Saint Mary’s University

Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

Submitted by: Karen Kate D. Dinatngan

Submitted to: Sir Brent Jericko Narciso,RPh

Date Submitted: June 14, 2019

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and protists. It also includes the
study of viruses, which are not technically classified as living organisms but do contain genetic material.
Microbiology research encompasses all aspects of these microorganisms such as their behavior, evolution,
ecology, biochemistry, and physiology, along with the pathology of diseases that they cause.

Branches of Microbiology

By Taxonomy

Bacteriology: the study of bacteria.

Immunology: the study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as
bacteria and viruses and their hosts.

Mycology: the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.

Nematology: the study of nematodes (roundworms).

Parasitology: the study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms, but many are. Protozoa and
bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.

Phycology: the study of algae.

Protozoology: the study of protozoa, single-celled organisms like amoebae.

Virology: the study of viruses.

By Type of Research

Microbiology research, like other fields of scientific research, can be subdivided into the categories of pure
and applied. Pure (or basic) research is exploratory and conducted in order to better understand a scientific
phenomenon, while applied research is based on information gleaned from pure research and used to answer
specific questions or solve problems.

Pure microbiology research includes:

Astromicrobiology: the study of the origin of life on Earth, and the search for extraterrestrial life.

Evolutionary microbiology: the evolution of microorganisms.

Cellular microbiology: the study of the structure and function of microbial cells.

Microbial ecology

Microbial genetics
Microbial physiology

Systems microbiology: mathematical/computational modeling of the activities of microbiological systems.

While applied microbiology research includes:

Agricultural microbiology: the study of microorganisms that interact with plants and soils.

Food microbiology: the study of microorganisms that spoil food or cause foodborne illnesses. Can also study
how microorganisms are used in food production, such as fermentation of beer.

Medical microbiology: the study of microorganisms responsible for human disease.

Microbial biotechnology: using microbes in industrial or consumer products.

Pharmaceutical microbiology: the study of microorganisms used in pharmaceutical products, such as vaccines
and antibiotics.

Modern Advances of Microbiology

1. Application Note: Protein Extraction from E.coli using Precellys® Evolution

This case study demonstrates the flexibility and efficiency of Bertin Technology's Precellys® Evolution in
effectively lysing highly concentrated E.coli cells to extract soluble proteins for analytical or purification
purposes. The effect of different quantities of glass beads in Precellys® lysing tubes was also evaluated.
Download application note

2. Product: Sterisart® Universal Pump from Sartorius

The Sterisart® Universal Pump is the latest for sample and media transfer from Sartorius Group. This
peristaltic pump can be used in clean rooms, integrated into clean benches, or installed countersunk in the
working surface of isolators. More information

3. Video: Eppendorf DASbox® Mini Bioreactor System

Watch this video to find out more about the Eppendorf DASbox Mini Bioreactor System, a unique mini
bioreactor system suitable for microbial and cell culture as well as stem cell applications. It is an ideal tool for
parallel processing due to its innovative design in blocks of four. Watch video

4. Application Note: Effective DNA Extraction Method for Molecular Diagnostics on Wood-Decay Fungi

Automated extraction systems yield fungal DNA from wood samples in smaller quantities and poorer quality
than manual extraction methods, limiting the suitability of the former. This application note from Analytic
Jena demonstrates an automated method that aims to achieve results comparable to the preferred manual
kit for extracting fungal DNA. Download application note
5. Application Note: PROTOS3: Microbiology Made Easy

Learn about the features of the Synbiosis Protos3 colony counter in this brochure, and how it can automate
colony counting and chromogenic identification of microbial species. Download application note

6. NEW Product: INVIEW™ Microbiome from GATC Biotech

INVIEW™ brings high sensitivity and specificity to streamlined high-quality next generation sequencing
solutions for specific applications. The Microbiome Profiling 2.0 allows the identification of microbial
populations while the Microbiome High Specificity allows for characterization of microbial communities at the
highest taxonomic resolution. More information

7. Application Note: Detecting Mycoplasma Cell Culture Contamination Using the CLARIOstar® Microplate
Reader

In this application note, simultaneous sensitive detection of contamination of multiple samples is possible
with the BMG Labtech CLARIOstar microplate reader. The CLARIOstar microplate reader allows for quick and
easy detection of mycoplasma contamination, which can seriously harm cell cultures.

Current application of Microbiology in the pharmaceutical industry

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are pertinent to the production of antibiotics, enzymes,
vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products; it also incorporates the study of microorganisms that
cause pharmaceutical contaminations, and degradation, deterioration and spoil of pharmaceutical raw
materials and finished products.

Pharmaceutical microbiology provides knowledge and understanding with regards to the significance of the
presence of bacteria, yeasts, moulds, viruses and toxins in pharmaceutical raw materials, intermediates,
products and pharmaceutical production environments, as well as the microbiological control of
pharmaceutical products, production environments and people.

One of the key objectives of pharmaceutical microbiology is to ensure safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical
products. It embraces the processes like the validation of disinfectants, evaluation of the efficacy of
disinfectants in suspension, on surfaces, and through field trials. Pharmaceutical microbiology offers protocols
and techniques associated with the operation and assurance of clean-room, aseptic-room and controlled
environments for preventing any possible microbial contamination, and introduces risk assessment and
practical contamination control strategies.

The most important contribution of microbiology to the pharmaceutical industry is the development of
antibiotics. All antibiotics were originally the products of microbial metabolism, however the recent genetic
manipulations have enabled the production of more enhanced drugs. Vaccines are also a very important
contribution of microbiology towards development of drugs. The production of vaccines against bacterial
diseases usually requires the growth of large amounts of bacteria. Steroids can also be obtained from
microorganisms.
Apart from drugs and bio products development, microbiology contributes towards quality control of a
pharmaceutical laboratory. Prevention of microbial contamination of drugs, injectables, eye drops, nasal
solutions and inhalation products is undertaken following pharmacopeial guidelines.

Over the years, pharmaceutical microbiology has evolved and expanded significantly to encompass various
other aspects, e.g., research and development of new anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to
detect mutagenic and carcinogenic potential in drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of
insulin and human growth hormone.

As pharmaceutical microbiology is crucial to the manufacture and production of drugs, biologics and devices,
it is absolutely important that people working in these industries have a strong understanding and in depth
knowledge of pharmaceutical microbiological principles, techniques, processes and strategies in order to
avoid any potentially costly and life-threatening failures and consequences.

REFERENCES:

http://lab-training.com/2015/03/07/how-microbiology-contributes-to-the-pharmaceutical-industry/

https://www.selectscience.net/top-lists/the-latest-advances-in-microbiology/?artID=37450

https://biologydictionary.net/microbiology/