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Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Structures with LRB and FPS under near
Fault Ground Motions

Article  in  Procedia Engineering · December 2011

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.410

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Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251

The Twelfth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction

Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Structures with LRB and

FPS under near Fault Ground Motions
M.K. SHARBATDAR1, S.R. HOSEINI VAEZ2ab, G. GHODRATI AMIRI3 and
H. NADERPOUR4
Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Iran
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Iran
3
College of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Iran

Abstract

Seismic response of structures in the vicinity of causative earthquake faults can be significantly different than those
observed further away from the seismic source. In the near fault zone, ground motions are significantly influenced by
the rupture mechanism and slip direction relative to the site and by the permanent ground displacement at the site
resulting from tectonic movement. Forward directivity and fling effects have been identified by the seismologists as
the primary characteristics of near fault ground motions. Because of the unique characteristics of the near-fault
ground motions and their potential to cause severe damage to structures designed to comply with the criteria mostly
based on far-field earthquakes, the estimation of seismic response of base-isolated structures for a project site close to
an active fault should account for these special aspects of near fault ground motions. This paper investigates the
seismic response of base-isolated structures with LRB and FPS isolators under near fault ground motions. A seismic
evaluation of the building, isolated with the LRB and FPS, is performed using a nonlinear three-dimensional
analytical model. The parametric study is concentrated on base shear, accelerations and displacements of isolated
models. Large displacement and velocity pulses in records of near fault ground motions can significantly change the
results of seismic response of base-isolated structures.

Keywords: Near fault ground motions; Lead rubber bearing; Friction pendulum system; Seismic Response; Base-Isolation.

a
Corresponding author: Email: hoseinivaez@gmail.com
b
Presenter: Email: hoseinivaez@gmail.com

1877–7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.410
3246 M.K. SHARBATDAR et al. / Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251

1. INTRODUCTION

During past decades, increasing database of recorded ground motions demonstrated that the ground
motions close to a ruptured fault can be significantly different than those observed further away from the
seismic source. Forward directivity and fling effects have been identified by the seismologists as the
primary characteristics of near fault ground motions (Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou, 2003). These
characteristics of ground motion near the fault of major earthquakes contain large displacement and
velocity pulses. The estimation of seismic response of base-isolated structures for a project site close to an
active fault should account for these special aspects of near fault ground motions. This study investigates
seismic response of base-isolated structures under near fault ground motions.

2. Modeling

Structural models prepared for analysis include 15-story buildings. The models consist of FPS isolators
(Friction Pendulum System) and LRB (Lead Rubber Bearing) (Figure 1).
Nonlinear analytical modeling techniques (Nagarajaiah et al. 1991, Tsopelas et al. 2005) were used for
dynamic analysis of structural models. The structural models were analyzed under 5 records of near fault
ground motions. Two Californian earthquake events selected as near-source ground motions: the 1966
Parkfield and the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquakes (Figures 2 and 3). The 1966 Parkfield event provided
the now famous Station 2 (C02) record at a distance of only 80m from the fault break (Housner and
Trifunac, 1967). This record contains strong velocity and displacement pulses of relatively long periods
which distinguish them from typical far-field earthquakes (Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou, 2003). Modern
quantitative analysis of strong ground motion observations started with this record. The characteristics of
both earthquakes and the convergence procedures of modal parameters are presented in Tables 1 and 2
respectively.

Figure 1: Typical plan of structural model.

 M.K. SHARBATDAR et al. / Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251 3247

Table 1: Characteristics of earthquakes used for analysis

Closest to Fault PGA PGV PGD

Location Date Mw Station Component
Rupture (km) (g) (cm/sec) (cm)
Parkfield, CA, USA 27-Jun-66 6.19 C02 0.1 SN* 0.476 75.005 22.407
E04 4.2 SN 0.360 76.550 59.056
Imperial Valley, CA, E05 1.0 SN 0.379 90.535 63.086
15-Oct-79 6.53
USA E06 1.0 SN 0.439 109.820 65.833
E07 0.6 SN 0.463 109.261 44.472
*SN= Strike-Normal

Table 2: Convergence Procedures of Modal Parameters

TD DD Keff WD Q K2 K1 Dy Q

2 0.24874 9749.04 378.81 380.73 8218.44 82184.4 0.00463 387.95

2 0.24874 9749.04 378.81 387.95 8189.4 81894 0.00474 388.12
2 0.24874 9749.04 378.81 388.12 8188.73 81887.3 0.00474 388.12

Figure 2: Time history components; Station 2 (C02) record obtained from the 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquake.
3248 M.K. SHARBATDAR et al. / Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 3: Time history components: (a) E04; (b) E05; (c) E06; (d) E07; Records obtained from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California,
earthquake.
 M.K. SHARBATDAR et al. / Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251 3249

Figure 3a to 3d show the time history components of 4 records of Imperial Valley earthquake with
forward directivity effect. Large displacement and velocity pulses could be seen in these records. The
difference between parameters of peak ground values of the records in the vicinity of causative
earthquake faults can be seen from Table 1 and the mentioned Figures. So, the seismic response of base
isolated structures under these records can be different compared with those cause of far field ground
motions.

3. Analytical Results

Time variation of base displacement at center of mass for each model is illustrated for investigating the
effect of large displacement pulses in the records of near fault ground motions. Since reduction of
acceleration in superstructure of system is a substantial parameter in isolation systems, top floor
acceleration against time are shown.
Figure 4 shows seismic responses of isolated model under E04 record of Imperial Valley earthquake.
Figure 4a shows that LRB isolator exceeds from the allowable displacement while FPS isolator is in the
allowable zone (Horizontal lines in Figures 4a to 8a show the limitation of displacement of isolators for
these models.). From Figures 5 to 7 it can be declared that because of large displacement pulses in the
records, both isolation systems exceed from the displacement limitation for E05 to E07 records of
Imperial Valley earthquake. The displacements of isolators are in the allowable zone for record C02 of
Parkfield earthquake (Figure 8).

Figure 4: Dynamic responses under E04 record of Imperial Valley earthquake; (a): Time variation of base displacement; (b): Time
variation of top floor acceleration

Figure 5: Dynamic responses under E05 record of Imperial Valley earthquake; (a): Time variation of base displacement; (b): Time
variation of top floor acceleration
3250 M.K. SHARBATDAR et al. / Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251

Figure 6: Dynamic responses under E06 record of Imperial Valley earthquake; (a): Time variation of base displacement; (b): Time
variation of top floor acceleration

Figure 7: Dynamic responses under E07 record of Imperial Valley earthquake; (a): Time variation of base displacement; (b): Time
variation of top floor acceleration

Figure 8: Dynamic responses under C02 record of Parkfield earthquake; (a): Time variation of base displacement; (b): Time
variation of top floor acceleration

Maximum amounts of response for different models is summarized in Table 3; these responses include
maximum base shear to weight of superstructure, maximum base displacement at center of mass and
maximum acceleration. According to the table, it can be declared that the value of maximum base
displacement can be different up to 66% for 4 records of Imperial Valley earthquake in a zone restricted
within a distance of about 4km from the ruptured fault. Also in this zone maximum top floor acceleration
can be differed up to 35% for the records of Imperial Valley.

4. CONCLUSIONS

In the vicinity of causative earthquake faults, ground motions at a particular site are significantly
influenced by the rupture mechanism and slip direction relative to the site and by the permanent ground
 M.K. SHARBATDAR et al. / Procedia Engineering 14 (2011) 3245–3251 3251

displacement at the site resulting from tectonic movement. These effects of ground motion near the fault
of major earthquakes contain large displacement and velocity pulses. Large displacement and velocity
pulses in records of near fault ground motions can significantly change the results of seismic response of
base-isolated structures. Numerical results from the models under 4 records of Imperial Valley earthquake
show that the value of maximum base displacement can be differed up to 66% in a zone restricted within
a distance of about 4km from the ruptured fault. Also in this zone, maximum top floor acceleration can be
differed up to 35% for the records of Imperial Valley.

Table 3: Maximum responses of different structural models

Maximum Maximum Maximum

Record Isolator Top Floor Acceleration Base Displacement (cm) Base Shear/
(g) Weight

FPS 0.470 10.99 0.151

Parkfield, CA, USA – C02
LRB 0.467 12.16 0.142
FPS 0.491 24.90 0.292
Imperial Valley, CA, USA – E04
LRB 0.453 30.01 0.298
FPS 0.662 31.62 0.359
Imperial Valley, CA, USA – E05
LRB 0.615 38.01 0.366
FPS 0.595 41.97 0.463
Imperial Valley, CA, USA – E06
LRB 0.607 49.96 0.470
FPS 0.575 33.75 0.381
Imperial Valley, CA, USA – E07
LRB 0.521 40.01 0.384

REFERENCES

[1] Ghodrati Amiri, G., Naderpour, H., and Hoseini Vaez, S.R., (2010), “Numerical Evaluation of Base-Isolated Structures with
Optimized Distribution of LRB and FPS Isolators”, 9th US National & 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, July 25-29, 2010, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
[2] Halldorsson, B., Mavroeidis, G. P., & Papageorgiou, A. S. (2010). “Near-Fault and Far-Field Strong Ground Motion
Simulation for Earthquake Engineering Applications Using the Specific Barrier Model” ACSE, Accepted Manuscript.
[3] Housner, G. W., and M. D. Trifunac (1967). Analysis of accelerograms: Parkfield earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 57,
1193–1220.
[4] Matsagar, VA. and Jangid, RS.,: (2004) , “Influence of isolator characteristics on the response of base-isolated structures” ,
Engineering Structures, 26, 1735-1749
[5] Mavroeidis, G. P., & Papageorgiou, A. S. (2003). "A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions". Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, 93(3), 1099-1131.
[6] Nagarajaiah, S., Reinhornm A.M., and Constantinou, M.C., (1991), “Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of 3D Base-Isolated
Structures”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 7, pp. 2035-2054.
[7] Tsopelas, P.C., Roussis, P.C., Constantinou, M.C., Buchanan, R., Reinhorn, A.M., (2005), “3D-BASIS-ME-MB”, Computer
Program for Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Seismically Isolated Structures, Manual.

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