Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Procediaonline
Available Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000
at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142

The 9th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks
The 9th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks
(EUSPN 2018)
(EUSPN 2018)
An Improved Energy Efficient Duty Cycling Algorithm for IoT
An Improved Energy Efficient Duty Cycling Algorithm for IoT
based Precision Agriculture
based Precision Agriculture
a b*
Ruchi Dhalla, Himanshu Agrawalb*
a Ruchi Dhall , Himanshu Agrawal
ruchi.dhall@sitpune.edu.in (Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Lavale, Pune,412115,India)
b a
ruchi.dhall@sitpune.edu.in (Symbiosis
himanshu.agrawal@sitpune.edu.in (SymbiosisInternational
International(Deemed)
(Deemed)University,
University,Lavale,
Lavale,Pune,412115,India)
Pune, 412115, India)
b
himanshu.agrawal@sitpune.edu.in (Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Lavale, Pune, 412115, India)

Abstract
Abstract
There is an increasing focus on IoT based precision agriculture to increase the productivity and yield in the farm fields
There is real-time
through an increasing focus onofIoT
monitoring based precision
agriculture agriculture
field parameters. to increase
The data in thethefarm
productivity and yieldusing
field is collected in thesensors
farm fields
such
through real-time
soil sensor, monitoring
temperature of agriculture
and humidity field
sensor, air parameters. Theand
quality sensor, datavideo
in thecamera
farm field is collected
mounted usingThe
on drones. sensors such
data from
soil sensor,
each sensor temperature and humidity
is then aggregated sensor,
at the base air quality
station sensor, and
and forwarded to video cameraRecent
a gateway. mounted on drones.
research work The data from
conducted by
each sensor
Microsoft onisIoT
then aggregated
based precision atagriculture
the base station and forwarded
has reported to a gateway.
that designing the energyRecent research
efficient work conducted
data aggregation methodby
Microsoft
for such IoTonbased
IoT based precision
networks is oneagriculture has reported
of the classical researchthat designingInthe
challenges. energy
this paper,efficient data aggregation
we proposed method
a duty cycling data
for such IoT algorithm
aggregation based networks is one energy
to improve of the classical
efficiencyresearch challenges.
performance In base
of the this paper, weThe
station. proposed a duty
proposed cycling duty
improved data
aggregation algorithm to improve energy efficiency performance of the base station. The proposed
cycling algorithm reduces the energy consumption in special events such as cloudy weather. To further optimize the improved duty
cycling algorithm
reliability reduces
and network the energy
lifetime, consumption
we proposed the in special path
efficient events such as approach
selection cloudy weather.
based Toon further optimize
the residual the
energy
reliability and
parameters. Tonetwork
evaluatelifetime, we proposed
the performance merit,theweefficient pathsimulations
conducted selection approach
in Networkbased on the residual
Simulator energy
(ns2). Network
parameters.is To
Simulator evaluate
an event driventhetool
performance merit, used
which is widely we conducted
for researchsimulations
studies. The in performance
Network Simulator (ns2).
of various Network
algorithms is
Simulator
compared is an event
using driven
No Duty tool which
Cycling (NDC),is widely used for(DC)
Duty Cycling research
and studies. The performance
the proposed Improved Duty of various
Cyclingalgorithms
algorithmsis
compared
(IDC). Theusing
resultsNoshow
DutythatCycling (NDC), IDC
the proposed Dutyoutperforms
Cycling (DC) theand thetwo
other proposed Improved Duty Cycling algorithms
algorithms.
(IDC). The results show that the proposed IDC outperforms the other two algorithms.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2018
This The
is an Authors.
open accessPublished
article by Elsevier
under Ltd.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of EUSPN 2018.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Keywords: Data Aggregation, Energy Efficiency, Duty Cycling, Internet of Things (IoT) and Precision Agriculture.
Keywords: Data Aggregation, Energy Efficiency, Duty Cycling, Internet of Things (IoT) and Precision Agriculture.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .

E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding himanshu.agrawal@sitpune.edu.in
Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
E-mail address: himanshu.agrawal@sitpune.edu.in

1877-0509© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open
1877-0509© 2018access articlePublished
The Authors. under thebyCC BY-NC-ND
Elsevier Ltd. license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection
This is an open access
and peer-review under article under the
responsibility of CC
the BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection
scientific committee of EUSPN 2018
and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of EUSPN 2018

1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of EUSPN 2018.
10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.159
136 Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as a technology of choice for several applications due to the significant
advancement in micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) based low-cost, small sized, intelligent sensors, low power
and highly integrated digital electronics and wireless communication technology [1]. WSN consists of a large number
of autonomous battery-powered multi-functional sensor nodes, also known as motes. A WSN node typically consists
of a sensor, processor which could be a microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), field programmable gate array
(FPGA) or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), transceiver, power source and radio. The focus is on three
important subsystems used for sensing, processing, and communicating. These motes are densely deployed to measure
a given physical environment. Different mechanical, thermal, biological, chemical, optical and magnetic sensors may
be attached to the mote to measure properties of the environment [1]. Due to the limited capability and accessibility
of motes, a radio is used for wireless communication to transfer the sensed data to a base station usually located in a
remote site for further processing.
In the recent years, researchers have conducted an array of research work to address various issues related to energy
efficiency in the Wireless Sensor networks for IoT applications. These applications are mainly related to tracking and
monitoring of some physical phenomenon. Monitoring applications include environment monitoring, health
monitoring, pipeline monitoring of water, oil and gas, seismic and civil structure (buildings, bridges etc.) monitoring.
Tracking applications include tracking vehicles, animals, humans and other objects. For WSN, energy efficient is very
important to work longer for such remote monitoring applications [2].
Our research work is motivated by the Farmbeats project of Microsoft [15]. Farmbeats is a benchmark research
work on precision agriculture. Farmbeats proposed multiple contributions such as flight path planning of UAVs, novel
weather-aware IoT base station design, novel inference techniques for compression of arial imagery data and Wind-
assisted drone flight path planning for agriculture services. This paper is inspired by the weather-aware IoT base
station. Objective of weather-aware design is to implement energy harvesting for Farmbeats by optimizing the data
aggregation and energy efficiency under the cloudy environment. The contribution of the paper is Improved Duty
Cycled (IDC) algorithm. The proposed algorithm enhances the performance of the data aggregator node in terms of
energy efficiency and QoS efficiency. To evaluate the performance merit of the algorithm, we conducted simulations
in Network Simulator (ns2). The performance of proposed algorithm is compared with two existing algorithms and
the simulation results show that the proposed improved duty cycling algorithm performs better with regards to various
performance metrics such as energy consumption, residual energy, throughout, and the processing time.
Remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In section II, the paper presents the related work on energy efficient
duty cycling algorithms. In this section, we present a systematic review identifying gaps of various research studies
conducted on duty cycling algorithms including adaptive control duty-cycling algorithms, adaptive duty-cycling
congestion control algorithm, adaptive harvesting-aware duty-cycling algorithm. In addition, a recent development in
this direction using data-driven approach is also described in this section. The proposed improved duty cycling
algorithm is described in section III. In this section, we describe in detail two algorithms; algorithm 1 as improved
duty cycling algorithm and algorithm 2 to compute the energy efficient path selection using residual energy concept
with minimum number of hops. The simulation environment is also discussed in section III. In section IV, we show
the performance and discussion on simulation results performed in ns-2. Conclusion and future directions are
presented in section V.

2. Related work

Duty Cycling is defined as the division of one period in which a node can be either inactive or sleep state [3]. Lower
the value of duty cycle, larger the network lifetime will be. In most of the previous papers, the duty cycling is
performed on the sensor nodes wherein one node is active for a fraction of period, calculate the amount of energy
consumed during that period and perform the scheduling between the sleep and active states in autonomous way. In
this section we are presenting the related research work on duty cycling algorithms. The first bench-mark work in
Duty Cycle Algorithm was done by A. Kansal et al. (2006) [3]. Authors, proposed the Duty Cycle power management
algorithm for WSN. The objective of this algorithm is to achieve ENO or maximize the performance at solar powered
nodes. The experiment was evaluated using the Heliomote Solar Energy Platform for the two applications (Field
 Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142 137
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Monitoring and Event Monitoring). The results signified that the algorithm works well under predictable energy
sources.
To meet the demand for different energy sources such as predictable or unpredictable at run time, V.Raghunathan,
A. Kansal et al. (2007) [4] proposed the adaptive DC algorithm for sensor network. The authors developed the
algorithm to improve the performance of the harvesting circuit while maintaining the ENO. This algorithm helps in
predicting the future energy based on the previous data. But, this algorithm does not work well under uncontrollable
or unpredictable harvesting situations. To overcome this limitation, Christopher M. Vigorito (2008) [5] proposed the
adaptive control of DC algorithm for harvesting circuit. This modified algorithm aims to balance the power supply,
reduce the variance at various sensor nodes under different environmental conditions. It also ensures the maximum
performance while maintaining the tenable stability of DC. As the number of sensors nodes increases and the data
traffic generated by such nodes grows exponentially as nodes grows, the network become congested which results in
decrease in throughput and increase in energy consumption.
To avoid traffic congestion and to maintain the communication between sensor nodes, Dongho Lee and Kwangsue
Chung (2010) [6] proposed Adaptive Duty-cycle Based Congestion Control (ADCC). Basically, ADCC is an energy
efficient, light weight congestion control scheme with duty-cycle adjustment for WSN. It tightly controls the resources
according to the incoming traffic. In the past few years, researchers have conducted the work to improve the scalability
and network lifetime using various DC algorithms. Sanam Shirazi Beheshtiha et al. (2012) [7] developed the
Opportunistic Routing with Adaptive Harvesting-Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm in Energy Harvesting WSN. This
algorithm considers the variations in the environmental, energy along with prioritizing the nodes based on
geographical distance and energy availability. Similarly, Camila H.S Oliveira et al. (2013) [9, 10]. This algorithm
provides the network with the ability of handling the trade-off between saving energy and meeting the applications
demand in terms of delay and throughput by self- adjusting the duty cycling through the two MAC parameters, Beacon
order and Super Frame order. Moreover, it helps in finding the node’s active time during the system lifespan. The
advantage of DBSSA-DC algorithm is that it reduces the energy consumption of the sensor nodes but does not work
when the scalability of the network gets increased. To overcome this issue, O. Briante et al. (2014) [8] reported that
there is need to equip the M2M network with energy harvesting system or energy store device so as to extend their
lifetime and adjust the DC to minimize the energy consumption. The framework includes a simple method to optimize
the duty cycle of a M2M area network equipped with the energy harvesters so that ENO can be achieved thus devices
can operate autonomously forever as far as the communication part is regarded in applications such as Automatic
Smart Meter Reading. Moreover, Researchers are deploying the concept of DC in various real-time IoT based
applications like precision agriculture, Health Monitoring etc.
In a recent work on IoT platform for data-driven agriculture, Deepak Vasisht et al. [15] proposed FarmBeats.
FarmBeats is end-to-end IoT platform for agriculture, which enables seamless data aggregation from the different
devices such as sensors, drones, and cameras using novel duty cycled algorithm. Our proposed work is motivated
from the FarmBeats duty cycling algorithm. To improve the performance further, we introduced the optimum
node/path selection technique for data aggregation and transmission based on the remaining energy parameter. Our
proposed approach called as IDC.

3. Methodology

3.1 Simulation environment and parameters

The proposed work is based on conducting simulation experiments in the Network Simulator tool i.e. ns-2[26]. The
simulation scenario consists of nodes to capture the data rate of soil sensors collecting numeric data about the soil
condition such as moisture, pH value etc. To capture how real camera sent the snapshots of the farm field in regular,
the simulation scenario uses nodes with the data rate capturing regular image data being sent by camera nodes to the
base station. Moreover, to represent the video information of the drones, the nodes in the simulator are configured
with the data rate representing video data rate. Both camera sensor and drone sensor having the multimedia data which
required high bandwidth.
138 Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

Table 1. Network Simulation Parameters.

Simulation Parameters Values

Type of Addressing Hierarchical Addressing
Frequency of Wireless Channel 2.4GHz
Type of Routing Energy Aware Adhoc Routing
Propagation Model Radio Propagation Model
MAC IEEE 802.11
Interface Queuing Type Drop Tail/PriQueue
Simulation Time 60 seconds

3.2 Improved Duty Cycling (IDC) algorithm

IDC is based on energy efficient data aggregation at the base station using residual energy parameters. The
proposed IDC uses two residual energy thresholds; one for the network and the other residual energy threshold for
the path. As shown in the algorithm 1, the duty cycled performed on BS node according to, network conditions prior
to data transmission phase. Algorithm 2 is showing the proposed optimal path selection and data transmission
technique using the remaining energy parameter. The all possible paths from source sensor node to the BS are
discovered, according to algorithm 2, and then select the shorted path for the data transmission.

Algorithm 1: Modified FARMBEATS (IDC)

Input:
G = (N, X, Y) // G is Duty Cycled WSN graph with N Sensor Nodes with X * Y size network.
Output: Minimum energy consumption
σ1: remaining energy threshold value for the network
DC = 0; // duty cycle time interval

1. Deploy network G with Duty Cycled

2. Initialize DC = 1;
3. Set BS in Inactive State at time interval DC
4. IF (event) //Event such as bad weather or cloudy weather etc.
5. Compute the path for data aggregation (Algorithm 2)
6. Select and return the path with minimum hops to start data sending from S to T at
time intervalDC+1
7. Set Sensor Nodes in sleep mode DC+1
8. END IF
9. Wakeup the BS at time interval DC+2
10. Transmit collected data to sink
11. Check the sensor nodes status at each time interval DC++
12. IF (Φi< σ1)
13. select another node and sleep the BS
14. ELSE
15. continue and keep wake up the BS
16. END IF
17. IF data sending complete
18. sleep BS
19. END IF

In algorithm 2, c represents the number of hops for the current distance between i and j node i.e. Dij . The variable
I0 represents the set of neighboring or intermediate node for the source S to Destination T node in order to discover
 Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142 139

the path. In steps 14-18, check the available possible neighboring nodes or intermediate node at the current time for
the source node to discover the path. It should satisfy the condition at step 14. Φi holds the number of initial
neighboring nodes for node i. and I0 is the current neighboring node. N is the total number of nodes.

Algorithm 2: Efficient path selection

Input:
S: Set of source sensors; T: Sink node (IoT BS)
Output: energy efficient shortest path
s2: remaining energy threshold value for intermediate node
1. Source node set S and sink node set T;
2. Let Dij : = c(c>0) and P i j: = 0;
3. Let the initial number of intermediate nodes stored at sink node be Φ i: = 0
4. WHILE t: = 1 to Γ do
5. FOR each node i in S
6. Input I0 nodes into the source node S.
7. IF (I0[t].remaining energy >σ2)
8. Select I0[t] for next hop
9. ELSE
10. Discard I0[t].
11. END IF
12. END FOR
13. FOR each node i in T
14. IF Φi≥ I0/(N −1)
15. Output I0/(N−1) available possible neighboring nodes from the sink node Ti;
a. ELSE
b. Output Φi initial intermediate node from the sink node Ti
16. END IF
17. END FOR
18. Compute the shortest path.
19. Calculate the next hop Pij in path

Φi - Φ j D ij
Pij =
d ij
= (Φ i - Φ j )
d ij
D ij

20. Update the routing table entries for each intermediate node.
21. Compute the total number of hops
22. Return all the paths discovered
23. END WHILE

After the energy efficient node selection, we compute the shorted path in Pij variable and store all the paths into
the routing table. All paths return to main algorithm 1 in which further the path with minimum hop count is selected
for data transmission. The experimental evaluation of proposed IDC protocol is performed against the state-of-art
NDC and DC [15] protocols in below section.

4. Simulation results

For performance evaluation, we designed an algorithm IDC and compare it against the state of art of other
algorithms DC [15] and NDC (AODV) in NS2. The experiment conducted on the Ubuntu operating system and
140 Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

NS-2.34 version. We designed network to check the scalability of the proposed protocol. Figure 1, 2, 3, and 4 showing
the average throughput, processing time, energy consumption and remaining energy performance evaluation respectively.

Fig.1 Average throughput performance; Fig.2 Processing time performance;

Fig.3 Average energy consumption; Fig.4 Remaining energy performance.

Figures 1-4 are representing the performance of proposed algorithm compared to the previous duty cycling (DC)
and no duty cycling (NDC) algorithms. As shown in figure 1, the throughput of IDC algorithm is more as compared
to the DC and NDC algorithms. Similarly, the processing time is significantly reduced in the proposed algorithm as
compared to recent DC [15] algorithm as depicted in figure-2.As depicted by figure-3, the average energy consumption
of the overall network nodes is less with IDC compared to DC and NDC. Also the average residual energy of a node
in the network is more with IDC thereby increasing the network lifetime depicted by figure-4.

Fig.5 Daywise throughput; Fig.6 Daywise processing time

 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 7
Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142 141

Fig.7 Daywise remaining energy performance; Fig.8 Daywise energy consumption

Figure 5 to 8 showing the throughput, processing time, energy consumption, and remaining energy investigation
day wise respectively for the same network. While simulation, we assumed the day 1, 2 and 3 in three time intervals
of total simulation time (start to end) to show the real time analysis of all investigated methods. Results shown in
figures 5-8 are representing the performance of the proposed algorithm under different weather conditions i.e. day-1
represents Sunny weather; day-2 represents partially cloudy, day-3 showing fully cloudy weather. As shown in figure
5, as the day progresses, performance of throughput decreases due to the depletion in the sensor nodes’ energy from
day-1 to day-3. As depicted in figure-6, IDC takes less processing time to transmit the data to the base the station
under any weather conditions. Similarly, the results shown in figure 7 and 8 are representing the performance merit
of IDC based on energy consumption and remaining energy. Results show the superiority of IDC over DC and NDC.

5. Conclusion and future work

The paper studied duty cycling problem and proposed a modified duty cycling efficient path planning algorithm for
the IoT based precision agriculture system. Performance of the proposed IDC is evaluated and analyzed with the
previous DC and NDC algorithms. Simulation results show the superiority of IDC over other two algorithms. We
presented the simulation results for the evaluation of proposed protocol IDC. We vary the density of sensor nodes to
check the scalability performance of IDC. The simulation results revealed that the proposed algorithm is showing
improvement in energy efficiency as well as throughput performances. As an ongoing work, we are aiming to test the
improved duty algorithm on the hardware base station in the field. For future work, it will be interesting to investigate
the clustering based technique to optimize the network lifetime performance.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the PI of Microsoft Farm-beats project for his guidance and encouragement throughout our
research work.

References

[1] J. Yick, B. Mukherjee, and D. Ghosal (2008), “Wireless sensor network survey”, Computer Networks 52(12): 2292-2330.
[2] Z. Sun, P. Wang, M. C. Vuran, M. A. Al-Rodhaan, A. M. Al-Dhelaan, and I. F. Akyildiz (2011), “MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-
based wireless sensor networks for underground pipeline monitoring,” Ad Hoc Networks 9(3): 218-227.
[3] A.Kansal, Jason Hsu, Sadaf Zahedi, Mani B Srivastava (2007), “Power Management in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks,” ACM
Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems: (TECS’05)6(4).
[4] Jason Hsu, A.Kansal, Sadaf Zahedi, Mani B. Srivastava, Vijay Raghunathan (2006), “Adaptive Duty Cycling for Energy Harvesting,”
International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED’06):180-185.
142 Ruchi Dhall et al. / Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018) 135–142
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

[5] Vigorito, Christopher M. (2007), “Adaptive Control of Duty Cycling in Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks”, Computer
Science Department Faculty PublicationSeries.65.http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cs_faculty_pubs/65.
[6] Dongho Lee,Kwangsue Chung, Senior Member IEEE (2010), “Adaptive Duty Cycle Based Congestion Control for Home Automation
Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 6(1).
[7] Sanam Shirazi Beheshtiha, Hwee-Pink Tan, Masoud Sabaei (2012), “Opportunistic Routing with Adaptive Harvesting –aware Duty
Cycling in Energy Harvesting WSN,” International Symposium on Wireless Personal Media Communications(WPMC).
[8] O.Briante, A.M. Mandalari, A.Molinaro, G.Ruggeri, J.Alonso-Zarate,F.Vazquez-Gallego (2014),“Duty-Cycle Optimization for
Machine to Machine Area Networks Based on Frame Slotted ALOHA with Energy Harvesting Capabilities,” IEEEEuropean Wireless
Conference.
[9] Camila H.S.Oliveira, MiguelF.de Castro(2015), “Autonomic Duty Cycling for Target Tracking in a Bio-Inspired Wireless Sensor
Network,” International Conference on Systems(ICONS’15):112-118.
[10] Camila H.S Oliveria, Yacine Ghamri-Doudane, Stephane Lohier (2013), “A DutyCycle Self-Adaption Algorithm for
the802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS’13).
[11] D. S. Tudose, A.Marin, M. Geanta (2016), “Adaptive Duty Cycling Algorithms for Efficient Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor
Networks,” IEEE RoEduNet Conference: Networking in Education and Research.
[12] J. Zhang (1996), “Designing a cost effective and reliable pipeline leak detection system,” in Proc. of Pipeline ReliabilityConference.
[13] M. Bimpas, A. Amditis, and N. Uzunoglu (2010), “Detection of water leaks in supply pipes using continuous wave sensor operating at
2.45 GHz,” Journal of Applied Geophysics (70):226-236.
[14] F. Ingelrest, G. Barrenetxea, G. Schaefer, M. Vetterli, O. Couach, and M. Parlange (2010), “SensorScope: Application-specific sensor
network for environmental monitoring”. In ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)6(2)(17).
[15] Ranveer Chandra, Ashish Kapoor, Sudipta Sinha, Madhusudhan Sudarshan, Deepak Vasisht, Zerina Kapetanovic, Jong-ho Won,
Xinxin Jin, Sean Stratman(2017),“FarmBeats: An IoT Platform for Data-Driven Agriculture”, 14th USENIX Symposium on
Networked Systems Design and Implementation.
[16] S. Fazackerley, A. Campbell, R.R. Trenholm, and R. Lawrence (2012), “A holistic framework for water sustainability and eduction in
municipal green spaces”. In 25th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering(CCECE):1–6.
[17] J. Burrell, T. Brooke, and R. Beckwith (2004), “Vineyard computing: sensor networks in agricultural production”. In IEEE Pervasive
Computing 3(1): 38–45.
[18] Y. Kim, T. Schmid, Z. M. Charbiwala, J. Friedman and M. B. Srivastava (2008),“NAWMS: Nonintrusive autonomous water
monitoring system,” in Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys’08):309-322.
[19] T. T. Lai, W. Chen, K. H. Li, P. Huang, and H. H. Chu (2012), “TriopusNet: Automating wireless sensor network deployment and
replacement in pipeline monitoring,” in Proc. of 11th Int. Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’12):61-
71.
[20] N. Mohamed and I. Jawhar (2008), “A fault tolerant wired/wireless sensor network architecture for monitoring pipeline
infrastructures,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM’08):179-184.
[21] J. Kim, G. Sharma, N. Boudriga, and S. S. Iyengar (2010), “SPAMMS: A sensor-based pipeline autonomous monitoring and
maintenance system,” in Proc. of 2nd Int. Conf. on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS’10):1-10.
[22] M. Shinozuka, P. H. Chou, S. Kim, H. R. Kim, E. Yoon, H. Mustafa, D. Karmakar, and S. Pul (2010), “Nondestructive monitoring of
a pipe network using a MEMS-based wireless network,” in Proc. SPIE 7649, Nondestructive Characterization for Composite
Materials, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Homeland Security :1-12.
[23] H. Mustafa and P. H. Chou (2012), “Embedded damage detection in water pipelines using wireless sensor networks,” in
Proceedings of 14th IEEE Int. Conf. on High Performance Computing and Communication:1578-1586.
[24] Nelson Sales, Orlando Remédios (2015), “Wireless Sensor and Actuator System for Smart Irrigation on the Cloud”, in
Proceedings of 2nd IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).
[25] Lina. Xu, Gregory M.P.O’ Hare, Rem Collier (2017), “A Smart and Balanced Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Clustering Algorithm
(Smart-BEEM) for MIMO IoT Systems in Future Networks”, MPDI: Journal: Sensors 17:doi: 10.3390/s17071574.
[26] The network simulator - ns-2. http:// www. isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.