SURVEY CAMP

MANUAL

Department of Civil Engineering

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

June 2019

2017 – 21 BATCH

4th – 5th Semester Summer Vacation

VELAMMAL
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
Chennai 600 066

Prepared by Verified By Approved by

T A Rajha Rajeswaran Dr T Revathee Dr R Ganesan
Assistant Professor Associate Professor HoD – Civil Engg

Student Name

Roll No. Batch

Student Sign
Contents
# Chapter Page
1 Syllabus
2 List of Experiments
3 Desk Study
4 Reconnaissance Survey
5 Identification and Interlinking of the Benchmarks
6 Determination 6 A Height of the Hill - Single Plane Method ( SP )
of the Height of 6 B Height of the Hill - Double Plane Method ( DP )
the Hill 6 C Height of the Hill - Stadia Tacheometry Method ( ST )
6 D Height of the Hill - Tangential Tacheometry Method (TT)
6E Height of the Hill - Trigonometrical Leveling Method ( TL )
6F Height of the Hill – Gradient of Line Method ( GL )
6 G Height of the Hill - Fly Leveling Method ( FL )
6 H Height of the Hill - Subtense Bar Method ( SB )
6I Height of the Hill - Contouring Method( CON )
6J Height of the Hill - using GPS ( GPS )
6 K Height of the Hill - using Total Station ( Tot )
6L Height of the Hill - from Google Maps( GM )
7 Traversing 7 A Traversing using Compass
Around the Hill 7 B Traversing using Theodolite / Tacheometer
7 C Traversing using Total Station
7 D Traversing along with LS / CS Exercise on the RING ROAD
7 E Traversing using GPS
8 CONTOURING 8 A Radial Tacheometric Contouring -- – Top – Down Approach
8 B Radial Tacheometric Contouring -- – Bottom to Top Approach
8 C GRID Contouring / BLOCK Contouring
8 D Contouring at Points for REQUIRED RL – DIRECT
8 E Contouring at Prefixed Points / Random Points – INDirect
8 F Contouring using Total Station
8 G Ring / Strip / Circumferential Contouring using LS / CS
9 FLY LEVELING and Longitudinal 9 A LS – CS for Ring Road
Sectioning and Cross Sectioning Leveling 9 B LS – CS for Hill Road
9 C LS – CS for Hill Steps
9 D Hair Pin Bend Survey
10 Triangulation Survey 10 A Triangulation using Tacheometer
10 B Triangulation using Total Station
11 Trilateration Survey 11 A Trilateration using Tacheometer
11 B Trilateration using Total Station
12 Rectangulation 12 A Rectangulation using Tacheometer
12 B Rectangulation using Total Station
13 Determination of Latitude / Longitude using GPS and locating the Camp Site
14 Observation for and Determination of Azimuth
15 Setting out of Curve setting by deflection angle
16 Offset of Buildings and Plotting the Location
17 Determination of Lengths and Areas by Planimeter
18 Determination of Plan Area of the Hill
19 Determination of Surface Area of Hill Slopes
20 Determination of Paving Area Around the Hill
21 Determination of Volume of the Hill
22 Setting of Alignment of Hill Road
23 Setting of Alignment of Hill Winch
24 Design of Pumping and Piping Network for Water Supply Up the Hill from Ground
25 Determination of Quantities using Software
26 Other Experiments
ANNEXURES
A Safety Guidelines
B Daily Field Reports ( with the Formats given and the hand written data and Rough Sketches )
C Photos

SYLLABUS

CE 8513 SURVEY CAMP LT P C

(During IV semester Summer Vacation 2 weeks) - - - 2
The objective of the survey camp is to enable the students to get practical training in the field
work. Groups of not more than six members in a group will carry out each exercise in survey
camp. The camp must involve work on a large area of not less than 40 acres outside the
campus (Survey camp should not be conducted inside the campus). At the end of the camp,
each student shall have mapped and contoured the area. The camp record shall include all
original field observations, calculations and plots.
Two weeks Survey Camp to be conducted during summer vacation in the following activities

1. Traverse - using Total Station

2. Contouring
(i). Radial tachometric contouring - Radial Line at Every 45 Degree and
Length not less than 60 Meter on each Radial Line
(ii). Block Level/ By squares of size at least 100 Meter x 100 Meter
atleast 20 Meter interval

(iii). L.S & C.S - Road and Canal Alignment for a Length of not less
than 1 km atleast L.S at Every 30M and C.S at every 90 M

3. Offset of Buildings and Plotting the Location

4. Sun observation to determine Azimuth (guidelines to be given to students )

5. Use of GPS to determine latitude and longitude and locate the survey camp
Location

6. Traversing using GPS

7. Curve setting by Deflection Angle

Apart from above students may be given survey exercises in other area
also based on site condition to give good exposure on survey.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

# Experiment Sub- Type Field / Equipment / Resources Purpose Page

Office Required No.
1 Desk Study ------ Office Maps To have an idea about the location
2 RECONNAISSANCE ----- FIELD Tape / Hand Held Compass To prepare a ROUGH Sketch of the Location
Survey ( or WITHOUT any
Instrument )
3 Setting out Grid Lines & ---- FIELD No Instruments To divide the whole area into convenient grids and
Choosing Benchmarks to identify suitable BMs
( more than ONE BM )
4 The Relative RLs of ALL ( i) Leveling FIELD Level and Accessories To find the RLs of all the BMs ( assuming the RL
the Benchmarks (ii) Tacheometry Tacheometer and Accessories of any one BM as 100.000 )
Single Plane Method FIELD Theodolite
Double Plane Method FIELD Theodolite
Stadia Tacheometry FIELD Tacheometer

ILL
Tangential Tacheometry FIELD Theodolite

5 H Trigonometrical Leveling
Fly Leveling Method
FIELD
FIELD
Theodolite
Level To determine the Height of the Hill
Subtense Bar Method FIELD Subtense Bar
Height Contouring Method
using GPS
FIELD
FIELD
Theodolite / Tacheometer
GPS
using Total Station FIELD Total Station
from Google Maps Office Maps
using Compass FIELD Compass
using Theodolite FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer
To determine the Shape of the Hill,
6 Traversing using Tacheometer FIELD Tacheometer
its dimensions in Plan, and other parameters
Around the Hill using Total Station FIELD Total Station
( Complete MAPPING in PLAN )
along with LS / CS FIELD Level and Compass, etc.
Exercise on RING ROAD
Radial Contouring--Top–Down Approach FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
Radial Contouring–Bottom to Top FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
CONTOURING

Approach
Grid Contouring FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
7 Contouring at Points for REQUIRED RL FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS To prepare the CONTOUR Map of the Hill
– DIRECT
Contouring at Prefixed Points / Random FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
Points – INDirect
Contouring using Total Station FIELD TS - Total Station
# Experiment Sub- Type Field / Equipment / Resources Purpose
Office Required
LS – CS for Ring Road FIELD Level / TS To carry out Fly Leveling and LS – CS Lev
FLY LEVELING
LS – CS for Hill Road FIELD Level / TS Sectioning and Cross Sectioning) AROUND
8 and LS / CS
LS – CS for Hill Steps FIELD Level / TS OVER the Hill ( UP & DOWN ) to determi
Leveling
Hair Pin Bend Survey FIELD Level / TS points; to determine Height; as a Supplemen
9 Setting Out Horizontal Curves – FIELD To understand and ana
of Curves SIMPLE & COMPOUND curves present and req
Horizontal Curves – FIELD and over the hill and a
REVERSE & TRANSITION for various purposes
Vertical Curves – FIELD
SUMMIT & VALLEY
Horizontal & Vertical Curves FIELD
HAIR PIN BENDS
9 Triangulation Survey FIELD Theodolite/ Tacheometer / TS To map the area by Tr
10 Trilateration Survey FIELD Theodolite/ Tacheometer / TS To map the area by Tr
11 Rectangulation FIELD Theodolite/ Tacheometer / TS To map the area by Re
12 Latitude / Longitude using GPS FIELD GPS Determine Location L
13 Determination of Azimuth FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer Determine the Azimu
14 Lengths and Areas calculation by Planimeter Office Planimeter To calculate Lengths,
15 Determination of Plan Area of the Hill Office
16 Determination of Surface Area of Hill Slopes Office
17 Determination of Paving Area Around the Hill Office
18 Determination of Volume of the Hill Office
19 Setting of Alignment of Hill Road Office
20 Setting of Alignment of Hill Winch Office
21 Design of Pumping and Piping Network for Office
Water Supply Up the Hill from Ground
22 Determination of Quantities using Software Office Surveying Software To calculate any requi
23 Other Experiments
NOTE : The experiments as listed above may be overlapping in parts, in terms of their purposes, methods, instruments or o
experiments as above may be carried out either separately or in combination as found appropriately. The objective is to cap
possible data available at the site in as many ways as possible and prepare the best comprehensive mapping.
NOTE : This Manual is only an outline of the various concepts and procedures of Survey Experiments. students are infor
literature for preparation of the report and for viva -voce
1 DESK STUDY AND RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

1 A DESK STUDY
OBJECTIVES

1 To carry Office / Desk Studies in a very preliminary manner to gather an overall basic idea
about the location and its nature / features

2 To plan further Surveying works. Methods, Instruments required and all related issues

Instruments / Resources Required

1 Maps – Hard and Soft Copies (Eg . Google Maps )

2 Stereoscope ( when Satellite Images are available )
3 Software – wherever available

Procedure
(i) Have a look into the maps and photos
(ii) Understand the Location and Plan your Survey Works
(iii) Roughly Estimate the Total Number of Days required to complete the Survey Works
(iv) Identify the Natural and Man-made Features in the location and plan all Survey Procedures
accordingly
(v) Also find out the Socio – Economic – Political – Religious and other data

Deliverables /Outcomes / Results

(i) The Map from Readymade Resources

(ii) Experiment List
(iii) Equipment / Instrument List
(iv) List of Safety Precautions
(v) List of Special Requirements
(vi) List of Specific Permissions, Approvals, ( if any )
(vii) Details of Socio – Economic – Political – Religious and other data
2 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
OBJECTIVES

1 To carry Field Visit and Round – up / Fly – Over in a very preliminary manner to gather an
overall basic idea about the location and its nature / features
2 To plan further Surveying works. Methods, Instruments required and all related issues
3 To explore the Terrain and get first hand information and photos.
4 To Roughly Estimate the various Quantities

Instruments / Resources Required

1 Maps – Hard and Soft Copies (Eg . Google Maps )

2 Tape or Odometer or such simple Distance Measuring Devices
3 Hand – held Compass

Procedure

1 Go Around the Site by Walk

2 Measure Distances Roughly
3 Guess Distances and Heights roughly
4 Revise the Time Estimates to complete the Survey Works
5 Revise the List of Instruments / Requirements
6 Note down all Natural and Man-made Features
7 Prepare Rough Map with Approximate Quantities
8 Identify additional RISKS and NEEDS
Deliverables / Outcomes / Results

1 Rough Map
2 List of Risks
3 List of Needs
4 Detailed List of Survey Exercises
5 Detailed List of Survey Instruments

4 Identification and Interlinking of the Benchmarks

Objectives

To identify ONE MAIN benchmark and other AUXILIARY Benchmarks

Purpose

Even for a small area, when the survey works are spread over a few days, every day or for every
exercise, the Surveyor CANNOT START the observations from the MAIN BM every time. It will
be a time waste and redundant.

The surveyor will be saving time and energy if a local BM is available. This local / proximate /
nearby BM is called as AUXILIARY BM.

If the Surveyor identifies and lists one or more Auxiliary BM, then he / she can start from any one
Auxiliary BM.

Instruments / Resources Required

1 All maps and lists from Desk Study and Reconnaissance Survey
2 Level or Tacheometer
3 Other Accessories

Procedure

1 Have a look at the maps from Desk Study and Reconnaissance Survey.
2 Being a hill, choose BM at front, back and other sides of the FOOT HILL
 3 Also choose BM at the Hill TOP
4 If possible, also choose BM along the Hill Slopes

INTERLINKING or INTEGRATION of All the Benchmarks

( thisis the calculation of the RL of all Auxiliary BM w.r.t. the RL of MAIN BM )

5 FIX any one BM as the MAIN BM.

6 Assume the RL of MAIN BM as 100.000.
7 Carry out quick TACHEOMETRIC Surveying or FLY LEVELING and determine the RL of
all the BM.
8 Calculate the RL of all other Auxiliary benchmarks.

Deliverables / Outcomes / Results

For this hill, three BMs have been identified.

ONE MAIN BENCHMARK - The FRONT Starting Point of the Hill Steps at
the Foothill.

( in this location the Floor of Pillaiyar Temple )

Auxiliary BM 1 Lamp Tower Platform At Hill Top
Auxiliary BM 2 Starting pint of HILL ROAD at the Foothill
for this hill, the Pedestal of SAPTHA KANNIYAR PEEDAM )

Thus the Main and Auxiliary BM have been identified and Integrated
RL of MAIN BM 100.000
RL of Hill TOP Temple LIGHT Tower _________________
RL of FOOT Hill Road STARTING Point _________________

5
Deter
minat
ion of
the
Heigh
t of
the
Hill
5A Height - Single Plane Method 5G Height - Fly Leveling Method
5B Height - Double Plane Method 5H Height - Subtense Bar Method
5C Height - Stadia Tacheometry Method 5I Height - Contouring Method
5D Height - Tangential Tacheometry Method 5J Height - using GPS
5E Height - Trigonometrical Leveling Method 5K Height - using Total Station
5F Height of the Hill – Gradient of Line Method 5L Height - from Google Maps

Objectives To determine the Height of the Hill by different methods

Instrument as per the method

5A Determination of the Height by Single Plane Method

SINGLE PLANE METHOD

Suitability of the Method When the Point at the height is ONLY VISIBLE BUT NOT
ACCESSIBLE, then Single Plane method is suitable.
Aim: -Find out the Reduced Level (R.L.) of inaccessible elevated point by Trigonometrical
Levelingthrough SINGLE PLANE Method.
Instruments required: -Theodolite, LevelingStaff, Ranging Rod, Tape.
Given data: - Elevation of B.M.= ____________
PROCEDURE
1. Set the Theodolite at A and view any one STAFF READING ( SR ) as per your
convenience through the Theodolite CENTRAL Hair only on the staff placed at Q at
the height . Also note down the VERTICAL Angle α1
2. Then with the help of another staff placed at BM, and keeping the
telescope.HORIZONTAL, measure S 1- Height of Instrument at A(Note the BM
station can be BEHIND or INFRONT OF or BESIDES the station A w.r.t the line
AQ).
3. Fix a point station B BEHIND station A at a known distance “b”
4. ENSURE that all the three points Q, A and B are on the same straight VERTICAL
plane (SAME STRAIGHT LINE).
5. From station B, note down the vertical angle α2and the Height of Instrument S2.

NOTE :: Point 4 above ::

ENSURE that the three stations A, B and Q are in the SAME VERTICAL PLANE
Method : In the first station A, after finishing all observations, keeping the
Horizontal scale locked, tilt the telescope REVERSE 180 and view Stn B
MEASURE Distance AB = ‘b’
keeping the Horizontal scale locked, the RANGING ROD at B should be visible
through the telescope at A
After shifting the theodolite to B, view the RANGING ROD kept at A.
LOCK the Horizontal Scale.
Now from B,
bothStn A and Q
 SHOULD BE VISIBLE
without rotating the Horizontal scale
If visible so without rotating the Horizontal scale, then it ensures that ALL the 3
stations A, B and Q are in the SAME VERTICAL PLANE.

SINGLE PLANE METHOD

RL at Station Q = RL of BM + S1 + h1– SR
Where,
Q – Station whose height / RL is required ( in our case Stn Q is the TOP BM – TBM )
A – Station where THEODOLITE is placed first
B - Station where THEODOLITE is placed next
BM – Station where HOI is measured for the Instruments at A and B
S1 and S2 --- The Heights of Instrument from A and B
α1 -Vertical Angle at A
α2 -Vertical Angle at B
SR – Staff Reading on the CENTRAL Hair of Theodolite
h1 = D tan α1
D - Unknown Distance between A and Q

B – KNOWN Distance between A and B (set by the Surveyor at the Field)

S= S2 ~S1

RESULTS

D =
RL of Q
Height of the Hill = RL of Stn Q - RL of BM

5B Determination of the Height by Double Plane Method

DOUBLE PLANE METHOD

Suitability of the Method When the Point at the height is ONLY VISIBLE BUT NOT
ACCESSIBLE, then Double Plane method is suitable.
Aim: -Find out the Reduced Level (R.L.) of inaccessible elevated point by Trigonometrical
Levelingthrough DOUBLE PLANE Method.
Instruments required: -Theodolite, Leveling Staff, Ranging Rod, Tape.
Given data: - Elevation of B.M. = ____________
PROCEDURE
1 Set the Theodolite at A and view any one STAFF READING ( SR ) as per your
convenience through the Theodolite CENTRAL Hair only on the staff placed at Q at the
height . Also note down the VERTICAL Angle α1

2 Then with the help of another staff placed at BM, and keeping the telescope.
HORIZONTAL, measure S 1 - Height of Instrument at A (Note the BM station can be
BEHIND or INFRONT OF or BESIDES the station A w.r.t the line AQ).

3 Fix a point station B BEHIND station A at a known distance “b”

4 ENSURE that all the three points Q, A and B are on the same straight VERTICAL plane
(SAME STRAIGHT LINE).

5 From station B, note down the vertical angle α2and the Height of Instrument S2.

5C Determination of the Height by Stadia Tacheometry Method

STADIA TACHEOMETRY METHOD

5D Determination of the Height by Tangential Tacheometry Method

TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY METHOD

5E Determination of the Height by Trigonometrical Leveling Method

TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELING METHOD

5F Determination of the Height by Gradient of Line Method

GRADIENT OF LINE METHOD

5B Determination of the Height by Double Plane Method

5A Determination of the Height by Stadia Tacheometry Method

5A Determination of the Height by Tangential Tacheometry Method

5A Determination of the Height byTrigonometrical Leveling Method

5A Determination of the Height byFly Leveling Method

5A Determination of the Height bySubtense Bar Method

5A Determination of the Height by Contouring Method

5A Determination of the Height byusing GPS

5A Determination of the Height by using Total Station

5A Determination of the Height from Google Maps

RESULTS

# Method Height of the HILL ACCEPT or OVERALL

as calculated REJECT the AVERAGE
Result ( Decide HEIGHT
Yourself )
5A Single Plane Method
5B Double Plane Method
5C Stadia Tacheometry Method
5D Tangential Tacheometry
Method
5E Trigonometrical Leveling
Method
5F Fly Leveling Method
5G Subtense Bar Method
5H Contouring Method
5I using GPS
5J using Total Station
5K from Google Maps
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS ------ as listed in syllabus

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS & Instruments ( in detail )

Topographic Surveying
NOTE : The experiments as listed above may be overlapping in parts, in terms of their
purposes, methods, instruments or other features. Hence the experiments as above may be
carried out either separately or in combination as found appropriately. The objective is to
capture all the required and possible data available at the site in as many ways as possible
and prepare the best comprehensive mapping.

MAJOR Objectives
To prepare the complete map with all the requisite and relevant details and measures for the
location under survey

MINOR ( Specific ) Objectives

1 To determine the size and shape and height of the hill
2 To determine the location of the hill boundaries w.r.t. the main roads nearby.
3 To locate the distances of natural and man-made features on and around the hill w.r.t. the
nearby main roads and thereby to prepare plans for future developments
4 To prepare the contour maps for the hill and surrounding plains
5 To prepare the topographic maps for the location so as to understand the surface
run-off patterns and thereby to plan the location of proposed Rain Water Harvesting
Structures
6 To locate the position of the proposed Watch Tower on the Hill with minimum height but
with maximum visual reach for effective surveillance of the given location
7 To locate the alignments of approach roads to the hill and hill road / path themselves for
access to the hill top either by road or steps
and various other conceptual and application oriented experiments and solutions
TOTAL STATION to be used for part of the experiments

DAY WISE SCHEDULE June 13 to 19 2019

Day Date Day Expt Experiment Remarks
#
#
1 ----- Setting out Grid Lines and Grid Junctions &
Choosing Bench marks
1 Triangulation
2 Trilateration
3 Radial Contouring on Hill
4 Radial Contouring on Plains for Irregular
Blocks
5 TOTAL STATION SURVEY
6 Determination of Heights and Distances
7 LS and CS
8 Route Surveying on Plains
10 Compass Traversing
11 Plane Table Traversing
12 Tacheometric Surveying
13 Route Surveying for Hill Road
 14 Block / Grid Contouring on Plains
15 Trigonometric Leveling
16 Topographic Surveying
17 Horizontal Curves – SIMPLE & COMPOUND
18 Horizontal Curves – REVERSE &
TRANSITION
19 Determining Areas and Volumes
20 Curve Surveying –Vertical
21 Curves – SUMMIT & VALLEY
22 Curve Surveying – HAIR PIN BENDS
23 GPS Surveying to determine Latitude &
Longitude
24 Sun / Star Observations to determine Azimuth

List of Bench Marks

List of Salient Grid Points

NOTE : THIS MANUAL IS ONLY AN OUTLINE OF THE VARIOUS CONCEPTS AND

PROCEDURES OF SURVEY EXPERIMENTS. STUDENTS ARE INFORMED TO REFER TO
STANDARD LITERATURE FOR PREPARATION FOR VIVA -VOCE
 INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of different objects on the surface of
the earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them, and by preparing a map to any
suitable scale. Topographic surveying is the process of determining the positions; both on plan and
elevation of the natural and artificial features of a locality for the purpose of delineating them by
means of convectional signs upon a topographic map. It is achieved by the general map of the
country includes the locations of the roads, railways, rivers, villages, towns and so on. But the
nature of the ground surface cannot be realized from such map.
However, for all engineering projects involving roads, railways and so on, knowledge of the
nature of the ground surface is required for locating suitable alignments and estimating the
quantity of earthwork.therefore, the contour map is essential for all engineering projects. To
prepare a contour map it is necessary to use leveling. Leveling is the art of determining the relative
vertical distances point on the surface of the earth.
The object of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative position of the objects on the
surface of the earth. The map is drawn to suitable scale. It shows the natural features of a country
such as roads, railways, rivers, villages, towns etc., maps may also include details of different
engineering works such as roads, railways, irrigation canals,etc.,
Especially for road projects, the tentative alignment of the road is marked on a
topographical and contour map of the area. To know the nature of the ground surface, the profile
leveling is done at the centre of the road at some regular intervals (say 10m,20m,etc.,). If required
staff readings may also be taken at points of importance where the slope of the ground suddenly
changes.
While profile leveling is in progress, cross sectional leveling should also be done. The cross
sections are taken perpendicular to the centre line of the alignment at some intervals. The purpose
of c cross sectional leveling is to know the undulation of the ground surface transverse to the centre
of the road. The length of the cross section depends upon the nature of the work. So we proposed
due to triangulation, trilateration, rectangulation, block contouring, road project, radial
contouring, double plane method, astronomical survey,etc.,

RADIAL CONTOURING
Ex.No :
Date :

AIM :
To draw the contour map for the hilly areas by using the method of radial contouring. The
radial lines are the lines by which are radiating from the fixed point with some uniform angular
spacing. The leveling staff is held at various intervals on the radial lines and the staff readings are
noted. From these reduced levels can be determined.

DESCRIPTION :
Contouring is the method of representing the ground surface by using contour lines. It is the
method by which intermediate points are taken on the radial lines whose reduced levels are used to
draw the contour maps. The radial lines are lines which are radiating from a fixed point with some
uniform angular spacing (say each 30 degrees).The leveling staff is held at various intervals on the
radial lines and the staff readings are noted. From these reduced levels can be determined. This
survey was carried out on the top of the hill side near Pachaiamman koil, Thhiruvannamalai Hills.

TACHEOMETRIC METHOD :
This method is another type of contouring. In this method a number of radial lines at known
angular intervals are drawn on the ground and also located in the field by observing the vertical
angles and the staff readings of the bottom, middle and top hairs. It is suitable for contouring the
area of the long steeps with mountains or undulations where direct chaining is difficult.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
Theodolite with tripod stand Ranging rod Levelling staff
FORMULAE :
Horizontal distance : D = KSCos2α +C Sin α
Vertical distance : V =D tan α
Reduced Level (RL) : RL of BM + V – h
Where,
K – Muliplying Constant (=100)
C –Additive Constant (=0)
S – Staff intercept
h - Height Of Instrument
α - Horizontal Angle.

PROCEDURE :
 1. After selecting the site, the instrument is set up at station point “o” and temporary
adjustment are done.
2. The North side is focused and Horizontal angle is set up as 00 0’ 00”
3. The staff readings are taken at different intervals and maximum of 5 readings are
taken at 00 0’ 00”
4. Then the instrument is swinger to right and horizontal angle 300 0’ 00” is set and
maximum of 5 readings are taken
5. Similar procedure is done for 300, 600,etc and so on until 3600
6. The readings are taken entered in the field book and calculations are made for
known distance,RL,etc.,
7. The radial lines and position of the points on the each lines are plotted to the
desired scale and their reduced levels are entered.
8. Interpolations of required contours are done with respect to the spot levels.

RESULT :
Thus the staff readings and reduced levels of the intermediate points are calculated and
tabulated.The radial lines were chosen with an angular spacing of 30 0 and seven such lines were
selected,starting from 00 to 3600 .Smooth curves of various contour lines were drawn connecting
points of equal elevation and the contour map was prepared.

BLOCK CONTOURING
Ex. No. DATE:

AIM:
To draw the contour is an imaginary line , on the ground , joining the points of equal elevation
above the assumed datum . The contour map of given plane in near arts college by using the
method of contouring .

DESCRIPTION:
A map without relief representation is simply a plan on which relative positions of
detail are only shown in horizontal phase. Relative heights of various point on the map , may be
represented by one of the method contour. Contour is an imaginary line , on the ground , joining
the equal elevation above the assumed datum . this survey was carried out on the valley site of the
hill near by kanchi madam.

SQUARE METHOD:
It is the indirect method of contouring . Here the entire area is divided in to
number of squares , the sides of which may vary from 5cm-25cm,depending upon nature of the
ground , the contour interval and the scale of the plan . the squares may not be of the same size
throughtout, but may vary according to the requirements of the map. The curves of the square are
marked on the ground and spot levels of these points are given with a level by normal method of
leveling . Special care has to be taken to give spot level to the salient features of the ground such as
hill top , deepest point of the depression etc., and their measurements from respective curves of the
square are noted.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Theodolite with tripod stand Ranging rod Levelling staff Arrows Cross staff Tape

FORMULAE:

Horizontal distance: Vertical distance:

D=kS cos^2α + C cosα V=Dtan e
R.L =R.L of B.M +V-h
Where,
K = multiplying constant S = Additive constant
C = Height of instrument h = Height of instrument
e = Vertical angle α = Horizontal angle

PROCEDURE:

1. After selecting the site, the instrument is set up at station point O and
Temporary adjustments are done .

2 . The north of site is focused and horizontal angle is set up as O˚ O' O".

3 . The staff readings are taken at different intervals . Maximum 5 reading

Are taken at O ˚ O' O".
4 . Then the instrument is swing to right and horizontal 30˚ O' O" is set .
Maximum of 5 readings are taken .

5. Similar procedure is done for 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ and so on until 360˚ .

6. the readings are entered in the field book . do the necessary calculation
 RECTANGULATION

Ex. No. DATE LOCATION

AIM:

The objective of rectangulation is to plot the given area into no of rectangles of

dimensions, based on the necessity. Initially the centerline was laid out by ranging
using the theodolite and other instruments. Rectangles of dimensions ________ were
plotted on both sides of the centerline covering up to the whole given area _______
using cross staff and chain. This survey was conducted on the way of Adaiyur village
at Thiruvannamalai.

RECONNAISSANSE:

The site was selected by reconnaissance survey. The instrument stations were
decided and approaches were found out.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Theodolite with tripod stand.

2) Ranging rod.

3) Levelling staff

4) Arrows

5) Cross staff

6) Tape

PROCEDURE:

1. The baseline was choosing along the existing side of road.

2. The center line was plotted which divides the whole area into
two equal parts.

3. The theodolite was fixed at the starting point of the center

Line and the distance 60m from the centerline was marked
on either side by making perpendicular from centerline,
which gives land edges.

4. From the land edge the distance 10m was marked by ranging . on
theodolite. This point indicates first stretch of the plot.
 5. Then from the land edge the distance 10m was marked to
indicate the stretch of the plot.

6. The same procedure was adopted on the other side of the road
Then the instrument was shifted to every point along the base
line and from there, in the interval of 24m the points were
marked along new line, which was perpendicular to base line.

7. The marks were considered as the corners of the plots.

RESULT:

Thus the given area was plotted into a no of rectangles. The centerline was
first set from the main station using the theodolite, ranging rods and chain. Then the
rectangles were plotted on both the sides of the centerline. On the whole rectangle
were plotted on either side of the centerline.

TRIANGULATION METHOD

EX: NO: DATE: LOCATION

AIM: To determine the elevation and distance for a given station points using the method of
Triangulation method.

OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine the elevation difference between the given station points .
2. To determine the distance between the station points.

DESCRIPTION:
Triangulation is the process of establishing horizontal control in surveying. The
triangulation system consist of a number of inter connected triangles in which the length of the base
line & the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. The triangulation stations were
selected based on the inter visibility of the stations, the shape of the triangles to be formed , the
length of the sight , accessibility to the stations . The horizontal angles were measured by repetition
method . The survey was carried out in the leveled surface of adaiyur village.

RECONNAISSANCE:
It is the primary survey that has to be conducted before every survey work.
During this , the site is visited to get as general idea about to the work.
We have selected the points for Triangulation, in such that are visible to every
station points .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Theodolite with tripod stand

2. Ranging rod
3. Levelling staff
4. Cross staff
5. Tape
REFERENCES

# Author ( s ) Publication Title Part / Publisher Country Edition Page TYPE

Volume
Nos.
1 Kanetkar, T. P. and Surveying and 1 Pune 24th Edn ---- Text Book
Kulkarni, S. V Levelling VidyarthiGrihaPrakashan Pune India 2009 Reprint
2 - DO - - DO - 2
3 Punmia, B C Surveying I 16th Edn Text Book
Ashok K Jain 2012 Reprint
Arun K Jain
LAXMI Publications India
4 - DO - - DO II 15th Edn Text Book
2011 Reprint
5 - DO - - DO- III Text Book
6 Dr M Thanikachalam Surveying ---- Velammal Engg College 2011 ---- Lab
-----
Practical – II Manual
7 Dr R Ganesan Surveying --- Velammal Engg College 2008 --- Lab
----
Practical – I Manual
8 Saravanan, M. Survey Camp --- VEL TECH HIGH TECH 2006 ---- Lab
----
Manual Engg College Manual
9 Dr T Revathee Surveying Text Book