Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
And Intonation
1
Overview Rhythm & intonation
2
Contents What are different between the two languages?
3
Contents Stress, rhythm, intonation & other prosodic elements
A. Stress (words and phrases)
a. Primary stresses
b. Secondary stresses, etc.
c. Other subtle things about stress
5
Intonation Traditional intonational frameworks
1. Pitch contours
2. Generalized patterns
3. Possible sample presentations of different patterns
(Sixteen possible varieties in utterances:
http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~ckliu/pronunciation/intonation2/intonation2.htm)
(Celce Mercia, et. al., 1996. Teaching Pronunciation)
6
Intonation Traditional intonational frameworks
7
Intonation Contrasting the traditional contours & acoustic data
8
Intonation Contrasting the traditional contours & acoustic data
The acoustic approach
5000
0
0.192028 1.3504
Time (s)
John's sick.
9
Intonation Contrasting the traditional contours & acoustic data
The acoustic approach
5000
0
1.7757 3.15162
Time (s)
10
Intonation Contrasting the traditional contours & acoustic data
The acoustic approach
5000
0
0.0502185 1.16553
Time (s)
5000
0
1.58579
Time (s)
3.04458 11
Contrast Are they different?
5000
0
0.0502185 1.16553
Time (s)
5000
500
你攀得上去嗎?
(Hz)
Pitch (Hz)
Frequency
0
0 1.112
Time (s)
12
Stress Section 1
Stressed sounds
vs.
Unstressed sounds
13
Stress Stress & rhythm
14
Stress Iambic or trochee
1. Iambic (Pentameter)
2. Trochee
15
Stress Stress, rhythm, and time
16
Stress Stress, rhythm, and time
17
Stress Stress, rhythm, and time
Practice:
a. I can understand.
b. Give me the book.
c. He wants to leave.
d. I did it as quickly as possible.
e. He was sick.
18
Stress More examples in different situations
Old MacDonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O.
And on his farm he had some cows, E-I-E-I-O.
With a moo, moo here and a moo, moo there,
Here a moo, there a moo, Everywhere a moo-moo,
Old MacDonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O.
19
Stress More examples in different situations
Old MacDonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O.
And on his farm he had a cow, E-I-E-I-O.
With a moo, moo here and a moo, moo there,
Here a moo, there a moo, Everywhere a moo-moo,
Old MacDonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O.
20
Stress Stress, rhythm, and time
5000
0
0 1.29172
Time (s)
The man’s going to leave his home.
5000
0
0 1.29686
Time (s)
5000
0
0 1.29326
Time (s)
5000
0
0 1.34813
Time (s)
21
Stress Stress, rhythm, and time in Mandarin
你要去機場接人,別搭地鐵,我的車借你。
5000
Frequency (Hz)
0
0 4.984
5000 Time (s)
Frequency (Hz)
0
0 8.322
Time (s)
22
Stress Tone sandhi and the iambic rhythm
23
Practice Time and rhythm in a longer expressions
StressStressStress
Three blind mice.
Please sit down.
Come back soon.
John can’t go.
Don’t drive fast.
24
Practice Time and rhythm in a longer expressions
StressweakweakStressweakweakStress / wSwSwS
25
Practice Time and rhythm in a longer expressions
SwSwSwS
26
Practice The general rules of stress in the context
27
Practice The general rules of stress in the context
1. -cv- or –ccv-
look at me
pick it up
I couldn’t figure it out.
I wouldn’t accept it.
He looked at me.
2. -cc-
a big girl
walks slowly
Kiss me.
It’s a great book.
30
Liaison Linking between vowels & consonants
31
Liaison Linking between vowels
32
Liaison More practice in the linking between vowels
1. I can’t see it
three others
stay awake
pay everything
tea and coffee
2. too often
there is no answer
Who is it?
two apples
let’s go out
so easy
3. 1. He’s studying with the radio on.
2. This section of town was previously an industrial area.
3. His experience in politics makes him a superior negotiator.
4. The pianist quickly realized the piano needed tuning.
5. He’s obviously a creative person.
33
Suprasegmental Assimilation
1. Progressive assimilation
look looks
love loves
like liked
love loved
2. Regressive assimilation
input have to
3. complete assimilation
cupboard
4. Coalescent assimilation
this year; would you…; set you up
34
Suprasegmental When “s” and “es” are suffixes (sibilants)
35
Suprasegmental When “s” and “es” are suffixes (non-sibilants)
36
Suprasegmental When “d” and “ed” are suffixes after /d/ or /t/
37
Suprasegmental When fricatives are followed by /j/
p1 p2 p3 Examples
this year
/s/
miss you
How is your day?
/z/
He loves you.
next year
/j/ last year
/t/ or /ts/ / /
Who set you up?
That’s your problem.
Did you do that?
/d/ or / / What would you do?
/dz/
My dad’s your partner.
38
Suprasegmental More examples in single words
3. I assure you
4. blood pressure
5. a precise measurement
6. Leisure-time activities
7. individual rights
8. A recent graduate
39
Suprasegmental Deletion
40
IU The basis sound unit in utterances
Intonation Units
41
IU How to identify intonation units
42
IU How to identify intonation units
43
IU The principles to identify IU
An intonation unit (IU) is a “thought group” or “intonation
group” or “tone unit.”
Criteria suggested for the delimitation of an IU are:
(1) pause;
(2) final syllable lengthening or slow speech rate at the end
of an IU,
(3) a following fast speech rate at the beginning of the next
IU;
(4) pitch reset.
44
IU Try to identify the following sample 1
0.5715
-0.5864
0.7344so
5000
400 had know ten- dons and li- ga- ments 2.7
we to these Time (s)
(Hz)
Pitch (Hz)
Frequency
0
0.7344 2.7
Time (s)
45
IU Try to identify the following sample 2
0.638
-0.6532
2.893
5000
400 And then all the bones 4.581
Time (s)
(Hz)
Pitch (Hz)
Frequency
0
2.893 4.581
Time (s)
46
IU Try to identify the following sample 3
0.6606
-0.6852 and you all the up the shoulder down then the down
5.094
5000 9.069
know way from Time (s) and from hip
Frequency (Hz)
0
5.094 9.069
Time (s)
47
IU Try to identify the following sample 4
0.5021
-0.4716
9.154
5000 you know all the down to the hoof 10.86
way Time (s)
Frequency (Hz)
0
9.154 10.86
Time (s)
48
IU Try to identify the following sample 5
0.567
-0.5122
10.74
5000 and the bone in the hoof and 13.17
then Time (s)
Frequency (Hz)
0
10.74 13.17
Time (s)
49
IU How to identify intonation units in Mandarin
因為那時候校長就是變,哦,院長變成校長,所以
就是我要在那邊,就是幫忙這樣子,我說好,然後之後
98年2月的時候,秘書室問我要不要去那邊幫忙,我說
好,所以我就從教育學院到秘書室,大概一直做到98
年……
對於學生這一塊我是接觸的比較少,對,所以就是,
還在適應,不過我覺得還好,就是至少還有另外一位助
教就是Zoe會,反正就是帶著我,然後學校同仁也都認
識,就是不懂都可以問,就是……
50
IU How to identify intonation units in Mandarin
0.225 0.586 因為
0.586 1.245 那時候
1.245 2.331 校長就是變--哦
2.660 3.872 院長變成校長
3.872 4.471 所以
4.471 5.873 就是我要在那邊
6.223 6.698 就是
6.698 8.134 幫忙=這樣子我說好
8.134 9.250 然後=之後
9.848 10.935 98年
10.935 11.718 2月的時候
11.718 13.036 秘書室問我要不要
13.036 14.286 去那邊幫忙我說好
14.690 16.260 所以我就從教育學院
16.260 16.696 到
16.696 17.331 秘書室
18.502 19.153 大概
19.153 20.671 一直做到
20.671 23.420 9=8年
51
IU Try to identify the following sample 1
0.2048
-0.246
0.1543因為 那 時 候 校 長 就是變-- 哦 院 長 變成 校 長 3.935
5000 Time (s)
Frequency (Hz)
0
0.1543 3.935
Time (s)
52
IU Try to identify the following sample 2
0.2777
-0.3195
所以 就是我 在
3.985 這 子 說 9.396
5000 要 那邊 就是
Time幫忙
(s) 樣 我 好 然後 之後
Frequency (Hz)
0
3.985 9.396
Time (s)
53
IU Try to identify the following sample 3
0.4544
-0.3907
9.81 14.32
5000 9 8 年 2 月 時 秘Time (s) 不 去 幫忙我
的 候 書室問我要 要 那邊 說好
Frequency (Hz)
0
9.81 14.32
Time (s)
54
IU Try to identify the following sample 4
0.1782
-0.2348
14.57 17.52
5000 所 我就 從 教育 學 院 到 秘書 室
以 Time (s)
Frequency (Hz)
0
14.57 17.52
Time (s)
55
IU Try to identify the following sample 5
0.2869
-0.3397
18.43 23.43
5000 大 概一 直 做 到 Time9(s) 8 年
Frequency (Hz)
0
18.43 23.43
Time (s)
56
Break index Section 3
57
Break index Contrasting the break indexes
5000
0
0 5000 1.43673
Time (s)
0 1.43673
Time (s)
2 2 2 2 1p 4
58
Break index Contrasting the break indexes
0.25186
-0.24817
0 譬 如 說 這 件 裙 子 太 窄 了 3.6223
5000 Time (s)
2 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 4
Frequency (Hz)
0
0 3.6223
Time (s)
59
Break index Contrasting the break indexes
0.3306
-0.4124
0 哈 爾 濱 0.8812
5000
300 Time (s)
0 1 4
(Hz)
Pitch (Hz)
Frequency
0
0 0.8812
Time (s)
60
Break index Contrasting the break indexes
0.2777
-0.3195
所以 就是我 在
3.985 這 子 說 9.396
5000 要 那邊 就是Time幫忙
(s) 樣 我 好 然後 之後
0 4 1 1 01 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 01 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 4
Frequency (Hz)
0
3.985 9.396
Time (s)
61
Break index Contrasting the break indexes
0.6606
-0.6852 and you all the up the shoulder down then the down
5.094
5000 9.069
know way from Time (s) and from hip
4 1 4 1 0 0 1 01 1 4 1 1 01 1 4
Frequency (Hz)
0
5.094 9.069
Time (s)
62
Liaison Linking between vowels
63
Liaison More practice in the linking between vowels
1. I can’t see it
three others
stay awake
pay everything
tea and coffee
2. too often
there is no answer
Who is it?
two apples
let’s go out
so easy
3. 1. He’s studying with the radio on.
2. This section of town was previously an industrial area.
3. His experience in politics makes him a superior negotiator.
4. The pianist quickly realized the piano needed tuning.
5. He’s obviously a creative person.
64
Pitch Section 4
65
Pitch Different viewpoints on pitch accents
(1) Native speakers of English may have very different “concepts” or “habits” of
where to put their pitch accents when they speak English.
(2) Results of the study: AESs and MSs differ significantly in putting their pitch
accents on different parts of the words (t = -5.37, p < 0.01).
AESs MSs
article 0 infinitive 0.12
infinitive 0 article 0.20
conj 0.03 conj 0.43
prep 0.32 prep 0.66
auxiliary 0.33 v 0.82
v 0.63 auxiliary 0.83
n 0.64 n 0.91
adv 0.78 adv 0.92
adj 0.90 adj 1
66
Pitch Different viewpoints on pitch accents
This figure shows a clear discrepancy between American English speakers and
Mandarin speakers in where to put pitch accents.
120%
100%
80%
AESs
60%
MSs
40%
20%
0%
auxiliary
infinitive
article
adj
conj
n
prep
adv
67
Pitch How to locate the pitch accent (English)
5000
0
0 2.35683
Time (s)
0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4
68
Pitch How to locate the pitch accent (Mandarin)
0.25186
-0.24817
0 譬 如 說 這 件 裙 子 太 窄 了 3.6223
5000 Time (s)
HL* !H* H-H% H* !H* LH* L- HL* L-L%
Frequency (Hz)
0
0 3.6223
Time (s)
69
Pitch An English speaker’s pitch accent
1 1 1 1 1 4
0 2.754
Time (s)
70
Pitch An English learner’s pitch accent
1 3 1 1 1 4
0 3.158
Time (s)
71
Pitch An Mandarin learner’s pitch accent
0.2083
0
-0.4358
0 從 滿 州 里我 去 北 京 坐 飛 機3.383
5000 Time (s)
H* !H* !H* L- H* L-L%
Frequency (Hz)
0
0 3.383
Time (s)
72
Pitch The invariable quality of the pitch accent
73
Pitch Various types of pitch accents
74
Pitch Various types of pitch accents
75
Pitch Various types of pitch accents
76
Pitch Various types of pitch accents
L* H- H* L-L
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4
0
Time (s)
77
Pitch Various types of pitch accents
1 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4
breath<
breath>
5
Time (s)
78
Pitch Section 5
Mismatched patterns
Between English speakers
and Mandarin speakers
79
Numbers Contrasts in adjacent syllables
450
360
270
Pitch (Hz)
7
180 5 9 9 6 7
O Key
1
90
450
0
0 5.011
Time (s)
360
4
270 1 4
And
my
Pitch (Hz)
num
ber 4 4 1
is
180 6
90
0
0 5.252
Time (s) 80
Numbers Mandarin patterns in adjacent syllables
500
400
300
4
Pitch (Hz)
電話 是
200
我的 3 2 4 2
9 5
100
500
0
0 3.649
400 Time (s)
300
Pitch (Hz)
電 話 是 4 4
我的 3 2
200 2
5
9
100
0
0 3.922
Time (s)
81
Numbers Contrasts in adjacent syllables
500
400
300
Pitch (Hz)
4
電話 是
200
我的 3 2 4 2
9 5
100
400
0
320 0 3.649
Time (s)
ber
num- 4 2
240
9 3
5 2
Pitch (Hz)
My is 4
160
80
0
4.755 10.3
Time (s)
82
Numbers Contrasts in adjacent syllables
500
400
300
4
Pitch (Hz)
電話 是
200
我的 3 2 4 2
9 5
100
450
0
0 3.649
360 Time (s)
4
270 1 4
And
my
Pitch (Hz)
num
ber 4 4 1
is
180 6
90
0
0 5.252
Time (s)
83
Numbers Contrasts in adjacent syllables
400
320
80Hz
450
180 Hz
ber
num- 4 2
360
240
9 3
5 2
Pitch (Hz)
My is 4 270
Pitch (Hz)
7
160 180 5 9 9 6 7
O Key
1
90
80
0
0 5.011
Time (s)
450
0
4.755
180 Hz 10.3
Time (s)
360
4
270 1 4
And
my
Pitch (Hz)
num
ber 4 4 1
is
180 6
90
0
0 5.252
Time (s)
84
Utterances Contrasts in adjacent syllables
400 400
300
Lit tle
by lit
tle he learns what kind
of 200
<SIL>
100
0 0
0 2.89637
Time (s)
400 400
by
tle lit he what 300
Lit tle of
learns kind
200
100
0 0
0 1.79383
Time (s)
85
Utterances Contrasts in adjacent syllables
400 400
Lit he
by lit tle 200
100
0 0
0 1.57302
Time (s)
400 400
300
tle by
Lit lit tle he 200
learns
100
0 0
0 1.4327
Time (s)
86
Declination Section 6
Declination
87
Intonation Practice based on what we have covered
88
Intonation Practice based on what we have covered
89
Intonation Practice based on what we have covered
90
Intonation Practice based on what we have covered
91
Intonation Practice based on what we have covered
92
Intonation Clifford A Prator’s diagnostic passage
93
Intonation The Frog
There once was a slimy, green frog with a very big mouth. That frog drove everybody crazy.
He was always going up to others and shouting. “Who are you? I’m the big, wide-mouth frog!”
One morning, he decided to find out what everybody else ate for breakfast. He hopped out of
his frog pond, went straight to the zoo, and began to bother the animals.
First, he met the giraffe. “Who are you? And what do you eat for breakfast?”
The giraffe looked down. ‘I’m a giraffe, of course. I eat leaves for breakfast.”
The big, wide-mouth frog bellowed, “Well, I’m the big, wide-mouth frog! I eat flies for
breakfast!”
Next he visited the elephant. “Who are you? And what do you eat for breakfast?”
“I’m an elephant, of course. I eat plants for breakfast.”
“Well, I’m the big, wide-mouth frog! I eat flies for breakfast!”
Next he went to visit the crocodile and shouted in his usual, obnoxious way, “Who are you?
And what do you eat for breakfast?”
With a sly, hungry look in her eyes, the crocodile answered, “I’m a crocodile, of course. And
I just love to eat big, wide-mouth frogs for breakfast. Have you seen any big, wide-mouth frogs
about?”
When the big, wide-mouth frog heard that, suddenly his wide mouth closed up and got very,
very small. Then he said with a squeak, “Nope, I’ve never heard of a creature called a big, wide-
mouth frog. Hope you find one. Sorry, I’ve got to go now.”
The big, wide-mouth frog hopped all the way back to his pond as fast as he could. And after
that, he always remembered that sometimes it’s better to keep your big, wide mouth shut.
94
Intonation Three mice
95
Conclusion Contrastive qualities of time and space
96
Intonation Learned or innate?
5000
600
(Hz)
Pitch (Hz)
Frequency
0
0 4.921
Time (s)
5000
600
(Hz)
(2009). Current
Biology ,19: 2.
0
0 4.788
Time (s)
97
The End Comments and suggestions, please!
Thank you!
Thank you!
98