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U Current Transformers
ECE525
I Lecture 5
CT Basics
» Construction
» Theory of Operation
» Polarity
» Equivalent Circuit Model
» Accuracy
CT Transient Performance
Impact on relay element performance
Current Transformers Fall 2018
U CT Construction
ECE525
I Lecture 5
Bar-Type
» A fixed insulated straight conductor that is
a single primary turn passing through a
core assembly with a permanently fixed
secondary winding.
Bushing Type
» A secondary winding insulated from and
permanently assembled on an annular
core with no primary winding or insulation
for a primary winding.
Current Transformers Fall 2018
1
9/4/2018
U ECE525
I CT Construction Lecture 5
Window Type
» A secondary winding insulated from and permanently
assembled on the core with no primary winding but with
complete insulation for a primary winding.
Wound Type
» A primary and secondary winding insulated from each
other consisting of one or more turns encircling the
core. Constructed as multi-ratio CTs by the use of taps
on the secondary winding.
U Common HV CT ECE525
I Lecture 5
2
9/4/2018
U CT Construction
ECE525
I Lecture 5
U ECE525
I Lecture 5
3
9/4/2018
U ECE525
I Lecture 5
U ECE525
m i2
l
i1
N1 i1 e2
e1
d N1 i1
e1 : N1 m :
dt
d N2 i 2
e 2 : N2 m :
dt
e1 N
: 1 N1 i
: 2
e2 N2 N2 i1
4
9/4/2018
U ECE525
v : iR e
i d
e : N : MAX sin( t )
R
N dt
V e
e : N MAX cos(t ) B : Area
E : 4.44 N BMAX f A
Current Transformers Fall 2018
U Theory of Operation
ECE525
I Lecture 5
5
9/4/2018
U Theory of Operation
ECE525
I Lecture 5
U Polarity
ECE525
I Lecture 5
6
9/4/2018
U Equivalent Model
ECE525
I Lecture 5
U Equivalent Model
ECE525
I Lecture 5
Ip/n Is
1:n
Ie/n
Zpn**2 Zs
Ic/n Im/n
Zb
Rcn**2 Xmn**2
7
9/4/2018
U Equivalent Model
ECE525
I Lecture 5
Ip/n Is
1:n
Ie/n
Rs
Ic/n Im/n
Es Us Zb
Rcn**2 Xmn**2
U ECE525
ISRS ES
ISLS
VS
Iq
Ir
Ip'
IS
Ie
8
9/4/2018
I Circuit Lecture 5
IM RB
IS
Ip' V LM
LB
V NS L M I M ....(1)
V NS R SIS L S I S ....(2)
LM : N S
IM
B A
L M : N S 2
H l
Current Transformers Fall 2018
9
9/4/2018
U ECE525
A OR 2
N
LM N L M : s
2
s
where:
A Area
dB B
: length
dH H
Reluctance
10
9/4/2018
100
10
1 3
1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Excitation current (Amps)
11
9/4/2018
U ECE525
Magnetization curve
10
0.1
0.01
3 4
1 10 100 1 10 1 10
H
Magnetic current intensity (A/m)
U ECE525
1.5
1.0
B (Tesla)
0.5
H
0 B
cb H
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
H ((Amp-turn)/m)
Current Transformers Fall 2018
12
9/4/2018
1 b B 2
1
1
1 i
c b
i 0 B SAT
U ECE525
NS : L M IM
NP
: L M IP L M IS
NS NS : IS R S IS L S
N
NS B A : L M P IP IS NS B A : IS R S IS L S
NS
1
IS : NS B A IS R S .........(4)
LS
LM N
B : P IP IS .........(3)
NS A NS
13
9/4/2018
NP L S I P NSR SIS
B
L S NS A
2
NPNS A I P R SIS
IS
L S NS A
2
I Components Lecture 5
I1
X
t
I 2 I1 sint e sin
X
tan 1
R
14
9/4/2018
I Lecture 5
Secondary Current
100
IRATIO
Amps
50
0
ICT_SEC
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Magnetic Flux Density (B)
2
Tesla
1
0
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cycles
Current Transformers Fall 2018
U ECE525
50
IRATIO
Amps
ICT_SEC
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cycles
Current Transformers Fall 2018
15
9/4/2018
I Error Lecture 5
Current Magnitudes
50
40 IRATIO
Amps
30
20 ICT_SEC
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Angle Error
0
-10
Degrees
-20
-30
-40
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cycles
Current Transformers Fall 2018
I Lecture 5
200
ICT_SEC
100
Amps
-100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100
VVT_SEC
50
Volts
-50
-100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cycles
Current Transformers Fall 2018
16
9/4/2018
Distance Element
U Response
ECE525
I Lecture 5
5
4.5
4
Fault Location (pu)
3.5
MCT_SEC
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5 MRATIO
0 1
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15
Current Transformers 4
Cycles Fall 2018
U ECE525
17
9/4/2018
U ECE525
R
t
iS : Is [(sin t ) e L ]
2
k R B Is
: k vdt ss :
k R B Is L
ss : k Is sin( t ) R B dt
2
ts :
R
RL t
ts : k Is e R B dt Total core flux:
ts L X X
: : c : ss ts : ss 1
ss R R R
18
9/4/2018
U ECE525
I CT Requirement Lecture 5
X
VS 1 IS Z burden
R
% Re manance X
VS 1 1 R IS Z burden
100
VS = Saturation voltage
Current Transformers Fall 2018
U Accuracy
ECE525
I Lecture 5
19
9/4/2018
U Accuracy
ECE525
I Lecture 5
U Accuracy
ECE525
I Lecture 5
20
9/4/2018
I Lecture 5
U ECE525
21
9/4/2018
I Lecture 5
22