DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

EFFECTIVENESS OF MANGNIFERA INDICA (Mango) EXTRACT AS AN

ALTERNATIVE INK FOR CALLIGRAPHY PEN

A Research Proposal presented to the Faculty of Junior High School

De La Salle University Dasmariñas

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 2

Barquilla, Nash Michael T.

Cantos, Charlie Matthew C.
Calimlim, Elizha Marie
Gamo, Mary Angeline T.
Molina, Camille Jean O.
Rajeev, Amrish Fernan
Reyes, Ariana Lorraine E.
Sedantes, Franz Miko C.
Villarin, Clare Dianne R.

March 21, 2019

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Calligraphy pens is widely used by our generation. Mostly, it is used for projects,

businesses, etc. to create intricate and exquisite designs for logos or slogans. Based on a

study, (Benediktsdóttir’s, 2015) The society must be aware that basic ingredients of

petroleum – based ink have negative effects on the environment. Commercially made

pens contain chemicals such as: iron sulfate, gallic, and tannic acids (Cofield E., 2018).

Biodegradable ink could be a better alternative other than petroleum-based ink.

According to www.britannica.com, Mangnifera indica comes from the family

called Anacardiaceae that are native from Southeast Asia. Mangoes are regarded as the

king of tropical fruit because of its sweet, and juicy, it contains a big seed inside.

According to www.bbcgoodfood.com, Mango is a low-calorie fruit that is high in fiber,

and is a great source of Vitamins A and C. It also contains foliate, B6, iron and a little

Calcium, Zinc and Vitamin E which also helps get rid of headaches by ingestion. The

leaves of Mangoes can be made into tea, which becomes a home remedy to control

Diabetes.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

Some researchers already tried extracts as alternative ingredient for calligraphy

ink. To name a few, some of them are: Mayana leaves extract, Alugbati fruit extract,

Plum extract, etc.. The researchers will test if the Mango extract could be an effective

alternative ingredient for calligraphy ink. The researchers will use a freshly bought

Mango and boiled water will be added. The ink will be tested according to its

consistency, odor, color, and visibility on paper.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Smudges and clearness of ink

Mangnifera Indica produced by the mango extract

It is hypothesized that ink derived rom Mango extracts will be as effective as

commercial ink in terms of: clearness, vividness, and color.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

1.3 Statement of the Problem

- The researcher aims to find out if the Mango extract can be an alternative ink

for calligraphy pen

- Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of Mango ink &

commercial ink in terms of

a. ) Is the color vibrant?

b.) Does it have pleasant odor?

c.) Does it have the right consistency?

d.) Will the ink not smudge on the paper?

1.4 Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (Ho): The Mango extract will not have any difference and

commercial calligraphy ink in terms of the following:

a) Color

b) Absorption

c) Stick Consistency

d) Odor

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The Mango extract will have significant difference

and commercial calligraphy in terms of the following:

a) Color

b) Absorption

c) Stick Consistency

d) Odor

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study hopes to provide a cost-efficient ink that is easily accessible to lessen

the production of petroleum-based inks that pose to be dangerous to the environment.

Furthermore, the findings that will be provided by the study would be of help to certain

groups who are involved in writing. The results of the study may be beneficial to the

following:

Literary writers. The creation of a cheaper alternative calligraphy ink made

with the extract will help authors in sustaining their stock of calligraphy ink, which will

further help them create more literary pieces if they prefer the old school of writing

reading materials.

Students. With the creativity and the thinking skills of students, the alternative

calligraphy ink will be useful in their projects, homeworks, and assignments.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

Artists. Professional artists have a variety of supplies to create their masterpieces

and with the alternative calligraphy ink, they are able to choose from a wide variety of

calligraphy pens.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The study revolves around the use of the extract, which will focus primarily on

the use of the M. indica. The experiment would take around a day to a week, depending

on the needed amount of time to fully reach the quality of normal calligraphy ink. The

process will be performed in De La Salle University – Dasmariñas. Other fruit extracts

and/or dyes will not be used.

Mango fruit will be purchased from a marketplace in Puregold Anabu, Imus City,

Cavite. Other materials that needed will be available at the science laboratory located in

the Junior Highschool Complex. Alternative uses for the final substance created after the

experiment will not be given any attention since creating an alternative calligraphy ink is

the main priority . Other possible use of Mangnifera Indica extract will not be covered in

this study.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

1.7 Definition of terms

The following terms are defined within the context used in the study:

Mango extract – This refers to the juice that is extracted from the fruit after

being grinded. In this study, it will be used as an ingredient to create a natural source of

ink.

Calligraphy ink – This refers to the substance made out of ordinary wood

charcoal. This liquid is used for writing, freestyle painting, and calligraphy. The quality

of the calligraphy ink will be the standard in determining if the final outcome of our

experiment is successful.

Stick Consistency – This refers to the overall texture of ink. It is one of the

properties of the ink that will be tested.

Odor – This refers to the smell and scent of the ink. It will be a determining

factor if the produced alternative ink is similar to a commercially available calligraphy

pen ink.

Absorption – This refers to process of consumption or ingestion of one element

to another. The way the paper reacts to the application of the ink will be another property

that will be tested.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Literature

According to www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html, Mango is a flowering plant, this

is also a fast growing fruit tree. Also, it comes from the family called Anacardiaceae and

it’s scientific name is Mangnifera Indica. It is a pioneer species that thrives in poor soil,

able to tolerate acidic and alkaline conditions and drought (Preethi et al., 2012). The

extract of a mango fruit can be used in many different ways. It can be used in multiple

health benefits such as: lowering the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases. It can

also promote a healthy complexion and hair, increased energy, and overall lower weight

(Ware, M. 2017).

Mango is also a tropical fruit known for its sweet and high nutrient content. It has

different types of nutrients such as: It is an excellent source of fiber, vitamins A, C, E,

and B6, as well as the minerals potassium and copper. Also, according to livescience.com

“what are pigments in fruits and flower”, mango also contains Carotenoids, is a pigment

that absorbs blue and indigo light, which provides rich yellows and oranges color.

Carotenoids are a class of phytonutrients also known as “plant chemicals”, and can also

be found in cells of plants, algae, and bacteria. Carotenoids also helps plants absorb light

for the process of photosynthesis, and it also acts an antioxidant in human body (Szalay,

J, 2015).

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

According to encyclopedia.com (2011), Ink is a combination of a coloring agent,

pigment and a liquid containing oils, resins and chemical solvents. In the past, ink was

fashioned from different colored juices, plant and animal extracts. But today, synthetic

materials are used in addition to these natural ingredients to improve the quality of the

ink. Ink must have two basic components: the pigment coloring and the vehicle, a liquid

which allowed the ink to be dispersed.

According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ED., ink are composed of a

colorant, a vehicle, a solvent and additives. The colorant for India ink is carbon black, the

vehicle is water, also various substances such as glue and gum are used to stabilize

suspension. For having rich blackness and permanence it is mostly used by architects,

engineers, and artists. Also according to The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ED, for early

civilizations, dyes that are obtained from plants and sepia from squid, octopus, and

cuttlefish, were also considered for the creation of natural inks.

Neumann’s and Schuttlig’s (in Lindquist) defines ink as clearly stated the

qualifications of having a good quality ink. The ink must be clear, filterable solution but

not a suspension, should flow easily from the pen and should not spread on paper. Since

the ink is natural, no mold must be seen on the solution and has no pronounced

unpleasant odor. Likewise, it must have an intense color which does not become paler nor

bleach out entirely as it is used in writing. Furthermore, Lindquist added that every good

ink, whether writing, or combined writing and copying, should have the qualities that

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

give the writing that, after drying for eight days, it is not removed by water or alcohol

even by treatment for days to such an extent that it becomes illegible.

To create a natural ink, specific ingredients are needed to be use to make them last

longer, and more effective. An experiment conducted by epicfantasy from a Youtube

Video, a natural ink should have a vinegar, salt, and a little bit of water. The vinegar

helps the ink to be attached on the paper, while the salt helps to preserve the ink.

An article written by Anthis, C. (2015), states the ingredients that you can use to

create a natural herbal ink are: The herb of your choice, filtered water, extra strong herbal

infusion, distilled vinegar, salt, and binder. It was also stated that binders are not really

necessary, but for some herbal preparations it can really make a difference in holding the

ink on the paper as well as thickening the ink to the desired consistency.

An article written by Lehnhardt, P. (2015), to make a natural ink from extracts of

plants, you will be needing: a mordant and the most safest mordant could be iron and

alum, gum Arabic that is used to thicken the liquid and it also helps to control the flow of

the ink and could also be a preservative, thyme oil to prevent mold forming in the ink.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

2.2 Related Studies

According to the research by Powar P. V, Lagad S B, Ambikas R. B, Sharma P.

H. (2014) Google Scholar, color produced from artificial dyes are steadier from batch to

batch than colors produced by natural colorants. But, natural dyes are eco-friendly way

to pass on almost any color to textile product with the recent interest in environmental

concerns.

Based on the research conducted by Alguzar J., Caballero C., Cayetuna J., Cortez

D., Lituanas J., Maldo R. II, Mucha J., Quibedo D., Sabuero J. Jr., and Talines C. (n.d),

researchers must balance the amount of water and source, so it can produce a natural odor

and color, so that spreading of ink on the paper will be avoided and can maintain a good

quality of marker ink.

According to a research by arapascal08.blogspot.com, they made an experiment

about fruit extract from for the production of brown ink. The fruit that they used in the

experiment is Gmelina Arborea Fruit. In the experiment that they conducted, it was stated

that they also used vinegar for the ink.

According to the study of Papawee S., Suppaluk R., Natthawut T., that uses Black

Plum extract as dye, they used two layers of cheesecloth as filter for the extract for it to

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

become smooth. The cheesecloth, however, was immediately used for staining

examination.

An experiment conducted by Condy, S. (N.D.), ink was primarily made from

plant dyes. Every plant can produce different color of dye. Vinegar and gum Arabic was

also mentioned in the said experiment to make the ink last long and stabilized.

According to a research by Bhardwaj, A. (2016), prepared ink is used for printing

paper and its printing feasibility is checked in terms of: rub – resistance, peel – off,

stability of print in UV light, sunlight and normal daylight conditions. It was also stated

that various natural inks are used for textile printing, food coloring, glass coloring,

pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. Furthermore, using various natural inks have various

advantages in terms of: non-toxic, skin friendly, non-carcinogenetic, and it is also bio-

degradable.

Research conducted by Discaya, D., Española, D., Misolas, K., Orgado, N., Sta.

Ana, R. (2014)., they used Avocado Seeds, Ethanol Alcohol, Vinegar, Agar, and Water.

They boiled the seeds together with the other substances and after boiling the seeds, they

let it cool for about 5 minutes. They also used cheesecloth to serve as strainer and to

remove the excess solid parts that were left. The conclusion is Avocado seeds are

effective in making ink.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

Experiment conducted by Hussain, N. (2017), in this experiment she used Jagua

Plum, which grows in the rainforest of South America. Jagua was also used for cultural

body art for the past centuries. Also, over the years, more and more chemicals are being

added to Henna Ink, making it harmful to use and this became an inspiration to conduct

Jagua Plum as an alternative source of ink for Henna.

Research conducted by De Asis’ (2015), in this research she used Alugbati seeds

extract as alternative source of ink. In this research other substances were used to mixed

with the extract of Alugbati seeds such as: rubbing alcohol, vinegar, salt, and iodine. The

conclusion states that Alugbati seed extract can be an alternative source ink.

A study conducted by Uddin, M. (2015), this study aims to know the

performances of mango leaves extract in silk dyeing. In this study crushed dried mango

leaves were used for the extraction. Thus, on the basis of the results, it can be said that

mango leaves have good scope for application on silk fabrics.

Research conducted by Dej, E. (2016), Mango extract has been made into dyes.

Furthermore, in this research the Mango extract was used to make an alternative ink for

markers. Mango extract is also known for its ability to take high polish which came from

the tree and its alcoholic tincture that produces dark red color.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

Another study from J. Judan Jr., K. Tan., N. Lappay., A. Manipon., V. Manzo.,

M. Osdon., M. Vejerano (2015), this study aims to know if the extract from Mango

leaves, can be an alternative component for marker ink. The researchers also aims to

know if the ink will is readable with a distance given of five meters.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

2.3 Synthesis

From the information gathered, the natural dye obtained from the mango fruit

might have the possibility of being an alternative calligraphy ink. Mangnifera Indica is

not just a simple fruit, it also has wonderful health benefits for skin

(https://www.herbaldynamicsbeauty.com/blogs/herbal-dynamics-beauty/10-amazing-

benefits-of-mango-for-skin-health) Also, Mangnifera Indica can be used as an alternative

for silk fabrics, dyes, and even for marker inks. Other extracts from seeds were also used

for making an alternative in ink and henna ink. Some researchers used, vinegar, salt, gum

Arabic, thyme oil, and water to produce a good quality of a natural ink that came from

fruit extracts or even seeds. So the researchers considered Mangnifera Indica (Mango)

Extract as an alternative source of ink for calligraphy pen.

Due to popular demands of calligraphy ink, this study aims to determine the

effectiveness of Mangnifera Indica (Mango) Extract as an alternative ink for calligraphy

pen. In the experiment, vinegar will be used to help the ink hold on to the paper and to

control the flow of the ink, salt will also be considered to help the ink last longer for it is

said to be a preservative, the researchers will also use thyme oil to prevent forming of

mold in the ink, cornstarch will be used as alternative for the gum Arabic since it cannot

be found in local markets to have a thicker texture.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study is a experimental research, which aims to manipulate and control data

that will be shown. The researchers will determine the effectiveness of Mangnifera

Indica (Mango) Extract as an alternative ingredient for calligraphy ink, by conducting an

experiment.. The researchers will invite 30 respondents from the population of the Grade

10 students at De La Salle University – Dasmariñas Junior High School and they will test

the effectiveness of Mango (Mangifera Indica) Extract.

3.2 Research Setting

This study will be conducted at De La Salle University – Dasmariñas Junior High

School Complex Science Laboratory, where in the specific requirements are met. Some

parts of the experiment will be done at Pallas Athenas Executive Village, Imus, Cavite.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

3.3 Research Procedure

3.3.1 Material Acquisition

The following materials that will be used are: Mango fruit that will be purchased

at Puregold Anabu. Vinegar, flour, oil that will be purchased from any market place.

Other materials will also be used such as: measuring spoons, cups, strainers, gloves, and

clothing will be provided by the researchers, paint brush will be bought from a hardware.

Beakers, kettle, mortar and pestle are available at the DLSU – D Science Laboratory.

3.3.2 Preparing for the Extract

The researchers will wash the Mango fruits with water. The researchers will use

gloves to prevent dirt and will use mortar and pestle for grinding the Mango fruit. There

will be 2 Mangoes without the peel that will be grinded using mortar and pestle, and after

grinding the Mango, 1 teaspoon of boiling water will be added to get the extract. ½

teaspoon of vinegar and ½ teaspoon of salt, 3 teaspoon of flour, ½ teaspoon oil will also

be added in the mixture to get a thicker texture and to avoid having liquefied ink. Also, 1

teaspoon of oil will be added to the mixture to avoid forming of molds in the paper. After

putting them together, the mixture will be left at a room temperature for 1 up to 3 hours

to get the most vibrant color and to have more clear and thicker texture.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

3.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis

After conducting the experiment, to test the Mango extract as an effective

alternative ink it should achieve the qualifications to know it’s effectiveness as ink. The

characteristics to be observed or to be tested are: absorption, stick consistency, color, and

odor. An evaluation will be conducted after the experiment with questions that are related

to the qualifications of having an effective ink. The researchers will choose 30

respondents and they will be taken from the Grade 10 students population of De La Salle

University – Dasmariñas. Each respondent will be provided with an evaluation sheet.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

SAMPLE OF THE CARDS

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

INSTRUCTIONS FOR EVALUATING THE INK (Mangnifera Indica Extract)

Absorption. The respondent will write a stroke on the card that will be used. The

respondent will also observe if the paper absorbed the ink well. The respondent will also

check if there is any smudges on the paper made by the ink.

Color. Each respondent will use the calligraphy pen with ink produced from Mango

extract following the stroke given on the card stock that was given to them by the

researchers. Then 10 brush pens will be provided for the respondents. The respondents

will test the ink one by one and they will check it simultaneously, until they get the

satisfaction or the answers. The test of the ink will be conducted at the science laboratory

of De La Salle University – Junior High School.

Odor. The researchers will drop a pinch of the ink on the card. After dropping a

pinch of the ink, the respondents will sniff the aroma of the ink. The respondents will also

observe if the odor is pleasant to their nose, or the odor is too strong for them.

Stick Consistency. Each respondents will expose the ink to the card to see if there

is any changes with the consistency of the ink. The clarity of strokes and color must be

checked to know if the consistency of the ink is good enough.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

After conducting tests and observations, the researchers will gather all the data from the

evaluation sheet. The researchers will then get the average rating of from each of the

qualifications that was stated in the given questionnaire. Each qualification will have 5 as

the highest score and 1 being the lowest score. From the final average, the researchers

can now determine which of the Mango extract is an effective alternative. The

researchers will tally and analyze the respondents answers to come up with a conclusion.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

EVALUATION SHEET
The respondents will rate their scores, 5 being the highest and 1 being the lowest
CHARACT 5 4 3 2 1
ERISTICS
1.Color

The color is The color is The color is The color is The color is
the most a little less just right in less in terms least in terms
solid, most than the terms of the of solidity, of solidity,
vivid, and most solid, solidity, vividness, vividness,
most most vi vividness, and and a and
appealing. vid, and appeal. ppeal. appeal.
most
appealing.
2. Odor

The ink has The ink has The ink has a The ink did The ink did
no a minimal to moderate and not smell not have any
unpleasant none odor. tolerable good and is pleasant odor
odor at all. odor. barely at all.
tolerable.
3.Stick
Consisten
cy The ink The ink The ink The ink The ink
strokes are strokes are strokes are strokes are strokes are
clearly visible, visible, not so visible, not visible,
visible, readable, readable, and barely cannot be
readable, and the ink the ink on the readable, and read and the
and the ink on the paper paper did not the ink on ink on the
on the paper barely entirely fade. the paper paper faded.
never faded. faded. almost faded.
4.
Absorpti
on There was There was There was a The ink did The ink on
no barely any slight not stay on the paper did
occurrence occurrence occurrence of its place and not stay on
of of absorption, scattered its place,
absorption absorption but barely with some of widely
on the paper on the paper noticeable the strokes scattered and
once the ink once the ink once written and is is very
is written. is written. on the paper. noticeable. noticeable.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARIÑAS

Statistical Analysis

The statistical tool to be used by the researchers is independent sample T – test.

Since the Mango ink shall be compared to commercially ink with respect in color, odor,

consistency, and absorption. Differences will be tested using independent sample T – test.

Independent sample T – test is having 2 data with 1 result that is why it will be used by

the researchers.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL