Horizontal Air Pressure

DESIGN PROJECT OF PRESSURE VESSL WSU
2008EC
Table of contents
Content page
Acknowledgment-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.0Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.1 Over view of pressure vessel-----------------------------------------------------------5
1.2 Background of the pressure vessel--------------------------------------------------6
1.3 Problem Statement -------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.4Purpose -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.5 Scope -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.6 Objective ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.6.1 General objective ---------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.6.2 Specific objective ---------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.7 Classifications of pressure vessel -----------------------------------------------------8
1.7.1 Based on manufacturing methods--------------------------------------------------8
1.7.2 Based on manufacturing material -------------------------------------------------8
1.7.3 Based on geometric sheep -----------------------------------------------------------8
1.7.4 Based on installation methods ------------------------------------------------------8
1.7.5 Based on wall thickness --------------------------------------------------------------9
1.7.6 Based on technological purpose-----------------------------------------------------9
1.7.7 Based on usage mode -----------------------------------------------------------------9
1.8 Component of pressure vessel --------------------------------------------------------9
1.9 Design requirement --------------------------------------------------------------------15
1.10 Geometrical analysis of pressure vessel -------------------------------------------16
2 Literature review ----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
2.1 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
2.2 History of pressure vessel -------------------------------------------------------------18
2.3 Use of pressure vessel ------------------------------------------------------------------19
2.4 Design temperature --------------------------------------------------------------------19
2.5 Types of pressure vessel ---------------------------------------------------------------19
2.5.1 Spherical pressure vessel -------------------------------------------------------- -----19
2.5.2 Cylindrical pressure vessel ----------------------------------------------------------20
2.6 Material selection -----------------------------------------------------------------------20
2.6.1 Material selection factor ------------------------------------------------------------20
Chapter Three
3 Design analyses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------23
3.1 Over view of pressure vessel-----------------------------------------------------------23
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3.2 Design pressure -------------------------------------------------------------------------23
3.3 Design of shell -----------------------------------------------------------------------------23
3.3.1 Material selection of the shell --------------------------------------------------------23
3.3.2 Stress analysis of shell -----------------------------------------------------------------25
3.3.3 Design of weight on the shell ---------------------------------------------------------26
3.3.4 Load on the shell -----------------------------------------------------------------------27
3.3.5 Shell under internal pressure --------------------------------------------------------27
3.4 Head ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
3.4.1 Design of ellipsoidal head ------------------------------------------------------------28
3.4.2 Depth of head --------------------------------------------------------------------------29
3.4.3 Design of weight on the head --------------------------------------------------------29
3.4.4 Cheeked stress on the head ----------------------------------------------------------31
3.4.5 Design of nozzle ------------------------------------------------------------------------31
3.6 Design of manhole -----------------------------------------------------------------------32
3.6.1 Cover plate on manhole --------------------------------------------------------------32
3.6.2 Load of cover plate on manhole ----------------------------------------------------32
3.6.3 Material selection of cover plate on manhole ------------------------------------33
3.6.4 Stress of cover plate manhole -------------------------------------------------------33
3.7 Design of inlet and outlet --------------------------------------------------------------34
3.7.1 Load in inlet and outlet --------------------------------------------------------------34
3.7.2 Material selection of inlet and outlet ----------------------------------------------35
3.7.3 Weight on inlet and outlet ----------------------------------------------------------36
3.7.4 Design of cover plate on inlet and out let -----------------------------------------37
3.7.5 Material selection of cover plate on inlet and out let --------------------------38
3.8 Design of bolt -----------------------------------------------------------------------------39
3.8.1 Material selection of bolt------------------------------------------------------------40
3.8.2 Stress analysis of bolt -----------------------------------------------------------------41
3.9 Design of gasket --------------------------------------------------------------------------41
3.10 Design Flange ---------------------------------------------------------------------------42
3.11 Support ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
3.12 Design for skirt support ---------------------------------------------------------------49
3.12.1 Material selection of skirt support -------------------------------------------------49
3.12.2 Dimension and stress analysis for skirt --------------------------------------------49
Chapter four
4.0 Evaluation of the design -----------------------------------------------------------------52
4.1 Over view of evaluation -----------------------------------------------------------------52
4.2 Summery -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
4.3 Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
4.4 Reference -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thank our nearby teacher baby for ordering and helping us to do this project and all our
group members for their active participation without any mess. Finally we all tanks for those where shearing there
ideas when we are in difficult situation.
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ABSTRACT
The analysis and manufacturing of pressure vessel. In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary
consideration, due the potential impact of possible accident. There have a few main factors to design the safe
pressure vessel. This writing is focusing on analyzing the safety parameter for allowable working pressure.
Allowable working pressures are
Calculated by using PV Elite which comply with the ASME VIII, Rules of
Construction pressure vessel div 1. The corruption of the vessel are probability occur
at maximum pressure which is the element that only can sustain that pressure. At the
end of this project, a pressure vessel which is air receiver are fabricated and the
Procedures of manufacture are explained clearly.
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION different
1.1 Overview of Pressure Vessel
A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure deferent from the ambient
pressure. A pressure vessel is container with a pressure deferent between the inside and outside. The inside pressure
is usually higher than the outside .The fluids inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam
boiler or may combine with the other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has
combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly
radioactive material .Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no linkage can occurs. In
addition vessel has to be design carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure. The end caps fitted to
the cylindrical body are called heads. Pressure vessel are used in a variety of application .These include the industry
and the private sector .They appear in this sector respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic
hot water storage tanks. Other example are : diving cylinder recompression chamber, distillation towers, autoclaves
and many other vessel in mining or oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessel, hebetate of a
space ship ,habitat of a submarine, pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle air break
reservoir. Pressure vessels can be theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres,
cylinders and cones are usually employed. More complicated shapes have historically been much harder to analyze
for safe operation and are usually for harder to construct. In the design of pressure vessel safety is primary
consideration, especially for nuclear reactor vessel, due to the potential impact of possible accident. In generally
however, the design is compromise between consideration of economics and safety. Disadvantage of these vessel is
the fact that larger diameter make them relatively more expensive and many pressure vessel are made of steel .To
manufacture a spherical pressure vessel forged parts would have to be welded together some mechanical properties
of steel are increased by forging, but welding can sometimes reduce these desirable properties. Two types of
analysis are commonly applied to pressure vessels. The most common method is based on a simple mechanics
approach and is applicable to “thin wall” pressure vessel which by definition have ratio of inner radius, to wall
thickness, of r  10.The second method is based on elasticity solution and is always applicable regardless the r
t t
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ratio and can be referred to as the solution for “thick wall” pressure vessel. Both types of analysis are discussed here
although for most engineering applications, the thin wall pressure can be used.
1.2 Background for Pressure Vessel

Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to enact rule and regulations
regarding the construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels following several catastrophic accidents that
occurred at the turn of the twentieth century that resulted in large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to
manufacturers and users of boilers and pressure vessels that the lack of uniformity in these regulations between
states made it difficult to construct vessels.
Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in the spring of 1915. The first Code rules for pressure
vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple
beginning the Code has now evolved into the present eleven Section document, with multiple subdivisions, parts,
subsections, and Mandatory and non-mandatory
Almost all pressure vessels used in the process industry are designed and constructed in their accordance.
1.3 Problem Statement
Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel
failure occurs. Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how
the failure occurs. Each failure has a why and how to its history. It may have failed
through corrosion fatigue because the wrong material was selected! The designer must
be as familiar with categories and types of failure as with categories and types of stress
and loadings. Ultimately they ¨ are all related
Material
- Improper selection of material; defects in material.
Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design methods;
Inadequate shop testing.
Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures
Include welding; heat treatment or forming methods
1.4 Purpose of pressure vessel
The purpose of this project is a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They appear in these
sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks. Other examples of pressure
vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers, distillation towers, pressure reactors, autoclaves, and many
other vessels
in mining operations, oilrefineries and petrochemical plants, nuclearreactor vessels,
submarine and spaceship habitats, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirsunder pressure, rail vehicle airbrake
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reservoirs, road vehicle airbrake reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine,
propane, methane, LPG and so on.
1.5 scopes
This project focuses on design and analysis of unfired vertical Pressure Vessel. The ASME Code is construction
code for pressure vessel and contains mandatory Requirements, specific prohibitions; and non-mandatory guidance
for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing. To ensure the objective is achieved, some of the important
elements must be consideration. There is:
Designing main components of unfired vertical Pressure Vessel by refer to ASME Code.
Analysis of maximum stress value and main components of pressure vessel load.
1.6 Objective
1.6.1 General objective
To carry out detailed design & analysis of Pressure vessel
1.6.2 Specific objective

The objective of this project is to design and analysis unfired vertical Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code and
standards. So, this project concerned to design main part of pressure vessel like shell, heads, nozzles and supports.
Therefore The ASME rules in Section VIII Division 1 do not cover all applications and configurations such as
designing leg supports. When the rules are not available, another method must be used.
1. To design vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel components based on ASME Code and Standards.
2. To analyze maximum stress in shell by finite element using ANSYS software to design and
analysis of PV for optimum thickness, load and dynamic behavior
3. To analyze the safety parameter for allowable working pressure using pressure vessel elite which comply
with ASME VIII standard.
1.7classification of pressure vessel
1.7.1 Based on manufacturing methods
1-welded vessel
2-forged vessel
3-multi wall vessel
4-multi wall wrapped vessel
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5-band wrapped vessel
1.7.2 Based on manufacturing material
1-Steel vessels
2-Nonferrous vessels
3-Nonmetallic vessels
1.7.3 Based on geometric shape
1-Cylinderical vessels
2-Spherical vessels
3-Rectangulare vessels
4-Combind vessels
1.7.4 Based on installation methods
1-Vertical vessels
2-Horizontal vessels
E. Based on pressure Bearing Situation
1-Internal pressure vessel
2-Exeternal pressure vessel
1.7.5 Based on wall Thickness
1-Thin wall vessels
2-Thick wall vessel
1.7.6 Based on technological process
1-Reaction vessels
2-Heat Exchanger vessels
3-Separetion vessels
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4-Storage container vessel
1.7.7 Based on usage mode
1-Fixed pressure vessels
2-Mobile pressure vessel
1.8 component of pressure vessel
The pressure vessel considered here is a single unit when fabricated. However, for convenience of design it is
divided in to the following parts
The main component of pressure vessel
A-Shell
B-Head
C-Nozzle
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D-Flange s
E-Man hole
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F-Bolt
G-Gasket
H-Inlet $ out let
I-Support
A- Shell
- It is a primary component that contains the pressure
- Pressure vessel shell are welded together to form a structure that has common rotational axis.
- Most pressure vessel shell are cylindrical, spherical or conical.
B- Head
-all pressure vessel shell are must be closed at the end by (another shell section)
- Head are typically curved rather than flat
-curved configuration are stronger and allow the head to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads
-It can also use inside a vessel
-The “intermediate heads separate section of the presser vessel to permit different design condition.
-heads are categorized by their shapes
Types of heads
-Ellipsoidal
-Hemispherical
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-Conical
-Tori conical and
-Flat
-the most common type of head are called ellipsoidal, which is used during the design of pressure vessel
C-Nozzle
A nozzle is cylindrical component that penetrate the shell or head of pressure vessel. The nozzle ends are usually
flanged to allow for the necessary connection and to permeate essay disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles
are used for the following application:
-Attach piping for flow in to or out of the vessel
-Attach instrument connection (e.g. level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges)
-Proved access to the vessel interior at many way
-Proved for direct attachment other equipment items,(e.g. a heat exchanger or mixture )Nozzle are also some times
extended in to vessel interior for some applications, such as for in let flow distribution or to permit the entry of
thermo wells. Openings in pressure vessels in the regions of shells or heads are required to the following purpose:
-Man ways for letting personnel in out of the vessel to perform routine maintenance and repair
-Holes for draining or cleaning the vessel
-Hand hole openings for inspecting the vessel from out side
-Nozzles attached to pipes to covey the working fluid inside and outside of the vessel
-Instrument nozzles
-Compartment for other equipment
D-Supports
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the pressure vessel. In all cause, the
pressure
vessel support must be adequate for
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The applied weight, wind, and earth quake loads calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and
foundation for the pressure vessels
Typical kinds of support are as follow:
1 –Skirt
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessel are typically support by skirt. Support skirt is cylindrical shell section that
is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for
spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near the mid-plane of the shell.
The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not
cause high thermal stress at its junction with the skirt.
2-Leg
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of the shell. The maximum
ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1.The number of legs needed depends on the drum size
and the loads to be carred.Support legs are also typically used for spherical pressurized storage vessels the support
legs for small vertical drums and spherical pressurized.
Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or pipe section, whichever provides more efficient
design. Cross bracing between the legs, as shown in is typically used to help absorb wind or earth-quake lodes.
3-Saddle
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. Saddle supports spreads the weight
lode over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at the support points. The widths of
the saddle, among other design details, are determined by the specific size and design condition of the pressure
vessel. One saddle support is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation to other support is normally free to permit
unrestrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum.
4-Lug
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessels shell, may also be used to support vertical pressure vessels. The use of
lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) And moderate height to diameter ratios
in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.Lug supports are often used for vessel of this size that are located above grade with in
structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against
overturning loads;
However, the bolt holes are often to permit free radial thermal expansion of the drum.
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E –Flange
Flange is connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form piping system.it also provides easy access
for cleaning inspection of modification. Flange are usually welded.
There are many types of flanges some of them are:-
 Welding – neck flange

 Slip – on flanges
 Lap joint flanges
 Screwed flanges
 Blind flanges
 socket flanges
 Traded flanges
1 Welding- neck flange:-
A sectional view of wilding- neck flanges is shown. Welding neck flanges differ from other flange in that; they
have a long, tapered hub, between the flange ring and welded joint. This hub provides a more gradual transition
from flange ring thickens for the pipe- wall thickens; there by decreasing the discontinuity stresses and consequently
increasing the strength of flange. These flanges are recommended for handling of costly, flammable of explosive
fluids, where failure leakage of flange joint might disastrous consequences.
2 Slip – on flanges:-
The slip- on types of flanges are widely used because of its greater ease of aligned in welding assembly and because
of its low initial cost. The strength of this flanges is calculated from internal pressure considerations is
approximately 2/3rd that of a corresponding welding- neck type of flange. The use of this type of flange should be
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limited to moderate services, where pressure fluctuations, temperature fluctuations, vibration and shock are not
expected to be severing. The fatigue life of this flange is approximately 1/3 rd that of welding- neck flange.
4 Lap joint flanges:-
Lap joint flange are usually used with a lap joint stab. These flanges have about the same ability to with stand
pressure without leakages as the slip in flange, which is less than that of the welding neck flange. In addition, these
flange have the dis advantages of having only about 10% of the fatigue life of welding neck flanges. For these
reason, these flanges should not be used for connection where, severe bending stresses exit. The principal advantage
of these flange is that the bold wholes are easily aligned and this simplifies the erection of vessels of large diameter
and usually stiff piping. These flanges are also use full in cusses where, frequent dismantling for cleaning of
inspection is required, or where it is necessary to rotate the pip by swiveling the flange.
5 screwed flanges:-
Screwed flanges can be fastened to the opining by screwing. It can be connected instantly without welding. The only
disadvantage is that possibility of leakage.
6 Blind flanges:-
They are used extensively to blank off pressure vessel openings and hand holes, block off pipes and valves. In this
application, a valve followed by blind is flange is frequently use at the end of line to permit addition line while it is
‘on stream.
1.9 The design requirements
Design required to the feature of the design and progressive according to design appropriate ratability and function
able care morally sound to words the outer stand need of client efficiency of productivity of pressure vessel
The design must be consider the cost of material or fabrication and estimate current cost (power needed) during
faberica5ion and operation force application analysis, optimum vessel preparation material selection typically pre
requirement procedural of the vessel etc.
More over the design pressure vessel basically can cerates the following design specifically
Position; vertical
To store; air
Head; ellipsoidal
Volume; 2.5m3
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Design pressure; 10MPa
Design temperature; 350 ℃
In addition to this economic consideration (i.c fabrication cost) estimating current cost (power), fore application
analysis, typically pre current procedure of vessel material selection optimum vessel portion etc.
1.10 Geometer of pressure vessel
Pressure
𝐿⁄
Total volume 𝐷
Pis Map
3 0 - 250 0.001 – 1.724

VT = Vc + 2VL
4 250 – 500 1.724 – 3.1448
D
Vc = π𝑟 2 L , r 5 3500 >3.1448
2
2
D L
= 
Vc 
2

2
=
D L
2
VL =  
3 2
D  D  Sf
24 4
  D3  D 2
2
VT = Vc + 2VL  D
2
L 
 

4  24  4  Sf 
 
  
2 3 2
D  D  D  Sf
4 12 2
Assume Sf = 0.02D
L
But k =  by using the ration K = 5
D
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L
5=  L = 5D
D
  
2 3 2
= D 5D
 D  D  0.02 D
4 12 2
 0.02
3 3
= 5
D
3
 D  D
4 12 2
= 15   0.12
3 3 3
D D D
12
16.12 D
3
=
12
2.5 16.12
3
 D
1 12
2.5 × 12 = 16.12πD3
2.5  12

3
D 16.12  
3
D= 0.59239
= 0.8399m
Sf = 0.02D
Sf= 0.02 × (0.8399)
Sf=0.016798m = 16.798mm
L=5×D
L= 5 × 0.8399m
L= 4.1995m
CHAPTER TWO
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The pressure vessels such as cylinder, pipeline or tanks are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being
stored may undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine with
other reagents as in a chemical plant. The pressure vessels are designed with great care because rupture of pressure
vessels means an explosion which may cause loss of life and property. The material of pressure vessels may be
brittle such that cast iron or ductile such as mild steel. Pressure vessels, hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, pipes,
boilers and tanks are, in fact, essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industries. It is in this
class of equipment that the reactions, separations, and storage of raw materials occur. Generally, pressurized
equipment is required for a wide range of industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purposes.
2.2 History of Pressure Vessel:

Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have
inherent safety risks. Many states began to enact rule
and regulations regarding the construction of steam
Boilers and pressure vessels following several Catastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the
Twentieth century that resulted in large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and users
Of boilers and pressure vessels that the lack of Uniformity in these regulations between states made it
Difficult to construct vessels. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers to assist in the formulation of
Standard specifications for steam boilers and pressure Vessels. (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was
organized in 1880. As an educational and technical society of mechanical engineers.) After Years of development
and Public comment, the first Edition of the Code, ASME Rules of Construction of Stationary Boilers and for
Allowable Working Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in
the spring of 1915. The first Code rules for pressure vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired
Pressure Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple beginning the Code has now evolved into the present eleven
Section Document, with multiple subdivisions, parts, Subsections, and Mandatory and non-mandatory Appendices.
Almost all pressure vessels used in the Process industry In the United States are designed and constructed in
accordance with Section VIII; Division 1.A pressure v easel is a closed container designed to hold gases or Liquids
at a pressure Different from the ambient pressure. The end Caps Fitted to the cylindrical body is called heads. The
Legal definition of pressure vessel varies from country to Country, but often involves the maximum safe Pressure
(may need to be above half a bar) that the Vessel is designed for and the pressure Volume Product, particularly of
the gaseous part (in some Cases an Incompressible liquid portion can be Excluded as it does not contribute to the
potential energy stored in the vessel.)
2.3 uses of pressure vessel
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Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They appear in these
sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks. Other examples of pressure
vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers, distillation towers, pressure reactors, autoclaves, and many
other vessels in mining operations, oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessels, submarine and
space ship habitats, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road
vehicle airbrake reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine, and LPG (propane,
butane).
A unique application of a pressure vessel is the passenger cabin of an airliner; The outer skin carries both the aircraft
maneuvering loads and the cabin pressurization loads.
2.4 Design temperature
The requirements for establishing the maximum and minimum design temperatures. The maximum design
temperature is given as the maximum temperature used in design shell not be less than the mean metal temperature
(through the thickness) expected under normal operating conditions for the part considered. It is common practice to
set the maximum design temperature equal to the maximum anticipated fluid temperature with an appropriate
allowance; however, the above definition does allow a much less conservative approach to be used. If a pressure
vessel is insulated, then the mean metal temperature and process fluid temperature are essentially the same at steady
state conditions.
2.5 Types of Pressure Vessel
The size and geometric form of pressure vessels vary greatly from the large cylindrical vessels used for high-
pressure gas storage to the small size used as hydraulic units for aircraft. Some are buried in the ground or deep in
the ocean, but most are positioned on ground or supported in platforms. There are mainly two types of pressure
vessels:
2. 5.1 Spherical Pressure Vessel
These pressure vessels are thin walled vessels. This forms the most typical application of plane stress. Plane of stress
is a class of common engineering problems involving stress in a thin plate. It can also be called as simplified 2D
problems. Spherical vessels have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter than the
equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors,
containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on.
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2.5.2 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
This a vessel with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal gage pressure. The vessel has an axial
symmetry. The cylindrical vessels are generally preferred, since they present simpler manufacturing problems and
make better use of the available space. Boiler drums, heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on, are generally
cylindrical.
2.6 MATERIAL SELECTION
Construction of material
The primary factor that influence selection for pressure vessels and the maximum allowable material stress specified
by the ASME code. Some mechanical engineering properties of steel, achieved by rolling or forging, code be
adversely affected by welded, unless special permission are taken. In addition to adequate mechanical strength,
current standards dictate the use of steel with a high in pout resistance material should be also be used.
Some pressure vessel are made of composite materials such as filament wound composed using carbon fiber hold in
place with a polymer due to high tensile strength of carbon fiber these vessels can be very light. But are more
difficult to manufacture the compost materials may be would around a metal liner forming composite over wrap
pressure vessel. Other very common materials include polymers such as PET in carbon acted beverage continuers
and copper in plumbing. Pressure vessel may also be construct from concrete (PLV) or other material which are
weak intension cabling wrapped around the vessel or with in the wall or the vessel itself provides the necessary
tension to visits the material wall or the itself,
provides the necessary tension to resist the material wall of the vessel.
Pressure vessel may be lined with various natural ceramic polymer to prevent linkage and protect the structure of
vessel from contained medium. This liner may also early a significant portion of the pressure vessel.
2.6.1Material selection factors
The main factor that influence material selections are:-
1 strength
2 corrosion
3 resistance to hydrogen attack
4 environmental factor
5 fabrication
6 cost
7 case of maintenance
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1 strength: - is a material ability to with staled an imposed force or stress strength is a significant application
strength determines on truck a components because to with stand the imported loads. The overall strength of a
material is determined by its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, creep and rupture strengths. The strength
properties depend on the nominal compression of the material.
2:- corrosion resistance
Corrosion is the determination of metals by chemical action. a material resistance to corrosion is pr0belbbly the
most factor that influence its selection for specific application the most common
3:- environmental factor
Aside from the obvious environmental of high pressure vessel may also be subjected to other factor such as high or
low temperature and corrosion or reactive media
For vessel operation at elevated temperature the decrease in yield strength with undressing temperature must be
considered. If the vessel is to be subjected to high pressure and temperature for any approvable to me, the
phenomena of creep must be considered under the condition.
Low temperature result is significant reduction in to toughness of the vessel material. It is important. There for to
apply the preceding discussion of toughness in terms of properties to the material lowest operating temperature
expected.
4:- fabric ability
Fabric ability refers to the case of construction and to any special fabrication practice that are required to use the
material of special importance is the case with which the material can be rolled or otherwise shaped to conform to
vessel component geometry requirement.
Pressure vessel use welded consternation there for the material used must be welded so that individual components
can be assembled in to the completed vessels
The material chemistry of the weld area must be equivalent to that of the base material. So that the material property
and corrosion resistance of the well be the same as those of the best material
5:- Corrosion allowance
The "corrosion allowance" is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost by corrosion and
erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the customer and manufacturer. Corrosion is
a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give specific rules for the estimation of the corrosion allowance
required for all circumstances. The allowance should be based on experience with the material of construction under
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similar service conditions to those for the proposed design. For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion
is not expected, a minimum allowance should be used; where more severe conditions are anticipated this should be
increase.
Some materials are
 steel
 aluminum
 silver
Aluminum:- pure aluminum lacks mechanical strength but higher resistance to corrosion than it is alloy. The main
structure alloy used are the duralumin (Dural) range of aluminum copper alloy typical
composition 4 per cent cu, with 0.5 percent mg which have a tensile equivalent to that of mild steel
The corrosion resistance of aluminum is due to the formation a thin oxide film as with the stainless steels.
Aluminum corrosion resistance is very good in untreated aluminum. Untreated aluminum has very good corrosion
resistance in most environments. The cost of aluminum is less.
Steel: - a hard, strong or bluish – gray alloy of iron with carbon and usually other element used extensively as
structural and fabricating material. Steel are generally 66% heavier than aluminum, but specific strength, the ratio of
strength of density is property of interest for air craft designer.
Silver: - silver lining are used for vessels and equipment handling hydrofluoric acid. It is also used for special
application in the food and pharmaceutical industries where it is vital to avoid contamination of the product. The
cost of silver is higher than aluminum and steel.
The selection of the suitable must be taken in account the suitability of material for fabrication (particularly welding)
as well as capability and acceptable of material that depends on the environmental factor.
In this design or project we have selected low alloy steel (Ni, Cr, Mo, V) depends on the following properties.
 Low alloy steel is relatively easy to weld, but Al can be difficult

 It has sufficient mechanical strength but Al lakes mechanical strength
 Al has low cost than low alloy steel but it has react with the storing element like oxygen, so this material
are not important for air storing pressure vessel
 Low steel alloy material has medium allowable stress, medium density, when compared to another it have
good corrosion resistance, good melting and welding points.
 The cost of low alloy steel is lower than other material, but not Al
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 It is beater for protect the environment at the time vocal or pressure vessel vocal
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS
3.1 Overview of Pressure Vessel Design Analysis
To design of pressure vessel is the selection of Code are important as a reference guide to achieve the safety
pressure vessel. The selections of ASME CODE Section VIII div 1 are described. The standard of material use are
explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis software to obtain the result are introduced. Instead
of that, design process methodology is also described.
In this chapter we will analysis of the design which mention in literature view on chapter Tow, this analysis is
design without any drawing and graphical picture. We analysis only the formula without derivative on the formula.
The analysis of the design is depend on the shell of material, head of vessel, support of material, nozzle of the vessel
that means inlet, outlet and manhole design are included in this chapter.
3.2 Design pressure
The pressure vessel to be designed for at the most severe pressure and temperature that is coincidentally expected in
normal operation. This means those conditions such as start-up, shutdown, and any identified upset conditions must
be considered when establishing the maximum operating pressure. In an operating system, the set pressure of the
pressure relief device must be above the operating pressure by a sufficient amount so that the device does not actuate
unintentionally. A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be subjected
in operation. Operating pressure is the pressure to be used in operating condition. The operating pressure must be set
based on the maximum internal or external pressure
3.3 Design of shell

The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure, that has common rotational contains the pressure that
common rotational axis. The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure, the pressure vessel pressure
shells are welded together to form structure that has common rotational axis. The most pressure vessel shell is
cylindrical. In shape of horizontal drums have cylindrical shell and fabricated walk range of diameter and length
who calculated according to the ASME design between (2-5) in terms of diameter to calculate the length of the shell
3or cylindrical is simple.
.3.1 Material section of the shell
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The selection of the suitable must be take on to account the suitability of material for fabrication (particularly
welding) as well as capability and acceptable of the material that depend on the environmental factor.
In this delight we selected low alloy steel (Ni, cr, mo, V) depends on the properties of the material. Low alloy steel
have me drum allowable stress, medium density, when compared to as other, good corrosion resistance, good
melting and welding points.
Thickness Analysis
p
t R
 CA Where,
SE  0.06 P
R = Internal radius
P = Internal pressure
E = officially
- The design stress of 350 is 2.30 N this equal to 240Mpa.

mm 2
- Circumferential butt joint with one plat of fret spot degree of radiographic examination E = 080
Given where
P = 10 Mpa P = Internal pressure
S = 240 Mpa S = Maximum allowable stress
CA = 1 mm CA = Corrosion
E = 0.8 E = efficiency
RD R = Internal radius

2
0.8399
= D = Internal diameter
2
= 041995mm
= 419.95 mm
D = 0.8399mm
= 839.9mm
By using circumferential or vertical stress joint
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P R
t  CA
SE  06 P
10  419.95
t=  1mm
240  0.8  0.6  10
4199.5
= 1
192  6
4199.5
= 1
186
= 22.578 + 1
= 23.578mm
By using longitudinal stress joint
PR
t  CA
25E  0.4 P
10  4199.95
= 1
2  0.8  230  0.4  10
4199.5
= +1
388  4
4199.5
= 1
372
= 11.2p + 1
= 12.2pmm
Then the circumferential or 100p stress is the greater stress j 50 used it
3.3.2 Stress analysis of shell
The stress that subjected to shell vertically or tangentially is called circumferential stress given by
pd 10  83.9 p
 1

2t

2  24.578
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839 p
= 49.156
= 170.86 N 2
mm
2.5  33.9

pd
 
2
4t 4  24.578
3399
=
98.312
= 85.43 N 2
mm
The longitudinal stress is equal to half of circumferential stress.
3.3.3 Design of weight on the shell
The weight of the shell is depends on the material properties which is selected to the design of the ends and
thickness whole weight is given by W-mg = d g
Where, d = density of material selected
V = volume of cylinder
g = acceleration due to gravity
From the material properties of metal the density of low alloy steel is ρ = 7822
kg
3
m
The volume of cylinder is given by VC = πr2L
Given
L= h = 4, 199
π= 3.14
D
r=
2
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0.8399
=
2
= 0.4199m
ρ = 7822
kg
3
m
g = 9.81 m 2
s
Vc = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
= 3114  (0.4199)  4.199
= 2.325𝑚3
W = mg = ρ    g
= 7822  2.325  9.81
= 171500.0877
W = 171500.0877N
3.3.4 Load on the shell
They can classified as a major, that must be considered in vessel design and subsidiary loads that loads which
progress will be subjected the vertical (tangential) and longitudinal (horizontal) form. The forms of load to
subjected is determine the effects of the subsidiary loads in only required in the codes and standards where it is
not possible to the demonstrate the adequacy of the design.
3.3.5 Shell under Internal Pressure
For cylindrical shells for longitudinal stress (the stress acting across the circumferential joints), the applicable
equations are
t = minimum required thickness of shell, in. (in the corroded condition)
P = internal design pressure, psi
R = inside radius of shell under consideration, in. (in the corroded condition)
S = maximum allowable stress from the applicable allowable stress.
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E = the lesser of the joint efficiency for welded joints, or the ligament efficiency between opening
Thickness analysis
𝑝𝑟
𝑡= − 0.6 + 𝐶𝐴
𝑆𝐸
The design stress of 350 is 230N/mm² this is equal to 240MPa

Circumferential bolt joint with one plat offers spot degree of Radio graphic examination E=0.80
Given
P=10MPa
S=240MPa
CA=1mm
E= 0.8
R=D/2 where
P-Internal pressure
S-maximum allowable stress
CA-corrosion allowance
E-efficiency
R-Internal radius
D-Internal diameter
0.8399
2
=0.41995m
=419.95mm
D=0.8399m
=839.9mm
By using circumferential or vertical stress joint
𝑃∗𝑅
𝑡= + 𝐶𝐴
𝑆𝐸 − 0.6𝑃
𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟓
𝒕= +𝟏
𝟐𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎
4199.5
= +1
192 − 6
22.578 + 1
= 23.57𝑚𝑚
3.4 Head
Rules for the design of formed heads and sections with the pressure on the concave side of the component are given.
The required thickness of ellipsoidal (with the major diameter twice the minor diameter) heads is given by
D = diameter of the ellipse major axis
Ellipsoidal heads that does not have a major to minor diameter has a ratio of 2:1.
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3.4.1Design of ellipsoidal head
Ellipsoid head which is used to end curse of cylinder vessels is formed from zone and the parts of spaces between
the cylindrical selections and lead that at the suction of radius on it
The thickness of ellipsoidal head is given by
PD
t=  AC
2SE  0.2 P
Where
P = internal pressure
D = Internal diameter
S = Maximum allowable stress
E = Efficiency
CA = Corrosion allowance
PD
Given t =  AC
2SE  0.2 P
P = 10 Mpa
D = 839.9mm
10  839.9
E = 0.8 t= 1
2  230  0.8  0.2(10)
8390
S=230N/mm2 = 1
366
= 23.95mm
3.4.2 Depth of head
Since the heads are semi elliptical the depth of each head is equal to ¼ the inside diameter of the shell
Depth head = ¼ internal diameter
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1
= D
4
1
=  839.9
4
= 209.975mm
= 0.209975m
3.4.3 Design of weight on the head
The material of weight on the load depend on the material properties what was selected on the head weight given by
W = mg = ρvg
Given
ρ= 7822
kg
3
m
g = 9.81 m 2
s
π = 3.14
 
3 2
Vh  D  D  S . f
24 4
D D
3 2
   0.02 D
24 4
3 2
 (0.8399)  (0.8399)
=   0.02(0.8399)
24 4
= 0.0776 + 0.554×0.016798
= 0.08691m3
W = mg = ρVhg∗ the number of head is 2 so multiply by 2
= 7822×0.08091×9.81 w=2×6668.64 =13337.28N
= 6668.64N
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Head have two parts
Top head
Bottom head
Then weight of bottom = weight of top / weight equal to the sum of top weight and bottom weight
Tw = W bottom + W top
= 6668 - 64 + 6668.64
= 13337.28N
3.4.4 Checked stress
P ( D  0.2t )
Stress of head =
2tE
Given where,
P = 10mpa p = internal pressure
D = 839.9 D = internal diameter
E = 0.8 t = thickness
T = 23.95 E = efficiency
10(839.9  0.2(23.92))
SH =
2  23.92  0.8
10(844.684)
=
38.272
8446.84
=
38.272
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= 220.71mpa
The nominal or the design stress is less than the allowable stress to the design is safe.
3.5 Design of nozzle
The nozzle is the part of the pressure vessel that have contain includes. In general outlet inlet and manhole depend
up on uses and applications doing on it
Design for manhole
the general equation for the thickness of manhole is required to kept the balance of person who invent to clear a
pressure vessel is given by:-
Pidi
t= where,
2    E  Pi
Pi = internal pressure
di = diameter of manhole has taken by supper or assumption
δ = design stress that depends on the material selection
E = the efficiency that design on it
3.6 Design of manhole load
Load is the stress that being or applied on the vessel part of man hole design that is the stress subjected to the vessel
part of tangential and horizontal or parallel to the vessel
The circumferential stress (δ1)
Pidi
δ1 =
2t
The longitudinal stress (δ2)
pidi
δ2 =
4t
3.6.1 Deign of cover plate on manhole
The flat pleat are used as cover for manhole as blain flange and for the end of small diameter and low pressure
vessel, the general equation for the thickness of felt required to resist a given pressure can be written in the form of
√𝐷⁄𝑓
𝐶𝐷
Where, f = the maximum allowable stress on design stress
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D = the effective pleat diameter
C = a constant which depends on the edge support
if = edge can take as completely required
e = 0.43 and it is essential free volte
C = 0.56
3.6.2 Load of cover pleat on manhole
The load applied on cover pleat is uniform loaded circular pleat supported at its edge and the distance from center
the maximum defection oil occurs at the case of the pleat at x = 0
Pa 4
W = 64 D where, P = paternal pressure
a = radius of the pleat from edge to center
D = Diameter of flat pleat
m t
b  
2
The bending moment for the bending stress is a given by y
Where,
M = lending moment
p
a (1  0)  (3  0)
2 3
M = 16 or
2
Pa
M= 8
3.6.3 Material selection of pleat on manhole
The cover pleat on the manhole is constructed from stainless steel (M, S, design code and slandered is lost for
accepted material is accordance with the rational and suitable material with other and acceptable the environmental
factor.
Thickness analysis for cover pleat
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t  CD P
f Where,
C = for the completely rigidity C = 0.56
D = 40 cm taka suppose from a diameter of manhole
P = 0.66𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 , design stress at a given temperature 3500c
10
t = 0.56 × 400 100
= 70.83mm
3.6.4 Stress of cover pleat on manhole
The maximum deflection that occur on stress from is
Pa 4
 400
W = 64 D = 400
10  ( 200) 4
64  400 a = 200
a = radius of pleat
w = 625000Nmm
b  3 4  a
P
2
The bending stress of cover pleat is given by:- t
3  60  (200)2
4
2
=
(70.83)
δb = 59.79N/mm
3.7 Design of inlet and outlet
This party pressure vessel is used to input the material you want to store and used to remove the material input offer
used to the way to omitted or throughout from the material by this things.
The general thickness equation inlet and outlet is used the thickness formula for the shell from the above
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pidi
t
2S  pi
Where,
Pi = internal press are
di = internal diameter
S = design stress
3.7.1 Load in inlet and outlet
The load that subjected to the vessel parts of inlet and outlet are a load subjected to vertically and horizontally (Par
ally) the load that subjected to the vessels parts vertically is given by:-
pd
 1

2t
Where,
Pi = internal press are
di = internal diameter
t = thickness
pd
The load that subjected to the vessel parts horizontally is given by:-  2

4t
3.7.2 Material selection of inlet and outlet
The material selection is depends on the properties that subject able with other parts of material and the welding
point with other, corrosion allowance, the distance.
The factor environment malleability of material the selection of material from table who have the above properties is
carbon steel (Cr, Mo) the above properties is carbon steel
The equation of the thickness given by:-
pidi
t
2S  Pi
Where,
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Pi = internal pressure
di = internal diameter (tope assumption)
t = thickness
S = design stress depends on the given temperature
S = 80mpa
The internal diameter (di) token assumption d = 400
10  400
t
2  S  10
10  400
t  26.67
2  80  10
Stress t = 26.67mm
analysis on inlet and outlet
The stress subjected on the vessel part vertically or tangentially is called circumferential stress (δ 1) is given by:-
pidi
 1

2t
10  400 4000
 1
 
2  26.67 53.333
 1
 75 N
mm
2
The stress subjected to the vessel part horizontally is called longitudinal stress (δ 2) given by:-
pidi
 2

4t
10  400
=
4  26.67
= 37.49 N 2
mm
The maximum stress is less than the design stress or normal stress so our design is in safe condition.
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3.7.3 Weight on inlet and outlet
The weight of inlet and outlet of the nozzle parts depend on the density of material selection to the design,
The general equation of weight is given by:-
W = mg = ρVg b/c M = ρV
Weight of inlet and outlet are
W = ρVg
Where,
Ρ = density of material
V = Volume of inlet and outlet
g = acceleration due to gravity
Volume of inlet and outlet
 2
4d
V = A × h, A is given by A=
3.14 2
A=
4
(0 . 4)
= 0.1256m2
Length of height is given by: h1= height of inlet and outlet above the shell on mm
h1 = 10(t-CA)
t = thickness of the shell
CA = corrosion allowance the standard code = 1mm
t = 23.92
= 2.5(23.92-1)
= 2.5 (22.92)
h1 = 57.3mm
h2 is height of inlet and outlet below the shell parts
h2 = 25 (t i/o –CA)
t i/o = thickness of inlet and outlet = 12.29
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CA = corrosion resistance from the standard code design CA = 1mm
h2 = 2.5 (12.29-1)
= 28.225mm
hT = h1 + h2
= 57.3 + 28.225
= 85.525mm
V= A × hT
V = 0.1256 × 85.525 × 10−3
= 0.01074𝑚3
The density of material from thermodynamics properties of material
𝑘𝑔
ρ = 7854 ⁄𝑚3
The weight is given by w = ρVg
W = 7854 × 0.04297 × 9.81
= 3310.74
W = 3310.74
3.7.4 Deign of cover plate on inlet and out let
The flat pleat are used as cover for inlet and out let for shell diameter and low pressure ,the general equation for the
thickness of felt required to resist a given pressure can be written in the form of
CD P
t=
f
Load of cover pleat on inlet and outlet
The load occur cover pleat are uniform load edge support and applied from the center to the edge
4
Pa
W= 64 D
Where,
P = internal pressure
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a = radius place for the edge
D = diameter of cover pleat
3.7.5 Material selection of cover pleat on the inlet and outlet
Material selection of cover pleat is constructed from strain less steel to design code and standard and in lift for
acceptable for the material in accordance with suitable the environment factor
CD P
The thickness analysis of cover pleat t=
f
C = for the free factor
C = 0.45
Dr is initial diameter take as 40cm for the
Diameter Intel and outlet
N 2
P = given pressure 10 mm
f = design stress given temperature of 3500c
N 2
f = 100 m
10
t = 0.45× 400mm 100
t = 56.90mm
the stress analysis for cover pleat for inlet and outlet
the maximum deflection occurs in the form stress given by
4
Pa
w= 64  D
Where,
D = 400mm
a = 200mm
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N 2
P = 10 mm
10  200
4
64  400
= 625,000N/mm = 625Nm
The bending stress of cover pleat occur inn inlet and outlet are in the form of
b   a
3 P
2
4 t
3  10  2
4 200
2
δb =
(56.92)
N
δb = 92.5 N mm 2
3.8 Design of bolt
Bolt is used to join the part of instrument with a vessels part by using connecting methods
Load on bolt
The load that applied bolts are subjected to the stress due to the stress due to the torque transmitted and depends on
the number of bolts and to tall load on the all bolts. Load on each bolt is given by:-

 Tb
2
4d
F=

 Tb  n
2
4d
To tall load on all the bolt is:- F=

 Tb  D1
2
4d
The given torque transmitted is:- T=
2
Where;
D= diameter of bolt given suppose
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Tb = Design stress for bolt
3.8.1 Material stress selection on bolt
As we selected low alloy steel mm, co depends of on the property that have low cost, good familiar with other in
type of joining and ³welding³ thickness analysis of the bolt.

F  Tb
2
4d
Load on each bolt 1
assume diameter of bolt
The design stress for given temperature is 230𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 load in each bolt
 2
=  (30)  230
4
= 162, 577.4
F = 162.577×103 𝑁
F = 162.6KN

 Tb  n
2
4d
Total load on all the bolt F =
But the normal load on the bolt is given by:-

p
2
4d
F=A×P=
3114 2
=  (30)  10
4
= 7.065N
 
 p
2 2
4d 4d
Total load on all bolts not equal to nominal load on the bolts 1 1
Number of bolts (n) = multiple of 4 from standard design.
So that no of bolts on in 8 the average one. In the bolt design the diameter is equal to the thickness material bolt d =
t
t = 30 mm
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3.8.2 Stress analysis on bolt
Stress analysis on the bolt is nothing but the load that applied on bolt directly and indirectly on each bolt the stress
load that applied on each stress

 d 1  Tb
2
F stress =
3.14 2 
 (30)  230  2.30  8
2
4d
= T stress = 1
4

 30  2.30  8
2
=
4
= 162495 N = 1299960 N
F stress = 162.495×103 N
The total stress applied on bolt
3.9 Design gasket
- A gasket is used to create a seal between melting surface of machine or piping assemblies the seal is
necessarily to prevent leakage of gas liquid are dust ion to or out these assemblies.
- The gasket must be able to with stand the pressure applied to it and to be un affected by the temperature of
materials that it comes in to contact
- When a gasket is clamped between the mating surfaces of a joint it must deform enough to compensate for
the imperfections in the finish of the mating surface.
- It would not be economical to machine all surface to a mirror finish and the bumps, scrapes and corrosion
of normal use would soon reduce the quantity of the finish.
- Tools marks are usually evident on the surface of most machine pieces the clamping
- pressure applied to their joint it does not create enough distortion in the flanges to affect a
- scale ,so a gasket ,placed between this surface ,deform to fill in the valley and compress on the high point
,the gasket must be soft enough to deform yet strong enough to resist being requested out by the pressure
carried in the machinery
- It is desirable to have some roughness (fool marking) on most flange surface to help grip the gasket and
prevent it from creeping under internal pressure ,those tool marks should run the same way as the lag of the
gasket ,that the circular gasket should have circular tool marks in the flanges face.
3.10 Design of flange
There are section (7) flange we used to our pressure vessel their value is show below
- Two longitudinal pipe with D = 65 mm
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- One coleral pipe with D = 65 mm
- One bottom discharge D = 125 mm
- One sample opening D = 25 mm
- Safety value D = 25 mm
Table flanges standers
Nomino Diameter Length Diameter of Diameter of Outside Thicknes Outside Belting

pipe soze of the through the hub of the the hub of diameter of s of the diameter
mm bore, mm the hub paint of the bose (G) flenge (H) flange the raires
(C) melding (E) (S) for (K)
65 62.738 176.2 73.152 100.01 190.5 23.4 92.07 M16
125 128.27 98.425 177.8 141.224 279.4 34.925 139.7 M24
25 26.67 61.91 33.528 53.97 123.825 17.4625 50.8 M12
Flange applied load and flange moment
The load the flange can be given as follow.
M = gasket factor
Pi = internal pressure of the flange
Pi = 10 Mpa
B = inside diameter of flange for can pipe
A
B
2
b = effective gasket secling width
2b = effective gasket pressure
tf = j
(G  H  2 E )
hd =
4
(H  G)
hg =
4
(G  H )
ht =
4
G = mean diameter of gasket
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= B + (ht – hg)
Hg = gasket reaction force (Pressure forces)
=  G (2b) Mpi
 2
4B
Hd = pressure force of arka inside the flange Pi
Ht = pressure for a flange fola = H – Hd
The moment on the flange
Mop = Hd× hd + Ht × ht –Hg × hg
Hlt is calculate the load and moment
Gasket material table
Grooved metal: - gasket factor
Soft aluminum 4.00
Soft copper or brass 4.75
Iron or soft steel 3.75
Manel or 4 to 6% chrome 3.75
Stainless steel 4.25
We select gasket material flat metal jacketed asbestors filled stainless steel from standard table given above from the
table
M = 3.75 mm
b = 10 mm
p = 10 Mpa
Two longitudinal pipe with D = 65 mm
(G  H  2 E )
hd =
4
(100.013  140.5  2  73..152)mm

=
4
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(100.013  190.5  146.304)
=
4
290.513  146.304
=  36.05235mm
4
For D = 125mm
(G  H  2 E ) 177.5  279.4  141.224)mm 174.752

hd =   = 43.638
4 4 4
For D = 25mm
(G  H  2 E ) (53.975  123.825  2  53.528)

hd =   27.682mm
4 4
(H  G)
For = guege hg =
4
(123.925  53.975)mm
= =17 17.4625mm
4
(190.5  100.0113)mm
For = 65 mm =  22.62175mm
4
(279.4  177.8)mm
For 125 mm =  25.4mm
4
 4
ht =
4
(53.975  123.825)mm 177

For 25mm =   44.45mm
4 4
(100.013  190.5 457.2

For 65mm =   114.3mm
4 4
tf = j
For 25 mm = 17.4625mm
For 65 mm = 23.4 mm
For 125 mm = 34.95 mm
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2008EC
A
B=
2
26.67mm
For 25 mm =  13.335mm
2
62.738mm
For 65 mm =  31.369mm
2
128.27mm
For 125 mm =  64.135mm
2
G1 = mane diameter of gasket given by G1 = B + (ht – hg)
G1= (ht – hg)
For 25 mm = 13.335 mm + (44.5-17.4625) mm
= 13.369 mm + 27.0.375 = 40.3725 mm
For 65 mm = 31.369 mm + (72.63 – 22.62175)mm
= 31369 mm + ( 72.63 – 22.62175) mm
= 81 .37725 mm
For 125 mm = 64.135 mm + (114.3 – 25.4) mm
= 64.135 mm + 88.9
= 153.035 mm
H – Total pressure form v/a given by:-
H = (
2
) G Pi so, our pressure 10 Mpa
4
For 25 mm  4  (40.3725 mmS × 10 N

2
2
mm
= 12,801.51 N
For 65 mm =  4 (81.37725mm) 10 N
2
2
mm
= 52,011.09342 N
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2008EC
For 125 mm =  4  (153.035mm) × 10 N

2
2
mm
= 183937.9818 N
Pressure force of area inside the flange
Hd =  4 B Pi From this our internal pressure is 10

2 N 2
mm
For 25 mm =  4  (13.335) × 10
2 N 2
mm
= 1396.6125 N
For 65 mm  4 (31.369 mm) × 10 N2

2
mm
= 7728.429N
For 125 mm =  4 (64.135mm)2 × 10 N 2

mm
= 32,305.76871N
Pressure for flange face (Ht)
Ht = H – Hd
For 25 mm = (12,801.51N – 1396 -6125 N)
= 127404.8975 N
For 65 mm = ( 52,011.08342N -7728.429N)
= 44,282.65442N
For 125 mm = (183937.9818N – 32,305.76871)
= 151,632.2131N
Gasket reaction force (pressure force (Hg)
Hg = πG1 (2b) mpi
For 25 mm = π (40.3725) (2 × 10) × 3.75 × 10
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2008EC
= 95,125.46206N
For 65 mm = π (81.37725) (2 × 10) × 10
= 51,130.83415N
For 125 mm = π (153.035) (2 × 10) × (10)
= 96154.72635 N
The moment t (Mop)
Mop = Hd + Ht × ht + Hp × hg
For 25 mm pipe
Mop = (1396.6125 × 27.682 + 127404.8975 × 44.5 + 95,125.46206 × 17.4625 mm)
= 1827238.806N/mm
= 1827.24Nm
For 65 pipe
Mop = Hd × hd + Ht × ht + Hg × hg
= 7728.429 × 36.05 + 44,282.65442 × 72.63 + 51130.83415 × 22.62
= 4651438.524 N/mm
= 4651.44 Nm
For 125 mm pipe
Mop = Hd × hd + Hg × hg
= (32305.76871 × 143.6881 + 151632 × 2131 × 114.3 + 96154.72635 × 25.4 mm)
= 38784656.53 N/mm
= 38784.66 Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the a great condition given by
Wm1 = H + Hg
Wm1, 25 mm = 12, 801.51 +95,125.46206
= 107926.9721 N
= 107.93KN
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2008EC
Wm1, 65 mm = 52011.08342 + 51130.83415
= 103,141.9176N
= 103.14KN
Wm1, 125 mm = 183937.9819N + 96154.72635
= 280092.7082N
= 280.1KN
The force and the moment must be ckecked under the bolting up conditions. The moment is given by
Matm = wm2 × hg
Where, wm2 is the bolt load required to sot the gasket, given by wm2 = yπG1b
Y = gasket sating pressure (stress) = 52.4N/mm2
Wm2 is 25 mm = 52.4N/mm2 × π × 40.3725 × 10
= 66460.989 N
= 66.461KN
Matm, 25 mm = 66460.989 × 17.4625
= 1160575.029 Nmm
=1160.56 Nm
Wm2, 65 mm = 52.4 × π × 81.37725 × 10
= 133962.79N
= 133.963KN
Matm, 65 mm = 133962.79 × 22.62
= 3030238.208 Nmm
= 3030.24Nm
Wm2, 125 mm = 52.4 × π × 153.035 × 10
= 251925.383N
= 251.924KN
Matm = 251925.383 × 25.4mm
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2008EC
= 63989 = 6398.905 Nm
3.11 support
3.12 Design for skirt support
The load occur on skirt support are tensile stress, compressive stress. The all component of pressure vessel load
exert in skirt like density of air, shell and head
-internal pressure 10Mpa
- Volume of water 2.5m3
3.12.1Material selection for skirt support
The selection of material for skirt support is more strength than all material part for the vessel and have a good
corrosion allowance not simple crack in restance time .the selection of material are stainless steel
(Au, 1316) are good strength than other material
3.12.2 Dimension and stress analysis for skirt
The thickness skirt density for support is given by
12 MT WT
t= ×π×t +
R
2
Di st
-The average diameter for skirt support according to the ASME design is Di=50cm is the slandered form
-The value of efficiency for lap joint E=0.45
kg
-The design tensile stress at a given temperature ρ=230 3
mm
R
-The torsional moment for skirt support from design text is MT =Cs×
4
-From the thermodynamics properties of metal the design of stainless steel at metal form
kg
ρ=8238 3
m
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2008EC
Volume for skirt V=A×L
2
 2 3.14  (0.5)
A= d = =0.19625m3
4 4
The length of skirt much more less than the length of cylinder so takes the standard form interval of diameter
L=1.19d =1.19(0.5) =0.595m
Volume is given by:
V=A×L=0.19625×0.595 =0.1167m3
kg m
Weight for skirt support
W=ρvg =8238 3
×0.1167m3×9.81 2
=9431.8N
m s
-This weight only used for skirt vessel parts and attachment with other support is:
c  R
MT= Where ρs=is tensile stress
4
Cs  R N
MT = Ss=230
4 mm
2
Di 50
R=  =25cm
2 2
Cs  R 230  250 N
MT= = =2985.6
4 4  3.14 mm
The thickness of skirt is calculated by two substitutions the above
12 MT    St W
t= +
R
2
D    t
9431.08 10
3
12  2985.6  3.14  0.45
t= +
(250)
2
500  3.14  0.45  230
t=58.84mm
Therefor the design is under safe condition because the tensile stress is less than the design stress
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2008EC
δ 1<δ 0
The weight of the skirt is the total weight of all components
kg m
 12.38 m  9.81
3
WContent=mg=ρvg=0.566 3 2
=68.739N
m s
WT=Wshell+Whead+Winlet$ out let+Wcontent∗ there are 3 skirt support for our
Assume the inlet and outlet is negligible design so dived the total weight
by 3=61635.036N=61.6KN
WT=184905.1067N
Welding analysis
Welding un engineering, all possess in which two or more pieces of metal are joined together by application of heat,
pressure, or a combination of both. According to ASME (AG30) stiffen ring may be attached to the shell by
continues or intermittent welding the total length of intermittent welding of each said of the stiffen or ring shall be:-
 For ring on the out; no less than one half of the; out said circumference of the vessel
 For the ring on the tin said of the vessel; not less than one third of circumference.
There is different kind of welding based on 15-28-25 in to 4 select
A) Category A:- longitudinal welded joint with in main sheet, communicating chambers; nozzle and
any welded joint with in a formed or flat head
B) Category B:- circumferential welded joint with in the main shell communicating chamber, nozzle
and transitions in diameter including joint b/n translation and cylinder at either the large of small
end, circumferential welded joint connecting from heads to main shell to nozzle and to
communicating chamber
C) Category C:- welded joint connecting flange, tubes sheet and flat heads to main shell, to form
heads, to nozzle or to communicating chamber and any welded joint communicating one said
plate to another said plate of flat said vessel .
D) Category D:- welded joint connecting communicating chamber or nozzles to main shell, to heads
a flat said vessel and those joints
Those are several methods to make welded joint in a particular case the choose of type form number of alternatives
depends on
 Circumstance of welding
 Requirements of the code
 Aspect of economy
The joint efficiency factor with are sometime referral tool quality factor or weld efficiency serves as stress multiplier
applied to vessel component when some of the joint are not fully radio graphed. This multiplier result in an increase
in the factor of safety as well as the thickness of the component I select the joint efficiency factor according to the
welding type we have select may welding type I select is single welding butt joint with backing strip circumferential
butt joint with one plate, offset the degree of radio grapy examination spot with E=0.8
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2008EC
Corrosion Allowance
The corrosion allowance: - is the additional thickness of material added to allow for material lost by corrosion and
erosion, or staling. The allowance to be used should be agreed b/n customer and manufacture. Corrosion is complete
Pomona and its, not possible to give specific rules for estimation of the corrosion allowance should be based on
expirees with the material of construction under similar service condition to those for the propose design.
For carobs and low – alloy steels, where serve corrosion is not expected, a minimum allowance of 2mm should be
used where more severe conditions are anticipated this should be this should be increases to 4.0mm most design
codes and standards specify a minimum allowance of 1.0mm
According to the data given above we select our corrosion resistance as 2.mm
CHAPTER 4.0
4.0 Evaluation of the design
The evaluating system of any design is concerned on the problem before and on the requirement what to do and how
to do. From that the evaluation any design is based on the problem that occurred before. That means we verified
every of pressure vessel design for outer holding. So the problem that we generated on that is by physical model that
invented before let we say that the shape of the head that we did is elliptical head and the shell part, should
cylindrical on the other hand the header part, the man hole and the flange which did on the vessel is already, shape is
standard may but now by our design, we already and the leader part with the left body. We mean that for side view
the leader part should not be an external material that after of the shale design by evaluating this by using different
calculation for each individually at the end of our evaluation, system, we already focused the negative impact of this
previous design from the angle of
∗ Shape
∗ Size
∗ Resistance
∗ Duration of time
Finally in this way my evaluation for design we do. So the result of our design evaluation was passive reflect the
after.
4.1 Over view of the evaluation
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2008EC
The chapter depicts method of evaluation design in with hand calculation instrument by numerical or
mathematical analysis. The character evaluation suspend on such that the design work meet its requirement
and examine testing result against its necessity on a cording to design criteria, accuracy, acceptance and
quality to ward sundered it also identify the strength and weakness of design practice and strength
scientifically found towards practical work of designed equipment
Manly; the method of evaluation done by satisfaction of specification, material selection of standardation,
complete strength analysis and independent work discussed through factor of stand safety test, and
4.2 SUMMERY
A pressure vessel is a closed container to hold gas and liquids at a pressure substantially different from ambient
pressure. Pressure vessel is used in a variety of application in both industry and in the private sector. They appear in
these sectors as industrial composed air receivers and domestic air storage tanks.
Pressure vessel may theoretically be almost any shapes but shapes made of sections of sphere, cylinders, heads and
cones are usually employed. A common design is a cylinder with end copes called heads. Heads hopes are
frequently either hemispherical or dished (for spherical). We can calculate length and diameter of a vessel by using
standard table used to find.
L/D ratio depending on the inner service pressure given
While selecting suitable materials, the requirements of the relevant part relating to the function, stress conditions,
and service life have first of all to be considered. The end of cylindrical vessel closed by head of various hopes. The
corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of material added to allow for material lost by corrosion and erosion
or scale. The strength of materials decreases with inversing temperature.
The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size shape and weight of the vessel location and
arrangement, the internal and external fitting attachments.
General when we design pressure vessel we have to use gasket, flanges, man holes, external load dead weight of
vessel pressure etc…
4.3 CONCLUSION
As the project is completed, it can be concluded that the objectives of this project are successfully done. This project
has leads to several conclusions. However, major conclusions are shown as below:
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2008EC
The design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in terms of standard technical
specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the market. The design of a pressure vessel is
more of a selection procedure, selection of its components to be more precise rather designing each and every
component. Regarding storage of fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better
sensitivity, higher reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity. The storage of fluid at high
pressure in the pressure vessel is at the
heart of its performance and is the first step towards the design.
The pressure vessel components are merely selected, but the selection is very critical, a slight change in selection
will lead to a different pressure vessel altogether from what is aimed to be designed. It is observed that all the
pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available ASME standards and the manufactures also follow the
ASME standards while manufacturing the components. So that leaves the designer free from designing the
components. This aspect of design greatly reduces the development time for a new pressure vessel. It also allows the
designer the freedom to play with multiple prototypes for the pressure vessel before finalizing the decision. The
pressure vessel selection procedure after determine
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2008EC
4.4 Reference
R [1]-Coulson and Richardson’s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Volume 6
R [2]-PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
R [3]-PRESSURE VESLL DESIGN MANUAL,3rd Edition, BY Dennis Moss
R [4]-CHEMICAL ENGNEER’S HANDBOOK, Robert H.Berry and Don W.Geern
R [5]-Material science and Engineering, 7th Edition, By William D.callister Jr.
R [6]-STANDARED HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN, by (Joseph E.shigey, Charles

R.mischke and Thomas H.brown)
R [7]-PRESSURE VSSLE DESIGNE AND PRACTICE
R [8]-TEXTBOOK OF MASIHN DESIGN
R [9]-PREESURE VESSLE HANDBOOK, 10th Edition
R(10)-PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN DOUNLOADED FROM
INTERNET.
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2008EC
57

Horizontal Air Pressure

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DESIGN PROJECT OF PRESSURE VESSL WSU

1.1 Overview of Pressure Vessel

1.2 Background for Pressure Vessel

1.6.2 Specific objective

1.7.1 Based on manufacturing methods

3-multi wall vessel

4-multi wall wrapped vessel

1.7.2 Based on manufacturing material

1.7.3 Based on geometric shape

1.7.4 Based on installation methods

E. Based on pressure Bearing Situation

1-Internal pressure vessel

2-Exeternal pressure vessel

1.7.5 Based on wall Thickness

1-Thin wall vessels

2-Thick wall vessel

1.7.6 Based on technological process

2-Heat Exchanger vessels

1.7.7 Based on usage mode

1-Fixed pressure vessels

2-Mobile pressure vessel

1.8 component of pressure vessel

The main component of pressure vessel

- It is a primary component that contains the pressure

- Most pressure vessel shell are cylindrical, spherical or conical.

- Head are typically curved rather than flat

-It can also use inside a vessel

-heads are categorized by their shapes

-Tori conical and

-Attach piping for flow in to or out of the vessel

-Proved access to the vessel interior at many way

-Holes for draining or cleaning the vessel

-Compartment for other equipment

vessel support must be adequate for

Typical kinds of support are as follow:

There are many types of flanges some of them are:-

 Welding – neck flange

4 Lap joint flanges:-

1.9 The design requirements

Design temperature; 350 ℃

1.10 Geometer of pressure vessel

3 0 - 250 0.001 – 1.724

Sf= 0.02 × (0.8399)

2.2 History of Pressure Vessel:

2.4 Design temperature

2.5 Types of Pressure Vessel

2. 5.1 Spherical Pressure Vessel

2.6 MATERIAL SELECTION

2.6.1Material selection factors

The main factor that influence material selections are:-

2:- corrosion resistance

3:- environmental factor

4:- fabric ability

5:- Corrosion allowance

Some materials are

 Low alloy steel is relatively easy to weld, but Al can be difficult

3.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS

3.1 Overview of Pressure Vessel Design Analysis

3.2 Design pressure

3.3 Design of shell

.3.1 Material section of the shell

- The design stress of 350 is 2.30 N this equal to 240Mpa.

P = 10 Mpa P = Internal pressure

S = 240 Mpa S = Maximum allowable stress