Radiation Safety Refresher Course

29-31 August 2018

EEI Corporation
#12 Manggahan St., Bagumbayan, Quezon City

Nuclear Training Center

Technology Diffusion Division
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

1
 OBJECTIVE

Upon completion of this lecture participants will:

• Understand basic approaches to transport safety

• Recognize transport safety information (marking,

labeling, placarding and documentation) and its
application to basic radiation protection
 OVERVIEW

• Background and objectives of the transport

safety regulation
• Package requirements and preparation
• Test Procedures – materials and packages
• Hazard communications and controls during
transport
• Radiation Protection
• Preparation of Consignor’s Declaration/Permit
to Transport
The Nine Classes of Dangerous Goods
Class 1 Explosives Class 6 Toxic and
infectious
Class 2 Gases substances

Class 3 Flammable liquids Class 7 Radioactive

Class 4 Flammable solids material

Class 5 Oxidizing Class 8 Corrosives

substances and
organic peroxides Class 9 Miscellaneous
dangerous goods
Perspective of the Transport of
Dangerous Goods by Mode
Estimated Fraction of Estimated Fraction of
all goods that are All Dangerous Goods
Dangerous Goods that are Radioactive

Road 15% <2%

Rail 20% <2%

Air 3% - 4% <10%

Sea or
Canal 50% <1%
 Uses of Radioactive Materials
Industry & Nuclear Energy
Agriculture

Medicine &
Research
1st Published Regulation - RULES AND REGULATIONS ON
THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Approved on December 1, 1965 by the National

Committee on the Safe Transport of Radioactive
Material
• Promulgated on March 18, 1966
• Published on May 9, 1966 in the Official Gazette
• Took effect on May 24, 1966
• Based on the 1964 Revised Edition of the IAEA
Transport Regulations for Radioactive Material
Basis for the Requirements
for Safe Transport
• Code of PNRI Regulations (CPR) Part 4
“Regulations for the Safe Transport of
Radioactive Materials in the Philippines”,
Official Gazette, March 27, 2017

• I A EA S S R - 6 , Re g u l at i o n s fo r t h e S a fe
Transport of Radioactive Material – 2012
edition
 The Objective of the
Transport Regulations

“To protect persons, property and

the environment from the hazardous
effects of radiation associated with
the transport of radioactive material
in the Philippines”
 Objectives are satisfied by
• applying a graded approach to contents
limits for packages and conveyances
• applying performance standards to package
designs commensurate to the hazard
• imposing requirements on the design and
operation of packages and maintenance of
packaging
• requiring administrative controls, e.g.,
approval by competent authority
The Regulations establish
requirements for :

• Packaging and packages;

• Preparation for shipment;
• Transport of radioactive materials;
• Procedures and standards for control of
shipments and for the approval of
packaging and packages
General Provisions of the Transport Regulations

• Radiation Protection

• Management System

• Emergency Response

• Quality and Compliance Assurance

• Special Arrangement
General Provisions …(cont’d)
Radiation Protection:

• Radiation protection program should be established for

the transport of RAM
• The dose limits & ALARA principle from the BSS are
incorporated in the Transport Regulations
• Workers should receive appropriate training concerning
the radiation hazards involved
• Competent Authority should arrange for periodic
assessments of the radiation doses to persons
transporting RAM
Remember: Terms Associated with a
Radiation Protection Programme
• Radiation Level
– The corresponding dose rate
expressed in millisieverts (mSv)
per hour
• Contamination
– The presence of unwanted radioactive
material
• Non-fixed Contamination: Contamination that
can be removed from a surface
• Fixed Contamination: contamination other than
non-fixed contamination
General Provisions …(cont’d)
Emergency Response:
• Emergency response arrangements are in
place in the event of accidents or incidents

Quality Assurance:
• Quality assurance programmes of controls
and inspection applied by any organization
of body aimed at providing adequate
confidence that the standard of safety
should be established & maintained
General Provisions …(cont’d)
Management System:
The manufacturer, consignor and consignee shall be
prepared:
• To provide facilities for inspection during
manufacture and use; and
• To demonstrate compliance with this Part to PNRI.

Special Arrangement:
• This can be made with the Competent Authority
before RAM material can be transported
 Control of Radiation Hazard

• Dose = Dose Rate x Time

• Dose can be minimized by:

– Reducing time in the radiation field
– Increasing distance from the source
– Using material to shield the radiation
Specific Provisions of the Transport Regulations

• setting of exemption levels

• setting of activity values
• setting of restrictions, activity limits on the amount &
type of material w/c can be transported in a
particular package
• details of package requirements & testing
• details of categorization, labeling & documentation
of packages
Radioactive Content Determines the
Package Design Requirements
• Package: The packaging with its radioactive contents
as prepared for transport.
• Packaging: The assembly of components or materials
necessary for the receptacles to perform the
containment and other safety functions.

+ =
RADIOACTIVE
CONTENTS PACKAGE
PACKAGING

TS-R-1, ¶ 230, 231

Materials, Packaging & Package:
Design & Test Requirements
 Graded Approach - Package Integrity is a
Function of Potential Hazard of Contents

Graded approach to transport:

- Routine conditions – incident free
- Normal conditions – minor mishaps
- Accident conditions

Excepted Package Type A Package Type B Package

 Transport Conditions Required to be
Considered in Package Design

Type B(U)
Un- Excepted Type A Type C
IP-1 IP-2 IP-3 Type B(M)
packaged Package Package Package
Packages

Routine X X X X X X X X
(incident free)

Normal X X X X X
(minor mishaps))

Accident X X
(severe accidents)
 Overview of Package
Requirements and Contents
Eight Basic Package Types for
Radioactive Material
• Excepted Package
• Industrial Package
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Type 3
• Type A Package
• Type B(U) Package
• Type B(M) Package
• Type C Package
 Type A and Type B Package
• Type A Package is a package, overpack or freight
container wherein the activity of the radioactive
content shall not be greater than A1 for special form
radioactive material; or A2 for all other radioactive
material

• Type B Package is a package, overpack or freight

container wherein the activity of the radioactive
content is greater than that of a Type A Package.
- Type B(M) Package – multilateral approval
- Type B(U) Package – unilateral approval
Type A Package
 Three Elements used in the
Selection of Optimal Package
• Material type
• Contents limits
• Constraints

These lead to
Selecting a package design from
various package design options
 “Material Type”
Material type includes the properties or
characteristics of the radioactive material
which may affect package restrictions

Examples include:
• Radioactive material not in Special Form
• Radioactive material in Special Form (either an
indispersible
• Qualified LSA (low specific activity) or qualified
SCO (surface contaminated objects)
 “Content Limit”
Content limit is the activity limit of the
radioactive material contents of a package
imposed by the Regulations
Examples include:
• “Limited quantities”
• A1 or A2
• Through unpackaged material dose rate limitation, such
as for LSA/SCO
• As specified in Competent Authority approval certificate of
Package Design

A1 - the activity value of special form radioactive material

A2 - the activity value of radioactive material, other than special form
radioactive material.

Refer to Table 1. “Basic Radionuclide Values” of CPR Part 4

 “Constraints”
Constraints are additional requirements
that allow, restrict or forbid the use of a
package for a given radioactive material
under certain conditions

Examples include:
• Package surface dose rates
• Exclusive Use
• Conveyance restrictions
• Prohibition of carriage by air of
certain types of packages
 Quantities of Radioactive Material
less than or equal to A1 or A2

• If the quantity of radioactive material to

be shipped does not exceed A1 or A2, then
it could be shipped in a Type A package

• If the quantity is only a small fraction of A1

or A2, it may qualify to be shipped in an
Excepted Package
Radioactive Material in Special Form
• Special Form Material means:
“…either an indispersible solid radioactive
material or a sealed capsule containing
radioactive material.”
• May allow substantially higher activities in an
Excepted or Type A package

Radionuclide A1 Value A2 Value

Cf-252 0.05 TBq 0.003 TBq
Am-241 10 TBq 0.001 TBq
Co-60 0.4 TBq 0.4 TBq
Cs-137 2 TBq 0.6 TBq
Ni-63 40 TBq 30 TBq
Test Procedures – Materials & Packages

Summarizes the test procedures for

Materials and for packages intended
for transport of radioactive materials
 Type A Packages are designed to withstand
normal conditions of transport

Performance criteria
- Water spray
- Free drop
- Stacking
- Penetration
Additional tests
- Liquids & gases
¶ 646, 648-649
 Type B(U) & B(M) Packages have Severe
Testing Requirements
• Type A Package Tests
• Type B Package Tests:
- Mechanical drop tests
- Thermal test
- Water immersion test
• Additional Test
- Contents >105 A2
• enhanced water
immersion test
¶ 655-657, 659-660
Controls and Communications

• All packages of radioactive material

are subject to a regime of control
and communication

• The application of these controls

and communications is all part of
the preparation of the package
ready for dispatch
“Requirements and Controls for Transport”

Remember!!
• The consignor is primarily responsible for
the package from dispatch until delivery
• Compliant preparation of the package is the
key to safe transport of radioactive material
• As a result, the primary responsibility for
safety is placed on the consignor
• However, carrier still has responsibilities
 The Control of Packages
• Key Controls for Hazard Management
- Transport index
- Radiation dose rate limits
- Contamination limits
- Activity limits
- Use of exclusive use shipments
- Separation & segregation
Transport Index (TI) is the Key to Control
over Radiation Exposure
The Transport Index is a single
number assigned to a package,
o v e r p a c k , ta n k , o r f r e i g ht
container or to unpackaged
LSA-I or SCO-I, used to provide
control over radiation exposure

II-Yellow and
III-Yellow
Labels
¶ 243
 Determining Transport Index
• Determination of TI
1. Maximum radiation level in mSv/h at 1m (RL1m)
2. Multiply value determined by 100
3. Resulting number is the TI

RL1m (mSv/hr) x 100 = TI

– Round up to the nearest first decimal
– TI <0.05 may be considered zero (0)
 Categories of Packages and Overpacks
Conditions
Transport Index Maximum radiation level at Category
any point on external surface
0a Not more than 0.005 mSv/h I-WHITE
More than 0 but not more than 1a More than 0.005 mSv/h but II-YELLOW
not more than 0.5 mSv/h
More than 1 but not more than 10 More than 0.5 mSv/h but III-YELLOW
not more than 2 mSv/h
More than 10 More than 2 mSv/h but III-YELLOWb
not more than 10 mSv/h
a If the measured TI is not greater than 0.05, the value quoted may be zero
b Shall also be transported under exclusive use.

Refer to Table VI. “Categories of Packages and Overpacks and Frieght

Forwarders” of CPR Part 4
 Categorization of Packages and
Overpacks of Radioactive Material

• Packages and overpacks

shall be assigned to one of
three categories:
- I-White
- II-Yellow, or
- III-Yellow
 Communication
• The Regulations establish
requirements ensuring that the
hazards posed by a consignment
are clearly communicated to all
parties concerned to facilitate:
– complete radiation protection at
all phases (Sec. 9)
– correct emergency response for
accidents (Sec. 13)
 …….communication
• Communication is accomplished
by:
- marking material and packages
- labelling packages
- placarding freight containers,
tanks, road and rail vehicles
- transport documents
- approval certificates
- notification

UN 2910
Refer to Section 32 “Marking, Labeling and Placarding” of CPR Part 4
General Marking Requirements for all
Radioactive Material Packages

• Name or address of
Consignee/Consignor

AL
SE
To: Arnel Palermo
• Proper shipping name Radioactive
Material, Type A
• UN Number Package
UN 2915
55 kg
• Gross mass (if >50 kg)
• Package identification
 General Requirements for Application
of Package Markings
• Durable
• Legible
• Visible
• Contrasting background
• Recommended size:
- 12.5 mm for light weight
packages (i.e., up to a few
hundred kg)
- 65 mm for large packages
¶ 534-538
TS-G-1.1, ¶ 536.2
 Labeling
• Consignor responsibility
- Selecting label
- Entering data on labels
- Applying labels
• Types of Labels FISSILE

- Radiation category labels CRITICALITY

SAFETY INDEX

- Fissile material labels

7

• Labeling applies to:

- Packages
- Overpacks
- Freight containers Minimum dimensions = 100mm x 100mm
 Applying Labels
• Label configuration on SE
AL

packages shall be:

Cs-137, Sr-90

To: Ilah Wannit

65 MBq

0.7

Radioactive Material,
- affixed on two opposite sides Type A Package
UN 2915
of the outside of a: 55 kg

• package
Cs-137, Sr-90
65 MBq

0.7

• overpack
- affixed on all four sides of a:
• freight container
• tank Cs-137, Sr-90
65 MBq

• Labels shall not cover the

0.7

markings
 Other Labeling Requirements

• Other Dangerous Goods

– Additional labels as required
for other dangerous goods

• Non-applicable Labels
• All labels not relating to the
package content must be
removed
 Empty Packaging
When an empty
packaging that
previously contained
radioactive material is
transported as an
excepted package, the
previously displayed
labels shall not be visible.
 Placarding
Radioactive material placards apply to:
- Large freight containers
- Tanks
- Rail and road vehicles carrying packages,
overpacks or freight containers (other than
excepted packages)
- Rail and road vehicles carrying consignments
under exclusive use
- Unpackaged LSA Material or SCO consignments
in or on a vehicle
 Configuration of Radioactive
Material Placards
Enlarged Labels

OR

Refer to Figure 1-6 , Section 32 of CPR Part 4

 UN Number Display Placard

★★★★
Refer to Figure 7. of Section 32 “Marking, Labeling and Placarding” of CPR Part 4
 Examples of UN Numbers
TABLE VIII.VIII.EXCERPTS
TABLE FROM
EXCERPTS LISTLIST
FROM OF UNITED NATIONS
OF UNITED NUMBERS,
NATIONS NUMBERS,
PROPER SHIPPING
PROPER SHIPPINGNAMES
NAMES AND DESCRIPTIONS,
AND DESCRIPTIONS,SUBISIDIARY RISKS
SUBISIDIARY AND
RISKS AND
THEIR RELATIONSHIPTHEIRTO THE SCHEDULES
RELATIONSHIP TO THE SCHEDULES
Schedule UN PROPER SHIPPING NAMEa Subsidiary
No. and description risk
1 2910 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE
— LIMITED QUANTITY OF MATERIAL
2 2911 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE
— INSTRUMENTS or ARTICLES
3 2909 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE
— ARTICLES MANUFACTURED FROM NATURAL
URANIUM or DEPLETED URANIUM or NATURAL
THORIUM
4 2908 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE
— EMPTY PACKAGING
 Determining
Where to Place the Placards
• Placement for road and rail vehicles
- Rail vehicle: 2 external lateral walls
- Road vehicle: 2 external lateral walls and external rear
wall
- In the case of vehicles without sides:
• affix directly on cargo carrying unit (must be readily visible)
- In the case of vehicles carrying physically large tanks or
freight containers
• Placard on tank or freight
container sufficient
 Vehicle Placards

3 placards on vehicle
Responsibility for Marking,
Labeling and Placarding

Compliance with the requirements for

marking, labeling and placarding is the
responsibility of the

CONSIGNOR
 Transport Documents
• Describe particulars of the
consignment
• Consignor is responsible
• Requires specific information
in a specified order format
• Concludes with the
Consignor’s Declaration
 Consignor’s Declaration is a Vital
Component of the Transport Document
• Made on the same transport document containing
particulars of consignment
• Signed and dated by consignor
• Termed as follows, or equivalent meaning:
I hereby declare that the contents of this consignment are
classified, packed, marked and labeled, and are, in all respects,
in proper condition for the safe transport of RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS in accordance with PNRI regulations and with
applicable national governmental regulations.

• Not required if intent is already a condition within a

particular international convention
 Information for Carriers Required in
the Transport Document
• Statement regarding actions, if any, required to be
taken by the carrier (written in languages deemed
necessary) :
– Supplementary requirements for loading, stowage,
carriage, handling and unloading
– Special stowage provisions for the safe dissipation of heat
or statement that no such requirements apply
– Restriction on the mode of transport
– Necessary routing instructions
– Emergency arrangements
 Package Seals
Application of the package seal
– Type IP-3
– Type A
– Type B(U) and B(M)
– Type C

The outside of the package shall incorporate a

feature such as a seal, which is not readily
breakable and which, while intact, will be evidence
that it [the package] has not been opened.
Security for the Transport of
Radioactive Materials
 CPR Part 26
“Security of Radioactive Sources”
• The PNRI revised CPR Part 26 “Security of Radioactive
Sources” that included provisions that aid licensees to
achieve and maintain a high level of security of radioactive
sources that is commensurate with the potential hazard
posed by the radioactive sources and to prevent
unauthorized access or damage to, and loss, theft,
sabotage, or unauthorized transfer of radioactive sources for
malicious act.

• The CPR was approved and published in the Official Gazette

Vol. 110 No. 21 on May 26, 2014. The revised CPR provides
requirements in implementing, maintaining or enhancing a
nuclear security regime for the radioactive sources against
theft, sabotage or other malicious acts that could, if
successful, have unacceptable radiological consequences.
•63
 CPR Part 27
“Security Requirements in the
Transport of Radioactive Material”

• The PNRI developed a new Code of PNRI Regulations

(CPR) Part 27 to achieve and maintain a high level of
security during transport of radioactive material that is
commensurate with the potential hazard posed by the
radioactive material and to prevent unauthorized access
or damage to, and loss, theft, sabotage, or unauthorized
transfer of radioactive material during transport.

• The basis for the development of this regulation is IAEA

Nuclear Security Series No. 9. The CPR was approved
and published in the Official Gazette on Nov. 25, 2013
under Volume 109 No. 47.

•64
 Need for Radioactive Material
Transport Security
• Transport is potentially the most vulnerable phase in the
life cycle of a radioactive material
- occurs in the public domain (not in well-secured fixed
facility)

• If conveyance is seized, it could be used to quickly move

the material to high consequence locations for dispersion
or coercion

• Transport security is one of the most complex aspects of

radioactive material control
- involves multiple national authorities
- may involve multiple operators

• Transport results in multiple security interfaces that must

function seamlessly for continuous security
Link between Safe Transport Regulation and
Security Requirements
Para 109, SSR-6 (2012)
M e a s u re s s h o u l d b e ta ke n to e n s u re t h at
radioactive material is kept secure in transport so
as to prevent theft or damage and to ensure that
control of the material is not relinquished
inappropriately.

Para 1.5, last line, IAEA NSS No.9

Care should be taken to ensure that safety
measures do not compromise security and that
security measures do not compromise safety.
 Safety and Security

Control
Measures
Safety Safety / Security
Security
Synergies

Regulatory Infrastructure
Radiation Safety Categorization of Sources
Source Security
•Intrinsic to activity Orphan Source Recovery •Malevolent activity
•Probabilistic analysis Emergency Response Plans •Threat based judgment
Radioactive Waste Management
•Transparency •Confidentiality
Safety engineering and source Design
PNRI Authority To
Transport
Additional requirements (CPR Part 4)

• Consignor’s Declaration
- to be prepared by the Radiation Safety Officer

• Permit to Transport
- required when licensed radioactive materials
are moved or transported
- Fee: P 500.00

• Release Certificate
- Required for release of imported radioactive
material by the Bureau of Customs from any
international ports of entry
Commonly Transported Radioactive Sources
• Industry
- Cesium-137; Am-241:Be contained in
moisture/density gauge
- Krypton-85
- Californium-252
- Strontium-90
- Cobalt-60
- Promethium-147
- Nickel-63
- Americium -241
- Cesium-137
CPR Part 4 “Regulations for the Safe Transport
of Radioactive Materials in the Philippines“

Section 25: Consignor’s Responsibilities

A. Transport of Radioactive Materials in the

Philippines.

B. Transport of Radioactive Materials Outside

the Philippines.
 Transport of Radioactive
Materials in the Philippines (1)
• Date of issuance, and if appropriate, an expiration date

• Name, address, telephone/telefax number of email address

of the consignor (license) and PNRI license number

• Name and address of the RSO of the consignor

• Description (name or symbol of each radionuclide, physical

and chemical form and activity of the radioactive material
that will be transport

• Description of the package (category and dimension)

• Measured dose rate on specific points of the package

 Transport of Radioactive
Materials in the Philippines (2)
• Transport index (for categories II-YELLOW and III-
YELLOW only) and, if appropriate, any restrictions on the
mode of transport and routing instructions

• Location, address and telephone number of the origin of

the transport package

• Location, address and telephone number of the destination

of the transport package

• Name, address and PNRI license number of the consignee

(licensee)

• Signature of consignor’s RSO or consignor’s representative

responsible for the approval of the Consignor’s Declaration
 CONSIGNOR’S DECLARATION
Date of Issue:
Expiry Date:

CONSIGNOR/LICENSEE: License No.:

Address/Tel.No/e-mail:
RHSO:
Address/Tel.No/e-mail:
Consignor's Representative(s) / Package Escort(s) :
L O C A T I O N / A D D R E S S O F O R I G I N :
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

DESCRIPTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL/PACKAGE TO BE TRANSPORTED:

Radioactive Material/type/form/activity:
Type or Category of Package/Dimension:
General Description/Condition of Container/Packaging:

MAXIMUM DOSERATE ON THE PACKAGE SURFACE: mR/hr

MAXIMUM DOSERATE AT ONE METER FROM PACKAGE: mR/hr
SWIPE TEST RESULT (if required):
TRANSPORT INDEX:
Survey Instrument Used: SN: Date of Last Calibration:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

CONSIGNEE:
License No.: Address/Tel.No./Telefax/e-mail: RHSO: Address/Tel.No/e-mail:
Consignee's Representative at Destination: LOCATION/ADDRESS OF DESTINATION:
TRANSPORT CONVEYANCE: AIR TRANSPORT: Airline: ETD: ETA: LAND
TRANSPORT:
Company-Owned: Plate No.:
Forwarder: Plate No.: Public Transport: Plate No.:
Rigging: Placards: ETD: ETA: SEA TRANSPORT: Vessel: Stowage:
Rigging: Placards:

TRANSPORT STATUS: Package Inspector:

 January 13, 2017

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

PERMIT TO TRANSPORT
This is to certify that the consignor, INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION (INT’L), INC., with an
address located at 2nd Floor MJL Building, #1175 Chino Roces Avenue, Makati City
is a holder of PNRI License No. I13.1910.17 to expire on October 31, 2017 The
consignor is hereby authorized to transport the licensed radioactive material from the
consignor’s address at 30-D Gil Tudtud St., Escaño Subdivision, Mabolo, Cebu
City to La Carlota, Negros Occidental on January 13-20, 2017 in accordance with
CPR Part 4, “Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials in the
Philippines”.

Radioactive Material/type/form/activity:
One (1) unit Ir-192 Radiography Sealed Sources with an activity of 591.26 GBq/
SSN: 55140B

Type or Category of Package: Type B (U) / Category II / Yellow

General Description/Condition of Container/Packaging: Steel Transport container

(26”x 21” x 15”) with adequate locking mechanism / radiographic exposure device
Amertest 660B SN: 3221

_____________________________________
TEOFILO V. LEONIN, JR.
Chief
Nuclear Regulatory Division

Amount Paid:P500.00
PNRI Receipt No.
Date issued.