Principles of Signals and Systems

Prof. Aditya K. Jagannatham

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Lecture – 09
Example Problems in Signals and Systems – Properties of Modulator,
Eigenfunction of LTI System

Keywords: Properties of Modulator, Eigenfunction

(Refer Slide Time: 00:25)

Hello, welcome to another module in this massive open online course. So we are looking
at examples of LTI systems or we are solving problems related to LTI systems. So let us
continue looking at LTI systems. So here we need to find out whether the modulation by
carrier that is y(t )  x(t ) cos(2 Fct ) is an LTI system or not. Remember for a system to
be an LTI system it has to be both linear and time invariant.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:46)

So let us first check linearity, to check linearity we have to see if it is additive and
homogeneous. So let us say y1 (t )  T ( x1 (t ))  x1 (t ) cos(2 Fct ) . Similarly,

y2 (t )  T ( x2 (t ))  x2 (t ) cos(2 Fct ) . Now, T ( x1 (t )  x2 (t ))  ( x1 (t )  x2 (t ))  cos(2 Fct ) .

(Refer Slide Time: 03:04)

This is again y1 (t )  y2 (t ) . So this is T ( x1 (t ))  T ( x2 (t )) . So therefore, it satisfies the

additivity property.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:54)

Now the other property in linearity is homogeneity. So let us say again

T ( x(t ))  x(t ) cos(2 Fct )  y(t ) . Now T ( x(t ))   x(t ) cos(2 Fct )   y(t )  T ( x(t )) .
Therefore, system satisfies homogeneity property. So the system satisfies both additivity
and homogeneity properties and therefore the system is linear. So the modulation system
is a linear system.

(Refer Slide Time: 05:30)

(Refer Slide Time: 06:54)

Now we need to check whether this system is time invariant or not. Let us look at
T ( x(t ))  x(t ) cos(2 Fct )  y(t ) .

(Refer Slide Time: 07:26)

Now for time invariance we have to consider a delayed input or a shifted input x(t  t0 ) .

So T ( x(t  t0 ))  x(t  t0 ) cos(2 Fct )  y(t  t0 ) . But y(t  t0 )  x(t  t0 ) cos(2 Fc (t  t0 )) ,

so that is the problem.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:24)

Hence if you delay the input, the resulting output is not the output corresponding to the
previous input that is delayed similarly. Therefore the system is not time invariant. And
hence it is not an LTI system, because the system is LTI only if it is both linear and time
invariant.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:35)

Hence the modulation operation is not a linear time invariant system.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:27)

So let us do another example for an LTI system. Now let T(.) represents an LTI system
and we need to show that if you consider any input which is a complex sinusoid, the
output is some constant C times the input, that is T (e j 2 F0t )  Ce j 2 F0t .

(Refer Slide Time: 12:30)

Let T (e j 2 F0t )  y(t ) . Since it is a linear time invariant system, this implies

T (e j 2 F0 (t t0 ) )  y(t  t0 ) . But T (e j 2 F0 (t t0 ) )  T (e j 2 F0t .e j 2 F0t0 )  y(t  t0 ) .

(Refer Slide Time: 13:15)

Now e j 2 F0t0 is simply a scaling factor because F0 is assumed to be a constant and t0, the
delay is also assumed to be a constant. So this is similar to the scaling factor  .

(Refer Slide Time: 14:14)

So this implies e j 2 F0t0 T (e j 2 F0t )  y(t  t0 ) , but T (e j 2 F0t ) is nothing but y(t). So this

implies y(t )e j 2 F0t0  y(t  t0 ) and this holds for all t, t0.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:23)

Now set t=0 and t0 = -t, this implies y(0)e j 2 F0t  y(t ) . So this y(0) can be assumed to be

the constant C. So what we have shown is that y(t )  Ce j 2 F0t . So output is simply a

scaled version of input. So such an input is known as an eigen function and hence e j 2 F0t
is an eigen function of the LTI system.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:18)

Hence this is a very interesting property and we are going to explore it further through
the various modules. But it is important to realize that this complex sinusoid has a very
important relevance in the context of analysis of LTI systems because this is an eigen
function of any LTI system.

So with that we will wrap up our example section. So we have done several examples
which to some extent have covered various aspects of the principles of signals and
systems and we will look at other aspects in the subsequent modules. Thank you very
much.