Subgrade Soil

Desirable properties
CBR test
 Aggregates
Tests Test Method

Impact Test IS: 2386 Part IV

Crushing Test IS: 2386 Part IV
Specific gravity IS: 2386 Part III
Water absorption IS: 2386 Part III

Abrasion Test IS:2386 Part IV

 Bitumen tests
Sl.No Tests Test Method Limits Requirements

1 Penetration IS: 1203 - 80-100

Test

2 Ductility Test IS: 1208 Min 75

3 Softening Point IS: 1205 Min 40

Test

4 Specific Gravity IS: 73-1961 Min 0.97-1.02

5 Flash Point IS: 1209 Min 220

Crushing test
Impact test
Abrasion test
Flakiness and elongation Index
Specific Gravity of Aggregates
 Requirements of Bitumen
• The bitumen should not be highly temperature
susceptible: during the hottest weather the mix should
not become too soft or unstable, and during cold
weather the mix should not become too brittle causing
cracks.
• The viscosity of the bitumen at the time of mixing and
compaction should be adequate. This can be achieved
by use of cutbacks or emulsions of suitable grades or
by heating the bitumen and aggregates prior to mixing.
• There should be adequate affinity and adhesion
between the bitumen and aggregates used in the mix.
 Tests conducted on bitumen
• Penetration test
• Ductility test
• Viscosity test
• Float test
• Specific gravity test
• Softening point test
• Flash and fire point test
• Solubility test
• Spot test
• Loss on heating test
• Water content test
Viscosity of bitumen
Softening Point test
Specific gravity test
Penetration test
Thin Film oven test
Ductility test
 Flash and fire point test
• The flash point of a material ia the lowest
temp at which the vapour of a substance
momentarily takes fire in the form of a flash
under specified condition of test.
• Fire point is the lowest temp at which the
material gets ignited and burns under
specified condition of test.
 Cutback bitumen
• Cutback is defined as the bitumen, the viscosity
of which has been reduced by a volatile diluent.
• The viscosity of the cutback and rate of which it
hardens on the road depend on the
characteristics and quantitty of both bitumen and
volatile oil used as the diluent.
• Cutback bitumens are available in 3 types
Rapid curing (RC)
Medium curing (MC)
Slow curing (SC)
• RC-2 means it is the rapid curing cutback of
grade 2
• RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 are the lowest viscosity
cutback bitumen
 Bituminous emulsions
• It is the liquid product in which a substantial
amount of bitumen is suspended inn a finely
divided condition in an aqueous medium and
stabilised by means of one or more suitable
materials.
• These are used in bituminous road constructions,
especially in maintenance and patch repair
works. It can be used in wet weather even when
it is raining.
• It is also used in soil stabilization, particularly of
sands in desert areas.
 Tests conducted on Emulsion
• Residue on sieving
• Stability to mixing with cement
• Stability to mixing with coarse graded
aggregate
• Water cement
• Sedimentation
• Viscosity
 Types
• Rapid setting ( surface dressing)
• Medium setting (premixing of6-]CA)
• Slow setting (FA)