AISC Live Webinar - The Case of The Disappearing Right Angle (AESS)

AISC Webinar The Case of the Disappearing Right Angle:
March 13, 2015 Innovation in Architectural Steel

Terri Meyer Boake
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American Institute of Steel Construction 1
Terri Meyer Boake
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The American Institute of Architects
Continuing
 Second Education
level Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion
of this program
Third level will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates
of Completion for both
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upon request.  Fifth level
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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This presentation
 Fourthislevel
protected by US and International Copyright laws.
Reproduction, 
distribution, display and use of the presentation without
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© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2015
The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering

principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be
accurate, this information should not be applied to any specific application
without competent professional examination and verification by a licensed
professional engineer. Anyone making use of this information assumes all
liability arising from such use.
Course Description
The Case
Clickoftotheedit Master text
Disappearing Rightstyles
Angle: Innovation in Architectural Steel
March13, 2015
Second level
 Third level
The use of Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS) over the past two decades
has brought with
Fourth level
it many new ways of using steel in structural systems. The
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application of AESS has developed to reflect appropriate responses to detailing that
are differentiated by acknowledging the building function, distance to view and
finish requirements.
It would seem that standard construction and design preferences have given way to
non rectilinear styles that include the widespread use of curves, castings and tension
structures. The presentation will explore various methods of achieving curves in
steel as well as applications in several significant projects. Modern steel castings
bear little resemblance to their brittle historic cousins. Finally tensile systems will be
examined both in terms of their ability to exploit the lightness of steel as a major
structural system as well as in conjunction with the use of cable systems for glazing
support. The presentation will be rich with first person experience and images of all
presented projects..
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Learning Objectives
 Second level
• Gain an understanding of how building use, form, distance
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to view and finish impact the design of AESS.
 Fourth level
• Become familiar
Fifth level with methods for creating curved steel,
and how these are applied to buildings.
• Become familiar with the modern use of steel castings by
looking at several recent important projects.
• Develop an understanding the creation of tension systems
in steel as they apply to support structures as well as
glazing support systems.
This presentation is sponsored by:
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
The Case of the Disappearing

Right Angle: Innovation in
Architectural Steel
Terri Meyer Boake BES,
B.Arch, M.Arch, LEED AP
Full Professor
School of Architecture,
University of Waterloo
The Case of the

Disappearing Right
Angle:
Innovation in
Architectural Steel
Terri Meyer Boake

Professor
School of Architecture
tboake@uwaterloo.ca
www.tboake.com
World Financial Center | Brookfield Place, NYC
Pelli Clarke Pelli, Thornton Tomasetti NYC
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
2014
2011
2014 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Professor
tboake@uwaterloo.ca
www.tboake.com
2012
11
Specifying AESS
 The identification of AESS by AISC in
2003
 Major factors to determine
differentiation:
 Distance to view
 Use of the building
 Budget
 Realization that the over- specification

of welding and grinding were pricing
projects out of possibility
12
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Beyond the orthographic

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Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany

Mies van der Rohe
13
And into a new world that is supported by innovative, advanced

technologies and practices
Image: Walters Inc.

14
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Scope of the presentation
•Creating curves
•Contemporary castings
•Tensile structures
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Creating Curves
Wells Fargo Building, Salt Lake City, Utah

HKS Architects
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
3 Ways of Tackling “Curves”

 Bend the steel
 Using a 3 point smooth bending
machine
 Using a plate rolling machine
 Using a brake press
 Heat applied bending
 Facet the building to give the
appearance of curves while using
straight members
 Cut curved forms out of plate
material
Arguanzela Bridge, Madrid, Spain

Dominique Perrault, MC2 – Julio Martínez Calzón
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Bending Steel Issues

 Member type
 Orientation of member
 Length of member
 Shipping considerations
 Sourced out work
 Accuracy of curve
 Multiple curves
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Hard Way vs. Easy Way?

 Different shapes are more or less
“easy” to bend
 Tendency for buckling on tighter
curves
 Thin steel likely to buckle
 Heavier steel harder to bend
Image: Vincent Hui
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Induction bending
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Terri Meyer Boake
Induction bending
Red Hill Bridge, Hamilton, Canada

McCormick Rankin (MRC)
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Benders and equipment
Rolling and Bending, access for images:

Kubes Steel
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Terri Meyer Boake
Correctness of curve
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Transportation Issues
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Terri Meyer Boake
Straight ends!
25
Rolling plate with a 3 point pressure system
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Checking the curve
It is important to understand the high level of

craft in this industry.
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Joining tubular steel

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Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, Canada

Moriyama & Teshima Architects / Griffith Rankin Cook Architects
Adjeleian Allen Rubeli Ltd.
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
“Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel: Specifications, Connections, Details”, Birkhäuser, 2015.

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Calgary International Airport, Calgary, Canada

DIALOG, AECOM, Read Jones Christofferson
Fabrication and Erection: Supermétal
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Splicing bent tubes
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Terri Meyer Boake
Splicing bent steel
Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada

Frank Gehry, Yolles
Fabrication and erection: Benson Steel
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Splicing bent tubes

Frank Gehry, Yolles
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Terri Meyer Boake
33
Partial exposure
The rear curved stair of the

AGO partially exposes the
tubular structural steel
frame. The cladding is again
very tight to the structure,
keeping the stair as light
looking as possible.

Frank Gehry, Yolles
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Terri Meyer Boake
Abilities Center, Whitby, Canada

B+H Architects, Halcrow Yolles
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Seattle Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA

SRG Partnership, Magnusson Klemencic and Associates
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake

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Image: Walters Inc.
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Terri Meyer Boake
Fabrication: Walters Inc.

Erection: Metropolitan Walters
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Terri Meyer Boake
Shop Fabrication
Sometimes pre-assembly in the shop is

required to ensure proper fit on site.
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake

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The most Parametric building in China

http://www.archdaily.com/165746/in-progress-phoenix-international-media-center-biad-ufo/
Phoenix New Media Center, Beijing China

BIAD (Beijing Institute of Architecture and Design
50
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Terri Meyer Boake
Geometry
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Terri Meyer Boake
Flying ramps in trusses
53
Multiple curvatures
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Terri Meyer Boake
Interior nearing completion
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Large tubes
This type of equipment is used to

manipulate very large diameter
tubes. The U shaped dies are spaced
apart, the tube sits in via gravity and
pressure is put on the midspan to
force bending.
58
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Size matters!
Canadian Museum for Human Rights, Winnipeg, Canada

Antoine Predock, CH2MHill Co.
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Terri Meyer Boake

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Terri Meyer Boake

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Image: Walters Inc.
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Amgen Bridge, Seattle, WA

Johnson Architecture, KPFF Consulting Engineers
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake
Miami Beach Soundscape

West 8, Douglas Wood Associates
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Terri Meyer Boake
Brake forming

Kubes Steel
69
Marking the plates
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Terri Meyer Boake
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• forming.
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Terri Meyer Boake
Art Gallery of Ontario – Frank Gehry
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Oversized cylinders

Kubes Steel
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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• The grand stair at the
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Boston Society of Fifth level
Architects was created
using brake forming.
The stair (tread portion
to handrail) was
installed/shipped in
one piece. The side
piece/hanger is
separate. Bolted joint
visible at left.
Boston Architectural Society Stair, Boston, MA

Höweler + Yoon Architecture, Arup USA (Boston)
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Logistics
Images: Höweler + Yoon Architecture
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Terri Meyer Boake
Tapers, cones
 Tapered tubes are not

manufactured as shapes
 ALWAYS created through brake
forming
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Ontario College of Art and Design (Sharpe Center), Toronto, Canada

Will Alsop, Young + Wright, MCW Consultants and Carruthers & Wallace
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Fabrication and Erection:

Walters Inc.
81
Barajas Airport, Madrid, Spain

Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, Estudio Lamela, TPS and Initec
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Double curvature with brake forming
Peace Bridge, Calgary, Canada

Santiago Calatrava, AECOM
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Segmented curves
Bank of America Pavilion, Boston, MA

A.Form Architecture, Buro Happold Consulting Engineers
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Faceted designs
University of Phoenix Stadium, Phoenix, AZ

Peter Eisenman, HOK Sport, Hunt Construction Group, Urban Earth Design
90
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Terri Meyer Boake
91
Wild eccentricities
Lou Ruvo Institute, Las Vegas, NV

Frank Gehry, WSP Cantor Seinuk
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake
Curves cut from plate steel
Experience Music Project, Seattle, WA

Frank Gehry, Magnusson Klemencic & Associates
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Terri Meyer Boake
Beijing National Theatre, Beijing, China

Paul Andreu, SETEC
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake
Hidden connections
• Here you can see the

“secret” behind this
joint! Here a fully
welded “appearance”
was desired, but a
bolted connection has
been used –
subsequently covered
with filler, sanded and
then painted.
Image: Vincent Hui
101
Castings & cast connections
Queen Richmond Center, Toronto, Canada

&Co Architects, CastConnex, Stephenson Engineering
102
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Ornate no more
Paris Metro Entrances Biblioteque Ste. Genevieve, Paris, France

Hector Guimard Henri Labrouste
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Castings
 Used for special connections that join multiple members

 Can be one-of large pieces and larger end connectors formed
with expendable molds (i.e. Structural)
 Can be smaller investment (lost wax) cast pieces made in great
quantity (i.e. glazing attachments)
 Investment cast pieces can be highly detailed
 Can be solid or hollow depending on size and purpose
 Forging is also used but creates much simpler elements due to
the almost crude nature of the process
104
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Castings
 The sand used in expendable negative molds is collected,
treated and reused to increase sustainability
 The tooling used for the positive molds:
 Some use polystyrene which can only be used once
 Some use pine wood which allow for multiple uses
 Where production is increased, mahogany is used to increase the
number of reuses of the tooling
 It is said that when the fabrication costs for a connection
become 4 times as expensive as the materials used to create
the connection, then castings begin to make economic sense.
105
Caisse de Dépôt et Placements, Montréal, Canada

Gauthier Daoust Lestage / Faucher Aubertin / Brodeur Gauthier / Lemay et associés architecture et design urbain
Pasquin St-Jean & Associés / Saia Deslauriers Kadanoff / Groupe SM
106
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Terri Meyer Boake
107
A steel tree
University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada

Young + Wright, Carruthers and Wallace
108
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Fabrication and Erection:

Walters Inc.
109
Hollow castings
Image: Walters Inc.
110
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Making the casting
Image: Walters Inc.

111
Textured surface
Image: Walters Inc.
112
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
The casting surface
The surface of a resin cast

element is akin to an orange
peel
Design choices are:

• Grind it smooth to match
the adjacent structural steel
• Create a joint detail to
separate the textures
Image: Walters Inc.
113
Testing is necessary
Image: Walters Inc.
114
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
High gloss finish
115
Showing the joint
Hauptbahnhof Station, Berlin, Germany

Gerkan, Marg & Partners, Hani Azer
116
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Repetition makes economy
117
Special legs
Image: &Co Architects
Queen Richmond Center, Toronto, Canada

&Co Architects, CastConnex, Stephenson Engineering
118
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Modeling to design
Image: CastConnex
119
Overall structural model

Image: Walters Inc.
120
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Connection details
Image: Walters Inc.

121
Resin model
Image: CastConnex
122
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Casting process
• The casting
was done in
Kansas as
this facility
offered the
best quality
and price.
Image: CastConnex
123
Cleaned up
Image: CastConnex
124
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
125
Fabrication and erection: Walters Inc.

Castings: CastConnex
126
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Pin connectors
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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Pin connectors – off the shelf projects
Image: CastConnex
133
Mechanized welding Image: CastConnex
134
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Exposed bracing
Image: CastConnex
New Whitney Museum, New York City, NY
Renzo Piano, Robert Silman Associates
135

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Terri Meyer Boake

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Castings: CastConnex
137
Castings + curves
Pudong Airport, Terminal 2, Shanghai, China

Shanghai Xian Dai Architectural Design Group
138
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Terri Meyer Boake
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Terri Meyer Boake
141
Tensile systems
Olympiastadion, Munich, Germany

Frei Otto, Günther Behnisch
142
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Terri Meyer Boake
Force Differentiated structures
Grand Arch at La Défense, Paris, France

Paul Andreu and Johan Otto Von Spreckelsen
Coyne & Bellier (TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING)
143
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Terri Meyer Boake
Porto Airport, Portugal

ICQ with WS Atkins
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Terri Meyer Boake

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Pudong Airport Terminal 1, Shanghai, China

Paul Andreu, Aéroports de Paris (France)
148
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Terri Meyer Boake

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Suspension Systems
Jubilee Bridge, London, UK

Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands, Gifford and Partners
150
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Reichstag, Berlin, Germany

Foster + Partners, Leonhardt Andrä & Partner
152
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Terri Meyer Boake
153

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155
• The ribs are made from

plate steel that has
been welded into
triangular forms. The
curve of the side
members of the rib
would have been cut
from a flat piece of
steel.
156
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Hilton Hotel, Auckland, NZ

HBO+EMTB Architects
157

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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Cross Bracing
Pompidou Center, Paris, France

Piano + Rogers, Arup
160
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Munich International Airport, Germany

Koch + Partners, Seeberger Friedl und Partner
163

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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE

WKK Architects, WS Atkins
165

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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Munich Airport Center, Germany

Helmut Jahn, Arup GmbH
167

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Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

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Sony Center, Berlin, Germany

Helmut Jahn, Arup GmbH
169

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Terri Meyer Boake

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BMW Museum (BMW Welt), Munich, Germany

Coop Himmelblau, B+G Ingenieure, Bollinger & Grohmann GmbH
171
Anything goes?
 Steel design today is far different than it was even 10 years ago
 Architects present fabricators and engineers with complex
problems
 With a good understanding of the goals of the project, and the
tools and standards available, high quality work is quite
achievable!
 A high level of COMMUNICATION between the Architect,
Engineer and Fabricator is essential!
172
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Join in the discussion at

https://www.facebook.com/aess4u
173
2014
2011
2014 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Professor
tboake@uwaterloo.ca
www.tboake.com
2012
174
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

 Second level CEU/PDH Certificates
 Third level Within 2 business days…
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
• You will receive an email on how to report attendance from:
registration@aisc.org.
• Be on the lookout: Check your spam filter! Check your junk
folder!
• Completely fill out online form. Don’t forget to check the boxes
next to each attendee’s name!

 Second level
 Third level CEU/PDH Certificates
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Within 2 business days…
• New reporting site (URL will be provided in the forthcoming

email).
• Username: Same as AISC website username.
• Password: Same as AISC website password.
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake

 Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
This presentation is sponsored by:

 Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
Copyright © 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Thank You
Please give us your feedback!
Survey at conclusion of webinar.
Copyright © 2015

AISC Live Webinar - The Case of The Disappearing Right Angle (AESS)

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AISC Webinar The Case of the Disappearing Right Angle:

March 13, 2015 Innovation in Architectural Steel

AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars

Alternatively, to hear the audio through the phone, dial

AISC Live Webinars

Today’s audio will be broadcast through the internet.

Conf. ID: 91234560

AISC Live Webinars

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

 Click to edit Master text styles

© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2015

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering

This presentation is sponsored by:

The Case of the Disappearing

The Case of the

Terri Meyer Boake

 Realization that the over- specification

Beyond the orthographic

Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany

And into a new world that is supported by innovative, advanced

World Financial Center | Brookfield Place, NYC

Scope of the presentation

Wells Fargo Building, Salt Lake City, Utah

3 Ways of Tackling “Curves”

Arguanzela Bridge, Madrid, Spain

Bending Steel Issues

Hard Way vs. Easy Way?

Red Hill Bridge, Hamilton, Canada

Benders and equipment

Rolling and Bending, access for images:

Rolling plate with a 3 point pressure system

Checking the curve

It is important to understand the high level of

Joining tubular steel

Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, Canada

“Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel: Specifications, Connections, Details”, Birkhäuser, 2015.

Calgary International Airport, Calgary, Canada

Splicing bent tubes

Splicing bent steel

Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada

Splicing bent tubes

Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada

The rear curved stair of the

Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada

Abilities Center, Whitby, Canada

 Click to edit Master text styles

Seattle Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA

World Financial Center | Brookfield Place, NYC

 Click to edit Master text styles

Image: Walters Inc.

Fabrication: Walters Inc.

Sometimes pre-assembly in the shop is

 Click to edit Master text styles

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The most Parametric building in China

Phoenix New Media Center, Beijing China

Flying ramps in trusses

Interior nearing completion

This type of equipment is used to

Canadian Museum for Human Rights, Winnipeg, Canada

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