CRASURV Formulation (Iform= 1)

Block Format Keyword

This law describes the composite shell and solid material using the CRASURV formulation.

Format
This material is assumed to be orthotropic-elastic before the Tsai-Wu criterion is reached. The material becomes
nonlinear afterwards. For solid elements, the material is assumed to be linearly elastic in the transverse direction.
The Tsai-Wu criterion can be set dependent on the plastic work and strain rate in each of the orthotropic directions
and in shear to model material hardening. Strain and plastic energy criterion for brittle damage and failure is
available. A simplified delamination criterion based on out-of-plane shear angle can be used.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

/MAT/LAW25/mat_ID/unit_ID or /MAT/COMPSH/mat_ID/unit_ID

mat_title

ρi

E11 E22 ν 12 Iform E33

G12 G23 G31 ε f1 ε f2

ε t1 ε m1 ε t2 ε m2 dmax

Composite Plasticity Hardening

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

W max
p
W ref
p Ioff ratio

Global Composite Plasticity Parameters

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

c ε̇ 0 α ICCglobal

Composite Plasticity in Tension Directions 1 and 2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
 σ t1y b t1 n t1 σ t1max c t1

t
ε t1
1
ε t2
1
σ t1rs W max
1p

σ t2y b t2 n t2 σ t2max c t2

t
ε t2
1
ε t2
2
σ t2rs W max
1p

Composite Plasticity in Compression Directions 1 and 2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

σ c1y b c1 n c1 σ c1max c c1

c
ε c1
1
ε c2
1
σ c1
rs W max
1p

σ c2y b c2 n c2 σ c2max c c2

c2
ε c1
2
ε c2
2
σ c2
rs W max
p

Composite Plasticity in Shear

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

σ b n σ c
12y 12 12 12max 12

ε 112 ε 212 σ W max

12p
12rs

Delamination

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

γ ini γ max d3max

Strain Rate Filtering

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Fsmooth Fcut

Definitions

SI Unit
Field Contents
Example
 Material identifier
mat_ID
(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

Unit Identifier
unit_ID
(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

Material title
mat_title
(Character, maximum 100 characters)

Initial density
ρi
(Real) []kg
m3

E11 Young's modulus in direction 1

[Pa]
(Real)

E22 Young's modulus in direction 2

[Pa]
(Real)

Definitions
ν 12
(Real)

Formulation flag 1
(Integer)
Iform =1
CRASURV formulation

E33 Young's modulus in direction 33 2

[Pa]
(Real)

G12 Shear modulus in direction 12

[Pa]
(Real)

G23 Shear modulus in direction 23

[Pa]
(Real)

G31 Shear modulus in direction 31

[Pa]
(Real)

Maximum tensile strain for element deletion in material direction 1

ε f1
Default = 1.2 x 1030 (Real)
 Maximum tensile strain for element deletion in material direction 2
ε f2
Default = 1.2 x 1030 (Real)

Tensile failure strain in the material direction 1 at which stress starts

to reduce
ε t1
Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

ε m1 Maximum tensile strain in material direction 1 at which the stress in

the element is set to a value dependent on dmax 4
Default = 1.1 x 1030 (Real)

Tensile failure strain in the material direction 2 at which stress starts

to reduce
ε t2
Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

ε m2 Maximum tensile strain in material direction 2 at which the stress in

the element is set to a value dependent on dmax.
Default = 1.1 x 1030 (Real)

dmax Maximum damage factor (dmax < 1) 4

Default = 0.999 (Real)

Maximum plastic work per unit shell volume

W max
p Default = 1030 (Real) []
J
m3

Reference plastic work per unit shell volume 5

W ref
p Default = 1.0 (in local unit system) (Real) []
J
m3
Ioff Flag that controls shell and thick shell element deletion depending
on failure modes in the element layers. 4
=0
Shell is deleted if max. plastic work for one element layer.
=1
Shell is deleted if max. plastic work for all element layers.
=2
Shell is deleted if for each element layer,

{
either max. plastic work reached

Condition 1 : or ε 1 > ε m1 in direction 1

or d 1 > d max in direction 1

=3
Shell is deleted if for each element layer,

{
either max. plastic work reached

Condition 2 : or ε 2 > ε m2 in direction 2

or d 2 > d max in direction 2

=4
Shell is deleted if for each element layer, condition 1 and
condition 2 are satisfied.
=5
Shell is deleted if all element layers, condition 1 or condition 2
is satisfied.
=6
Shell is deleted if for each element layer condition 1 or
condition 2 is satisfied.

(Integer)

Ratio Ratio parameter which controls the deletion of shell elements based
on the number of failed layers 4
< 0.0
The element will be deleted if, all but one layer fails (that is,
the number of layers that did not fail is equation to 1)
> 0.0
numberoffailedlayers
The element will be deleted if numberoftotallayers ≥ ratio

Default = 1.0 (Real)

c Global strain rate coefficient for plastic work criteria

= 0.0
No strain rate dependency

(Real)
 Reference strain rate

ε̇ 0
If ε̇ ≤ ε̇ 0 , no strain rate effect []
1
s

(Real)

α Reduction factor for F12 coefficient calculation in Tsai-Wu criterion

Default set to 1.0 (Real)

ICCglobal Global strain rate effect flag 4

= 1 (Default)
Srain rate effect on σ t1max , σ t2max , σ c1max , σ c2max , σ is taken
12max
into account, but there is no strain rate effect on W max
p

=2
No strain rate effect on σ t1max , σ t2max , σ c1max , σ c2max , σ and
12max
W max
p

=3
Strain rate effect on σ t1max , σ t2max , σ c1max , σ c2max , σ is taken
12max
into account, but there is no strain rate effect on W max
p

=2
No strain rate effect on σ t1max , σ c1max , σ t2max , σ c2max , σ and
12max
W max
p

=4
Strain rate effect on W max
p
is taken into account, but there is no
strain rate effect on σ t1max , σ t2max , σ c1max , σ c2max , σ
12max

(Integer)

Yield stress in tension in direction 1

σ t1y [Pa]
Default = 0.0 (Real)

Plastic hardening parameter in tension in direction 1

b t1
Default = 0.0 (Real)

Plastic hardening exponent in tension in direction 1

n t1
Default = 1.0 (Real)

Maximum stress in tension in direction 1

σ t1max [Pa]
Default = 1030 (Real)
 Strain rate coefficient in tension in direction 1
=0
c t1 no strain rate dependency

Default = c (Real)

Initial softening strain in tension in the material direction 1

ε t1
1 Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

Maximum softening strain in tension in the material direction 1

ε t2
1 Default = 1.2ε t1
1
(Real)

Residual stress in tension in direction 1

σ t1rs [Pa]
Default = 10 − 3σ t1y (Real)

Maximum plastic work per unit shell volume in tension in direction 1

W max
1p
t 4
Default = 1030 (Real)
[]J
m3

Yield stress in tension in direction 2

σ t2y [Pa]
Default = 0.0 (Real)

Plastic hardening parameter in tension in direction 2

b t2
Default = 0.0 (Real)

Plastic hardening exponent in tension in direction 2

n t2
Default = 1.0 (Real)

Maximum stress in tension in direction 2

σ t2max [Pa]
Default = 1030 (Real)

Strain rate coefficient in tension in direction 2

=0
c t2 No strain rate dependency

Default = c (Real)

Initial softening strain in tension in the material direction 2

ε t1
2 Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

Maximum softening strain in tension in direction 2

ε t2
2 Default = 1.2ε t2
1
(Real)
 Residual stress in tension in direction 2
σ t2rs [Pa]
Default = 10 − 3σ t2y (Real)

Maximum plastic work per unit shell volume in tension in direction 2

W max
2p
t 4
Default = 1030 (Real) []J
m3

Yield stress in compression in direction 1

σ c1y [Pa]
Default = 0.0 (Real)

Plastic hardening parameter in compression in direction 1

b c1
Default = b t2 (Real)

Plastic hardening exponent in compression in direction 1

n c1
Default = n t2 (Real)

Maximum stress in compression in direction 1

σ c1max [Pa]
Default = 1030 (Real)

c c1 Strain rate coefficient in compression in direction 1

=0
No strain rate dependency

Default = c (Real)

Initial softening strain in compression in the material direction 1

ε c1
1 Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

Maximum softening strain in compression in the material direction 1

ε c2
1 Default = 1.2ε c1
1
(Real)

Residual stress in compression in direction 1

σ c1rs [Pa]
Default = 10 − 3σ c1y (Real)

Maximum plastic work per unit shell volume in compression in

W max
1p
c direction 1
Default = 1030 (Real) []J
m3

Yield stress in compression in direction 2

σ c2y [Pa]
Default = 0.0 (Real)
 Plastic hardening parameter in compression in direction 2
b c2
Default = b t2 (Real)

Plastic hardening exponent in compression in direction 2

n c2
Default = n t2 (Real)

Maximum stress in compression in direction 2

σ c2max [Pa]
Default = 1030 (Real)

c c2 Strain rate coefficient in compression in direction 2

=0
no strain rate dependency

Default = c (Real)

Initial softening strain in compression in the material direction 2

ε c1
2 Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

Maximum softening strain in compression in the material direction 2

ε c2
2 Default = 1.2ε c1
2
(Real)

Residual stress in compression in direction 2

σ c2rs [Pa]
Default = 10 − 3σ c2y (Real)

Maximum plastic work per unit shell volume in compression in

W max
2p
c direction 2 4
Default = 1030 (Real)
[]J
m3

Yield stress in direction 12 (in 45 degree of fiber direction) [Pa]

σ
Default = 0.0 (Real)
12y

Plastic hardening parameter in direction 12

b
Default = b t2 (Real)
12

Plastic hardening exponent in direction 12

n
Default = n t2 (Real)
12

Maximum stress in direction 12

σ [Pa]
Default = 1030 (Real)
12max
ε 112 Strain rate coefficient in direction 12
=0
No strain rate dependency

Default = c (Real)

Initial softening strain in the material direction 12

ε 112
Default = 1.0 x 1030 (Real)

Maximum softening strain in the material direction 12

ε 212
Default = 1.2ε 112 (Real)

σ Residual stress in direction 12

12rs [Pa]
Default = 10 − 3σ 12y (Real)

Maximum plastic work per unit shell volume in direction 12 4

W max
12p Default = 1030 (Real) []J
m3

γ ini Out of plane shear strain when delamination begins 4

Default = 1030 (Real)

Out of plane shear strain when delamination ends and the element
is deleted 4
γ max
Default = 1.1 × 10 30 (Real)

d3max Maximum delamination damage factor (d3max < 1) 4

Default = 1.0 (Real)

Fsmooth Strain rate smoothing flag

= 0 (Default)
Strain rate smoothing is inactive
=1
Strain rate smoothing is active

(Integer)

Cutoff frequency for strain rate smoothing [Hz]

Fcut
Default = 1030 (Real)
Example (Carbon composite)

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/UNIT/1
unit for mat
g mm ms
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#- 2. MATERIALS:
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/MAT/COMPSH/1/1
carbon based tissue
# RHO_I
.0015 0
# E11 E22 NU12 Iform E33
56275 54868 .042 1 0
# G12 G23 G31 EPS_f1 EPS_f2
4212 4212 4212 0 0
# EPS_t1 EPS_m1 EPS_t2 EPS_m2 d_max
.016305 .02 .014131 .016 0
# Wpmax Wpref Ioff ratio
15 0 6 .5
# c EPS_rate_0 alpha ICC_global
0 0 0 0
# sig_1yt b_1t n_1t sig_1maxt c_1t
917.59 0 1 919 0
# EPS_1t1 EPS_2t1 SIGMA_rst1 Wpmax_t1
0 0 0 0
# sig_2yt b_2t n_2t sig_2maxt c_2t
775.38 0 1 777 0
# EPS_1t2 EPS_2t2 sig_rst2 Wpmax_t2
0 0 0 0
# sig_1yc b_1c n_1c sig_1maxc c_1c
355 .17 .84 708.87 0
# EPS_1c1 EPS_2c1 sig_rsc1 Wpmax_c1
.0226 .025 0 0
# sig_2yc b_2c n_2c sig_2maxc c_2c
355 .17 .84 702.97 0
# EPS_1c2 EPS_2c2 sig_rsc2 Wpmax_c2
.0226 .025 0 0
# sig_12y b_12 n_12 sig_12max c_12
30 2.872290896763 .3 132.57 0
# EPS_1_12 EPS_2_12 sig_rs_12 Wpmax_12
0 0 0 0
# GAMMA_ini GAMMA_max d3_max
0 0 0
# Fsmooth Fcut
0 0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#ENDDATA
/END
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
Example (Kevlar)

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/UNIT/1
unit for mat
Mg mm s
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#- 2. MATERIALS:
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/MAT/COMPSH/1/1
KEVLAR
# RHO_I
1.4E-9
# E11 E22 NU12 Iform E33
87000 87000 .3 1 0
# G12 G23 G31 EPS_f1 EPS_f2
2200 2200 2200 0 0
# EPS_t1 EPS_m1 EPS_t2 EPS_m2 d_max
.015 .017 .015 .017 0
# Wpmax Wpref Ioff ratio
0 0 6 .5
# c EPS_rate_0 alpha ICC_global
0 0 0 0
# sig_1yt b_1t n_1t sig_1maxt c_1t
650 0 1 0 0
# EPS_1t1 EPS_2t1 SIGMA_rst1 Wpmax_t1
0 0 0 0
# sig_2yt b_2t n_2t sig_2maxt c_2t
650 0 1 0 0
# EPS_1t2 EPS_2t2 sig_rst2 Wpmax_t2
0 0 0 0
# sig_1yc b_1c n_1c sig_1maxc c_1c
335 0 1 650 0
# EPS_1c1 EPS_2c1 sig_rsc1 Wpmax_c1
.02 0 0 0
# sig_2yc b_2c n_2c sig_2maxc c_2c

Comments160 0 0 650 0
# EPS_1c2 EPS_2c2 sig_rsc2 Wpmax_c2

1. The formulation
.03 flag Iform should
0 be set to 1, for the
0 CRASURV (crash0survivability) formulation. Compare with
# Iform=0,sig_12y
in this formulation: b_12 n_12 sig_12max c_12
50 0 0 100 0
◦ The F variable coefficients of F(σ) is function of plastic work and strain rate
# EPS_1_12 EPS_2_12 sig_rs_12 Wpmax_12
◦ It allows
0 the simulation 0
of the ductile failure
0 of orthotropic shells
0
# ◦GAMMA_ini
Considering different plastic and failure
GAMMA_max behaviors in tension, in compression and in shear
d3_max
0 0 0
# Fsmooth Fcut
0 0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#ENDDATA
/END
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
2. Usage with property and element type.
◦ This material requires orthotropic shell properties (/PROP/TYPE9 (SH_ORTH), /PROP/TYPE10 (SH_COMP)
or /PROP/TYPE11 (SH_SANDW)). These properties specify the orthotropic direction, therefore, it is not
compatible with the isotropic shell property (/PROP/TYPE1 (SHELL)). Property /PROP/SH_ORTH is not
compatible with the CRASURV formulation.
◦ This material is available with under-integrated Q4 (Ishell= 1,2,3,4) and fully integrated BATOZ (Ishell=12)
shell formulations.
◦ This material is compatible with orthotropic solid property (/PROP/SOL_ORTH), the orthotropic thick shell
property (/PROP/TSH_ORTH) and the composite thick shell property (/PROP/TSH_COMP). These properties
specify the orthotropic directions. It is assumed that, for solids and thick shells, the material is elastic
and the E33 value must be set in such cases.
◦ Failure criterion in LAW25 is not applicable to solid elements. To determine failure for solid elements
/FAIL card should be used.
◦ For shell and thick shell composite parts, with /PROP/SH_COMP, /PROP/SH_SANDW, /PROP/TSH_ORTH or
/PROP/TSH_COMP, material is defined directly in the property card. The failure criteria defined within this
material (for example, LAW25) are accounted for. Material referred to in the corresponding /PART card
is not used.
3. The Tsai-Wu criterion:
The material is assumed to be elastic until the Tsai-Wu criterion is fulfilled:
◦ If F(σ) < 1 : Elastic
◦ If F(σ) > 1 : Nonlinear

Where, F(σ) is stress in element for Tsai-Wu criterion, is computed as:

EQ. 1.
F(σ) = F 1σ 1 + F 2σ 2 + F 11σ 21 + F 22σ 22 + 2F 12σ 1σ 2 + F 44σ 212

Here, σ 1 , σ 2 and σ 12 are the stresses in the material coordinate system.

( )
The F variable coefficients of F(σ) for Tsai-Wu criterion is functions of plastic work F W p* · ε̇ and is determined
as:

EQ. 1.
1 1
(
F i W p* , ε̇ )= − +
(
σ ci W p* , ε̇ ) (
σ ti W p* , ε̇ )

EQ. 1.
1
(
F ii W p* , ε̇ )=
( ) (
σ ci W p* , ε̇ ⋅ σ ti W p* , ε̇ )

EQ. 1.
α
(
F 12 W p* , ε̇ ) = −
2
√ ( F 11 W p* , ε̇ ) ( F 22 W p* , ε̇ )

EQ. 1.
1
(
F 44 W p* , ε̇ )=
σ
12
(W , ε̇ ) ⋅ σ (W , ε̇ )
*
p
12
*
p

Where, i =1 or 2.

The values of the limiting stresses when the material becomes nonlinear in directions 1, 2 or 12 (shear) are
modified based on the values of plastic work and strain rate, as:

In tension:

EQ. 1.

( ) (
σ ti W p* , ε̇ =σ tiy 1 + b ti(W p* )
n ti
)( 1 + c tiln
( ))
ε̇ 0
ε̇

Where, i =1 or 2.
In compression:

EQ. 1.

( ) (
σ ci W p* , ε̇ =σ ciy 1 + b ci(W p* )
n ci
)(
1 + c ciln
( ))
ε̇
ε̇ 0

Where, i =1 or 2.

In shear:

EQ. 1.

σ
12
(W , ε̇ )=σ
*
p
12y
( 1 + b (W p* )
12
n
12 )( 1 + c ln
12
( ))
ε̇
ε̇ 0

The superscripts c and t represent compression and tension, respectively.

Plastic work W p* in above limiting stress is defined as:

EQ. 1.
Wp
W p* =
W ref
p

This criterion represents a second order closed three-dimensional Tsai-Wu surface in σ 1 , σ 2 and σ 12 space. This
surface is scaled, moved and rotated due to the variation of plastic work and true strain rate.

Note: For shear, the parameters determining nonlinear behavior are the same in tension and
compression.
4. Damage with tensile strain and energy failure.
This material could describe in plane and out-of-plane damage.
◦ In plane damage with damage factor d i

Global tensile strain damage between ε ti and ε fi controlled by the damage factor d i , which is given by:

d i = min
( ε i − ε ti
εi
⋅
ε mi
ε mi − ε ti )
, d max in directions, i = 1, 2

◦ E-modulus
E-modulus is reduced according to damage parameter if, ε ti ≤ ε i ≤ ε fi :

EQ. 1.
E reduced
ii
= E ii(1 − d i)

E-modulus is reduced according to damage paramter, if ε i > ε fi :

EQ. 1.
E reduced
ii
= E ii(1 − d max)

In this case, damage is set to d max and it is not updated further.

◦ Yield Stress
Yield stress is reduced since below damage strain in different loading:
ε t1
i
and ε t2
i
in tension

ε c1
i
and ε c2
i
in compression

ε 112 and ε 212 in shear

For example, tensile in direction 1 will be reduced when σ 1max at ε t1

i
and until residual stress σ t1
rs
at ε t2
i
.

Figure 1. Tensile in Direction 1

◦ Element deletion is controlled by the Ioff flag.

Out-of-plane damage (delamination) with γ .

The simpliest delamination criterion is based on the evaluation of out-of-plane shear strains ( γ 31 and γ 23 ) with
2 + (γ 23) 2 .
γ=
√(γ 13)

◦ Element stresses and are gradually reduced if, γ max > γ > γ ini
γ − γ ini
◦ The element is completely removed (fails), if γ − γ > d 3max in one of the shell layers.
max ini

The element damage could also be controlled by plastic work (energy) failure criterion.
◦ Stress is set to zero in the layer if:
ICCglobal =1,2

◾ W p* > min W ip ( max * t

, W max
p )
*
in tension

◾ W p* > min W ip ( max * c

, W max
p )
*
in compression

◾ W p* > min W max

12p
*
(
, W max
p
*
in shear )

ICCglobal= 3,4 1 + cln

( ) ε̇
ε̇ 0
will be considered.

◾ W p* > min W ip
[ ( ) ( )]
max * t
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
, W max
p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
in tension

◾ W p* > min W ip
[ ( ) ( )]
max * c
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
, W max
p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
in compression

◾ W p* > min W max

12p
*
[ ( ) ( )]
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇

0
, W max
p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
in shear

Wp W max
p
With W p* = and W max
p
* = .
W ref
p
W ref
p
 ◦ Element deletion is controlled by the Ioff flag. The max. plastic work criteria in option Ioff is also depend
on above ICC option.
Ioff = 0: Shell is deleted if max. plastic work is reached for one element layer.

In this case, shell element is deleted if plastic work W p* and stress reaches the below criteria in one
layer:
◾ ICCglobal =1,2

(
◾ W p* > min W ip
max * t
, W max
p )
*
and σ i > σ tiy in tension

(
◾ W p* > min W ip
max * c
, W max
p )
*
and σ i > σ ciy in compression

(
◾ W p* > min W max
12p
*
, W max
p
*
)
and σ 12 > σ 12y in shear

◾ ICCglobal= 3,4

[ ( ) ( )]
◾ W p* > min W ip
max * t
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
, W max
p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
and σ i > σ tiy in tension

[ ( ) ( )]
◾ W p* > min W ip
max * c
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
, W max
p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
and σ i > σ ciy in compression

[ ( ) ( )]
◾ W p* > min W max
12p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇

0
, W max
p
*
⋅ 1 + cln
ε̇
ε̇ 0
and σ 12 > σ 12y in shear

The plastic work failure criterion is accounted for in each direction separately.

The ratio field can be used to provide stability to composite shell components. For example, it allows you to
delete unstable elements wherein all but one layer has failed. This last layer may cause instability during
simulation due to a low stiffness value. This option is available for strain and plastic energy based brittle
failure.

Tensile strain and energy failure criterion of LAW25 is not available for orthotropic shells with /PROP/TYPE9.

5. The unit of W ref

p
is energy per unit of volume. If set W ref
p
as default value (0) is encountered, the default value is
1 unit of the model.
Example:

If unit system of kg-m-s used in model, then W ref

p
=1
[] J
m3

If unit system of Ton-mm-s used in model, then W ref

p
=1
[ ] mJ
mm 3

For proper conversion of this value if changing units in pre- and post-processor, it is advised to replace the
default value by the true value “1”, so that the value of W ref
p
will be automatically converted. Leaving the W ref
p
field to “0” may result in errors in case of automatic conversion.

Note: A local unit system can be created for the material to avoid conversion.
 6. Output for post-processing:
◦ To post-process this material in the animation file, the following Engine cards should be used:
/ANIM/SHELL/EPSP for plastic work output
/ANIM/SHELL/TENS/STRAIN for strain tensor output in the elemental coordinate system
/ANIM/SHELL/TENS/STRESS for stress tensor output in the elemental coordinate system
/ANIM/SHELL/PHI angle between elemental and first material direction
/ANIM/SHELL/FAIL number of failed layers.

◦ To post-process this material in the time-history file, the following definitions in /TH/SHEL or /TH/SH3N
card should be used:
PLAS (or EMIN and EMAX) for minimum and maximum plastic work in the shell.
WPLAYJJ (JJ=0 to 99) for plastic work in a corresponding layer.

◦ The output file (*0001.out displays some information when the failure criteria is met:
Failure 1 and 2 means tensile failure direction 1 or 2, respectively
Failure -P means global plastic work failure
P-T1 / P-T2 means plastic work failure in tension direction 1 or 2, respectively
P-C1 / P-C2 means plastic work failure in compression direction 1 or 2, respectively
P-T12 means plastic work failure in shear

The failure message also indicates which element and which layer is affected. It is output when the
failure criteria is met for an integration point. As Batoz elements have 4 integrations points for each
layer, this message may be output up to 4 times per layer and elements in this case.

See Also
Material Compatibility

Failure Models

/VISC/PRONY

Elastic-plastic Orthotropic Composite Shells

CRASURV Model