France 0.88 0.79 0.84 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.60
Germany 1.02 0.99 1.00 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.29
Greece 1.13 1.15 1.14 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.68
Ireland 0.72 0.90 0.81 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.50
Italy 1.03 1.03 1.03 0.07 n/a 0.07 0.80
Luxembourg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Netherlands n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Portugal 0.81 1.15 0.98 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.85
Spain 1.50 1.56 1.53 0.04 0.01 0.03 1.18
UK 0.81 0.97 0.89 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.82
By Europe,season and vehicle subset 0.95 1.00 0.04 0.02
Page 57
PART B : RAIL TRANSPORT
5. INTRODUCTION
Method 1
The methodologies presented in Jørgensen and Sorenson (1997) proposed calculation
of emissions from railway traffic by estimating the specific power/fuel consumption of
rail transport and multiplying by an emission factor i.e.
Ei = F • FSEFi
where:
Ei is the total emission of the pollutant, i, in the time frame under
consideration
F is the total fuel (or power) consumption in the time frame
under consideration
FSEFi is the fuel (or power) specific emission factor (g/kg of fuel or
g/kW-h)
It was not possible to use this method as the total energy consumption by rail traction
is known by country, but no details could be found of the split between passenger and
freight trains.
Method 2
The energy consumption of a particular route can be estimated using the following
equation:
( N stops + 1) v max 2 ∆h
E ≅ + B0 + B1 .v ave + B2 .v ave + g
' 2
L 2 L
where:
E’ is the energy consumption in kJ/tonne-km
N is the number of intermediate stops
L is the trip length (km)
vave is the average speed (km/h)
vmax is the maximum speed (km/h)
B0 is a constant equating to rolling resistance
B1 is a constant equating to friction resistance
B2 is a constant equating to aerodynamic resistance
g is the gravitational constant
∆h is the change in height
5.1
Page 58
RAIL TRANSPORT EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATION

The calculation of aggregated emissions factors using Method 2 described above
requires detailed information relating to every train journey within Europe. With the
United Kingdom alone having 26 passenger train operating companies this is an almost
impossible task. For this reason some examples of emission factors for passenger
routes in the UK are given in Section 5.2.
It was not possible to obtain the detailed information required for the calculation of
emissions from freight trains.
In order to compare the emissions from rail transport with road transport, the emission
factors were calculated in units of g/passenger.km for four different occupancy rates
(100%, 75%, 50% and 25%).
It was assumed that the average change in gradient was zero. Obviously in countries
with greater changes in gradient than the UK this would have a greater effect on total
energy consumption and hence emissions.
Journeys were chosen to try and compare emissions from shorter routes with a high
number of stops with emissions from longer routes with fewer stops. Although several
train companies were contacted for information only three responded. Hence the data
provided is very limited. Details of the journeys and the input parameters are given in
Appendix E, Tables E1 and E2.
5.1.1 Conversion of energy consumption (kJ/tonne.km) to emission factor

(g/passenger.km)
The equations below describe the method to convert energy consumption to emission
factors.
Electric trains
E'
^6
• m • L • PSEFi
Ei = 10
P•L
Diesel trains
 E ' • m • L • FSEFi 
 
Ei =  
3600
(1kJ = 3600 kWh)
P•L
where:
Ei is the emission in g/passenger.km of pollutant i.
E’ is the energy consumption in kJ/tonne.km
m is the mass of the train in tonnes
Page 59
L is the trip length in km
PSEFi is the power specific emission factor in g/GJ
FSEFi is the fuel specific emission factor in g/kWh
P is the fraction of seats occupied
The data used is given in Appendix D, Tables D3 – D5.
5.2 PASSENGER TRAIN EMISSION FACTORS

Table 86: Passenger train CO emission factors (g/passenger.km)
Occupancy
Train type 100% 75% 50% 25%
Route 1 CLASS 323 Electric g/ 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.21
pa
sse
ng
er.
k
m
Route 2 CLASS 101 Diesel 0.84 1.12 1.67 3.35
CLASS 142 0.75 1.01 1.51 3.02
Standard
CLASS 43 1.29 1.71 2.57 5.14
Pullman
Route 4 Diesel 1.01 1.34 2.01 4.02
Table 87: Passenger train NOx emission factors (g/passenger.km)
NOx Occupancy
Train type 100% 75% 50% 25%
pa
sse
ng
er.
k
m
CLASS 142 2.07 2.76 4.14 8.28
Standard
CLASS 43 3.53 4.70 7.06 14.11
Pullman
Route 4 Diesel 2.76 3.68 5.52 11.03
Table 88: Passenger train HC emission factors (g/passenger.km)
Page 60
HC Occupancy
Train type 100% 75% 50% 25%
pa
sse
ng
er.
k
m
CLASS 142 0.39 0.52 0.77 1.55
Standard
CLASS 43 0.66 0.88 1.32 2.64
Pullman
Route 4 Diesel 0.52 0.69 1.03 2.06
Page 61
Table 89: Passenger train PM emission factors (g/passenger.km)
PM Occupancy
Train type 100% 75% 50% 25%
pa
sse
ng
er.
k
m
CLASS 142 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.31
Standard
CLASS 43 0.13 0.18 0.26 0.53
Pullman
Route 4 Diesel 0.10 0.14 0.21 0.41
Table 90: Passenger train SO2 emission factors (g/passenger.km)
SO2 Occupancy
Train type 100% 75% 50% 25%
pa
sse
ng
er.
k
m
CLASS 142 0.15 0.21 0.31 0.62
Standard
CLASS 43 0.26 0.35 0.53 1.06
Pullman
Route 4 Diesel 0.21 0.28 0.41 0.83
Table 91: Passenger train CO2 emission factors (g/passenger.km)
CO2 Occupancy
Train type 100% 75% 50% 25%
Page 62

pa
sse
ng
er.
k
m
CLASS 142 123.8 165.1 247.7 495.3
Standard
CLASS 43 211.1 281.4 422.1 844.2
Pullman
Route 4 Diesel 165.0 220.0 330.0 660.0
6.
Page 63
REFERENCES
Ahlvik P, S Eggleston, N Goriben, D Hassel, A J Hickman, R Joumard, L
Ntziachristos, R Rijkeboer, Z Samaras and K-H Zierock (1997). COPERT II
Methodology and Emission Factors, Draft Final Report, European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen, 1996.
CONCAWE (1995). Motor vehicle emission regulations and fuel specifications in

Europe and the United States. 1995 update. Report No. 5/95.
Department of Transport (1995). Transport Statisitics Great Britain 1995. HMSO,

London.
DETR (1997). Vehicle Speeds in Great Britain 1996. Department of the

Environment, Transport and the Regions Statistics Bulletin (97) 11.
Hickman A J, M Andre, U Hammarstrom and N Kyriakis (1997). Road traffic

characteristics for estimating pollutant emissions. Deliverable no.4 of the MEET
project, Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom.
JØrgensen M W and S C Sorenson (1997). Estimating emissions from railway

traffic. MEET deliverable 17. Report ET-EO-97-03, DTU, Lyngby.
Lewis C A (1997). Fuel and energy production emission factors. MEET deliverable
20. ETSU, AEA Technology, Harwell.
OAG Travel Planner (1996). European Edition. Summer 1996.
Samaras Z, N Kyriakis, R Joumard, M Andre, E Serie, D Hassel, F-J Weber, A J

Hickman, R Rijkeboer, P Sturm, P Sorenson, C A Lewis, E Beckman, C Trozzi,
R Vaccaro and M Kalivoda (1998). Emission Factors and Traffic Characteristics
Data Set. Deliverable no.4 of the MEET project, Thessaloniki, Greece.
The Economist Atlas of the New Europe (1992). The Economist Books, Axe and
Bottle Court, 70 Newcomen St. London SE1 1YT.
Page 64
APPENDIX A: HOT EMISSION FACTOR AGGREGATION

PROCEDURE
Figure A1 : Stage 1 aggregation of passenger cars
Page 65
Figure A1: cont’d
Page 66
Page 67
Page 68
Figure A5: Stages 2 and 3 aggregation of passenger car – conventional gasoline
STAGE 2 AGGREGATION
STAGE 3 AGGREGATION
Passenger car - Conventional gasoline

Aggregated emission factors by country
and road type (urban, rural and
highway)
NB: Stages 2 and 3 are repeated for all subsets of all vehicle types.
Page 69
Figure A6: Stage 4 aggregation of passenger car – conventional gasoline
NB: Stage 4 is repeated for all subsets of all vehicle types.
Page 70
Figure A7: Stage 5 and 6 aggregation of passenger cars
Figure A8: Stage 5 and 6 aggregation of light-duty vehicles
Page 71
Figure A9: Stage 5 and 6 aggregation of heavy-duty vehicles
Figure A9: Stage 5 and 6 aggregation of motorcycles
Aggregated emission factor for motorcycles in

Europe for all road types
Motorcycles – All types

Aggregation of emission factors for Europe Aggregated emission factor for motorcycles
for highway roads in Europe on highway roads
Page 72
Figure A11: Stage 7 aggregation
NB. Stage 7 is repeated for all road types.
Page 73
Figure A12: Stage 8 aggregation
Page 74
Page 75
APPENDIX B: HOT EMISSION FACTORS INPUT

PARAMETERS
Table B1: Countries (c)
COUNTRY
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
UK
Table B2: Road types (j)
ROAD TYPE
Urban
Rural
Highway
Table B3: Pollutants (k)
POLLUTANT VEHICLE TYPE

Carbon monoxide (CO) All
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) All
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) All
Particulates All diesel
Carbon dioxide Passenger cars (all)
Light-duty vehicles (all)
Heavy-duty vehicles ( conventional diesel
urban buses and coaches)
Fuel consumption Heavy-duty vehicles (conventional
gasoline only)
Motorcycles (all)
Page 76
Table B4: Passenger car categories (i)
VEHICLE CATEGORY
Gasoline <1.4 l
〈 pre ECE
〈 ECE 15-00/01
〈 ECE 15-02
〈 ECE 15-03
〈 ECE 15-04
〈 Improved Conventional
〈 Open Loop Catalyst
〈 Closed Loop Catalyst
∗ Early catalyst cars
∗ EURO I
Gasoline 1.4-2.0 l
〈 pre ECE
〈 ECE 15-00/01
〈 ECE 15-02
〈 ECE 15-03
〈 ECE 15-04
〈 Improved Conventional
〈 Open Loop Catalyst
∗ EURO I
Gasoline >2.0
〈 pre ECE
〈 ECE 15-00/01
〈 ECE 15-02
〈 ECE 15-03
〈 ECE 15-04
∗ EURO I
Diesel < 2.0 l
〈 Uncontrolled
〈 EURO I
Diesel > 2.0 l
〈 Uncontrolled
〈 EURO I
LPG
〈 Conventional
〈 EURO I
Page 77
Table B5: Light-duty vehicle categories (i)
VEHICLE CATEGORY
Gasoline engine - GW
up to 3.5 t
〈 Conventional
〈 93/59 EEC
Diesel engine - GW up to
3.5 t
〈 Conventional
〈 93/59 EEC
Table B6: Heavy-duty vehicles (i)
VEHICLE CATEGORY
Gasoline >3.5t
Diesel 3.5 – 16t
〈 Conventional
〈 EEC Stage I
Diesel >16t
〈 Conventional
〈 EEC Stage I
Urban buses
〈 Conventional
〈 EEC Stage I
Coaches
〈 Conventional
〈 EEC Stage I
Table B7: Motorcycles (i)
VEHICLE CATEGORY
< 50 cm3
〈 Uncontrolled
> 50 cm3 - 4 stroke
〈 Uncontrolled
> 50 cm3 - 2 stroke
〈 Uncontrolled
Page 78
APPENDIX A: INPUT PARAMETERS FOR EVAPORATIVE

EMISSION CALCULATION
Table C1: Average monthly ambient temperatures
Country July January

o
( C) (oC)
Belgium 17.8 2.2
Denmark 17 0.5
France 18 3
Germany 19 -0.5
Greece 28.2 8.6
Ireland 15 4.7
Italy 23.9 7
Luxembourg 17.5 0.7
Netherlands 16.5 2.3
Portugal 22 11
Spain 25 5
UK 18 4.5
Source: The Economist Atlas of the New Europe (1992).
Table C2: Temperature variation over the day
ta,min ta,max ta,rise ta,min ta,max ta,rise

Country Summer Winter
Belgium 12 23 11 -1 6 7
Denmark 7 27 20 -10 7 17
France 15 27 12 1 6 5
Germany 13 23 10 -3 2 5
Greece 22 32 10 6 12 6
Ireland 11 19 8 2 8 6
Italy 20 33 13 4 10 6
Luxembourg 6 27 21 -17 10 27
Netherlands 12 21 9 0 5 5
Portugal 14 23 9 5 13 8
Spain 17 30 13 3 9 6
UK 13 23 10 2 7 5
Source: OAG Travel Planner (1996).
Page 79
Table C3: Fuel volatility (RVP)
RVP (kPa)
Fuel type Leaded gasoline Unleaded gasoline
Country Summer Winter Summer Winter
Belgium 45.60 96.26 63.84 79.04
Denmark 63.84 84.10 63.84 84.10
France 62.82 78.02 53.70 73.97
Germany 58.77 76.00 53.70 73.97
Greece 62.82 81.06 53.70 63.84
Ireland 63.84 89.17 63.84 84.10
Italy 57.76 n/a 53.70 73.97
Luxembourg n/a n/a n/a n/a
Netherlands no standard 60.80 79.04
Portugal 53.70 79.04 53.70 79.04
Spain 56.74 67.89 56.74 63.84
UK 63.84 89.17 63.84 84.10
Source: CONCAWE (1995).
1bar = 101.33kPa
Page 80
Table C4: Percentage of Vehicles equipped with fuel injection
Country Vehicle Category Vehicles equipped with fuel

injection
[%]
Belgium < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 3.1
>2.0 l 1.8
Denmark < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 0.0
>2.0 l 0.0
France < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 4.2
>2.0 l 15.5
Germany < 1.4l 8.4
1.4 – 2.0 l 8.4
>2.0 l 8.4
Greece < 1.4l 1.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 1.0
>2.0 l 1.0
Ireland < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 0.0
>2.0 l 0.0
Italy < 1.4l 5.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 5.0
>2.0 l 5.0
Luxembourg < 1.4l 5.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 10.0
>2.0 l 15.0
Netherlands < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 0.0
>2.0 l 15.0
Portugal < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 10.0
>2.0 l 30.0
Spain < 1.4l 4.9
1.4 – 2.0 l 4.9
>2.0 l 4.9
UK < 1.4l 0.0
1.4 – 2.0 l 0.0
>2.0 l 0.0
Source: COPERT II Table V.3.1-2
Page 81
Table C5: Cold mileage percentage, w
w
Estimated ltrip 0.647-0.025*ltrip-(0.0974-0.000385*ltrip)*ta
Measured ltrip 0.698-0.051*ltrip-(0.01051-0.000770*ltrip)*ta
where:
ltrip = trip length
ta = ambient temperature
Table C6: Average estimated trip length (ltrip)
Country Trip length

(km)
Belgium 12
Denmark 9
France 12
Germany 14
Greece 12
Ireland 14
Italy 12
Luxembourg 15
Netherlands 13.1
Portugal 12
Spain 6.31
UK 10
Page 82
APPENDIX A: EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTOR

AGGREGATION PROCEDURE
Figure D1 : Stage 1 aggregation of gasoline fuelled passenger cars
STAGE 1 AGGREGATION
Page 83
Figure D2: Stages 2 and 3 aggregation of passenger car – conventional gasoline
STAGE 2 AGGREGATION
Aggregation of emission factors by country and Passenger car - Conventional gasoline

season Aggregated emission factor by country

Aggregated emission factors by country
and season.
STAGE 3 AGGREGATION

Aggregation of emission factors for all countries by
Aggregated emission factor for Europe by
season
season
NB: Stages 2 and 3 are repeated for catalyst gasoline.
Page 84
Figure D3: Stage 4 and 5 aggregation
1.1.12 STAGE 4
AGGREGATION
Aggregation for all countries

Aggregated emission factor by country
1.1.11 STAGE 5 Aggregation by country Passenger car

Aggregated emission factor by country
AGGREGATION
1.1.10 STAGE 4
AGGREGATION
Aggregation for all countries
Page 85
Figure D4: Stage 6 aggregation
1.1.13 STAGE 6
AGGREGATION

Aggregated emission factor for Europe
Passenger car
Passenger car - Catalyst gasoline

Page 86
APPENDIX B: INPUT DATA FOR RAIL TRANSPORT EMISSION CALCULATIONS

Table E1:Route information
Route number Route details Trip Length Number of stops Vmax Vave Bo B1 B2 Fuel
(L,km) (N) (km/h) (km/h)
Route 1 Lichfield - Redditch 53.11 22 144 42 16 3.66E-01 2.60E-02 Electric
Route 2 Manchester -Sheffield 68.80 13 120 52 15.5 2.92E-01 5.74E-02 Diesel
Route 3 Sheffield - London 269.56 5 200 115 15.5 2.92E-01 5.74E-02 Diesel
Route 4 London - Brussels 350.00 2 300 130 16 3.66E-01 2.60E-02 Diesel
Table E2:Values for constants Bo,B1 and B2

Bo B1 B2
Route 1 16 3.66E-01 2.60E-02
Route 2 15.5 2.92E-01 5.74E-02
Route 3 15.5 2.92E-01 5.74E-02
Route 4 16 3.66E-01 2.60E-02
Source: JØrgensen and Sorenson (1997).
Page 87
MEET Aggregated Emission Factors
Table E3:Train information

Train type Mass of Total no. of
train seats
(tonnes)
Route 1 Class 323 120 284
Class 142 51 121
Standard
Class 43 420 442
Pullman
Route 4 800 766
Table E4:Power specific emission factors for electricity production in the United
Kingdom
Emission factors electric
CO2 CO NOx NMHC SO2 PM
(kg/GJ) (g/GJ) (g/GJ) (g/GJ) (g/GJ) (g/GJ)
167.8 27.4 631.8 20.2 1445.8 69.9
Source: Lewis, 1997.
Table E5:Fuel specific emission factors for European diesel trains

Emission factors diesel
CO2 CO NOx HC SO2 PM
(g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh)
640 3.9 10.7 2 0.8 0.4
Source: JØrgensen and Sorenson (1997).
Page 88

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TRL Aggregated emission factors MEET

Aggregated Emission Factors for

by J A Cox (TRL, United Kingdom)

MEET Project: Methodologies for Estimating Air

Project funded by the European Commission

Publication data form

14 Key Words 15 Distribution statement

Transport Research Laboratory tel.:+44 1344 770435

PART A : ROAD TRANSPORT .............................................................................2

4. EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTORS ........................................................53

APPENDIX A: HOT EMISSION FACTOR AGGREGATION PROCEDURE65

APPENDIX B: HOT EMISSION FACTORS INPUT PARAMETERS.............76

APPENDIX C: INPUT PARAMETERS FOR EVAPORATIVE EMISSION

APPENDIX D: EVAPORATIVE EMISSION FACTOR AGGREGATION

APPENDIX E: INPUT DATA FOR RAIL TRANSPORT EMISSION

Table 1: Countries included in calculations....................................................................2

Air transport and ships

PART A : ROAD TRANSPORT

- 1995 for vehicle fleet;

Table 1: Countries included in calculations

2.1.2 Vehicle numbers

2.1.3 Annual mileage

2.1.4 Mileage distribution

2.1.5 Vehicle speed

Light duty vehicles

Table 2: Heavy-duty vehicle speeds

Table 3: Motorcycle speeds

HOT EMISSION FACTORS

Table 4: Emission factors for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles >3.5t

Road classes CO NOx VOC Fuel Consumption

Original coefficient Averaged coefficient

Table 5: Averaged heavy-goods vehicle coefficients (gross weight 3.5 – 16t)

PM 0.05235 0.000755 0 6.10E-08 14.8 0 -10.55

Table 6: Averaged heavy-goods vehicle coefficients (gross weight > 16t)

3.2 HOT EMISSIONS AGGREGATION METHOD

Stage 1 - From the detailed vehicle categories defined in Appendix B, Tables B5 –

Table 7: Vehicle classes and subsets for emission factor aggregation

VEHICLE CLASS VEHICLE CLASS SUBSET ROAD TYPE

3.3 HOT EMISSION FACTOR CALCULATION

3.3.1 Calculation of Stages 1 to 4

〈 by country and road type (Stage 1);

c is the country (Table B1),

j is the number of types of roads (Table B2),

k is the number of pollutants (Table B3),

s is the vehicle class subset,

i is the number of vehicle categories (Tables B4-B7),

ni is the number of vehicles in category i,

li is the average annual distance travelled by the vehicles of category i,

ei,j,k is the emission factor of pollutant k corresponding to the average speed on

3.3.1.2 Aggregation by country and vehicle class subset (Stage 2)

The equation to calculate hot emission factors by country is:

3.3.1.4 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class subset (Stage 4)

The equation to calculate hot emission factors by Europe is:

leu,s is the total annual distance in Europe by vehicle class subset s.

3.3.2 Calculation of Stages 5 to 8

3.3.2.1 Aggregation by Europe, road type and vehicle class (Stage 5)

v is the vehicle class,

leu,v is the total annual distance in Europe by vehicle class v,

3.3.2.2 Aggregation by Europe and vehicle class (Stage 6)

3.3.2.3 Aggregation by Europe and road type (Stage 7)

3.3.2.4 Aggregation by Europe (Stage 8)

3.4 HOT EMISSION FACTORS

3.4.11 Heavy–goods vehicles – Conventional gasoline

Table 52: Heavy-goods vehicles - Conventional gasoline - CO hot