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VALIDATION OF 1:1 TEACHING COMPETENCIES 1

Validation of Teaching Competencies Needed to Facilitate Instruction in Student-Centered, One-to-One


Learning Environments
[Authors Blinded for Review]

The prevalence of one-to-one learning environments has grown in recent years, both nationally
and internationally (Richardson et al., 2013). Contemporary one-to-one learning environments are
classrooms in which every student has access to a computing device (either a tablet or laptop) and
continuous access to the Internet (Spires, Wiebe, Young, Hollebrands, & Lee, 2009). Research on the
pedagogy in one-to-one learning environments often yields reports of a transformation from traditional,
teacher-directed methods to student-centered and constructivist pedagogies (Cavanagh, Dawson, &
Ritzhaupt, 2011; Gherardi, 2017). The integration of one-to-one computing is said to provide instructional
affordances, including increased collaboration between learners (Broussard, Hebert, Welch, & vanMetre,
2014; Inserra & Short, 2012); higher levels of student motivation and engagement (Harper & Milman,
2015; Holen, Boury, & Semich, 2017); and more differentiation on the part of teachers (Gherardi, 2017;
Milman, Carlson-Bancroft, & Boogart, 2014). In these settings, ongoing access to digital resources
provides students with opportunities for greater relevancy and personalization in the learning process
(Spires et al., 2009). However, this can also introduce complexities that require teachers to be highly
skilled at improvising, coaching, and consulting (Spires et al., 2009).
Through this roundtable presentation, the researchers will share the validation strategies being
used and discuss the journey leading to the design of an instrument to measure inservice and preservice
teacher preparedness for teaching in a student-centered, one-to-one learning environment. Sharing this
next step as a transparent process helps to further involve other interested researchers in the field and
discuss the final product, its use, implementation in data collection, and potential. As part of this
discussion, we hope to engage colleagues in a discussion of validation itself, the challenges faced when
undertaking related methodologies, as well as a discussion of how validation procedures advance our
efforts to influence effective technology integration practices.

Development of the Inventory


Author (2017; 2018) conducted a Delphi study to develop an inventory of teaching competencies
for one-to-one learning environments. To create the inventory, Author (2017; 2018) assembled
individuals who had practical and/or scientific experience with one-to-one computing. Using Delphi
sampling procedures, 33 experts from across the United States participated in identifying the 30 teaching
competencies that comprise the inventory. The teaching competencies were organized in five categories:
instructional planning; instructional delivery; assessment of learning; classroom management; and
professionalism and leadership and reflect the consensus skills and competencies needed to successfully
teach in this dynamic learning environment. This roundtable session is organized to promote an engaging
discussion regarding the ongoing process of validating this inventory for use with schools, teachers and
teacher preparation programs.

The Purpose for Validation


Assessing teacher readiness for effective instruction in the one-to-one learning environment is an
important step for planning professional development related to technology integration. With sufficient
care, we can gain accurate representations of an educator’s teaching and learning activities by collecting
information about their habits. This is valuable not just for clinical application, but also for research
purposes, assessments of teacher abilities, self-assessment, and needs assessment in classroom instruction
are essential to assess, so that empirical evidence can be brought to bear on the efficacy of specific
instructional activities, interventions and preparedness.

Validation Procedures
This set of competencies have been thoroughly assessed for content validity as part of the
research conducted by Author (2017; 2018). Several decisions must be made to continue the process of
VALIDATION OF 1:1 TEACHING COMPETENCIES 2

developing a tool which can measure those competencies. With regard to reformatting the inventory to be
used as an observation tool one must determine who the observer is, the setting, the scale and the
frequency and duration of observation. Of particular interest to us is the granularity of the behavior being
observed. Because the original source of competencies (Author, 2017) constitutes a set of somewhat
abstract qualities, it is important that we ascertain how specific the exemplars of these behaviors should
be. On the one hand, the more general the competency, the more extensible and flexible the observational
measurement. For example, the item “Utilize technology to provide opportunities for individualized
student learning experiences” is global enough to apply to different time resolutions (classroom
observations vs. principal yearly evaluations); devices (laptops vs. tablets); users (teacher’s whiteboard
vs. student’s device); and activities (whole class lesson vs. individualized work product).
Therefore, selecting a useful level of generality is an important first step. Developing an
inventory to be used as a self-assessment instrument to measure inservice or preservice teachers’
preparedness for teaching in this dynamic environment requires additional and equally important
procedures. This requires that translation of general standards into items appropriate for self-diagnosis by
educators, creating the appropriate scale and instructions. This will be followed by expert review, piloting
the instrument with the appropriate sample, and evaluation of internal consistency. If reliability is readily
established, we will question validity—does the measure predict what it should and not what it shouldn’t?
DeVellis (2003) explains that the process of scale validation is iterative; the researchers specify
potential items and response scales, obtain feedback on the items and format, include validation items as
applicable, and then collect data. Those data then inform subsequent rounds of item generation/revision,
review, and data collection. Although not easy, the task themselves are straightforward.

Impact on the field


The results of this process are essential next steps. While guided evaluation tools are regularly
used in the field of teaching, none focus specifically on educators’ readiness to use technology in learning
environments where the student to computer ratio is one-to-one. Additionally, it is uncommon that
measures to assess this capacity be based on expert knowledge or be validated. The use of this inventory
as a survey tool for preservice and inservice teachers allows for teacher preparation institutions to better
research and measure the preparedness of future and current teachers and project the changes and needs of
these populations to better meet their needs and better ensure their success when teaching in these
dynamic learning environments. The ability to assess these competencies in practice allows for the
acknowledgement and development of improved teaching strategies and professional development needs,
and we look forward to using this roundtable discussion as an opportunity to discuss issues of validation
with colleagues in the field of instructional technology.
VALIDATION OF 1:1 TEACHING COMPETENCIES 3

References
Author (2017)
Author (2018)
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Cavanagh, C., Dawson, K., & Ritzhaupt, A. (2011). An evaluation of the conditions,
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DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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