A PROJECT REPORT ON

SUMMER TRAINING AT

IDT,Dehradun
TOPIC: STUDY OF DRILL BITS
Submitted by:
Akshat kumar singh
Bachelor of technology mechanical engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
Dhanbad
Submitted to:
Mr. Prafull Kumar Gupta
Deputy Suptdg. Engineer (Drilling)
ONGC, Dehradun
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe many thanks to great people who helped me during my summer
training project.
I would also like to thank training centre IDT, ONGC Dehradun for providing
an opportunity to undergo training. It was indeed an opportunity for me to
visit the different sections of IDT, ONGC Dehradun. During my visit for the
training program to the company, I learnt interesting things about company.
I express thanks to my mentor Mr. Prafull Kumar Gupta for extending his
support and providing his valuable time and knowledge for guiding and
correcting me in different sections with attention and care. He also provided
me necessary information as and when needed.
I would also like to thanks ONGC and their employees without whom this
project would have been a distant reality.
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1: ABOUT IDT 1
CHAPTER 2: BIT TYPES 2
2.1 Roller cone bits 2
2.2 Polycrystalline Diamond Bits 12
2.3 Diamond and TSP Bits 18
CHAPTER 3: BIT SELECTION 20
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Through assessment and Comparison of Offset data 20
3.3 Bit run cost equation 20
3.4 Drill off tests 21
3.5 Variable Information Analysis 21
CHAPTER 4: BIT DULLING CAUSES AND REMEDIES 24
4.1 Wear mechanism for Roller Cone Bits 24
4.2 Wear mechanism for PDC Bits 25
4.3 Precautions for Roller Cone Bits 26
4.4 Precautions for Fixed cutter Bits 27
CHAPTER 5: REFERNCES 33
CHAPTER 1: ABOUT IDT
The Institute of Drilling Technology (IDT) was set up in 1978 at Dehradun.
Located in the picturesque valley of Doon between the green Shivaliks and
the lower Himalayas, it is engaged in relentless effort in R&D and has
rendered excellent services in the area of oil and gas well drilling technology.
Over the years, the Institute has emerged as a premier R&D centre in South
East Asia, capable of providing advance technical knowledge through
training and offering plausible solution to field problems. Institute of Drilling
Technology (IDT) provides its techno-economic expertise & solutions to
various field problems faced by various services of ONGC with the ultimate
objective to promote cost effective E&P activities of the company. Besides
R&D, the institute also imparts training & disseminates the knowledge
required for developing a qualified and efficient workforce capable of
delivering, through the ONGC Training Academy.
The Institute with highly qualified and experienced scientists and engineers,
carries out applied research in all facets of drilling related activities to
achieve technical excellence in R&D efforts and assimilation of emerging
technologies.
The integrated HRD division imparts training to participants from both
national and international oil companies in various aspects of oil well
drilling technologies. The renowned Well Control School at IDT has been
accredited by International Well Control Forum, The
Netherlands, International Alliance for Well Control, the Netherlands, and
also from International Association of Drilling Contractors, USA.
IDT is one such drilling institute in India which has infrastructure for
applied R&D has been developed with the state-of-the-art equipment and
machines to achieve qualitative experimental results. Focus of R&D is
directed towards drilling technology, drilling fluid engineering and
cementation and cementing materials to meet challenges of drilling industry.
The technologists and scientists provide solutions to the down hole drilling
problems, improving design of the systems and thereby contributing towards
the development of excellent, efficient and cost effective operations.

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CHAPTER 2: BIT TYPES AND THEIR
DESIGN PAREAMTERS
2.1 Roller Cone bits:
2.1.1 Basic Features
As the name implies roller cone bits are made up of equal sized cones
(generally 3 cones) and identical legs which are attached together with a pin
connection. Each cone is mounted on bearings which run on a pin that forms
an integral part of bit leg. The legs are welded together and form the cylindrical
section which is threaded to make a pin connection. The pin connection
provides a means of attachment to drill string. Each leg is provided with an
opening for fluid circulation. The size of this opening can be reduced by adding
nozzles of different sizes. Nozzles are used to provide constriction in order to
obtain high jetting velocities necessary for efficient bit and hole cleaning. Mud
pumped through the drill string passes through the bit pin bore and through
the nozzles.
There are two type of roller cone bits:
 Milled tooth bits: Here the cutting structure is milled from the steel
making up the cone.
 Insert bits: The cutting structure is a series of inserts pressed into the
cones.

Figure 1. Insert bit and Milled tooth bit

2.1.2 Material requirements

Materials properties are a crucial aspect of roller-cone bit performance.
Components must be resistant to abrasive wear, erosion, and impact
loading. The eventual performance and longevity results for a bit take into
account several metallurgical characteristics, such as:

 Heat treatment properties

 Weldability

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 The capacity to accept hard facing without damage
 Machineability

Physical properties for bit components are contingent on the raw material
from which a component is constructed, the way the material has been
processed, and the type of heat treatment that has been applied. Steels used
in roller-cone bit components are all melted to exacting chemistries,
cleanliness, and interior properties. All are wrought because of grain
structure refinements obtained by the rolling process. Most manufacturers
begin with forged blanks for both cones and legs, because of further
refinement and orientation of microstructure that result from the forging
process.

Structural requirements and the need for abrasion and erosion resistance
are different for roller-cone bit legs and cones. Predictably, the materials
from which these components are constructed are normally matched to the
special needs of the component. Furthermore, different sections of a
component often require different physical properties. Leg journal sections,
for example, require high hardenabilities that resist wear from bearing
loads, whereas the upper portion of legs are configured to provide high
tensile strengths that can support large structural loads.

Roller-cone bit legs and cones are manufactured from low-alloy steels. Legs
are made of a material that is easily machinable before heat treatment, is
weldable, has high tensile strength, and can be hardened to a relatively high
degree. Cones are made from materials that can be easily machined when
soft, are weldable when soft, and can be case hardened to provide higher
resistance to abrasion and erosion.

2.1.3 Design Factors

The drill bit design is governed by the types of formation to be drilled and the
hole size. The legs and journals are identical but distribution of cutters on the
cones differ. The design should ensure that the legs must be equally loaded
during drilling.
The following factors are kept in mind when designing and manufacturing a
roller cone bit:
 Journal angle
 Offset between cones
 Teeth
 Bearings

2.1.4 Milled Tooth bits:

Milled tooth bit design depends on the geometry of cones and bit body and
geometry of cutters.

2.1.4.1 Journal angle, cone profile

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One of the main design features of roller cone bits is journal angle. The journal
angle is the angle formed by an axis of the journal relative to a horizontal
plane.

Figure 2 Journal angle.

There is a close relationship between cone profile and stability of the bit.
Cones with rounded profile provide a faster ROP, but are more labile. While
cones with more flat profile are more durable, yet deliver lower penetration.
The journal angle has a direct influence on the size of the cone, with its growth
the cone size declines. The journal angle depends on the type of rock:
• soft formations – (journal angle 330) – allows greater penetration of the
formation
• medium formations – (journal angle 340 – 360) – decrease of cutter action
• hard formations – (journal angle 390) – further decrease of cutter action

Figure 3 Journal angles in roller cone bits

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2.1.4.2 Cone offset
The “offset” specifies to a certain degree a drilling action of the roller cone bit.
Figure 3 illustrates cone offset. Shift of the cone‟s axis to the centerline of the
bit is defined as “offset”. The roller cone bit with no offset has the intersection
point of cones axis in the centre of the bit. The size of offset depends on the
type of rock to be drilled. Its values range from 40 for soft formations to 00 for
hard formations. Angular measure of the offset is called skew angle.

Figure 4 Cone offset

The cone offset results in interim stops in rotation and brake the hole like a
drag bit. With increasing the offset the bit wear increases proportionally.

2.1.4.3 Bearings system

Characteristic feature of the roller cone bits is the presence of bearings.
Bearings are a device used to allow constrained relative motion between the
pin and the cone. They play an important role in maintaining operational
reliability and the effectiveness of the bit. They are placed on the pin and allow
to rotate the cone while exploiting the rock. Bearing arrangement can vary. It
depends on the forces that will be subjected to and dimensions of the roller
cone. Heavy-duty bearings consist of two journal bearings and ball bearings.
Bearings meet one more very important role. There are a lock that keeps the
cone on the pin. Balls are inserted through special passage which is then
closed in order to prevent from falling balls.
There are three main types of bearings:
 Unsealed roller bearings
 Sealed roller bearings
 Sealed journal bearings
Figure 5 shows non sealed and sealed bearing. The unsealed, conventional
roller bearing is originally filled with grease and subjected to mud during
drilling. Drilling fluid serves to lubricate and cool the bearings. On the other
hand sand and other particles from drilling mud cause excessive abrasive
wear. Currently are used in bits for spudding in a well where trip time is short,

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in soft formations and in the case when foam, air or gas are used as a drilling
mud.

Figure 5 Non Sealed and Sealed Bearing.

Nowadays the vast majority of drilling bits are equipped with sealed and
lubricated bearings. As a result their resistance has been increased to provide
longer suitability in demanding conditions. In case of the sealed roller
bearings the detrimental effect of drilling mud has been eliminated as long as
the seal is working properly. However, component wear still exists. The major
cause of bearing breakage is journal spalling, which results, in the long run,
in permanent failure. At present sealed roller bearings are used mainly on
milled tooth bits and their resistance often exceeds that of the cutters. The
most efficient solution currently used is journal bearing. The bearing consists
of no moving parts, but is just a journal pin fitted to the inside coated surface
of the cone. The main advantage is much bigger contact area at the critical,
improved distribution of the load. Therefore it can better withstand high
rotary speeds and weights. As a result lifetime has been extended, allowing
their use in carbide cutters. To ensure proper seal between the cone and the
journal metal seals have been incorporated.

2.1.4.4 Lubricating system

In order to improve the work of the bearings, and thus lengthen the working
time at the bottom hole, the lubricators are placed in each leg, of which
lubricant is supplied to the bearings. The driving force causing the flow of
lubricant to the bearing is mud pressure that by acting on the diaphragm

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pushes the grease towards bearings. Some leakage of the grease may take
place due to sudden pressure variations.

2.1.4.5 Bit hydraulics

Regular circulation bits have a single drilling fluid channel down their axis
(Fig. 6A). This solution is used in large – diameter wells. More developed tools
like jet circulation bits have mud channels in the dome of the bit which direct
drilling fluid into cones (Fig. 6B). These channels are terminated with
interchangeable nozzles mounted with ring. The aim of the nozzles is increase
mud velocity, which will provide good downhole cleaning from cuttings.
Number of nozzles depends on the construction of the roller cone bit and can
be 1, 3, 4. Nozzle diameter has an important role in bit hydraulics. Their
proper selection provides an effective hole cleaning and cuttings removal,
faster drill rates and decrease of drilling costs. Available elongated nozzles
improve proper hole cleaning. However, they are more vulnerable to failure in
harsh conditions.

Figure 6A and 6B

2.1.4.6 Cutting Structure Geometry

In milled tooth bitts the cutters are milled teeth.
The geometry and composition of teeth depend upon:
 Journal angle
 Angle of teeth
 Length of teeth
 Number of teeth
 Spacing of teeth
 Shape of teeth
 Tooth hardfacing
Tooth Angle and Length
Drill bits can have slender and long teeth or short and stubby teeth.

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The long teeth are designed to drill soft formations
with low compressive strength where the rock is
more yielding and easily penetrated. Penetration is
achieved by applying weight on bit (WOB) which
forces the teeth into the rock by overcoming the
rock compressive strength. Rotation of the bit helps
to remove the broken chips.
Harder rocks have field WOB values. Hard rock bits therefore have much
shorter and more teeth with a larger bearing are, therefore the short teeth will
be less likely to break when they are subjected to drilling loads. The teeth
apply load over a much larger area and break the rock by crushing, creation
of fractures and chipping. The teeth are not intended to penetrate rock, but
simply to fracture it by application of high compressive loads.

Tooth number and spacing

As discussed above, a soft rock requires long and a few teeth allowing the
WOB to be distributed over fewer teeth. The teeth are widely spaced to reduce
the risk of the bit being balled uP when drilling water sensitive clays and
shales. Wider spacing also allows the rows of teeth from one cone to engage
into the space of equivalent row of the adjacent cone and thereby help to self
clean the cutting structure of any build up of drilled cuttings.For hard
formations, the teeth are made shorter, heavier and more closely spaced to
the high compressive loads required to break the rock.

Tooth Shape
Viewed from the side most teeth appear like an a without crosspeice. There
are other design such as L, T, U which are more durable and are usually
found at gauge area.

Figure 7 type L and type T teeths

Tooth hardfacing
To increase the life of the cutting tooth, hard metal facing (usually tungsten
carbide) was initially applied to one side of tooth to encourage preferential

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wear. As the bit drills away, the tooth wears on one side thereby always
leaving a sharp cutting edge on metal faced side.

2.1.5 Insert bits

The design factors relating to cone offset, bit profile and cone profile
discussed above for milled tooth bits apply equally to insert bits.
The cutting structure of insert bit relies on using tungsten carbide inserts
which are pressed into pre-drilled holes in the cones of the bit. The following
relates to the various design features of inserts which are designed to suit
various rock types.

2.1.5.1 Insert protrusion

Insert protrusion refers to the amount of insert protruding from the cone
and is always less than the total length of the insert, Figure 8.

Figure 8 Insert protrusion

Inserts with large protrusions are suitable for soft rocks as would be seen on
a 4-3 type cutting structure and to a limited protrusion as on the insert as
on an 8-3 cutting structure.

2.1.5.2 Insert number,diameter and spacing

The same argument used in milled tooth bits applies here. Soft insert bits
have fewer and longer inserts to provide aggressive penetration of the rock.
Durable, hard formation bits have many, small diameter inserts with limited
protrusion.

2.1.5.3 Insert shape

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For soft formation bits, the inserts have chisel shapes to provide aggressive
drilling action. In soft, poorly consolidated formations the chisel shape is
more efficient at penetrating the formation than a more rounded conical
shape.
For medium and soft rock formations chisel shapes inserts are used to
maximize penetration through scraping and gouging operation.
The ovoid rounded shape inserts are the most robust. By crushing and
chipping action they exploit hard, abrasive formations.

Figure9 insert shapes

2.1.5.4 Insert composition

The composition of the inserts can be varied by altering grain size or cobalt
concentration. In general changes that increase the wear resistance of the insert
will make it more likely to break, while tougher inserts, less prone to breakage,
may wear more rapidly.
2.1.5.5 Additionl features
Additional enhancing features include:

 Gauge trimmers to assist in cutting a gauge hole.

 Shirttail compacts to reduce leg wear in abrasive formations.

Gauge Retention
The majority of the drillbit work is spent around the heel and gauge area
and therefore this partsuffers the greatest amount of wear.

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Trimmers are used to maintain bit gauge (diameter). this achieved by the
use of T-shaped teeth on milled tooth bits and very short inserts in the
gauge row. The gauge inserts may be diamond coated.

Figure 10 gauge retention

Shirttail Protection

All drill bits may have tungsten carbide inserts placed in the heel area of the
bit. A worn shirttail I (Figure 9.12) may expose the seal, leading to seal wear
and bearing failure. Various devices may be used to limit or delay shirttail
wear. Tungsten Carbide Inserts may be placed in the shirttail itself. Lug
pads may be added to the upper part of the shirttail. A band of hardmetal
can be added to the margin of the shirttail.

Figure 11 Shirttail protection on a bit

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2.2 Polycrystalline diamond bits
2.2.1 Design Factors
A polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit employs no moving parts (i.e.
there are no bearings) and is designed to break the rock in shear and not in
compression as is done with roller cone bits. Rock breakage by shear
requires significantly less energy than in compression, hence less weight on
bit can be used resulting in less tear and wear on the rig
and drillstring.
A PDC bit employs a large number of cutting elements, each called a PDC
cutter. The PDC cutter is made by bonding a layer of polycrystalline man-
made diamond to a cemented tungsten carbide subtrate in a high pressure,
high temperature process. The diamond layer is composed of many tiny
diamonds which are grown together at random orientation for maximum
strength and wear resistance.

1.2.2 Bit Design elements

There are many details relating to bit design which can not all be covered in
detail here. Reference to manufacturers catalogues is recommended for the
interested reader.
The PDC design is affected by:
1. Body design: can either be steel-bodied or tungsten carbide (matrix)
2. Cutters Geometry

 Cutters

 Number of Cutters and spacing of cutters

 Size of Cutters

 Back Rake

 Side Rake
3. Geometry of Bit

 Number of Blades

 Blade Depth
4. Diamond table

 Substrate interface

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  Composition

 Shape

Bit Body
The bit body may be forged or milled from steel (steel-bodied bits) or
constructed in a cast from tungsten carbide (matrix bit).
From a practical standpoint, steel bodies bit are preferable as they can be
easily repaired but suffer from erosion. Matrix bits are more resistant to
erosion but are prone to bit balling in soft clay formations due to their low
blade height compared with steel bodied bits.

Cutter Geometry
Cutter geometry depends on:
1. Number Of cutters
Soft rocks can be penetrated easily and hence fewer cutters are used on soft
PDC bits as each cutter removes a greater depth of cut. More cutters must
be added to hard PDC bits for harder formation to compensate for the
smaller depth of cut.
2. Cutter Size
Large cutters are used on softer formation bits and smaller cutters on the
harder formation bits. Usually a range of sizes is used, from 8mm to 19mm
is used on any one bit.
3. Back Rake
Cutter orientation is described by back rake and side rake angles .Back rake
is the angle presented by the face of the cutter to the formation and is
measured from the vertical, see Figure 12
The magnitude of rake angle affects penetration rate and cutter resistance to
wear. As the rake angle increase, ROP decreases but
the resistance to wear increases as the applied load is now spread over a
much larger area.

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 Figure 12 back rake= A side rake = B

PDC cutters with small back rakes take large depths of cut and arc therefore
more aggressive, generate high torque, and arc subjected to accelerated
wear and greater risk of impact damage. Cutters with high back rake have
the reverse of the above.
Back rake angles vary between, typically, 15° to 45°. They are not constant
across the bit, nor from bit to bit.
4. Side Rake
Side rake is an equivalent measure of the orientation of the cutter from left
to right. Side rake angles are usually small. The side rake angle assists hole
cleaning by mechanically directing cuttings toward the annulus.
5. Cutter Shape
The edge of the cutters may be bevelled or chamfered to reduce the damage
caused by impacts.

Bit Geometry
The factors affecting bit geometry include:
1.Number of Blades
Using the same analogy for roller cone bits, a PDC bit designed for soft rocks
has a fewer blades (and cutters) than one designed for hard rocks.
The soft formation PDC bit will therefore have a large junk slot area to
remove the large volume of cut rock and to reduce bit balling in clay
formations, Figure 13 a.
A hard PDC bit with many blades requires many small cutters, each cutter
removing a small amount of rock, Figure 13 b.

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 Figure 13 a and 13 b respectively

2.Blade Height
A soft formation PDC bit will have a lager blade height than a hard PDC bit
with a consequent increase in junk slot area. Higher blades can be made in
steel bodied- bits than matrix bits, because of the greater strength of steel
over that of matrix.
3.Blade Geometry
PDC bits can be manufactured with a variety of blade shapes ranging from
straight to complex curve shapes. Experience has shown that curved blades
provide a greater stability to the bit especially when the bit first contacts the
rock.
4.Bit Profile
Bit profile affects both cleaning and stability of the bit. The two most widely
used profiles are: double cone and shallow cone, Figure14.

Figure 14 various bit profiles

The double cone profile allows more cutters to be placed near the gauge
giving better gauge protection and allowing better directional control. The
shallow cone profile gives faster penetration but has less area for cleaning.
In general a bit with a deep cone will tend to be more stable than a shallow
cone.
5.Bit Length
This is important for steerability. Shorter bits are more steerable.

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6. Gauge Protection
As discussed before, the greatest amount of work is done on the heel and
gauge of the drillbit. A PDC bit that wears more on the gauge area will leave
an undergauge hole which will require reaming from the next bit. Reaming is
time consuming and costly and in some cases can actually destroy an entire
bit without a single foot being drilled.
Hence maintaining gauge is very important. One or more PDC cutters may
be positioned at the gauge area. Pre-flatted cutters are used to place more
diamond table against gauge. Tungsten carbide inserts, some with natural
or synthetic diamonds embedded in them, maybe placed on the flank of the
bit.

2.2.3 PDC Bits applications

PDC bits have been used extensively and successfully over a wide range of
formation types. The lack of rotating parts leads to greater life expectancy
and as such long bit runs are achievable with resultant time and cost
savings. A thorough review of the economics of
running a PDC bit needs to be performed prior to selection due to its
increased cost. The following guidelines list the typical applications of PDC
bits.
1 PDC bits are typically useful for drilling long, soft to medium shale
sequences which have a low abrasivity. In such formations they typically
exhibit high ROP and extended life enabling entire sections to be drilled on
one run.
2 PDC bits are not usually appropriate for highly abrasive well cemented
sand sequences.
When drilling tight siliceous formations the incidence of PDC chipping and
breaking is dramatically increased resulting in less than expected ROP and
bit life.
3 When drilling heterogeneous formations containing alternating shales and
or shale limestone sequences the use of hybrid PDC bits is encouraged. This
bit incorporates the use of back-up diamond studs behind the PDC cutter.
When drilling harder abrasive strings, the diamond stud absorbs the
increased weight required to drill the stringer and prevents
premature damage and wear to the PDC cutter.
4 The use of bladed hybrid PDC bits is recommended for drilling hard
formations. The deep watercourse on these bits enable optimum fluid flow
across the cutter to efficiently reduce the friction temperatures induced.
This efficient cooling will help minimise fracture of the PDC cutters.

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5 When drilling mobile, plastic formations such as salt sections the use of
eccentric PDC bits should be considered. These bits have proved successful
in preventing incidence of stuck pipe in many areas where salt flow
problems are experienced.
6 When planning the use of mud motors or turbines, the use of long tapered
profile bits should be considered. In addition, radial jetting bits reduce the
potential for friction inducedhigh cutting temperature when run on a motor
or turbine which reduces temperature degradation of cutter.

2.2.4 Running PDC Bits

The following guidelines are produced to highlight the major considerations
when running a PDC bit in order to achieve optimum performance.
1. Junk in Hole
Make sure the bottom of the hole is free of junk and debris as the PDC
cutters will be destroyed if drilling steel elements are left in the hole.
Fully evaluate the previous bit for gauge deterioration.
Prior to running a PDC bit it is important to check the gauge on the bit
which has just been pulled out of the hole. PDC bits should not be used for
reaming as this will result in possible chipping of the PDC cutters and will
wear out the gauge before reaching bottom and commencing drilling. If
reaming has to be performed circulate at the maximum rate and ream with
very low WOB and RPM.
3. Bit Preparation
Put the bit into the bit breaker and make up to same torque as rock bit,
having first removed the rotary bushing from the rotary table.
4. Use of mud screens
To prevent nozzle plugging due to foreign objects in drilling field, install a
Kelly mud screen prior to circulating the drilling fluid.
5. Tripping Procedures
(a) When running in hole, extreme caution should be exercised when
tripping through the open hole section. The driller should be advised to slow
the running speed in open hole.
(b) Be cautious of any tight spots. All tight spots should be very carefully
reamed with full circulation, very low WOB and RPM. The tight spot should
be reamed carefully to ensure
clean gauge hole.
(c) Reaming should be eliminated when possible. Do not ream long
intervals with PDC bits. During reaming, gauge cutters absorb all the

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applied weight. If considerable reaming is needed in medium hard and
abrasive formations, the bit should be pulled and a tricone bit used for
reaming purposes.
(d) Do not apply more than 5000 pounds WOB when reaming. The rotary
speed should not be more than 50 to 60 rpm.
(e)It is recommended to ream the last joint to bottom in order to avoid nozzle
plugging from any down hole fill.
(f)Use the lightest bit weight possible to locate the bottom of the hole and
then pull one or two feet off the bottom. Circulate at full rate for 10-15
minutes.

2.3 Diamond and TSP bits

Diamond is the hardest mineral known to man with a value of 10 on the
Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Diamond also posses the highest thermal
conductivity of any other mineral allowing it to dissipate heat very quickly.
This is a desirable property from a cutting element to prevent it from
burning or thermal fracture due to overheating.
Diamond and TSP (thermally stable PDC) bits (Figure 15) are used for
drilling hard and abrasive formations and particularly useful in turbine
drilling applications. ROP's achieved with diamond bits are generally low
due to the nature of the formations that they are designed to drill. Due to
their fixed cutter design, greater endurance is achieved with diamond bits as
compared with similar formation rated insert bits.

Figure 15 Natural Diamond bit

The cutting elements of a diamond bit consists of a large number of small-

sized diamonds geometrically distributed across a tungsten carbide body.
The bit does not employ moving parts and is especially suited to drilling
hard and abrasive formations (such as quartzite) andwhen longer bit runs
are required to reduce trip times.
Diamond bits are manufactured as either drilling or coring bits.

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Diamond bits comprise: natural diamond bits, TSP bits and impregnated
bits. They share several features:

 similar profiles

 common drilling mechanism — grinding

 hydraulics dominated by flow through waterways

 application in hard and very" hard formations, with corresponding poor

performance in soil rocks.

The central design elements for diamond hits are the diamond size,
diamond quality. the hydraulics pattern and the bit profile. The hydraulic
energy (HSI) at the hit should be optimised to keep the face of the hit cool
(to save the diamonds) and to provide efficient hole Cleaning.

Various grades and shapes of diamonds are used depending on the

application of the hit. These grades and shapes vary in relation to their
resistance to wear and to breakage.

As the formations get harder the diamond size gets smaller. Soft formations
(ROP >10 ft\hr) require 1-1 1/2 carat diamonds, while very hard drilling (ROP
2<ft\hr) may require 6-8 stones/carat.

The following guidelines are useful when selection diamond hits:

 When drilling highly abrasive formations, high diamond density bits

should be used. For formations which exhibit medium abrasiveness a
light to medium density hit may be used.

 When using a turbine in conjunction with a diamond bit, TSP

diamonds are preferred due to their increased temperature stability.

 A bit with a turbine sleeve type body with a long tapered profile
should be considered for turbine applications.

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CHAPTER 3: Bit selection
3.1 Introduction
Even though our goal is to make the best preparation at the well planning
stage, in industrial practice, the final bit selection is conducted in the field.
The drilling engineer should be able to select properly, operate and evaluate
the drill bit. It is not an easy task, considering diversification of drilled rocks
and wide range of available tools.
There is no particular rule that ensure adequate bit choice. However, using
several practical methods the right bit can be chosen with a fair degree of
certainty. Ultimately, the personal experience is invaluable as well as an
opportunity to compare the offset data in the area.

3.2 Through assessment and comparison of offset

data
An exploratory drilling entails a number of constraints. Unknown geological
structure makes difficult proper match between the rock and the bit. In this
situation close collaboration between the geologist and drilling engineer is
crucial. The bit supplier is expected to have an extra bits is case of
unexpected difficulties and complications. The circumstances are quite
different in development drilling. Offset data from drilled wells and geology
are helpful in drill bits selection. Sonic logs can be useful in rock strength
estimation. Analysis of information obtained from reference wells allow to
drill following wells faster, more efficiently and thus more economically.
Summarizing, logging results, bit records and lithology should be taken into
account in preparing a bit program.

3.3 Bit run cost equation

In order to allow comparison of bit run cost and thus selection of most cost
effectively solution the following equation have been introduced. The
calculation of cost per foot is conducted by the cost equation expressed
as11:
𝐵+(𝑇+𝑡)𝑅
C= ($/ft) (Where B is bit cost, R is rig cost, T is trip time
𝐹

and t is rotating time.)

Values such as bit and rig costs are known. Since the well structure is
determined, trip time can be estimated with considerable accuracy. In other
words, in estimating cost for a specific selection and operation main
unknown values are the penetration rate and bit life. What is it worth noting
that driller has direct impact on them. However formation characteristics is

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uncertain factor. Finally bit selection is typically supported largely by offset
data.

3.4 Drill off tests

It is a common applied procedure in industrial practice to optimize drilling
parameters such as WOB and RPM for a particular drill bit. Drill off test is
carried out every time a new bit is running in a hole, new rock formation is
faced or ROP decline is noticed. This method has to be conducted within a
homogenous formation assuming that the drill string is a linearly elastic rod
which length is changed depending on the quantity of employed tension.

3.5 Variable Information Analysis

The bit selection is not an exact science, and the aim of any bit selection tool
is to reduce the trial and error to the minimum amount. The analysis of
variable information is considered only as a guide to force the thought
process and offers a mental picture of the design requirements of the bit.
The variable information sources includes:
• Offset well bit record analysis
• Offset well log analysis
• IADC bit coding
• Manufacturers' product guides
•Geophysical data analysis
• General geological considerations
Offset well logs and bit records are the most important source of
information. Wireline well logs can provide a continuous recording of
formation parameters versus depth which are very useful for correlation
studies. Well to well correlations can give the following insight to the
proposed well:
• The types of formations present.
• The elevation of formations in the well relative to others.
• Whether the well is within a given geological structure.
• Whether sufficient formation intervals exist to be economically drilled by a
diamond bit.
• Approximate depths at which a bit may need to be pulled.
• The presence of faults.
Mud logs from offset wells can provide a wealth of information regarding the
lithology of an upcoming well. Perhaps the greatest benefit is the geological

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analysis of cuttings to produce a geocolumn. This display serves as an
excellent indicator of what will be drilled. In addition, the penetration rate
log can be of use in determining the drillability of the proposed formation
interval. Inferences to formation properties can be made, affecting the final
bit selection and proposed operational parameters. With all this information
correlated to depth, an assessment can be made of which formation
intervals in the proposed well are diamond bit applicable.
If the previously mentioned data is unavailable, an offset bit record should
be consulted. Otherwise, the risk of poor performance will be greatly
increased. When selecting a bit, it naturally follows that an estimation of
potential footage, penetration rate, and cost savings should be given. The
following guidelines are recommended for selecting bit records:
1) The most recent bit record will normally be the best indicator of the type
of performance to be expected in a proposed drilling interval.
2) Probability is highest when the drilling technology used is most similar to
what will be available.
3) The nearest offset records Increase the chance that the formations
encountered in the proposed well will be the same and exhibit similar drill
ability. In faulted areas, an attempt should be made to verify that the offset
data is on the same side of the fault as the proposed well. If not, a
comparison of bit runs in the same formations is recommended, although
they may be at different true vertical depths.
4) Bit sizes and casing programmes should be similar. Different bit sizes
affects the ultimate penetration rate, even when all other variables are
equal. Cost comparisons can also be affected.
5) Comprehensive dull grades should be available. They will provide a
qualitative gauge of the formation abrasiveness. Furthermore, they can give
insight to the required type and density of cutters needed to drill.
6) Similar mud type and mud weights are also important, in that different
bits will perform differently depending on mud types and properties. An
example of this is that PDC bits perform significantly better in oil based
mud.
7) Finally, the total depth should be at least equal to or greater than the
proposed well. If formation tops change radically, then a conformation
should be made that the offset bits drilled the same formation to be drilled.
Methods have been proposed for selecting rock bits using offset well logs
such as sonic and gamma-ray logs (Somerton and El-hadidi, 1970, Mason,
1984). These methods appear to work but involves substantial time in the
analysis of the logs and in the interpretation of the results.

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The international association of drilling contractors IADC bit code offers a
method of bit selection based on bit type. If approximate formation
properties are known, the table can be used to choose the appropriate bit
type. Its drawback is that the geological description contained in the table,
on which the bit type is selected, is rather limited. Even if this description
was improved, the available geological knowledge from a prospective field
would probably be inadequate for use with such a table to select bits.
The geophysical data analysis and the general geological considerations
methods tend to be used in new fields where previous drilling is limited or
non-existent. Seismic exploration data can be used to predict drillability and
formation types. With a knowledge of the expected formation hardness and
abrasivity the lADC coding or manufacturers' guides can be used to select
bits.

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CHAPTER 4: Bit Dulling causes and
remedies
4.1 Wear mechanisms of Roller cone bits
Wear of drill bits is defined as macroscopic or microscopic removal or
fracture of material, particularly at the cutter surface, or more general as,
any degradation that reduces bit life. Mouritz and Hutchings (1991)
investigated the wear rates of the materials used in the teeth of the rotary
drill bits and the abrasive wear mechanisms of these materials. The teeth of
the rotary drill bits contain three layers. The external layer consists of a WC-
Co hardfacing layer, the second layer is made from high-carbon martensitic
steel and the third layer is the core of the tooth that consists of low-carbon
martensitic steel. Small cylindrical specimens manufactured from materials
similar to those used in the teeth of rotary drill bits were used in the
investigation by Mouritz and Hutchings (1991). The abrasive rocks like
sandstones and non-abrasive rocks such as limestone, representing the
most common rock formations encountered in oil drilling were used in the
tests.
When the specimens of low and high carbon steel were scratched with a
diamond stylus, the wear damage caused by the process of micro-ploughing
and micro-cutting as shown in Figures 16.1 and 16.2 respectively. In micro-
ploughing, the material is displaced to the sides of the wear groove and the
material is not removed from the surface, while in cutting a chip is formed
at the end of the groove and the material is removed from the surface
(Kopeliovich ,2015).

16.1 16.

Figure 16.1 and 16.2

Mouritz and Hutchings (1991) observed that abrasion against limestone
causes small wear by the mechanism of ploughing for low and high carbon
steel, while no evidence of severe damage to the hardfacing layer of WC-Co
was observed due to the high hardness of the hardfacing layer compared to
low hardness of limestone rocks.

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Osburn (1969) and Perrott (1979) illustrated the strong influence of rock
hardness on the wear of the rotary drill bit tools made of tungsten-carbide
with cobalt as a binder. Abrasion was found to be worse under high
temperatures (hot abrasion) causing thermal fatigue. Osburn (1969) also
added that the WC grains during the manufacturing of the roller-cone insert
bits must be structured perfectly to gain maximum fracture resistance.
Larsen-Basse (1973) explained that the main modes of failure for roller-cone
insert drill bits are as the follows:
1- impact fracturing, 2- thermal fatigue, 3- abrasive wear and 4- mechanical
fatigue due to overloads.

Reshetnyak, and Kuybarsepp (1994) studied the abrasive erosion of hard

metals such as WC-Co alloys that form the roller-cone insert bits. The extent
of wear was evaluated and indicated, that the hardness of the material
cannot be the only dominant property causing the abrasive erosion wear.
The wear is attributed to other properties, such as the compressive strength
and the fracture toughness.

4.2 Wear mechanism of PDC bits

Polycrystalline Diamond drill bits are known to be more efficient than
conventional roller cone bits, especially in soft rock formations. For a better
understanding of bit efficiency, bit-rock interaction of the worn tool should
be studied in detail. It has been deduced that more than 50% of the energy
of drilling by PDC bits is dissipated by the wear of cutters under normal
drilling conditions, when assuming a steady- motion, and avoiding excessive
heating, therefore studying the wear mechanism of PDC is highly essential
(Geoffroy, 1999).
Ortega and Glowka (1984) illustrated the main categories of PDC cutters
failure as: 1-delaminiation near the interface of the diamond and the
substrate layers 2- plastic deformation of the diamond and table and the
substrate 3- chipping at the edge of cutting and 4-chipping at the diamond
table and dislodging of the diamond grains 5- abrasive wear and 6- thermal
fatigue.
Dunn and Lee (1979) believed that the main reason of the PDC failure is due
to the tensile stresses arising after the sintering process inducing cracks,
which propagate throughout the diamond table and substrate. PDC bits in
general suffer from several additional problems which including: (1) chipping
of the diamond layer, (2) bit balling, (3) stud breakage in hard rocks, (4)
abrasive wear, (5) poor hydraulics, (6) insufficient cleaning efficiency,. (7)
deflection of the bit when applying high weight on bit, (8) scratching the
composite layer of the cutters due to poor bonding of tungsten carbide stud,

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(9) distribution of cutters on the bit and (10) thermal failure. The
improvements of synthesising manufacture methods of PDC bits to
withstand both failure and impact have been investigated by many
researchers. However, an important step for the improvement is to
understand the failure mechanisms and modes of PDC bits. Fang et al.
(2001) illustrated the main failure modes of PDC cutters are due to frictional
heat and the high abrasiveness of the rock, as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17 Typical failure modes of PDC inserts for rock drill bit

It is worth mentioning that, other kinds of wear such as adhesive wear has
minor effect on oil drill bits, while impact wear affect the drill bits, especially
when applying excessive loads on the bits as mentioned by Wirojanupatump
and Shipway (1999). In drill bits, when fluids are present, the influence of
corrosion is considered negligible when compared to the wear where the
material forming the drill bit is being physically removed. The corroding
effect is neglected since the abrasive wear take action on the surface of the
material forming the drill bit before oxidization.

4.3 Precautions for Roller Cone Bits

Excessive bearing wear: It may be caused due to high rotating speed, high
rotating time, excessive WOB, excessive sand in circulating system,
unstabilised drill collars.
To prevent excessive wear of bearings we must use lower WOB, slower rotary
speed, reduced rotating time, and stabilize drill collars or use a harder bit
type.
Excessive tooth wear: Tooth can be damaged if not hardfaced or excessive
rotary speed. Selecting an improper bit can also result in tooth damage of
bit.
Tooth damage can be considerably reduced by hardfacing. Also we should
use lower rotary speeds when tooth wear is high.
Excessive Undergauge: Excessive rotating time can also result in excessive
undergauge.
So rotating time should be reduced if undergauge is reported.

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Excessive Broken Teeth: Improper break in procedure for a new bit can
result in excessive breaking of teeth. Excessive WOB can also cause
breaking of teeth.
Hence to control the breakage of tooth we must use proper break in
procedure for new bit and low WOB.
In some cases we may use harder formation bit type with more teeth.
Fluid cut cones and teeth: Excessive fluid circulation rate or excessive
sand in circulating system often results in wear and tear of cones and teeth.
So proper fluid circulation rate and removal of sand from circulating system
should be done.
Cones skidded due to balling up: May be caused by high WOB, improper
bit type or improper fluid circulation rate.
To avoid skidding of cones we must use soft formation type bits and low
WOB. Fluid circulation must be proper

4.4 Precautions for Fixed Cutter Bits

A rational approach to selection of a rock drilling tool ensures considerable
savings of capital costs in drilling and construction of oil and gas wells,
while optimization of drilling techniques promotes introduction of new types
and designs of drill bits. In recent years, PDC bits increasingly gain
popularity as they step up penetration rate per drill bit and cut down the
trip in/out time, superseding roller cutting bits thereby [.
When drilling in variable hardness rocks, drill bits experience with axial,
radial and tangential vibrations. Under such conditions, drill bits
continuously operate in percussion mode. The increment loads exerted on a
drill bit increase the bit wear. Due to progressive wear of drilling tools, load
per unit area of rocks lowers, which results in a decrease in the rate of
penetration.
The key negative factors to affect drilling capability with PDC bits are wear of
teeth, teeth holders and jet nozzles, reduction in bit diameter, defect of
thread connections, vibration, packing and improper pattern of drill bit
positioning.
Let us discuss each individual factor, starting with the most substantial
influence and showing possible ways of eliminating negative impacts on
drilling.
1. Wear of teeth. Among the listed above factors, this is the dominant
factor for:
—first, wear of teeth governs coverage of teeth at well bottom, which
conditions efficient drilling;

27 | P a g e
—second, wear of peripheral teeth conditions rated diameter of a drill bit;
—third, replacement of damaged teeth is the most expensive part of repair;
—fourth, evaluation of drilling characteristics of a drill bit consumes much
time as it is necessary to examine individual teeth and, then, their
ensemble, and to count the damaged teeth.
To assume a drill bit unworkable, it is required that more than 60% of teeth
are damaged. When many teeth are worn-out, drilling performance drops
while rate of wear of other members of a drill bit grows until complete
failure.
From practice of drilling with drill bits, sides of a drill bit are subjected to
major wear. Teeth arranged at different spacing along the radius from the
drill bit axis deteriorate utterly unevenly. Peripheral teeth are in the most
unfavourable conditions.
Wear of peripheral teeth is most often represented by chippage, galling, wear
of underlayer with the concomitant symptom of thermal overload. Wear of
drilling teeth after cutting in variable hardness rocks is of the mixed
abrasive and impact-abrasive nature. Cyclical heating and cooling of surface
during operation and, consequently, alternate expansion and contraction of
surface layers causes the so-called fatigue grooves.
It is known that downhole fluid motors are also sources of vibration due to
disbalance of rotating rotor, clearings of radial supports and distortion of
rotor shaft and housing. Amplitude of transverse vibrations may reach 10
mm and above, and frequency is equal to one vibration per revolution. High-
rate wear of peripheral teeth is an aftereffect of this factor, too.
2. Wear of teeth holders. Replaceability of a tooth depends not on the
depreciation of the tooth but on the integrity of the tooth holder
characterized by percentage of damaged surface of the holder. Accordingly,
when the surface of a holder is completely covered by the tooth body,
housing and alloying material, the holder is assumed unworn (Figure 18a 3).

28 | P a g e
Figure 18. Schematic representation of surface of teeth holders: (a) unworn holder; (b) and
(c) repairable holder (surface wear from 10 to 50%); (d) unrepairable holder (surface wear
more than 50%); 1—diamond plate; 2—tungsten–carbide under layer; 3—surface of tooth
holder; 4—PDC bit body; 5—hard-alloy welding.

If the damage of a tooth holder makes 1/10 (i.e. visible) to 1/2 of the overall
surface area, the holder is assumed repairable as it is yet possible to fix a
new tooth in it.
Figures 2b and 2c illustrate typical partial damage of surface of a tooth
holder with the lost portion of the tooth body or failed alloying material that
protects the holder. Exposure and damage of surface of a holder usually
take place simultaneously.
When more than a half of the holder surface is damaged (see Figure 2d), the
holder is assumed unrepairable as it fails to preserve initial guiding base to
orient a tooth.
3. Wear of jet nozzles. During operation of a dill bit, it is necessary to
control jet nozzles and the absence of erosion. Under erosion or when any jet
nozzle is lost, pressure difference in the bit reduces, washing fluid flow rate
slows down and quality of cleaning of the dill bit and the well bottom
deteriorates. Erosion of bit housing is understood as generation of holes in
the housing, aside from drilling-bit fluid discharge ports.
The loss of a jet nozzle is sufficient to assume the jet nozzle unit is in want
of repair. When a jet nozzle is come down, or initial diameter of the jet nozzle
hole is eroded by 4 mm and more, the jet nozzle unit is unrepairable.
4. Reduction in bit diameter. This factor is an aftereffect of wear of
peripheral teeth, which results in the gage loss of a drill well, and is to be
controlled using a set of two specially manufactured gage rings with the
diameters smaller than the rated diameter of a drill bit. Diameters of the
first and second gage rings are selected based on geological features of the
drill log, rigidity of the bottom of the drill-stem assembly and process steps
scheduled for implementation in the course of drilling.
If a drill bit does not get through gage ring 1, the drill bit is assumed
unreduced in diameter.
Passage through gage ring 1 and nonpassage through gage ring 2 defines
the range of repairable drill bits. In this case, the operation of a drill bit is
stopped, wear of other elements of the drill bit is evaluated and, based on
this, a decision on the drill bit repair or disposal is made.
If a drill bit passes through gage ring 2, the drill bit gage loss is assumed
and the drill bit is unrepairable.
5. Wear of thread connection. Any damage of thread, preventing from
screwing a drill bit, is a sufficient condition for assuming the thread
connection inappropriate for further operation of the drill bit.

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6. Vibration. Vibration complicates the control over technical data of
drilling, optimal drilling mode is failed and power consumed to rotate the
drilling assembly sharply grows.
Among possible approaches to combating vibration, the most promising way
seems to be installation of vibration dampers at the bottom of the drill stem
assembly. It is highly important to stabilize a drill assembly during
operation of drill bits, as this governs the drilling efficiency in variable
hardness rocks and stabilization can ensure even loading of all teeth.
Currently, bottomhole bumpers enjoy no wide application, and no studies
have been carried out to examine PDC bit operation under conditions of
vibration damping. In the East Siberia, bottomhole vibration dampers are
the mandatory requirement for operation of drill bits. This method of
damping vibrations is a promising technique to be used in drilling and
construction of oil and gas wells in other regions of Russia.
Also, it is possible to suppress vibration of a drill stem assembly and to
enhance efficiency of drilling in variable hardness rocks though installation
of a hydraulic pulsator in the drill bit body.
The hydraulic pulsator placed in a counterbore in the drill bit body
periodically catches drilling fluid in the drill bit cavity, pressure in the drill
bit cavity grows, and opening of the cavity initiates an impulse in the drilling
fluid flow. This allows transmission of impulses of axial dynamic loads
directly to the drill bit with avoiding absorbing effect of intermediate units,
including a downhole drilling motor. When a damper is installed between a
drill bit and a downhole drilling motor, the impact exerted by the axial
dynamic loads on the drilling motor is considerably reduced, which extends
the motor service life. At the same time, transmission of high axial dynamic
forces to a drill bit at the seam rpm enhances the cutting force of the drill
bit, especially the vertical force component. Thus and so, with the increased
cutting force, the rate of penetration grows.
7. Packing. This obstacle appears in PDC drilling in argillaceous deposits.
As a consequence of adhesion of clay to metal surface of a drill bit, packing
can coat entire drill bit, which totally blocks drilling (refer to Figure 19).
Packing is mostly prevented by modification of drilling mode (reduction in
axial load on drill bit, increase in flow rate) or design of drilling tool. Also, it
is possible to use drilling fluids with the improved anti adhesion
characteristics.
In case of sticking of a drill bit, a borer has to try to remove a ball from a
drill bit in the hole, or to move up an untreated drill bit.

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 Figure 3. General view of a PDC bit with clay packing.

8. Pattern of drill bit positioning. There single-station, many-station and

multi-position drill bits.
In case of a single station PDC drill bit, each tooth of the bit is given unique
radial position determined relative to the central bit axis outward in the
direction of the bit diameter. One of the common methods of single-station
drill bit arrangement is placement of teeth at the intersections of the spiral
line, drawn from the drill bit axis, and each blade. In this case, each
intersection point of the spiral and blades occurs at different radial distance
from the drill bit axis.
Single-station PDC drill bits demonstrate higher rate of penetration;
however, when a tooth is damaged or lost, wear of the nearest radial teeth
quickens. This results in early failure of a drill bit.
In many-station drill bits (“backup tooth” or “accompanying tooth”
schemes), teeth are actuated in groups of two or more teeth, and teeth in a
group are placed at the same radial distance from the drill bit axis. In view
of smaller area, fewer blades can be arranged at the drill bit end, and not
every tooth can be a member of a group arranged along the same radius;
and still, most of teeth belong in the same group. A typical pattern of teeth
is when grouped teeth (along the same radius) are arranged, e.g., on
opposite blades.
Multi-position PDC drill bits are, as a rule, highly wear resistant as against
single-station bits but exhibit slower penetration rates.
A multi-position drill bit is better balanced as compared with the single- and
many-station bits. With the closely spaced backup secondary blades in
combination with the equivalent arrangement of backup teeth along the
contour of a drill bit, the backup teeth cut minimum amount of rock per
each rotation of the drill bit. Single-station primary teeth on the primary
blades fulfill much work, and the backup teeth on the secondary blades only
cut groove bottom after the primary blade.
All factors discussed above exercise considerable influence on efficiency and
service life of PDC drill bits. Furthermore, reduction in wear of members of a
drill bit is feasible through correct operation of mud system, which is
intended to ensure both timely removal of chipping and prompt and efficient
cooling of cutting tools.

31 | P a g e
It is known that drilling temperature at the cutting tool and rock contact
may reach 1000°С, and inefficient cooling can cause critical wear of
diamond-bearing cutting layer and underlayer, and can induce fall of teeth
from holders.
Efficient cooling of cutting tools requires that a mud system ensures
required and sufficient washing fluid flow rate and high flow rate along
active faces of blades.
Polished Diamonds: rotating in hard formations without making a hole
may polish diamonds.
To prevent polishing of diamonds we must use higher WOB or choose a bit
with small cutters.
Shattered Diamonds: Improper stabilization of bit and improper handling
can cause serious damage to diamonds on bit.
In some cases some abnormal vibrations may occur and diamonds may
shatter
So to prevent shattering of diamonds we must handle and stabilize the bit
properly. If abnormal vibrations occur me must try to reduce RPM.
Sheared Diamonds: may be caused due to improper break in and broken
nose stone.
So we must clean bottom hole properly and use correct break in procedures
Diamonds: Inadequate cooling of PDC bits may result in burning of
diamonds
To ensure proper cooling we must give proper fluid circulation.
Worn throat: fragments of hard formations rolling in throat may result in
wear of throat area.
If such a problem is encountered we must check the hydraulics.
Loss of gauge: If we ream for long intervals with insufficient cooling due to
clogged junk slots then gauge may be damaged.So while reaming we should
minimize RPM and WOB.

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CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES
[1] Chulkova VV 2012 Experience of drilling with PDC drill bits in variable
hardness rocks in the Ural–Volga region Bulletin of Association of Drilling
Contractors (in Russian)
[2] Chulkova VV 2012 Resource-saving drilling with PDC drill bits under
conditions of variable hardness rock mass Burenie Neft, pp 56–57.
[3] Myasnikov YaV, Ionenko AV, Gadzhiev SG et al. 2014 Guide on PDC drill
bit wear evaluation in field conditions Burenie Neft No 3, pp 14–18.
[4] http://www.buroviki.com/yaf/forum.aspx?g=posts&m=584
[5] Multi-Set PDC Drill Bit and Method Inventors: Drews SW, Maurstad C.
Assignee: Varel International, Ind., L.P. 2012
[6] Timonin VV and Kharlamov YuP 2014 Mathematical modeling of mud-
circulating system of an air drill hammer with a central mud removal line
using SolidWorks Flow Simulation, Vestn. KuzGTU, 6 (106), pp. 61–65. 6

[7] Hussain Rabia, (2002), Well Engineering & Construction, Entrac

Consulting.
[8] Baker Hughes INTEQ, (1995), Drilling Engineering Workbook.
[9] Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang F. Prassl, (2007), Drilling Engineering, Curtin
University of Technology.
[10] Jean-Paul Nguyen, (1996), Drilling. Oil and Gas Field Development
Techniques.
[11] Baker Hughes, Hughes Christensen, (2012), DRILL BIT CATALOG.
[12] www.petrowiki.org

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