Physical Chemistry Past Year SUEC 1999 To 2007

Chapter 3: Atoms and Molecules
3.2.3 Law of Multiple Proportions

Objective Questions
1. When the mass of oxygen in the compounds NO, NO2, N2O and N2O3 are the same, the mass ratio
of nitrogen will be ______________.
A. 1: 1: 2: 2 C. 2: 4: 1: 3
B. 1: 2: 1: 3 D. 6: 3: 12: 4
[2000 Q1]
2. Element X and Y react separately to form two compounds A

and B. The mass constituents of A and B are shown in
Table 1.
If the molecular formula of compound A is XY4, according
to the Law of Multiple Proportions, the molecular formula
of compound B should be __________.
A. XY2 C. X2Y3
B. XY3 D. X3Y2
[2001 Q1]
3. Element A and B react separately to form compounds with molecular formula AB, AB2 and A3B4.
According to the Law of Multiple Proportions, the mass ratio of A in the above three compounds is
___________________.
A. 1: 2: 4 C. 4: 2: 1
B. 3: 4: 2 D. 4: 2: 3
[2002 Q1]
4. Which of the following groups of substances verifies the Law of Multiple Proportions?
A. S2, S6, S8 C. CH4, CCl4, CBr4
B. LiF, NaCl, KBr D. C2H6, C3H6, C3H8
[2007 Q8]
Subjective Questions
1. The chemical formula of compound A is X2Y3. Chemical analysis shows that 15 g of A contain
10.5 g X. Another compound B, also composed of element X and Y, contains 84% of X by massin
its composition. Using the Law of Multiple Proportions, deduce the chemical formula of B. [4%]
[2003 Q2]
3.4.3 Chemical Calculation (Stoichiometry)

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following compounds contains the highest percentage of nitrogen content?
A. N2O5 C. NH4NO3
B. Mg3N2 D. (NH4)2CO3
[1999 Q5]
2. A certain hematite contains 80% of Fe2O3. What is the mass of iron in 100 t of the ore?
A. 112 t C. 56 t
B. 80 t D. 28 t
[2002 Q2]
1
3. Which of the following compounds has the highest percentage of iron?
A. Fe2O3 • H2O C. Fe3O4
B. FeSO4 D. FeO
[2004 Q20]
3.5.1 Methods of Determining Chemical Formula from Valency

Objective Questions
1. If a sulphate has a formula M2p(SO4)3q, then the valency of the element M is _____________.
A. C.
B. D.
[2003 Q5]
3.5.2 Determining Chemical Formula from The Masses of Its Various Components
Objective Questions
1. Hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen combine in the following amounts to form a compound:
H = 3.18 g ; N = 44.52 g ; O = 152.64 g.
The chemical formula for the compound is ____________.
A. H2N2O B. H2NO3 C. HNO3 D. HNO2
[2000 Q2]
2. When 1.60 g of the oxide M was reduced, 1.12 g of metal M was formed. If the relative atomic
mass of M is 56, the chemical formula of the oxide should be ______________.
A. MO B. MO2 C. M2O D. M2O3
[2001 Q3]
3. Complete combustion of a sample of hydrocarbon Q gave 0.66 g of carbon dioxide and 0.36 g of
water. What is the empirical formula of Q?
A. CH2 B. C3H4 C. C3H6 D. C3H8
[2006 Q1]
3.5.3 Determining Chemical Formula from Percentage by Weight

Objective Questions
1. A compound contains chlorine and oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of this compound if it
contains 53% oxygen.
A. Cl2O B. Cl2O3 C. Cl2O7 D. Cl2O5
[1999 Q13]
2. A, B and C are three compounds containing element E and some of their data are given in Table 3:
The atomic ratio of the element E in A: B: C these three compounds is ___________.

A. 2: 3: 4 C. 2: 1: 4
B. 2: 2: 3 D. 1: 2: 3
[2003 Q30]
2
3. An organic compound contains 40% carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.4% oxygen and its relative
molecular mass is 60. Its empirical formula is _____________.
A. C6H12O6 C. C2H4O2
B. C3H6O3 D. CH2O
[2003 Q32]
3.6.2 Molar Mass

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following contains the largest number of molecules?
A. 4.0 g H2 C. 1.0 mol O2
B. 6.0 g H2O D. 22.0 g CO2
[2001 Q2]
2. The haemoglobin in a mammal’s red blood cell consists of 0.33% of iron. If the molecular weight
of haemoglobin is about 68 000, then how many atoms of iron does one haemoglobin molecule
consist of?
A. 5 C. 3
B. 4 D. 2
[2003 Q18]
3. Which of the following is the heaviest?

A. 1 mole of water C. 1 molecules of water
B. 1 grams of water D. 1 mole of oxygen atoms
[2004 Q9]
4. A sample of Fe2O3 contains 1.2 mole of oxide ions. The total mass of the sample of Fe2O3 is
_____________.
A. 16 g C. 64 g
B. 32 g D. 128 g
[2007 Q7]
1. Calculate the mass of a water molecule. [1%]
[2004 Q1 b]
3
Chapter 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
4.1.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
Objective Questions
1. Which of the following reactions would you expect to take place?
A. Cu2+ + Mg → Cu + Mg2+ C. 2H+ + Cu → H2 + Cu2+
B. Fe2+ + Cu → Fe + Cu2+ D. Mg2+ + Zn → Mg + Zn2+
[2002 Q28]
4.2.1 Calculating the Quantity of Reactants and Products

1. After 15.85 g of zinc were dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, the hydrogen evolved was completely
burned to give 4.336 g of water.
(a) Write down the equations for the two reactions. [1%]
(b) How many moles of water were formed? [1%]
(c) Deduce the number of moles of zinc originally used. [1%]
(d) Hence, calculate the mass of 1 mole of zinc. [1%]
[2004 Q2]
4.2.2 Calculation Involving Impure Substances

1. An ironworks produces 70 tonnes of iron (containing 96% of iron) a day. How many tonnes of the
iron ores (haematite) per day are required if the ores contain 80% of iron (III) oxide? [4%]
[1999 Q10 d]
4.2.3 Limiting Reactant Calculations

Objective Questions
1. 8.8 g of CO2 are passed into clear lime water containing 0.3 mol of Ca(OH)2. How many grams of
CaCO3 will be formed when the reaction is completed?
A. 40 C. 20
B. 30 D. 10
[1999 Q20]
2. 8 g of iron powder and 4 g of sulphur powder are mixed together and heated until the reaction is
completed. How many grams of iron (II) sulphide is produced?
A. 10.4 C. 12.6
B. 11.0 D. 14.3
[2007 Q6]
4.2.4 Percentage Yield

1. Calculate the amount of quicklime (CaO) that can be produced by heating 200 kg of limestone that
is 95% pure CaCO3.
In the actual production process, 1 kg of quicklime can be produced from every 2 kg of limestone,
calculate the percentage yield of the production. [4%]
[2006 Q4]
4
Chapter 5: Atomic Structure
5.2.1 Atomic Number and Mass Number
Objective Questions
1. A certain cation of valency 2 has 23 electrons. Its mass number is 56. Thus, it contains ________
neutrons in the nuclear.
A. 25 C. 33
B. 31 D. 35
[2003 Q3]
5.2.2 Isotopes
Objective Questions
1. There are two isotopes of X in nature. The abundance of X is 30% and that of X is 70%. The
relative atomic mass of X is ___________.
A. 69.6 C. 70.0
B. 69.9 D. 70.4
[2000 Q3]
2. The masses of the two isotopes of copper, 63Cu and 65Cu, occurring in nature are 62.9298 and
64.9278 respectively. If the relative atomic mass of copper is 63.546, then the abundance of 63Cu is
_________%.
A. 69.20 C. 63.55
B. 63.93 D. 30.80
[2006 Q3]
5.4.3 Electronic Configuration

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following ions has the electron configuration of an inert gas?
A. H+ C. Cl-
B. O- D. C2+
[2000 Q4]
2. The atomic number of a particular element is 24. Which of the following is the correct electron
configuration of this element?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2
2 2 6 2 6 5 1
B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p4
[2000 Q5]
3. Which of the following particles after losing an electron will have a half – filled set of P orbitals?
(Note: The atomic number for N = 7 and the atomic number for P = 15)
I N+
II N-
III P-
A. I, II C. II, III
B. I, III D. I, II, III
[2001 Q4]
5
4. Below are the electronic configurations of four neutral atoms. Which atom is most unreactive?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p2 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
[2001 Q5]
5. The atomic number of X is 17. If ions X- and Y3+ have the same electronic configuration, the atomic
number of Y is _____________.
A. 18 C. 20
B. 19 D. 21
[2002 Q8]
6. The atomic number of W is 20. If ions W2+ and X3- have the same electronic configuration, what is
the atomic number of X?
A. 15 C. 23
B. 17 D. 25
[2004 Q6]
7. It is given that the ions R3+ and W2- have the same electron configuration. If the atomic number of R
is Z, what is the number of electrons outside the nucleus in W2-?
A. Z + 1 C. Z – 5
B. Z + 3 D. Z – 3
[2005 Q2]
8. The atomic number of element A is 24. Which of the following electron configurations will make it
more stable?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 4s2 3d7
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
[2005 Q4]
1. (a) Explain why the elements of noble gases are inactive. [1%]
(b) The atomic number of phosphorus is 15. Write out the electronic configuration of phosphorus.
[1%]
[1999 Q1 a b]
2. (a) Write out the electron configuration of 26Fe. [2%]

(b) Draw the orbital diagram of two types of iron ion separately (only the two outermost electron
shells are needed). [2%]
(c) Which of the iron ion is more stable? Give reasons. [2%]
[2003 Q9 a c d]
3. Write down the electron configuration of iron atom and show the order (orbital order) in which the
three electrons of iron atom are lost to form the Fe3+ ion. [2%]
[2005 Q2 c]
6
Chapter 6: Periodic Table of Elements
6.2 Structure of the Periodic Table
Objective Questions
1. A and B can combine to form a compound X. Based on the data given in Table 1, calculate the
mass of 1 mole of X.
A. 115 g
B. 110 g
C. 75 g
D. 54 g
[2002 Q3]
2. Which of the following symbols belongs to transition element?

A. X C. X
B. X D. X
[2002 Q29]
3. The outer electron configuration of an atom is 3s2 3p2. The electron numbers of the atom is ______.
A. 4 C. 22
B. 14 D. 32
[2003 Q1]
4. An atom has a ground state electronic configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. It is located in the _____
period and _______ group in the Periodic Table.
Period Group
A 4 VIA
B 6 IVA
C 6 IVB
D 4 VIB
[2006 Q22]
5. The atomic number of atom X is 8, and the electronic configuration of atom Y in the excited state is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 4s1. Which of the following compounds are likely to form?
A. YX2
B. Y2X
C. Y2X3
D. Y3X2
[2007 Q5]
6.3.2 Electronic Configuration of the Atom and Distribution of the Elements

1. (a) Draw the orbital – filling diagram for the ground state electronic configuration of the element
with Z = 53. [2%]
(b) Determine the group and period of the above element in the periodic table. [1%]
(c) Classify the above element as a main – group, a d – block (transition) or a f – block (an inner
transition) element and predict its physical state at room temperature and pressure. [1%]
[2006 Q2]
7
6.3.3 Periodicity of the Basic Properties of Elements
Objective Questions
1. According to the following electron configurations of four different atoms, which atom possesses
the highest ionization energy?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p4
B. 1s2 2s2 2p5
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
[1999 Q8]
2. What do the following ions have in common?

F-, O2-, Na+, Mg2+.
A. They are isoelectronic.
B. They have the same ionic radii.
C. They have the same number of protons.
D. They are strong oxidizing agents.
[2000 Q6]
3. For which of the following particles is the removal of the electrons in the outermost shell most
difficult?
A. Ar (g) C. Cl- (g)
B. Ca+ (g) D. Na+ (g)
[2003 Q17]
4. Which of the following elements has the largest second ionisation energy?
A. Neon
B. Sodium
C. Oxygen
D. Fluorine
[2004 Q8]
5. The elementary substance of which type of the following elements has the strongest oxidizing
power?
A. Element whose outermost shell has electron configuration 3s2 3p5
B. Element with electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p5
C. Group IA element in the 3rd period
D. Group VIIIA elements
[2005 Q6]
6. The atoms of the most active metal in the periodic table have ________________.
A. large radii and low electronegativities
B. large radii and high electronegativities
C. small radii and low electronegativities
D. small radii and high electronegativities
[2007 Q4]
8
1.
Table 1 is part of the Periodic Table which shows the positions of the elements A → J.
Using the information given in the table, answer the following questions (using the alphabets shown
to represent the elements):
(a) Which element is most inactive? [1%]
(b) Which element has the strongest oxidizing property? [1%]
(c) Arrange the atomic radii of D, G and J in descending order. [1%]
(d) Write down the chemical formula of the compound formed by E and J. [1%]
[2000 Q1]
2. (a) What is the ionization energy of an element? [2%]

(b) Table 1 contains the 1st to the 4th ionization energy of elements X, Y and Z.
From the above data, determine which of the elements X, Y and Z

(i) Is a non – metal; [1%]
(ii) Can form an ionic compound with a valency of 2 with chloride. [1%]
[2000 Q1]
3. (a) On your graph paper, draw Fig. 1 and sketch how the first
ionization energies of the second period elements from
lithium to neon change. [1%]
(b) Draw the orbital diagram for the ground state electronic
configurations of nitrogen and oxygen respectively. [1%]
(c) According to (b), explain why the first ionization energy of
oxygen is less than that of nitrogen. [2%]
[2007 Q4]
9
Chapter 7: Chemical Bond
7.1.3 Properties of Ionic Compounds
1. Magnesium conducts electricity both in solid and molten states whereas magnesium chloride
conducts electricity in molten state only. Why? [4%]
[2005 Q8 c]
7.2.1 Formation of Covalent Bond

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following electron dot diagram is incorrect?
A. C.
B. D.
[2001 Q7]
2. Which of the following does not have the same number of electrons as a fluoride ion (F-)?
A. Ne C. Na+
B. Li+ D. H2O
[2002 Q9]
3. How many single bonds are there in a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Four C. One
B. Two D. None
[2004 Q10]
4. The number of outermost electrons of atoms X and Y is 1 and 6 respectively. What compound can
be produced if they combine together?
A. XY2 type ionic compound
B. X2Y type ionic compound
C. XY2 type covalent compound
D. X2Y type covalent compound
[2004 Q11]
5. Which of the following electron dot formula is incorrect?

A. C.
B. D.
[2005 Q5]
6. What is the electronic configuration of the atom of the element Y if it is isoelectronic with H2S?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
[2006 Q4]
7. The molecule of which of the following compounds contains six bonding electrons?
A. CO2 C. NH3
B. H2S D. SF6
[2006 Q5]
10
1. (a) Draw the electron arrangement of AlCl3. [2%]
[1999 Q1 c]
2. (a) Draw the electron dot diagram for the following molecules:
(i) CO2; [1%]
(ii) NH3; [1%]
(iii) H2O. [1%]
(b) Which of the above is a linear molecule? [1%]
[2000 Q2]
3. Draw the electron dot diagram for the following substances:

(a) N2; [1%]
(b) HCl; [1%]
(c) NaCl; [1%]
(d) MgCl2. [1%]
[2002 Q1]
4. Draw the electron dot diagram for ammonia. [1%]

[2006 Q1 a]
7.2.3 Non – Polar and Polar Covalent Bond

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following is a polar molecule?
A. CCl4 C. NH3
B. CH4 D. BH3
[1999 Q6]
2. Which of the following is / are polar molecule(s)?
I Water III Hydrogen chloride
II Ammonia IV Carbon tetrachloride
A. II C. III, IV
B. IV D. I, II, III
[2000 Q7]
3. The electronegativities of some elements are as follow:
Hydrogen: 2.1 Carbon: 2.5 Chlorine: 3.0 Nitrogen: 3.0 Oxygen: 3.5
Which of the following bonds has the greatest polarity?
A. C – H C. N – O
B. H – O D. H – Cl
[2000 Q8]
4. Which of the following is a non – polar molecule?

A. Water
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Carbon tetrachloride
[2003 Q6]
11
5. Which of the following statements are correct?
I Covalent bonds may be present in ionic compounds.
II There is no ionic bond in covalent compounds.
III The covalent bond in diatomic molecules must be non – polar.
A. I, II C. II, III
[2005 Q3]
6. Which of the following substances is nonpolar compound?

A. SO2 C. BH3
B. H2S D. NH3
[2005 Q32]
7.4.1 Van der Waals Forces

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following solids consists of atoms or molecules held together by van der Waals forces?
A. H2O (s) C. MgO (s)
B. CO2 (s) D. SiO2 (s)
[2006 Q6]
7.4.2 Molecular Crystal

1. (a) Fig. 2 is a simple structural diagram showing two chlorine molecules in a chlorine crystal:
(i) What is the chemical bond between two atoms of chlorine that leads to the formation of
a chlorine molecule? Explain how this bond is formed? [2%]
(ii) What is the attractive force that causes mutual attraction between the two chlorine
molecules? Name the attractive force. [1%]
(b) Fig. 3 is a simple diagram showing the sodium ions and the chlorine ions in a sodium chloride
crystal.
(i) What is the chemical bond formed between the ions of
sodium and chlorine. Briefly explain how this bond is
formed. [2%]
(ii) State any 3 of the main properties of the sodium chloride
crystal formed by this bond. [3%]
(iii) Explain the hydration reaction that takes place when
sodium chloride dissolves in water. [2%]
(c) Explain why the melting point of solid chlorine is lower than
that of sodium chloride. [2%]
[1999 Q7]
12
7.4.3 Hydrogen Bond
Objective Questions
1. The boiling point of tetrachloromethane is higher than that of methane. This is because _________.
A. the Van der Waals forces in tetrachloroethane molecules are greater
B. there are hydrogen bonds in tetrachloromethane
C. tetrachlororethane is an ionic compound
D. tetrachloromethane is a polar molecule
[2001 Q8]
2. Which of the following substances could form hydrogen bonding among their molecules?
I HF III NaOH
II NH3 IV CH3OH
A. I, IV C. I, II, IV
B. II, III D. II, III, IV
[2004 Q13]
3. Which of the following statements regarding ionic bonds and covalent bonds is correct?
A. A covalent compound cannot be an electrolyte.
B. The only covalent compounds with high melting points are those in which hydrogen bonds
occur.
C. Ionic bonds and covalent bonds cannot both occur in the same compound.
D. Ionic compounds differ from metals in that ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the
solid state.
[2007 Q3]
1. Complete Table 3: [6%]
No. Solid Lattice Particles Main forces between the lattice particles
Example NaCl Na+ and Cl- ions Electrovalent bonds
(i) H2
(ii) Cr
(iii) H2O
(iv) SiO2
(v) Al2O3
(vi) NH4Cl
[2001 Q7 c]
13
Chapter 8: Oxidation – Reduction Reaction
8.2.1 General Rules for Calculating Oxidation Numbers
Objective Questions
1. The oxidation number of X in (H2XO3)-1 is _____________.
A. – 3 C. + 2
B. + 1 D. + 3
[1999 Q2]
2. The oxidation state of bromine in HBrO3 is _______________.

A. – 3 C. + 3
B. – 1 D. + 5
[2003 Q4]
3. In which of the following particles does nitrogen have the highest oxidation number?
A. N2O C. NO3-
B. NH4+ D. Li3N
[2004 Q7]
8.2.2 Oxidation Number and Oxidation – Reduction Reaction

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following equations represent(s) a redox reaction(s)?
I 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
II NO2 + 2I- + 2H+ → NO + H2O + I2
III 2ClO2 + 2OH- → ClO2- + ClO3- + H2O
A. I
B. II, III
C. I, II
D. I, II, III
[2001 Q9]
2. In the following redox reaction, how did the oxidation number of manganese change?
2KMnO4 + 5K2SO4 + 3H2SO4 → 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 3H2O
A. It increased by 3.
B. It increased by 5.
C. It decreased by 3.
D. It decreased by 5.
[2003 Q21]
3. Which of the following descriptions concerning the properties of Na+ ion is correct?
A. It can only be reduced but cannot be oxidized.
B. It can only be oxidized but cannot be reduced.
C. It cannot be oxidized and reduced.
D. It can be oxidized and reduced.
[2003 Q22]
14
4. Which of the following equations does not represent redox reaction?
A. Br2 + 2I- → 2Br- + I2
B. Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+
C. 2CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72- + H2O
D. 2Fe(CN)64- + I2 → 2Fe(CN)63- + 2I-
[2004 Q4]
8.3 Oxidizing Agent and Reducing Agent

Objective Questions
1. HAsO2 (aq) + Sn2+ (aq) + H+ (aq) → As (s) + Sn4+ (aq) + H2O (l)
Which is the oxidizing agent in the above unbalanced equation?
A. HAsO2 C. As
B. Sn2+ D. H+
[2007 Q1]
8.4 Balancing Oxidation – Reduction Equations

Objective Questions
1. The half equations of sulphur dioxide and acidified permanganate ion are:
SO2 + 2H2O → SO42- + 2e + 4H+
MnO4- + 5e + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O
How many moles of permanganate ions are required to completely react with 64 g of SO2?
A. 5.0 mol C. 1.0 mol
B. 2.0 mol D. 0.4 mol
[2000 Q9]
2. Given that: H2S (aq) → S (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e

SO2 (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e → S (s) + 2H2O (l)
How many moles of hydrogen sulphide are required to react with sulphur dioxide to produce 1 mol
of sulphur?
A. 2
B.
C.
D.
[2003 Q8]
3. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Fe2+ - e → Fe3+
The above half equations represent a reaction between potassium permanganate and iron (II)
sulphate. How many moles of potassium permanganate can be reduced by 1 mole of iron (II)
sulphate?
A. 5
B. 1
C.
D.
[2004 Q2]
15
4. HAsO2 (aq) + Sn2+ (aq) + H+ (aq) → As (s) + Sn4+ (aq) + H2O (l)
Balance the above equation and calculate the sum of the coefficient.
A. 6
B. 8
C. 12
D. 20
[2007 Q2]
1. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following reaction equation (Working steps must
be shown clearly):
Sn + HNO3 → SnO2 + NO2 + H2O [4%]
[1999 Q 3]
2. (a) Complete and balance the following half equations:

(i) MnO4- + H+ → Mn2+ + H2O [1%]
-
(ii) Cl → Cl2 [1%]
(b) From the above half equations, write the complete equation for the reaction of MnO4 and Cl-.
-
[1%]
(c) What is the reducing agent in this reaction? [1%]
[2001 Q2]
16
Chapter 15: Gases
15.3.1 Boyle’s Law
1. (a) State Boyle’s Law. [2%]
5
(b) An inflated balloon has volume of 0.45 L t sea level (1.01 x 10 Pa). Assuming that the
temperature remains constant, the balloon is allowed to rise to a height of 6.5 km, where the
pressure is 4 x 104 Pa, what is the volume of the balloon? [2%]
[2007 Q2]
15.3.2 Charles’ Law

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following diagrams correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas?
(T is measured in K)
[2006 Q7]
15.3.3 Graham’s Law of Diffusion

Objective Questions
1. A tyre took 20 min to deflate when filled with air (mean relative molecular mass of air is 28.8).
How long it take to deflate if it is filled with hydrogen at the same temperature and pressure?
A. min C. √ min
B. √ min D. min
[2002 Q7]
2. Under similar conditions, the rate of diffusion of hydrogen gas is _________ times that of sulphur
dioxide gas.
A. C.
√
B. 8 D. √
[2007 Q11]
1. The time taken for equal volume of three gases to diffuse under identical conditions were
determined as follows:
Gas Oxygen Gas X Gas Y
Diffusion Time (sec) 28.3 10.0 10.1
(i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of the gases X and Y. [2%, 1%]
(ii) Gas X is very inert and does not react with common laboratory reagents, whereas gas Y
explodes when it is ignited with air. Identify the gases X and Y. [2%]
[2006 Q7 b]
17
15.4.1 Avogadro’s Law
Objective Questions
1. A mixture of 20 cm3 of oxygen and 30 cm3 of hydrogen explodes and burns, then water is formed.
What is the volume of the remaining gas?
A. 5 cm3 C. 20 cm3
B. 15 cm3 D. 30 cm3
[2002 Q5]
2. There are two vessels of equal volume, one containing NO2 gas and the other containing equal
number of moles of a mixture of N2 gas and O2 gas. Under the same temperature and pressure,
which of the following for the gases in the two vessels must be equal?
A. Mass
B. The number of moles
C. The total number of atoms
D. The total number of protons
[2005 Q8]
15.4.3 Calculations Involving Molar Volumes

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following substances contains the most number of atoms?
A. 4 g hydrogen gas
B. 18 mL water at 4oC
C. 22.4 L helium gas at standard temperature and pressure
D. 11.2 L oxygen gas at standard temperature and pressure
[1999 Q3]
2. Which of the following contains the greatest number of atoms?

A. 10 g neon
B. 0.4 mol oxygen
C. 5.4 mL water at 4oC
D. 5.6 L carbon dioxide at STP
[2002 Q4]
3. Arrange the following gases in order of decreasing density at STP:
I O2 III CO2
II SO2 IV NO2
A. I → III → II → IV C. III → II → IV → I
B. II → IV → III → I D. IV → I → II → III
[2002 Q6]
1. (a) Is the following statement correct or incorrect? Explain.
1 mol of hydrogen has the same number of molecules as 1 mol of water. Their volumes are
approximately 22.4 L under the standard conditions of temperature and pressure. [2%]
(b) Calculate the number of atoms in 1.12 L hydrogen under the standard conditions of
temperature and pressure. [1%]
[2004 Q1 a c]
18
15.5.1 Ideal Gas
Objective Questions
1. Under what conditions does a real gas behave most like an ideal gas?
I Near the boiling point IV At high pressure
II At high temperature V At low pressure
III At low temperature
A. I, IV C. II, V
B. I, V D. III, IV
[2000 Q10]
2. Which of the following are the characteristics of an ideal gas?

I There are no intermolecules forces among the gas molecules.
II Each gas molecule has no volume.
III Each gas molecule has no mass.
A. I, II C. II, III
[2001 Q11]
15.5.4 Calculations Involving Ideal Gas Equation

Objective Questions
1. At 27oC and 2.5 x 104 Pa, the volume of 12 g of gas is 74.82 L. What is this gas?
A. C2H2 C. CO2
B. CH4 D. CO
[1999 Q4]
2. A sample of metallic element M, weighing 3.172 g, combines with 0.6015 L of oxygen gas at 20oC
and 1.01 x 105 Pa to form a metallic oxide with the formula MO. If the density of O2 gas under
these conditions is 1.328 g L-1, what is the relative atomic mass of M?
A. 39.9 C. 63.5
B. 55.8 D. 65.3
[2006 Q2]
15.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Presuure

Objective Questions
1. A gas sample contains 10 g of neon and 8 g of oxygen. The total pressure of this gas mixture at
25oC is 100 kPa. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in this gas mixture at 25oC?
A. 33 kPa C. 55 kPa
B. 50 kPa D. 67 kPa
[2000 Q11]
2. How much pressure will be exerted by a mixture of 16.0 g of oxygen and 7.0 g of nitrogen in a
5.0 L container at 20oC?
A. 7.31 x 105 Pa C. 4.99 x 105 Pa
B. 3.65 x 105 Pa D. 1.87 x 105 Pa
[2001 Q10]
19
Chapter 16: Solution
16.3 Solubility
Objective Questions
1. Saturated solution of ammonium nitrate at t1oC is cooled to t2oC. What changes would occur in the
solution?
I Mass of solution
II Mass of solute
III Mass percent concentration of solution
IV Mass of solvent
A. I, IV
B. II, III
C. I, II, III
D. I, II, III, IV
[2007 Q12]
16.3.2 Calculations Involving Solubility

Objective Questions
1. Fig. 1 shows the solubility curve of a substance. Which of the
following descriptions is correct?
A. 800 g saturated solution contains 240 g solute at 60oC.
B. 130 g saturated solution contains 30 g solute at 30oC.
C. 30 g of solute at the most can be dissolved at 30oC.
D. The solubility of that substance is directly proportional to the
temperature.
[1999 Q22]
1. (a) Fig. 3 shows the solubility curves of substances A, B and C.
(i) The solubilities of A, B and C in descending order
at 50oC are ______________. [1%]
(ii) 40 g each of A, B and C are separately added to
100 g of water at 40oC to form solutions. The
solution(s) of which substance(s) is a / are
saturated solution(s)? [1%]
(iii) What is the mass of the compound B in 500 g of a
saturated solution of B at 60oC? [2%]
o
(iv) When 100 g of saturated solution of A at 80 C is
cooled down to room temperature 25oC, how
many grams of A will crystallize out? [2%]
[2004 Q8 a]
20
16.4 Partition Law
Objective Questions
1. When 100 mL ether is added to and shaken with a 200 mL of an aqueous solution of X with the
mass of 10 g, 4.20 g of X is extracted. If the aqueous solution after the first extraction is shaken
with another 100 mL of ether, how many grams of X can be extracted from it?
A. 4.20 C. 2.10
B. 2.44 D. 1.22
[2006 Q9]
1. (i) State the Partition Law. [2%]
(ii) 50 g of an organic compound x are dissolved in 1 L of water. Calculate the quantity of the
organic compound x extracted if the mixture is shaken with:
○1 one 1 L portion of diethyl ether; [2%]
○2 twice 0.5 L portions of diethyl ether. [2%]
Given: Partition coefficient, K = =
[2004 Q8 b]
16.5.4 Molarity
Objective Questions
1. According to the equation representing reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid:
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2, what is the minimum volume of 2 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid required to
dissolve 0.1 mol of zinc completely?
A. 25 mL C. 100 mL
B. 50 mL D. 200 mL
[2004 Q16]
2. A sample of 0.04 mol of the bromide of an element M was dissolved in water and made up to
300 cm3 of aqueous solution. It was found that 15 cm3 of the resulting solution required 20 cm3 of
0.2 M silver nitrate (V) solution for complete precipitation. Find the formula of this bromide.
A. MBr C. MBr4
B. MBr2 D. M2Br
[2004 Q30]
3. If a 5 g sample of vinegar requires 39.1 mL of 0.108 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide for complete
reaction, what is the mass percentage of ethanoic acid in the vinegar?
A. 5% C. 0.5%
B. 2.5% D. 0.05%
[2006 Q28]
4. In an experiment, 50 mL of 0.020 mol L-1 acidified iron (II) sulphate is quantitatively oxidized by
X mL of 0.020 mol L-1 potassium permanganate. What is the value of X in mL?
A. 10 C. 50
B. 25 D. 100
[2006 Q29]
21
1. HCl gas is passed into water, yielding a solution of density 1.19 g mL-1 and containing mass
percentage 37%. What is the molar concentration of HCl in the solution? [4%]
[2003 Q7 a]
2. (a) Is S2O32- being oxidized or reduced in the process Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + X? Why? [1%]
-1
(b) Find the mass of iodine required to react with 25 mL 0.2 mol L Na2S2O3 solution. [2%]
[2006 Q10 a ii iii]
3. Three samples of different masses from a packet of mixture of magnesium and aluminium powder
were taken. To each of the sample 30 mL of hydrochloric acid of the same concentration were
added to allow reaction to take place. The mass of the sample and the corresponding volume (under
standard temperature and pressure) of gas it produced are shown in the Table 1:
Examine and analyse the data carefully and answer the following questions:
(a) What is the mole concentration of the hydrochloric acid used? [2%]
(b) Give the basis you used in your calculation of the concentration of hydrochloric acid. [4%]
(c) From the data of which set of experiment you can calculate the mole ratio of magnesium and
aluminium in the given mixture? [2%]
(d) Find the mole ratio of magnesium and aluminium in the given mixture. [4%]
[2005 Q12]
4. Lead white darkens when exposed to air containing hydrogen sulphide due to the formation of black
lead (II) sulphide. The lead white can be restored to white colour by using aqueous hydrogen
peroxide which oxidizes the lead (II) sulphide into lead (II) sulphate.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between aqueous hydrogen peroxide and
lead (II) sulphide. [2%]
-1
(b) Calculate the volume (in litre) of 0.10 mol L hydrogen peroxide required to oxidize 0.25 g of
lead (II) sulphide. [2%]
[2007 Q3]
16.6 Ideal Solution

1. (a) Under what conditions do real solutions behave like an ideal solution? [2%]
(b) Why dilute nitric acid does not behave like an ideal solution? [1%]
[2002 Q7 a ii iii]
2. What is meant by ideal solution? Is a solution formed by dissolving ethanol in water an ideal
solution? [3%]
[2005 Q11 d]
22
16.7.1 Raoult’s Law
1. (a) Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s Law.
(i) State Raoult’s Law. [2%]
o
(ii) Given that the vapour pressure of pure water at 50 C is 12.33 kPa. The solution formed
by urea (molecular mass = 60) with water behave like an ideal solution. How many
grams of urea must be added to 50 g of water at 50oC in order that the vapour pressure
of the solution drops by 0.49 kPa? [3%]
-1
(b) A glucose (C6H12O6) solution of density 1.6 g mL contains 34.5% of glucose. Given that the
molecular mass of glucose is 180 by mass. Calculate
(i) the mass concentration (molar concentration) of the solution; [2%]
(ii) the mole fraction of glucose in the solution. [2%]
[2002 Q7 a i iv b]
16.7.2 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression

Objective Questions
1. What is the freezing point of a solution when 0.5 mol of glucose is dissolved in 200.0 g of water?
(Note: Kf for water is 1.86 oC kg mol-1)
A. 4.65 oC
B. 0.084 oC
C. – 0.084 oC
D. – 4.65 oC
[2001 Q12]
2. 1.0 g certain compound was dissolved in 75.0 g water and the boiling point of the solution was
determined to be 100.12oC. Find the molecular weight of that compound.
(Boiling point elevation constant of water is 0.52 oC kg mol-1)
A. 87
B. 76
C. 69
D. 58
[2002 Q14]
23
Chapter 17: Chemical Reaction and Energy
17.1.2 Enthalpy
Objective Questions
1. Using the data below, calculate C – C bond enthalpy in ethane.
C (g) + 4H (g) → CH4 (g) ΔHo = – 1664 kJ mol-1
2C (g) + 6H (g) → C2H6 (g) ΔHo = – 2827 kJ mol-1
A. 501 kJ C. 165.5 kJ
B. 331 kJ D. 125 kJ
[2007 Q10]
17.2.3 Heat of Neutralization

Objective Questions
1. In which of the following changes can energy be released?
A. H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)
B. H2O (l) → H2 (g) + O2 (g)
C. H2 (g) → H+ (g) + e
D. O2 (g) → 2O (g)
[1999 Q17]
2. 2KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

The heat liberated in the neutralization reaction given above is 112 kJ. By using this information,
calculate the heat liberated in the following neutralization reaction:
NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
A. 56 kJ C. 168 kJ
B. 112 kJ D. 224 kJ
[2000 Q13]
3. The following are some kinds of enthalpy changes:

I Neutralization
II Combustion
III Formation
Identify the enthalpy change(s) associated with the following reaction:
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)
A. I C. I, II
B. III D. I, III
[2003 Q14]
17.2.4 Calculations in Heat of Reaction

Objective Questions
1. The enthalpy of combustion of methanol (CH3OH) is – 715 kJ mol-1. How many grams of methanol
have to be burned to produce 35.75 kJ?
A. 357.5 C. 16
B. 35.75 D. 1.6
[1999 Q34]
24
2. The equation for the combustion of methane is:
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + 210 kcal
How much heat can be liberated on burning 2.24 L of methane at STP?
A. 21 kcal C. 16.7 kcal
B. 19.2 kcal D. 10.5 kcal
[2001 Q13]
3. Calculate the standard heat of combustion of ethyne under the standard conditions, according the
following chemical reaction:
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH = – 1296 kJ
A. – 1296 kJ C. 648 kJ
B. – 648 kJ D. 1296 kJ
[2004 Q14]
1. The reaction N2O4 (g) 2NO (g) ΔH = + 56 kJ mol-1 reaches equilibrium at toC.
(a) According to the above data, when 1 mole of NO2 is completely dissociated into N2O4, what
is the change of heat of reaction? Draw an energy level diagram to show the association of
NO2 into N2O4. [3%]
[1999 Q8 c]
17.3 Hess’s Law

Objective Questions
1. The standard heat of formation of the following substances are given:
C2H6 (g) ΔHf = – 84.4 kJ mol-1
CO2 (g) ΔHf = – 393.5 kJ mol-1
H2O (l) ΔHf = – 285.8 kJ mol-1
Calculate the heat of reaction of the following reaction:
2C2H6 (g) + 7O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
A. – 3120 kJ C. + 3120 kJ
B. – 3457.6 kJ D. + 3457.6 kJ
[2002 Q18]
2. Given that ΔHo / kJ mol-1

(1) H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) – 286
(2) P4 (white) + 5O2 (g) → P4O10 (s) – 3012
(3) PH3 (g) + 2O2 (g) → P4O10 (s) + H2O (l) – 1291
What is the heat of formation, ΔHfo, of phosphine, PH3 in kJ mol-1?

A. + 109 C. + 1435
B. – 109 D. – 1435
[2006 Q10]
25
3. Given the standard het of formation of the following substances:
Fe2O3 (s) ΔHfo = – 836 kJ mol-1
CO2 (g) ΔHfo = – 418 kJ mol-1
Calculate the heat of reaction (ΔH) of the following reaction.
2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C (s) → 4Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)
A. – 1254 kJ
B. – 418 kJ
C. + 209 kJ
D. + 418 kJ
[2007 Q13]
1. (a) State Hess Law. [2%]
(b) From the following heats of combustion, [4%]
CH3OH (l) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔHo = – 726.4 kJ

C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔHo = – 393.5 kJ
H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O (l) ΔHo = – 285.8 kJ
calculate the enthalpy of formation methanol (CH3OH):

C (s) + 2H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → CH3OH (l)
[2001 Q7 a b]
2. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide are both pollutants formed by car engines. Converters in cars
make use of a catalyst to remove both gases by means of the following reactions:
Reaction A: 2NO (g) + 2CO (g) → N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g)
(a) The enthalpy of combustion of CO is – 278 kJ mol-1. Write out the thermochemical equation
for this statement. [1%]
(b) Using the following thermochemical equation
N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) ΔH = +180.2 kJ
and the information provided in (a), show that reaction A is highly exothermic. [2%]
[2003 Q1 a b]
26
Chapter 18: Chemical Reaction Rate
18.1.2 Methods of Representing the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Objective Questions
1. A mixture of 0.1 mol N2 gas and 0.3 mol of H2 gas in a tightly closed 2L container at a certain set of
conditions undergoes a reversible reaction: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g). It was found that after 10
minutes, 0.22 mol of H2 gas remains unreacted. What is the rate of reaction in terms of the change
in H2 concentration during the initial 10 minutes?
A. 0.004 mol L-1 min-1 C. 0.022 mol L-1 min-1
B. 0.008 mol L-1 min-1 D. 0.110 mol L-1 min-1
[2005 Q10]
18.2.2 Concentration of the Reactant and Reaction Rate

Objective Questions
1. The two steps involved in the reaction X (g) + 2Y (g) → XY2 (g) are shown below:
What is the rate of reaction for the overall reaction?

A. R = k [X]1 [Y]2 C. R = k [X]0 [Y]2
B. R = k [X]1 [Y]1 D. R = k [XY]1
[1999 Q15]
2. Sodium thiosulphate solutions of various concentration and water were mixed according to Table 1
in conical flasks A, B, C and D. Then 5 mL of 2 mol L-1 HCl was added separately to each of the
flasks. In which conical flask did the fastest rate of reaction take place?
Conical Na2S2O3 (aq)

Volume of water / mL
flask Concentration / mol L-1 Volume / mL
A 1.0 40 10
B 1.5 30 20
C 2.5 15 35
D 2.0 10 40
[2000 Q16]
3. An investigation into the reaction rates of reaction A + 2B → X + Y yielded the data as shown in
Table 2:
Experiment [A] / mol L-1 [B] / mol L-1 Rate of reaction, R

1 1.0 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-5 2.75 x 10-7
2 1.0 x 10-3 4.0 x 10-5 5.5 x 10-7
3 2.0 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-5 1.1 x 10-6
Table 2
The expression of the rate of reaction is ______________.
A. R = k [A] C. R = k [A]2 [B]
B. R = k [A] [B] D. R = k [A] [B]2
[2001 Q14]
27
4. The two steps involved in the gas – phase reaction X + 2Y → XY2 are
The rate equation for this reaction should be _____________.

A. R = k [X]0 [Y]1 C. R = k [X]1 [Y]2
B. R = k [X]1 [Y]1 D. R = k [XY]1 [Y]1
[2002 Q15]
5. The equation below shows the reaction between gases P and Q:

P (g) + Q (g) → PQ3 (g)
In an experiment for finding the rate of this reaction, a student obtained the results as shown in
Table 2 (at temperature T):
[P] [Q] PQ3 rate of formation
Experiment
(mol L-1) (mol L-1) (mol L-1 s-1)
1 0.10 0.10 0.001
2 0.10 0.20 0.004
3 0.10 0.40 0.016
4 0.20 0.10 0.001
5 0.30 0.10 0.001
Table 2
From the above results, it is obtained that the reaction rate is __________________.
A. k [Q]2 C. k [P] [Q]2
B. k [Q]3 D. k [P] [Q]3
[2003 Q19]
6. Table 1 shows the results of the experiments for the reactions between P and Q:
What is the order of the reaction?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3
[2004 Q17]
7. By which of the following is the rate constant of a chemical reaction influenced?

A. Concentration of products C. Temperature
B. Volume of container D. Pressure
[2005 Q12]
28
8. If the rate equation of 2A + B → C + D can be expressed as R = k [A] [H+], then the reaction is
A. a zero – order reaction
B. a first – order reaction
C. a second – order reaction
D. a third – order reaction
[2007 Q14]
1. An investigation into the reaction rates of the reaction 2A + 4B → C yielded the data as shown in
Table 1:
(a) Write down the expression for the rate of reaction. [1%]
(b) What is the rate constant? [1%]
(c) What is the order of reaction? [1%]
(d) If [A] = [B] = 1 x 10-3 mol L-1, find . [1%]
[2002 Q2]
2. The experiment data of a reaction (A + B + C → products) are shown in Table 2:
(a) Write a rate equation for this reaction. [7%]

(b) Find the overall order of this reaction. [1%]
(c) Calculate the numerical value of the rate constant, k, stating the unit. [1%]
-1
(d) If we carry out the fifth experiment the initial reaction concentrations [A] = 2.0 mol L ,
[B] = 0.2 mol L-1 and [C] = 0.02 mol L-1, find the rate of the formation of the products. [1%]
[2003 Q8 a b c d]
29
18.2.3 Temperature and Reaction Rate
Objective Questions
1. The reaction “P + Q → Product” is first order with respect to P and zero order with respect to Q. if
the reaction rate constant doubles for each 10oC rise in temperature, which of the following sets of
conditions will give the greatest rate of reaction?
[P] (mol L-1) [Q] (mol L-1) Temperature (oC)

A 0.1 0.2 40
B 0.1 0.3 30
C 0.2 0.2 30
D 0.3 0.1 30
[1999 Q16]
2. Fig. 1 is the energy diagram for the reaction A → B. Which of the following descriptions
concerning Fig. 1 are correct?
I The activation energy of the reaction is 75 kJ.
II The enthalpy of the reactant is 42 kJ.
III This is an endothermic reaction.
IV The heat of the reaction is +22 kJ.
A. I, II, III C. I, III, IV
B. I, II, IV D. III, IV
[2000 Q12]
3. Which of the following statements about the activation energy of a reaction is incorrect?
A. It changes with temperature.
B. Activation energies for the forward reaction and backward reaction are different.
C. It is mainly used in breaking the bonds of reacting molecules.
D. In general, the larger the activation energy, the slower the reaction.
[2002 Q13]
4. Given that temperature T2 temperature T1, which of the curves shown in Fig. 1 best shows the
relationship between the distribution of the speed of gaseous molecules and the temperature at these
two temperatures?
[2003 Q2]
30
5. Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Which of the following factor(s) may affect the rate of the chemical reaction stated above?
I Temperature
II Concentration of HCl
III Size on Zn pellets
A. II C. I, III
B. I, II D. I, II, III
[2003 Q16]
18.2.4 Catalyst and Reaction Rate

Objective Questions
1. When a reaction involving no gas occurs in a solution, which of the following does not obvious
affect the rate of reaction?
A. Catalyst
B. Pressure
C. Temperature
D. Concentration
[1999 Q18]
2. When calcium carbonate is reacted with an excess of acid, carbon dioxide

is produced. The reaction between calcium carbonate and acid may result
in different curves as shown in Fig. 1 under difference conditions. How
can curve P be shifted towards curve Q?
A. By adding a catalyst
B. By decreasing the concentration of the acid
C. By increasing the mass of calcium carbonate
D. By carrying out the reaction at a lower temperature
[2004 Q1]
3. Which of the following may affect the rate constant for a chemical reaction?
I Change in concentration III Change in temperature
II Change in pressure IV Adding in a catalyst
A. I, II, III
B. I, II, IV
C. II, III, IV
D. III, IV
[2006 Q11]
4. What is the best explanation for the speeding up of a chemical reaction by catalyst?
A. It increases the kinetic energy of the reaction molecules.
B. It makes the enthalpy change for the reaction more negative.
C. It increases the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
D. It lowers the energy barrier for the reaction.
[2006 Q12]
31
1. (a) Explain why catalyst is able to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. [2%]
(b) List any two other characteristics of catalyst. [2%]
[2001 Q3]
3. Nitric acid and carbon monoxide are both pollutants formed by car engines. Converters in cars
make use of a catalyst to remove both gases by means of the following reaction:
Reaction A: 2NO (g) + 2CO (g) → N2 (g) + CO2 (g)
(a) Briefly explain why a catalyst in these converters. [1%]
[2003 Q1 c]
4. Besides the concentration of reactants, write out two other external factors that can influence the
rate of a chemical reaction. [2%]
[2003 Q8 e]
32
Chapter 19: Chemical Equilibrium
19.2.1 Changes in Chemical Equilibrium
Objective Questions
1. Which of the following equilibrium will not be affected by a change in volume?
A. 2NO2 (g) N2O4 (g)
B. H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)
C. NH4NO3 (g) N2O (g) + 2H2O (g)
D. CH3CH2OH (g) CH2 = CH2 (g) + H2O (g)
[2000 Q14]
2. The purpose of adding catalyst into a reversible reaction is to __________.

A. shift the equilibrium position to the forward reaction
B. change the component of the mixture in equilibrium
C. shorten the time required to achieve equilibrium
D. change the heat of reaction
[2001 Q16]
3. Which of the following changes will certainly increase the amount of products of the reaction at
equilibrium?
A. Adding a catalyst
B. Increasing the pressure
C. Increasing the temperature
D. Increasing the concentration of reactants
[2003 Q13]
4. Which of the following descriptions about the reversible reaction

is / are correct?
I Reacting 2 mol of SO2 with sufficient amount of O2, 2 mol of SO3 can be obtained.
II At equilibrium, the rate of consumption of SO2 must be equal to twice the rate of
consumption of O2.
III At equilibrium, the ratio of the concentrations of three substances is
c(SO2): c(O2): c(SO3) = 2: 1: 2.
A. I
B. II
C. I, III
D. II, III
[2005 Q11]
5. For the following equilibrium systems, which will move in the forward direction no matter the
temperature is decreased or the pressure is increased?
A. H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g) + Q
B. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 + Q
C. N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) – Q
D. C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g) – Q
[2005 Q13]
33
6. For the reversible reaction of 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) + Q, which of the following methods
would increase the percentage conversion of SO2?
I Increasing the temperature III Increasing the pressure
II Decreasing the temperature IV Decreasing the pressure
A. I, III C. II, III
B. I, IV D. II, IV
[2007 Q15]
1. When 100 L of NO gas at room temperature are compressed and filled into a tightly closed 1 L
vessel and heated to 50oC, the pressure of the gas was found to decrease rapidly. The pressure
ceases to change any further when it becomes slightly less than of the pressure before the heating.
(a) It is known that upon heating, NO gas decomposes into two nitrogen oxides, one of them is a
reddish brown gas and the other one is the colourless N2O gas. Write down the chemical
equation for the decomposition reaction of NO at 50oC. [2%]
(b) Explain why the final pressure of the gases in the vessel is smaller than of the pressure
before the heating. [2%]
[2005 Q3]
19.2.2 Characteristics of an Equilibrium System

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following statements about the state of chemical equilibrium is correct?
A. Both the forward and reverse reactions come to a stop.
B. The concentrations of reactants are equal to zero.
C. The rate of forward reaction is the same as that of the reverse reaction.
D. A change in reaction conditions will not shift the position of equilibrium.
[2000 Q15]
19.3 Le Chatelier’s Principle

1. State Le Chatelier’s Principle. [2%]
[1999 Q8 a]
19.4.3 Calculations Involving Equilibrium Constants

Objective Questions
1. A nitrogen – hydrogen mixture, initially in the mole ratio of 1: 3, reached equilibrium with the
product ammonia when 50% of the material had reacted. If the total final pressure was P, the partial
pressure of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture was ______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
[2006 Q8]
34
2. A mixture of 3 mol PCl5 and 1 mol PCl3 was allowed to come to equilibrium in a vessel at 320 K.
PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
If the equilibrium constant Kc at 320 K is 0.50, find the number of moles of PCl5 that remained.
A. 2.314
B. 2.175
C. 0.825
D. 0.626
[2006 Q13]
1.
As shown in Fig. 4, the reaction N2O4 (g) 2NO (g) ΔH = + 56 kJ mol-1 reaches equilibrium at toC.
(i) Write an expression for Kc for the above equilibrium. [1%]
(ii) If 1 mole of N2O4 is present at the beginning and 20% of N2O4 is dissociated into NO2 at
equilibrium with a total pressure of X Pa, calculate the partial pressure of NO2 at equilibrium.
[2%]
(iii) In Fig. 4, if ice cubes are added to beaker P and 20 g of NaOH are added and dissolved in
beaker Q, what changes in colour will take place in conical flask A and B respectively?
Explain briefly. [4%]
[1999 Q8 b]
2. Given 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)

(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for the above reaction. [1%]
(ii) At 800 K, 1.0 mol of SO2 and 1.0 mol of O2 are added into a 1 L flask and the following
reaction takes place:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
At equilibrium, 0.8 mol of SO3 is present in the flask. Find the equilibrium constant Kc for
this reaction at 800 K. [2%]
35
Chapter 20: Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solution
20.1.2 Dissolution Equilibrium Constant – Solubility Product (Ksp)
Objective Questions
1. The solubility product of a sparingly soluble ionic compound A2B is _______________.
A. Ksp = [A+] [B2-] C. Ksp = 2[A+] [B2-]
B. Ksp = [A+]2 [B2-] D. Ksp = (2[A+])2 [B2-]
[2001 Q15]
20.1.3 Relationship between Solubility Product and Solubility

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following salts dissolves most easily based on the solubility products given?
A. PbCrO4 Ksp = 2.8 x 10-13 C. BaCO3 Ksp = 5.1 x 10-9
B. AgCl Ksp = 1.8 x 10-10 D. CaSO4 Ksp = 9.1 x 10-6
[2004 Q5]
2. If the solubility product of barium sulphate at temperature ToC is 1 x 10-10, what is the solubility of
barium sulphate in g L-1?
A. ( ) x 10-12 C. 2.335 x 10-3
B. 2.335 x 10-8 D. 2.335 x 10-7
[2006 Q14]
3. The solubility product of silver sulphate at 25oC is 1.5 x 10-5. In a solution in which
[SO42-] = 2.4 x 10-2 mol L-1, the maximum [Ag+] is:
A. 6.25 x 10-2 mol L-1 C. 6.25 x 10-4 mol L-1
B. 2.5 x 10-2 mol L-1 D. 2.5 x 10-4 mol L-1
[2007 Q16]
20.2 Position of Dissolution Equilibrium

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following will affect the value of the solubility product, Ksp, of silver sulphide when it
is precipitated by passing hydrogen sulphide into aqueous silver nitrate?
2AgNO3 (aq) + H2S (g) → Ag2S (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)
A. An increase in the temperature
B. The addition of hydrogen sulphide
C. The addition of aqueous silver nitrate
D. The addition of aqueous sodium sulphate
[2002 Q12]
2. Which of the following can increase the solubility of silver chloride in water most effectively?
A. Adding dilute nitric acid to the saturated solution
B. Heating the saturated solution
C. Adding water to the saturated solution
D. Dissolving ammonia in the saturated solution
[2002 Q16]
36
1. Explain why silver chloride dissolves easier in pure water than in sodium chloride solution? [3%]
[2005 Q11 c]
2. Explain any three of the following as fully as you can. Give chemical or ionic equation when
necessary:
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid decreases the solubility of lead (II) chloride in aqueous solution
whereas concentrated hydrochloric acid increases its solubility. [4%]
[2006 Q8 d]
20.3 Predicting Precipitation and Selective Precipitation

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following groups of ions will not react with each other when they co – exist in the
same solution?
A. Ag+ , K+ , Na+ , Cl- C. H+ , CO32-, Na+ , SO42-
B. Ba2+ , NO3- , K+ , OH- D. Ba2+ , Cl- , SO32- , NO3-
[1999 Q9]
2. The ions in which of the following groups can co – exist in large amount?
A. Mg2+ , Al3+ , NO3- , SO42- C. K+ , Ca2+ , Cl- , CO32-
B. Na+ , NH4+ , SO42- , OH- D. H+ , K+ , S2- , MnO4-
[2005 Q16]
1. (a) The solubility product of barium sulphate (BaSO4) is 1.1 x 10-10 at 25oC.
(i) Calculate
○ 1 the solubility of BaSO4 in water; [1%]
-1
○ 2 the solubility of BaSO4 in 0.01 mol L Na2SO4 solution. [2%]
-1
(ii) Compare and contrast the solubilities of BaSO4 in water and 0.01 mol L Na2SO4
solution and give an account for this difference. [2%]
o -1 -1
(b) At 25 C, 20 mL of 0.04 mol L BaCl2 solution is added to 30 mL of 0.003 mol L H2SO4.
(i) Write the net ionic equation for this reaction. [1%]
(ii) Predict whether a precipitate is expected to form. [3%]
[2000 Q8 a b]
necessary:
(a) When hydrogen sulphide is passed into an acidified aqueous solution of lead (II) nitrate and
zinc nitrate separately, only the lead (II) nitrate produced the black lead (II) sulphide,
eventhough both lead (II) sulphide and zinc sulphide are insoluble sulphides. [4%]
-23 -28
(Ksp (ZnS) = 1.2 x 10 , Ksp (PbS) = 3.1 x 10 )
[2006 Q8 c]
37
Chapter 21: Acids, Bases and Salts
21.1 Basic Theories about Acids and Bases
Objective Questions
1. According to Bronsted – Lowry’s acid acid – base theory, an acid is defined as ___________.
A. an electron acceptor C. a proton acceptor
B. an electron donor D. a proton donor
[2001 Q17]
necessary:
(a) When solid sodium hydride dissolves in water, it gives hydrogen and a strong alkaline
solution. However, hydrogen chloride gas gives a strong acidic solution when it dissolves in
water. [4%]
[2006 Q8 b]
21.2.1 Degree of Ionization

Objective Questions
1. A mixture of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate is known to contain 0.6 mol of chloride
ions and 0.2 mol of sulphate ions. The number of moles of magnesium ions present in the mixture is
_____________.
A. 0.5 C. 1.0
B. 0.8 D. 1.4
[1999 Q14]
2. 57.2 g of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3•10H2O (relative molecular mass = 286), dissolve in
water to produce 1 L of solution. The concentration of the sodium ions in the solution is
__________ mol L-1.
A. 0.4 C. 0.1
B. 0.2 D. 0.05
[2003 Q12]
3. If the following four acid solutions have the same H+ concentration, which one has the greatest
mole concentration?
A. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) C. Sulphuric acid
B. Hydrochloric acid D. Nitric acid
[2005 Q15]
4. Which of the following solutions has the same Cl- concentration as that of 50 mL of 0.3 mol L-1
NaCl?
A. 30 mL of 0.5 mol L-1 KCl solution
B. 50 mL of 0.3 mol L-1 MgCl2 solution
C. 100 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 AlCl3 solution
D. 150 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 NH4Cl solution
[2005 Q17]
38
21.2.2 Ionization Constant
Objective Questions
1. Table 1 shows the Ka values at 298 K of four acids, X, Y, Z and W:
Which of the following is the correct order of increasing acid strength?

A. Z W Y X C. X Y Z W
B. Y X W Z D. X Y W Z
[2003 Q15]
1. Distinguish the following items:
(i) Acid strength and acid concentration. [3%]
[1999 Q9 a ii]
21.3.2 pH Value
Objective Questions
1. What is the difference in H+ concentrations between two solutions of pH = 2 and pH = 4?
A. 10 times C. 100 times
B. 20 times D. 1000 times
[2000 Q17]
2. The pH value of a 100 mL solution is 1. This means that ______________.

I this solution contains 0.01 mol H+
II [H+] of this solution is 0.1 mol L-1
III the concentration of this solution is 0.1 mol L-1
A. I, II C. II, III
[2001 Q18]
3. Calculate the pH of a 0.005 mol L-1 solution of an alkali M (OH)2 which dissociates completely.
A. 2.3 C. 11.7
B. 9.4 D. 12.0
[2002 Q17]
4. The ion – product constant of water is Kw = 1.0 x 10-14. Find the pH value of a solution of sodium
hydroxide of concentration 0.002 mol L-1.
A. 12.3 C. 10.7
B. 11.3 D. 9.7
[2004 Q19]
39
5. What is the pH value of a 0.1 mol L-1 aqueous solution of ammonia if its dissociation constant, Kb is
1 x 10-5 at 25oC?
A. 3 B. 8 C. 11 D. 13
[2006 Q15]
6. The pH of water at 25oC is 7. What is the corresponding value of the dissociation constant (Kc) of
water?
A. 1 x 10-4 C. 18 x 10-17
B. 1 x 10-7 D. 18 x 10-14
[2006 Q16]
7. HA is a weak monobasic acid. If the pH value of a 1.0 x 10-2 mol L-1 aqueous solution of this acid is
4.0, its Ka approximately equal to _______________.
A. 1 x 10-8 C. 5 x 10-6
B. 1 x 10-6 D. 2 x 10-6
[2006 Q18]
8. A solution of an acid A has the same pH (=3) as a solution of an acid B. Equal dilution of both
solutions with water increases the pH of acid A solution more than that of acid B solution. Which of
the following pairs of acids show this property?
Acid A Acid B
A H3PO4 HCl
B HCl H2CO3
C HNO3 H2SO4
D CH3COOH H2SO4
[2006 Q27]
9. When water is added to a 0.01 mol L-1 of carbonic acid solution, what changes would occur in the
degree of ionization of the solution and its pH value?
Degree of ionization pH value
A Increases Falls
B Increases Rises
C Decreases Falls
D Decreases Rises
[2007 Q18]
1. Calculate the pH value of the solution formed by mixing the same volume of two types of
hydrochloric acid of pH = 5 and pH = 3. [3%]
[1999 Q9 b]
necessary:
(a) The acid dissociation constant, Ka, is more suitable than the pH of the acid solution as a
measure of the strength of an acid although both values may be used to represent its acidity.
[4%]
[2006 Q8 a]
40
21.4 Acid – Base Titration
(i) Neutralization point and titration end point. [3%]
[1999 Q9 a iii]
21.4.2 Acid – Base Indicator

Objective Questions
1. The strength of an acid or a base is decided on _______________________.
A. the colour change of an indicator C. its degree of ionization
B. the amount of hydrogen ion D. its concentration
[1999 Q25]
2. HIn is an acid – base indictor. Its equilibrium equation is shown below:

HIn (aq) H+ (aq) + In- (aq)
(red) (yellow)
In which of the following solution(s) will the indicator appear in red?
I Dilute nitric acid III Sulphur dioxide solution
II Calcium oxide solution IV Sodium hydroxide solution
A. I B. I, II C. I, III D. II, IV
[1999 Q28]
1. Table 2 shows the information for four indicators:
(i) When two drops of indicator A are added into 0.026 mol L-1 H2SO4, what colour will the
solution show? Explain briefly. [2%]
(ii) When indicator D is added into a certain solution, the solution appears colourless; when
indicator C is added into it, the solution appears blue. What colour will the solution show
when indicator B is added into it? Explain. [2%]
[2002 Q3]
21.4.4 Calculation Involving Acid – Base Titration

Objective Questions
1. 0.18 g sample of a diprotic or dibasic acid (molar mass = 90 g mol-1) reacted with 0.10 mol L-1 of
sodium hydroxide solution. What is the volume of the alkali solution needed for complete reaction?
A. 10 mL C. 30 mL
B. 20 mL D. 40mL
[2004 Q15]
41
1. (a) 100 mL of a HCl solution has a pH value of 2. How many mL of 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH solution
should be added to that solution to increase the pH value to 12? [4%]
(b) 20.0 mL of acetic acid solution which has a pH value of 3 can be completely neutralized by
11.1 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH. What is the degree of ionization of the acid? [4%]
[2003 Q7 b c]
2. 5.6 g of a solid which is a weak monoprotic acid, HA were dissolved in water and made up to
400 mL of solution. 100 mL of this solution were then titrated with 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH solution.
Fig. 2 shows the changes in pH value during the titration.
(a) Calculate the molarity of this weak acid before titration. [2%]
(b) Calculate the dissociation constant, Ka, of this acid. [3%]
(c) Calculate the concentration of OH- in the acid solution before
titration. [2%]
(d) What is the pH value at the equivalence point? [1%]
(e) Calculate the relative molecular mass of this weak acid. [3%]
(f) With reference to Table 1, choose a suitable indicator for this titration and explain why you
make such choice. [1%]
[2004 Q7]
3. A 0.608 g sample of fertilizer containing ammonium sulphate. It was analysed for its nitrogen
content by heating with sodium hydroxide. The ammonia gas evolved was dissolved in 46.3 mL of
0.213 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution with which it reacted. The resulting solution required
exactly 44.3 mL of 0.128 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization.
(a) Write two balanced chemical equations (not for neutralization) for the reactions stated above.
[2%]
(b) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. [2%]
[2006 Q3]
21.5 Hydrolysis of Salts

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following solutions with equal molar concentration has the lowest pH value?
A. NaHSO4 C. C6H5ONa
B. NaHCO3 D. Al2(SO4)3
[1999 Q26]
42
2. Table 1 shows the colours of solution X after adding four types of indicators.
(A) Indicators
(B) Colours of solution X after adding indicator
Types pH range Colour change
I 1.2 – 3.3 Red – Yellow Yellow
II 3.3 – 4.4 Red – Blue Blue
III 8.0 – 10.0 Colourless – Pale red Pale red
IV 10.3 – 12.0 Colourless – Blue Colourless
Table 1
Judging from the results, the solution X is:
A. sodium bicarbonate solution C. ethanoic acid
B. sodium hydroxide solution D. ethanol
[2007 Q17]
Hydrolysis of salts and ionization. [3%]
[1999 Q9 a i]
2. An acid and a base produce a salt and water after neutralisation reaction. Explain why the aqueous
solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is base and not neutral. [4%]
[2000 Q9 a]
3. A solution of a dibasic acid H2A of concentration 0.1 mol L-1 has a pH value of 5. There are five
different solutions:
A: 0.01 mol L-1 H2A solution
B: 0.01 mol L-1 NaHA solution
C: 0.01 mol L-1 Na2A solution
D: A solution made up of equal volume of 0.02 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid and 0.04 mol L-1 NaHA
solution
E: A solution made up of equal volume of 0.02 mol L-1 NaOH solution and 0.04 mol L-1 NaHA
solution
(a) Referring to the above five solutions, give your answers with explanations to the following
questions:
(i) Which one has the strongest electrical conductivity? [2%]
(ii) Which one has the poorest electrical conductivity? [2%]
(iii) Between B and C, which has the greatest pH value? [3%]
-
(iv) Between B and D, which one is higher in HA concentration? [3%]
(b) Write down the chemical equation for the reaction of NaHA and HCl. [2%]
[2005 Q9]
4. Attempt any three questions from the following:

(a) When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 10 mL of acetic acid solution, there is a
great change in pH; if sodium acetate is also present in the solution of acetic acid, the change
in pH is very much smaller. Why? [4%]
[2006 Q9 b]
43
21.6.1 Composition of Buffer Solution
Objective Questions
1. Which of the following pairs of substances can be mixed to produce a buffer solution?
I Ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate
II Ammonium chloride and ammonia water
III Sodium benzoate and sodium hydroxide
A. III C. II, III
B. I, II D. I, II, III
[2000 Q19]
1. Attempt any three questions from the following:
(a) When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 10 mL of acetic acid solution, there is a
great change in pH; is sodium acetate is also present in the solution of acetic acid, the change
in pH is very much smaller. Why? [4%]
[2006 Q9 c]
2.
(a) (i) Given that the degree of ionization of 0.20 mol L-1 NH3 • H2O is 0.93% at 25oC. What is
its pH value? [2%]
-1 -1
(ii) A 20 mL of 0.20 mol L NH3 • H2O solution in (i) was titrated with 0.10 mol L HCl
solution. On your graph paper, draw Fig. 2 and sketch its titration curve. Mark clearly the
volume of HCl added at the end point. [4%]
(b) (i) What is Buffer Solution? [2%]
(ii) NH3 • H2O and NH4Cl can form a buffer solution. By using equations, explain how this
mixture acts as a buffer. [4%]
[2007 Q7]
44
Chapter 22: Primary Cell, Electrolysis
22.2 Application of Electrode Potential
Objective Questions
1. The standard electrode potential of the half – cells are given below:
Cr3+ (aq) │ Cr (s) – 0.74 V
2+
Hg2 (aq) │ Hg (l) + 0.80 V
Calculate the standard electromotive force of the cell Cr (s)│Cr3+ (aq Hg22+ (aq)│Hg (l).
A. 0.06 V C. 3.82 V
B. 1.54 V D. 3.88 V
[1999 Q24]
2. The Mn – Ag cell diagram is given as: Mn (s) │Mn2+ (aq) Ag+ (aq) │Ag (s). What is the standard
e.m.f (Eo) for the cell?
(Standard Electrode Potentials: Mn2+ │Mn : - 1.19 V; Ag+ │Ag : + 0.80 V)
A. 0.39 V C. 1.48 V
B. 0.95 V D. 1.99 V
[2000 Q18]
3. What is the standard e.m.f. (Eo) of the cell Mg (s) │ Mg2+ (aq) Cu2+ (aq) │ Cu (s)?
(Standard Electrode Potentils: Mg2+ │ Mg = - 2.38 V; Cu2+ │ Cu = 0.34 V)
A. 2.72 V C. 2.04 V
B. 2.53 V D. 1.02 V
[2003 Q9]
4. Given that Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- → Mg (s) Eo = - 2.38 V

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- → Cu (s) Eo = + 0.34 V
Then the standard e.m.f. of cell Mg (s) │ Mg2+ (aq) ││ Cu2+ (aq) │Cu (s) is _____________ V.
A. + 2.72 C. + 2.04
B. – 2.72 D. + 1.36
[2006 Q20]
5. The standard electrode potentials of four electrodes are shown as below:

(Note: The elements are represented by the letter M, N, P and Q.)
+
○1 M / M = + 0.9 V
2+
○2 N / N = + 0.3 V
+
○3 P / P = - 0.3 V
2+
○4 Q / Q = - 0.9 V
If the standard electromotive force (Eo) of a primary cell is 1.2 V, what are the two electrodes of the
primary cell?
I P (s) │ P+ (aq) M+ (aq) │ M (s) III Q (s) │Q2+ (aq) N2+ (aq) │ N (s)
II M (s) │ M+ (aq) N2+ (aq) │ N (s) IV P (s) │ P+ (aq) Q2+ (aq) │ Q (s)
A. II C. II, IV
[2007 Q19]
45
1. Given Fe3+ │Fe2+ φo = + 0.77 V
Br2 │Br- φo = + 1.08 V
Using the data given above, deduce whether the following redox reaction is spontaneous.
2Fe2+ + Br2 → 2Fe3+ + 2Br- [3%]
[2000 Q7 b]
2. Redox reactions can be used to produce electric currents.
(a) The apparatus shown in Fig. 2 may be used to produce the same redox reaction described in
Fig. 1. Identify the metals X and W and solutions Y and Z in Fig. 2. [2%]
(b) What are the functions of the salt bridge in Fig. 1 and the porous pot in Fig. 2? [2%]
(c) Write the half – equations for the redox reaction that took place in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. [2%]
(d) Given the standard e.m.f. of the following half cells:
Cu2+ / Cu + 0.34 V
2+
Zn / Zn - 0.76 V
calculate the standard e.m.f. in volts of the cells in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. [2%]
(e) Explain why the concentration of zinc ions increases when the cell is producing electric
currents. [2%]
(f) Show the direction of the electron flow in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. [2%]
(The sketches of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 must be reproduced on your answer sheet.)
[2001 Q8]
3. The standard reduction potentials of the two electrodes are:

Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- → Mg (s) φo = - 2.37 V
Ag+ (aq) + e- → Ag (s) φo = 0.80 V
Predict whether the following reaction would proceed spontaneously:
Mg (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) [3%]
[2002 Q8 c]
22.3 Common Chemical Cells

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following statements is unrelated to the principle of primary cell?
A. The lithium cell is discharging electricity when the hand phone is switched on.
B. A silver medal tarnishes when exposed to H2S.
C. Zinc rods are often welded to the rudder of ocean liner.
D. Pig iron rusts faster than iron which is almost pure.
[2005 Q18]
46
22.4.1 Principles of Electrolysis
Objective Questions
1. Which of the following statements about the elements in Group IA of the Periodic Table is incorrect?
A. They all conduct electricity in either the molten state or the solid state.
B. They are all reducing agents.
C. Their chlorides are soluble in water.
D. They will be produced at the cathode during electrolysis of the related aqueous solutions.
[1999 Q7]
2. Which of the following statements about the elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table is incorrect?
A. They are all reducing agents.
B. Their chlorides are all soluble in water.
C. They all conduct electricity when molten.
D. They are produced at the cathode on electrolysis of their aqueous solution.
[2001 Q6]
3. In which solutions will the pH value decrease apparently when circuit in each of the electrolytic cell
is connected as shown in Fig. 1?
[2001 Q19]
4. What substances will be released at the electrodes in the electrolysis of dilute copper (II) sulphate
solution?
Cathode (Copper) Anode (Platinum)
A Copper Oxygen
B Oxygen Copper
C Hydrogen Oxygen
D Copper at the cathode dissolves in water Copper
[2004 Q3]
5. The following solutions of concentration 1 mol L-1 are each electrolyzed using graphite as
electrodes. During the process of electrolysis, the pH value of which of the following solutions
remains unchanged?
A. NaCl B. NaOH C. CuSO4 D. Na2SO4
[2005 Q19]
6. Which of the following devices can form a primary cell to produce electric current?
A. I, II B. I, III C. II, III D. III, IV

[2007 Q20]
47
22.4.2 Application of Electrolysis
1. (a) According to the standard reduction potential of aluminium and iron given, explain why
aluminium must be extracted by electrolysis of its molten oxide (Al2O3), whereas iron can be
extracted by reduction of its oxide (Fe2O3) with coke. [4%]
3+ 3+
(Note: Al / Al = - 1.66 V; Fe / Fe = - 0.04 V)
[2007 Q8 b]
22.4.3 Laws of Electrolysis

Objective Questions
1. When 5 mol of electrons are passed through a molten aluminium salt, the maximum mass of
aluminium formed at the cathode is ____________ g.
A. 5.4
B. 16.2
C. 45
D. 135
[1999 Q23]
2. An electric current was passed through molten calcium chloride, producing 2.0 g of calcium metal
at the cathode. What mass of chlorine is produced at the anode?
A. 7.10 g
B. 4.00 g
C. 3.55 g
D. 1.78 g
[2002 Q19]
3. During the electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution, how many coulombs of electricity are
required to obtain 127 g of copper?
A. 3.86 x 105 C C. 1.93 x 105 C
B. 2.895 x 105 C D. 9.65 x 104 C
[2003 Q7]
4. When 2 A of current are passed through a molten aluminium salt for 402 minutes, how many grams
of aluminium metal are obtained at the cathode?
A. 0.225 C. 13.497
B. 4.499 D. 40.492
[2003 Q11]
5. When 2F (Faraday) of electricity is passed through the solution in an electrolytic cell, 30 g of

element W (RAM = 45) is deposited on the cathode. Which of the following is the ionic formula for
W?
A. W2+
B. W+
C. W3-
D. W3+
[2006 Q17]
48
1.
Fig. 1 shows the apparatus set up for electrolysis of two solutions. Electrodes A and B are made up
of carbon. Electrode C is made up of metal M whose nitrate salt has a chemical formula of
M (NO3)2. Electrode D is made up of iron.
(i) During electrolysis, what are the products formed in electrode A and electrode B? [2%]
(ii) Write down the half equation of the reaction that occurs in electrode A and electrode B. [2%]
(iii) Write the overall cell reaction for electrolysis cell I. [1%]
(iv) When a few drops of litmus indicator are added near electrode B, what colour change can be
observed? Give an explanation for this. [2%]
(v) After a current of 2A is passed through the electrolytic cells for 10 minutes 30 seconds,
0.425 g of metal M are found deposited at electrode D. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
M. [2%]
[2000 Q7 a]
2. (a) When a current of 0.5 A is passed through a electrolytic cell containing aqueous silver nitrate
(using inert electrode), 0.54 g of silver is deposited at the cathode.
(i) Write down the ionic equation for the reactions that occurred at the electrodes and
indicate which is oxidizing agent and which is reducing agent. [3%]
(ii) Find the time taken (in seconds) for the electric current to pass through the cell. [2%]
(iii) What is the gas evolved at the anode and what is its volume in litre at STP? [3%]
[2007 Q8 a]
49
Chapter 23: Nuclear Chemistry
23.2.2 Types of Radioactive Decay
Objective Questions
1. What is y in the nuclear fussion reaction 2H + 3H → 4He + y?
A. α – particle C. γ – ray
B. β – particle D. neutron
[2000 Q20]
2. Which of the following decays would nucleus with ratio greater than 1 undergo in order to reach
stability? (Note: n is number of neutrons, p is number of protons.)
+
A. decay C. decay
B. decay D. Electron capture
[2007 Q9]
23.2.3 Half – Life

Objective Questions
1. The half – life of a radioactive isotope is 4 months. How many grams of the original 40 g of the
isotope will remain after one year?
A. 2.5 g C. 31.75 g
B. 5 g D. 33.64 g
[1999 Q1]
2. A patient undergoing treatment for thyroid cancer receives a dose of radioactive iodine (131I) which
has a half – life of 8.05 days. If the original dose contains 12 mg of 131I, what mass of 131I will
remain after 16.1 days?
A. 2 mg C. 6 mg
B. 3 mg D. 9 mg
[2001 Q20]
3. After how many years will 2.0 g of a radioactive isotope with a half – life of 1620 years decay to
0.5 g?
A. 810 years C. 3240 years
B. 1620 years D. 4860 years
[2002 Q21]
4. The half – life of a certain radioactive element is 80 days. How long does it take 10 mg of that
radioactive element to decay to 2.5 mg?
A. 160 days C. 33 days
B. 65 days D. 20 days
[2003 Q10]
5. The half – life of radium is 1620 years. How many years have lapsed if only of a given sample of
radium is left behind?
A. 3240 C. 6480
B. 4860 D. 8100
[2004 Q18]
50
6. Radioactive elements X and Y have half – lives of 15 hours and 5 hours respectively. If an
experimental starts with the mass of Y 4 times that of X, how many hours later the mass of X left
will equal to that of Y?
A. 5 C. 15
B. 10 D. 30
[2006 Q19]
1. (a) What is the half – life of a radioactive element? [2%]
(b) The half – life for C is 5730 years. Calculate:
(i) the decay constant λ for C; [1%]
(ii) the percentage left of this element after 1000 years. [1%]
[2000 Q3]
2. Carbon – 14 decays by β emission with a half – life 5730 years. Explain what this statement means
with the aid of a balanced equation for the decay. [3%]
[2002 Q8 d]
3. (a) Carbon – 14 is used for the determination of the age of archaeological materials containing
carbon. If the activity of an archaeological sample is 115 counts per hour per gram of
carbon – 14 and the original activity of the sample was 920 counts per hour per gram of
carbon – 14, what is the age of the sample? (The half life of carbon – 14 is 5730 year)
[3%]
[2005 Q11 a]
23.3 Application of Radioactive Isotopes

Objective Questions
1. I is an artificial radioactive isotope commonly used in medicine for radiation therapy. Which of
the following statements is incorrect?
A. In the nucleus of I, the number of neutrons exceeds the protons by 25.
B. I can be used for the treatment of goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland).
C. I and I are allotropes.
D. There are 53 protons in the nucleus of I.

[2005 Q1]
51

Physical Chemistry Past Year SUEC 1999 To 2007

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Chapter 3: Atoms and Molecules

3.2.3 Law of Multiple Proportions

2. Element X and Y react separately to form two compounds A

3.4.3 Chemical Calculation (Stoichiometry)

3.5.1 Methods of Determining Chemical Formula from Valency

3.5.3 Determining Chemical Formula from Percentage by Weight

The atomic ratio of the element E in A: B: C these three compounds is ___________.

3.6.2 Molar Mass

3. Which of the following is the heaviest?

4.2.1 Calculating the Quantity of Reactants and Products

4.2.2 Calculation Involving Impure Substances

4.2.3 Limiting Reactant Calculations

4.2.4 Percentage Yield

5.4.3 Electronic Configuration

2. (a) Write out the electron configuration of 26Fe. [2%]

2. Which of the following symbols belongs to transition element?

6.3.2 Electronic Configuration of the Atom and Distribution of the Elements

2. What do the following ions have in common?

2. (a) What is the ionization energy of an element? [2%]

From the above data, determine which of the elements X, Y and Z

7.2.1 Formation of Covalent Bond

5. Which of the following electron dot formula is incorrect?

3. Draw the electron dot diagram for the following substances:

4. Draw the electron dot diagram for ammonia. [1%]

7.2.3 Non – Polar and Polar Covalent Bond

4. Which of the following is a non – polar molecule?

6. Which of the following substances is nonpolar compound?

7.4.1 Van der Waals Forces

7.4.2 Molecular Crystal

Example NaCl Na+ and Cl- ions Electrovalent bonds

2. The oxidation state of bromine in HBrO3 is _______________.

8.2.2 Oxidation Number and Oxidation – Reduction Reaction

8.3 Oxidizing Agent and Reducing Agent

8.4 Balancing Oxidation – Reduction Equations

2. Given that: H2S (aq) → S (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e

3. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O

2. (a) Complete and balance the following half equations:

15.3.2 Charles’ Law

15.3.3 Graham’s Law of Diffusion

15.4.3 Calculations Involving Molar Volumes

2. Which of the following contains the greatest number of atoms?

2. Which of the following are the characteristics of an ideal gas?

15.5.4 Calculations Involving Ideal Gas Equation

15.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Presuure

16.3.2 Calculations Involving Solubility

16.6 Ideal Solution

16.7.2 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression

17.2.3 Heat of Neutralization

2. 2KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

3. The following are some kinds of enthalpy changes:

17.2.4 Calculations in Heat of Reaction

17.3 Hess’s Law

2. Given that ΔHo / kJ mol-1

What is the heat of formation, ΔHfo, of phosphine, PH3 in kJ mol-1?

CH3OH (l) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔHo = – 726.4 kJ

calculate the enthalpy of formation methanol (CH3OH):

18.2.2 Concentration of the Reactant and Reaction Rate

What is the rate of reaction for the overall reaction?

Conical Na2S2O3 (aq)

Experiment [A] / mol L-1 [B] / mol L-1 Rate of reaction, R

The rate equation for this reaction should be _____________.

5. The equation below shows the reaction between gases P and Q:

What is the order of the reaction?