Steps in pro-rata allocation of seats in the party- guaranteed/qualified seats na list system: naipamigay sa STEP 3.
STEP 1: Kuhanin ang total number ng members
STEP 5: SECOND ROUND: Tignan kung sino ang of the House of Representatives (HR), tapos entitled sa “additional seats”. kunin ang number of seats ng party-list. Ano ang additional seats? Seats na binibigay sa Mahalaga ito para malaman natin ang number mga party-list (maximum of 2) na nakakuha ng of seats na ipapamigay natin. more than 1 na score sa formula na: Ang party-list seats ay 20% dapat ng total Vote percentage (kinuha sa STEP 3) members ng House of representatives. multiplied by unallocated seats (kinuha Paano kunin ang seats na ipapamigay sa part- sa STEP 4). list? Kapag 2 or more ang sagot, entitled sila sa 2 Kapag ang given ay number ng total additional seats. members ng HR: divided by 5. Kapag 1 or more pero less than 2, entitled sila sa Kapag ang given ay number ng district 1 seat. representatives: divided by 4. Kapag less than one, wala silang additional seat. STEP 2: Ilista ang mga party-list based on the number of votes received. STEP 6: THIRD ROUND: Tignan kung sino ang entitled sa “remaining seats”. STEP 3: FIRST ROUND: Tignan kung sino ang Ano ang remaining seats? Seats na binibigay sa entitled sa “guaranteed/qualified seats”. mga party list na hindi nakakuha ng at least 1 Ano ang guaranteed/qualified seat? 1 seat na na score sa STEP 5. automatic na binibigay sa mga party-list na Pamula sa unang party-list na di umabot sa nakakuha ng at least 2% ng total votes (vote score na 1 sa STEP 5, bigyan ng tig-iisang seats percentage). until ma-distribute lahat ng “remaining seats.” Pano makuha ang vote percentage ng isang particular party-list?
No. of votes ng particular party list
divided by total number of votes ng lahat ng party lists.
Kunin lahat ng percentages ng bawat party-list.
Lahat ng nakakuha ng 2% or above, meron na
agad 1 seat.
STEP 4: Kuhanin ang number of seats na di pa
naipapamigay (unallocated seats). ACCOUNTING, IN GENERAL BALANCE SHEET
Four accounting informations: OFTM Concepts:
1. Operating information 1. Money measurement concept –
2. Financial accounting information balance sheets consist only of 3. Tax accounting information information that can be expressed in 4. Management accounting information monetary terms. 2. Entity concept – accounts are kept for entities, as opposed to persons Two sources of accounting principles: associated with those entities. a. IMPORTANCE: separate ang per- 1. FASB (Financial Accounting Standards sonality ng corporations from the Board) persons making it. 2. 3. Going-concern concept – assumption of the continuance of operation for an indefinitely long period. Three kinds of financial statements: a. IMPORTANCE: di kailangan 1. Statement of financial position (aka kuhanin constantly ang net worth balance sheet) ng isang entity at ng kanyang 2. Income statement mga assets. 3. Statement of cash flows 4. Cost concept – all assets are recorded at their historical cost. a. IMPORTANCE: Kahit tumaas ang value ng assets, ang di affected ang records. ‘Yung acquisition cost pa rin ang recorded. 5. Dual-Aspect concept – Assets = equities; Assets = liabilities+ owner’s equity. a. IMPORTANCE: i. Bawat dagdag mo sa assets, may kasabay na either dagdag sa liabilities, or bawas sa assets, and vice-versa. ii. Bawat dagdag mo sa liabilities, may kasabay na dagdag sa assets, or bawas sa lliabilities, and vice-versa. INCOME STATEMENT: character. EXCEPTION: sound reason to change methods. 6. Materiality concept – the accountant Difference from BALANCE SHEET: does not attempt to record insignificant events. Income statement: flow report; refers to a. IMPORTANCE: no need to record information over a period of time (e.g. as loss events such as use of a from year X to year Y). single sheet of yellow paper or loss Balance sheet: status report; refers to of a ballpen. information at a certain point in time (e.g. balance sheet as of MM/DD/YYYY).
Concepts:
1. Accounting Period concept-
accounting measures activities for a specified interval of time. 2. Conservatism concept: a. Recognize revenues (increase in earnings) only when they are REASONABLY CERTAIN. b. Recognize expenses (decrease in earnings) as soon as they are REASONABLY POSSIBLE. c. IMPORTANCE: i. When it comes to items paid for in 2016 but delivered in 2017, the revenue is counted only in 2017 (REASONABLY CER- TAIN. ii. When it comes to losses, when a car is lost in 2016 but it was only in 2017 that it was certain it will not be returned, loss is counted in 2016 (REASONABLY POS- SIBLE). 3. Realization concept – revenue is recognized only when they are reasonably certain to be paid. 4. Matching concept – when an event affects both revenue and expenses, the effect on each must be recognized in the same accounting period. 5. Consistency concept – once an entity has decided on an accounting method, it should use the same method for all subsequent events of the same